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GE Multilin
Outline
Transmission line introduction What is distance protection? Non-pilot and pilot schemes Redundancy considerations Security for dual-breaker terminals Out-of-step relaying Single-pole tripping Series-compensated lines
2/ GE / January 18, 2012
Transmission Lines
A Vital Part of the Power System:
Provide path to transfer power between generation and load Operate at voltage levels from 69kV to 765kV Deregulated markets, economic, environmental requirements have pushed utilities to operate transmission lines close to their limits.
Transmission Lines
Classification of line length depends on: Source-to-line Impedance Ratio (SIR), and Nominal voltage Length considerations: Short Lines: SIR > 4 Medium Lines: 0.5 < SIR < 4 Long Lines: SIR < 0.5
4/ GE / January 18, 2012
Current differential Phase comparison Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (POTT) Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB)
Phase comparison Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB) Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip (PUTT) Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (POTT) Unblocking Step Distance Step or coordinated overcurrent Inverse time overcurrent Current Differential
6/ GE / January 18, 2012
Phase comparison Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB) Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip (PUTT) Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (POTT) Unblocking Step Distance Step or coordinated overcurrent Current Differential
7/ GE / January 18, 2012
RELAY (V,I)
For internal faults: > IZ V and V approximately in phase (mho) > IZ V and IZ approximately in phase (reactance)
Z I*Z - V
I*Z V=I*ZF
RELAY (V,I)
For external faults: > IZ V and V approximately out of phase (mho) > IZ V and IZ approximately out of phase (reactance)
RELAY
Lin e
VR } V N
Consider SIR = 0.1 Fault location 75% 90% 100% 110% Voltage (%) 88.24 90.00 90.91 91.67 Voltage change (%) 2.76 0.91 N/A 0.76
11 / GE / January 18, 2012
VR } V N
Consider SIR = 30 Fault location 75% 90% 100% 110% Voltage (%) 2.4390 2.9126 3.2258 3.5370 Voltage change (%) 0.7868 0.3132 N/A 0.3112
12 / GE / January 18, 2012
30 20 10 0
steady-state output
C1 1 C2
6 3 5
voltage, V
-30 0
2 power cycles
7 4 8
C1 1 C2
6 3 5
-20 -40
CVT output
-60
2 power cycles
7 4 8
vA
vB
vC
100
50
SPOL
0
-50
iA
4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
SOP
-100 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 power cycles
Current [A]
iB, iC
-0.5
0.5
1.5
Transient Overreach
Fault current generally contains dc offset in addition to ac power frequency component Ratio of dc to ac component of current depends on instant in the cycle at which fault occurred Rate of decay of dc offset depends on system X/R
16 / GE / January 18, 2012
Z1 XL
End Zone
R XC
15 34 42 44
10
Reactance [ohm]
30 5
Line Impedance
18 22
Trajectory (msec)
0 26
-5
-10
-5
0 Resistance [ohm]
5 10 Impedance locus may pass below the origin of the Z-plane this would call for a time delay to obtain stability
20 / GE / January 18, 2012
> has its reach dynamically controlled by the voltage magnitude > is instantaneous
Instantaneous Trip
R
23 / GE / January 18, 2012
15ms
3P faults
Relay 4 Relay 3
Relay 2 Relay 1
Mho Characteristics
Traditional
Directional angle lowered and slammed Both MHO and directional angles slammed (lens)
Load Swings
+XL
+ = LOOKING INTO LINE normally considered forward
Load Trajectory Operate area No Operate area Typical load characteristic impedance
+R
31 / GE / January 18, 2012
Load Swings
Lenticular Characteristic
Load swing
The load encroachment element responds to positive sequence voltage and current and can be used to block phase distance and phase overcurrent elements.
Blinders
Blinders limit the operation of distance relays (quad or mho) to a narrow region that parallels and encompasses the protected line Applied to long transmission lines, where mho settings are large enough to pick up on maximum load or minor system swings
Quadrilateral Characteristics
Quadrilateral Characteristics
Ground Resistance (Conductor falls on ground) R Resultant impedance outside of the mho operating region
Quadrilatera l
R
Standard for phase elements Used for phase elements with long heavily loaded lines heavily loaded Better coverage for ground faults due to resistance added to return path
Memory Polarization
> Positive-sequence memorized voltage is used for polarizing: Mho comparator (dynamic, expanding Mho) Negative-sequence directional comparator (Ground Distance Mho and Quad) Zero-sequence directional comparator (Ground Distance MHO and QUAD) Directional comparator (Phase Distance MHO and QUAD) > Memory duration is a common distance settings (all zones, phase and ground, MHO and QUAD)
39 / GE / January 18, 2012
Memory Polarization
jX ZL
Dynamic MHO characteristic for a reverse fault Static MHO characteristic (memory not established or expired)
R ZS
40 / GE / January 18, 2012
Memory Polarization
jX ZL
Static MHO characteristic (memory not established or expired)
RL R ZS
Choice of Polarization
In order to provide flexibility modern distance relays offer a choice with respect to polarization of ground overcurrent direction functions: Voltage polarization Current polarization Dual polarization
42 / GE / January 18, 2012
Distance Schemes
Pilot Aided Schemes Non-Pilot Aided Schemes (Step Distance)
Z1 Remote
46 / GE / January 18, 2012
End Zone
Z1 Remote
47 / GE / January 18, 2012
Breaker Closed
Z1 Remote
48 / GE / January 18, 2012
Remote Relay Z4
Local Relay
Zone 2 PKP
Remote Relay
Zone 4 PKP
Local Relay
Remote Relay
Communication Channel
53 / GE / January 18, 2012
DUTT Scheme
Zone 1
Bus Line
Bus
Zone 1
PUTT Scheme
Zone 2
Zone 1
Bus
Zone 1
Zone 2
& OR
Local Trip
POTT Scheme
Zone 2
Bus
Zone 1
Zone 2
(Z1)
Tx
(Z1)
Rx AND
OR
Zone 2
t o
POTT Scheme
POTT Permissive Over-reaching Transfer OverTrip
End Zone
Communication Channel
POTT Scheme
TRIP
Local Relay
ZONE 2 PKP OR Ground Dir OC Fwd
ZONE 2 PKP OR
Remote Relay
POTT Scheme
Communications Channel(s)
Local Relay
Remote Relay
POTT Scheme
Current reversal example
TRIP
Local Relay Timer Communication Start Expire Timer Channel GND DIR OC FWD GND DIR OC REV
POTT RX POTT TX
Remote Relay
POTT Scheme
Echo example
Remote FWD IGND
Open
Remote Z2
OPEN
Communication Channel
POTT TX
TRIP
POTT RX
Local Relay
POTT TX
POTT RX
Remote Relay
Communication Channel
Hybrid POTT
Intended for three-terminal lines and weak infeed conditions Echo feature adds security during weak infeed conditions Reverse-looking distance and oc elements used to identify external faults
Hybrid POTT
Zone 2
Zone 1
Zone 4
Zone 2
DCB Scheme
Zone 2
Zone 1
Zone 2
Communication Channel
FWD IGND
TRIP
Zone 2 PKP
OR
NO
Dir Block RX
Remote Relay
73 / GE / January 18, 2012
DIR BLOCK TX
Local Relay
Zone 2 PKP OR
Communication Channel
Zone 4 PKP OR
Remote Relay
DCUB Scheme
Forward
Bus Line
Bus
Forward
(Un-Block)
Tx1
(Block)
Tx2
Forward
(Block)
AND
(Un-Block)
Rx1
Lockout
Communication Channel
Load Current
FSK Carrier
FSK Carrier
GUARD1 RX
GUARD1 TX
Local Relay
NO Loss of Guard NO Permission
GUARD2 TX GUARD2 RX
Remote Relay
NO Loss of Guard NO Permission
78 / GE / January 18, 2012
Communication Channel
Load Current
NO RX GUARD1 RX
GUARD1 TX
Local Relay
Loss of Guard Expired Block Timer Started
GUARD2 TX NO RX GUARD2 RX
Remote Relay
Loss of Guard Block Timer Expired Started Communication Channel
Remote Relay Z2
TRIP
FSK Carrier
TRIP Z1
FSK Carrier
Local Relay
Zone 2 PKP Loss of Guard Permission
GUARD1 TX TRIP1 TX
Remote Relay
ZONE 2 PKP
TRIP2 RX GUARD2 RX
Communication Channel
Remote Relay Z2
TRIP
FSK Carrier
Loss of Channel
TRIP Z1
FSK Carrier
Local Relay
Zone 2 PKP
GUARD1 TX TRIP1 TX
Remote Relay
ZONE 2 PKP Loss of Guard
NO RX GUARD2 RX
Communication Channel
Redundancy Considerations
Redundant protection systems increase dependability of the
system: Multiple sets of protection using same protection principle and multiple pilot channels overcome individual element failure, or Multiple sets of protection using different protection principles and multiple channels protects against failure of one of the protection methods. Security can be improved using voting schemes (i.e., 2-outof-3), potentially at expense of dependability. Redundancy of instrument transformers, battery systems, trip coil circuits, etc. also need to be considered.
82 / GE / January 18, 2012
Redundant Communications
End Zone
AND Channels: POTT Less Reliable DCB Less Secure More Channel Security
Loss of Channel 2 Communication Channel 1 Communication Channel 2
OR Channels: POTT More Reliable DCB More Secure More Channel Dependability
83 / GE / January 18, 2012
Accurate CTs preserve the reverse current direction under weak remote infeed
Saturation of CT1 may invert the line current as measured from externally summated CTs
Single-pole Tripping
Distance relay must correctly identify a SLG fault and trip only the circuit breaker pole for the faulted phase. Autoreclosing and breaker failure functions must be initiated correctly on the fault event Security must be maintained on the healthy phases during the open pole condition and any reclosing attempt.
92 / GE / January 18, 2012
Out-of-Step Condition
For certain operating conditions, a severe system disturbance can cause system instability and result in loss of synchronism between different generating units on an interconnected system.
Out-of-Step Relaying
Out-of-step blocking relays Operate in conjunction with mho tripping relays to prevent a terminal from tripping during severe system swings & out-of-step conditions. Prevent system from separating in an indiscriminate manner. Out-of-step tripping relays Operate independently of other devices to detect out-of-step condition during the first pole slip. Initiate tripping of breakers that separate system in order to balance load with available generation on any isolated part of the system.
94 / GE / January 18, 2012
Out-of-Step Tripping
When the inner characteristic is entered the element is ready to trip
The locus must stay for some time between the outer and middle characteristics
Must move and stay between the middle and inner characteristics
Series-compensated lines
Benefits of series capacitors: Reduction of overall XL of long lines Improvement of stability margins Ability to adjust line load levels Loss reduction Reduction of voltage drop during severe disturbances Normally economical for line lengths > 200 miles
Xs SC XL
Infinte Bus
Series-compensated lines
SCs create unfavorable conditions for protective relays and fault locators: Overreaching of distance elements Failure of distance element to pick up on low-current faults Phase selection problems in single-pole tripping applications Large fault location errors
Xs SC XL
Infinte Bus
Series-compensated lines
Series Capacitor with MOV
Series-compensated lines
Series-compensated lines
Dynamic Reach Control
Series-compensated lines
Dynamic Reach Control for External Faults
Series-compensated lines
Dynamic Reach Control for External Faults
Series-compensated lines
Dynamic Reach Control for Internal Faults
Depending on location of VTs and CTs, distance relays need to compensate for the phase shift and magnitude change caused by the 106 / power transformer GE /
January 18, 2012
Setting Rules
Transformer positive sequence impedance must be included in reach setting only if transformer lies between VTs and intended reach point Currents require compensation only if transformer located between CTs and intended reach point Voltages require compensation only if transformer located between VTs and intended reach point Compensation set based on transformer connection & vector group as seen from CTs/VTs toward reach point
107 / GE / January 18, 2012
Distance Relay Desirable Attributesflexibility, it is desirable to have the following > For improved
parameters settable on a per zone basis: Zero-sequence compensation Mutual zero-sequence compensation Maximum torque angle Blinders Directional angle Comparator limit angles (for lenticular characteristic) Overcurrent supervision