CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
OXIDATION NUMBERS elements. small whole numbers which are related to the combining ratios of

Common Oxidation States of Common Elements: Group # Oxidation Numbers Group IA +1 Group IIA +2 Group IIIA +3 Group IVA +4 / -4 Group VA -3 Group VIA -2 Group VIIA -1 Common Oxidations States of Common Transition Elements: Element Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Copper Mercury Tin Lead Titanium Ion Formula Cr2+ Cr3+ Mn2+ Mn4+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Co2+ Co3+ Cu1+ Cu2+ Hg1+ Hg2+ Sn2+ Sn4+ Pb2+ Pb4+ Ti3+ Ti4+ Systematic Name Chromium (II) Chromium (III) Manganese (II) Manganese (IV) Iron (II) Iron (III) Cobalt (II) Cobalt (III) Copper (I) Copper (II) Mercury (I) Mercury (II) Tin (II) Tin (IV) Lead (II) Lead (IV) Titanium (III) Titanium (IV) Common (Trivial) Name Chromous Chromic Manganous Manganic Ferrous Ferric Cobaltous Cobaltic Cuprous Cupric Mercurous Mercuric Stannous Stannic Plumbous Plumbic Titanous Titanic

Common Oxidation Numbers of Common Polyatomic Ions: Monovalent Ions: C2H3O2- - Acetate BrO3- - Bromate ClO - Hypochlorite IO3- Iodate ClO2 - Chlorite CNO- - Cyanate ClO3- - Chlorate CNS- Sulfocyanate ClO4 - Perchlorate IO4- Periodate CN- Cyanide AlO2- - Aluminite OH - Hydroxide Ag(CN)2- - Argenticyanide HCO3 - Bicarbonate HSO3- - Bisulfite (hydrogen sulfite) NO2 - Nitrite H2PO4- - Dihydrogen phosphate NO3 - Nitrate BrO- Hypobromite MnO4 - Permanganate IO2- Iodite HSO4- - Bisulfate (hydrogen sulfate) BO2- Metaborate

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CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

HCOO- - Formate AsO2- - Metarsenite NH4+ - Ammonium Divalent Ions: CO32- - Carbonate CrO42- - Chromate Cr2O72- - Dichromate C2O42- - Oxalate SO32- - Sulfite SO42- - Sulfate HPO42- - Biphosphate SiO32- - Silicate/Metasilicate B4O72- - Tetraborate Trivalent Ions: PO43- - Phosphate/Orthophosphate PO33- - Phosphite AlO33- - Aluminate AsO43- - Arsenate Tetravalent Ions: P2O74- - Pyrophosphate SiO44- - Orthosilicate

PO3SCN-

- Metaphosphate - Thiocyanate

MoO42S2O32ZnO22ZnOS2SnO32PbO22SnO22S4O62-

Molybdate Thiosulfate Zincate Sulfozincate Stannate Plumbite Stannite Tetrathionate

[Fe(CN)6]-3 - Ferricyanide BiO33- - Bismuthate BO33- - Borate AsO33- - Arsenite Sb2O74- - Pyroantimonate As3O74- - Pyroarsenate

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers: 1. The oxidation number of an uncombined element is zero. 2. The element with positive oxidation number usually comes first in the formula followed by the negative oxidation number. 3. In most cases, hydrogen and oxygen have +1 and -2 oxidation numbers respectively. 4. In the formula of a compound, the sum of the positive oxidation numbers and the negative oxidation numbers is equal to zero. Ex. Give the oxidation number of: 1. selenium in H2Se 2. chlorine in HClO3 3. carbon in H2CO3 4. sulfur in MgSO4 5. manganese in Ca(MnO4)2 6. chromium in K2Cr2O7 WRITING FORMULAS: General Rule: The symbol of the cation is written first followed by the symbol of the anion then apply the criss-cross method. Ex. Determine the formula of the following compounds. 1. sodium chloride 6. silver nitrate 2. ferrous oxide 7. magnesium oxalate 3. aluminum iodide 8. potassium biphosphate 4. calcium phosphate 9. barium hydroxide 5. ammonium carbonate 10. cobaltic acetate

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CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

SYSTEMATIC NAMING OF COMPOUNDS: Binary Compound compound which is composed of two elements

Metal + Non-metal a. for metals with fixed oxidation number Rule: name of (+) ion + name of (-) ion + IDE Example: Name the following binary compound 1. NaI : ____________________ 2. MgBr2 : ____________________ 3. K3N : ____________________ 4. CaO : ____________________ b. for metals with two oxidation numbers: Rule: Method I : Classical Method Name of stem of (+) ion + ous/ic + name of stem of (-) Ion + IDE Method II : Stock Method Name of (+) ion + Roman numeral of the oxidation Number + name of stem of (-) ion + IDE Example: Name the following binary compounds using 2 methods 1. FeCl2 : ____________________ : ____________________ 2. FeCl3 : ____________________ : ____________________ 3. PbO : ____________________ : ____________________ 4. PbO2 : ____________________ : ____________________ 5. CuF : ____________________ : ____________________ 6. CuF2 : ____________________ : ____________________ Non-Metal + Non-Metal Numeric Prefixes: 1 mono 2 di 3 tri

4 5 6

tetra penta hexa

7 8 9

hepta octa nona

10 11 12

deca undeca dodeca

Rule : prefix name of (+) ion + name of (+) ion + prefix name of (-) Ion + stem of (-) ion + IDE *If 1 is the number in the first element, omit the prefix mono *The rule is also applied for non-metal + (-) polyatomic ion Example: Name the following compounds 1. CO : ____________________ 2. CO2 : ____________________ 3. P2O5 : ____________________ 4. H2O : ____________________ 5. NH3 : ____________________

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CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Ternary Compound: - compound which is composed of three or more elements Rule: name of (+) ion + name of (-) ion Example: Name the following ternary compounds. Whether applicable, use both the classical and the stock methods 1. NaCN : ____________________ 2. Ca(MnO4)2 : ____________________ 3. BaSO4 : ____________________ 4. (NH4)CO3 : ____________________ 5. Mg2NO3 : ____________________ 6. Co3(PO3)2 : ____________________ 7. CoPO3 : ____________________ 8. Co3(PO4)2 : ____________________ 9. CoPO4 : ____________________ 10. Mg(OH)2 : ____________________

Naming of Acids: Binary Acids composed of hydrogen and non-metal Rule 1 (For Dry Acid) : hydrogen + stem of non-metal + IDE Rule 2 (For Aqueous Acid) : hydro + stem of non-metal + IC + ACID Example: Name the following binary acids both in their dry and aqueous forms 1. HCl : ____________________ ____________________ 2. HI : ____________________ ____________________ 3. H2S : ____________________ ____________________ Ternary Acid composed of hydrogen, a non-metal and oxygen. They are called oxy acids. Rule 1 (For Dry Acid) : hydrogen + name of (-) ion Rule 2 (For Aqueous Acid) : name stem of the middle element + ous/ic + ACID Example: Name the following ternary acids both in their 1. H2SO3 ____________________ 2. H2SO4 ____________________ 3. HNO2 ____________________ 4. HNO3 ____________________ 5. H3PO3 ____________________ 6. H3PO4 ____________________ 7. H2CO3 ____________________ dry and aqueous forms ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

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