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Professionnel Documents
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r rr
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GERMAN,
Army
arid
Navy
GERMAN
ARMY, NAVY
UNIFORMS AND INSIGNIA
1871-1918
Copyright 1968 by
THE EDITORS
PRINTED IN
U.S.A.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
95
1914-1918
138
169
174
k
--
Emperor William
II.
and
his
Staff.
T
age,
'HE military system of the ancient Germans was based on the then universal military service, nation and
one, and the claim or duty of military service
of landed property.
The strength
foot-soldiers,
of the ancient
German army
lay in the
army being
of cavalry.
Be-
The
German
with
the
mounted
youth,
to fifteen years of
men who
added
sat
of
was deemed
to
bear arms.
He
exercised early
foot-soldiers
whose
skill
was so
in the favorite
game
of
to
mode
of warfare," writes
General Peucker,
such a manner
overcame the
"they followed two simple but sound tactical principles: the first was to take the initiative in the attack, the second
to concentrate an overpowering force on the enemy's most vulnerable point. When advancing to the attack, an arrangement of their columns by hundreds,' town'
danger.
when
was granted
to
him by
the
National Assembly.
He was
his father
ships,
and
families,
and spear.
deemed
skilfully used,
was
manhood
to
collision."
loss
battle,
Cowardice
in
of the
shield in battle,
to survive
public matters.
the
duke or commander
All warlike undertakings, especially offensive or aggressive war, had to be sanctioned by the popular
assembly.
in
in the battle,
was disgrace
for a
to
serve
of the
defensive warfare
when
this
the
whom
by an
enemy, and
without
summons.
Special
Heer-
bann" (an
official
summons
year 58 B. C. by superior Roman strategy, but only after a terrible struggle in which he himself sustained great loss. Aided by German mercenaries, Ceesar
General military service was, therefore, exacted in the broadest sense of the word.
In pre-feudal times the Germans served as footmen
his
admi-
German
in
Pompey
at Pharsalia in
48 B. C.
battle
in
battle according
Teutoburg
forest,
fought by
Hermann
and
"
families.
The
oldest
weapon
a
An army
offence
was the
Frame
"
or " Framea,"
spear
Roman
soldiers
This
for hurling
and thrust-
Germany was saved from imminent danger of being Romanized. Almost equally fatal to the Romans was
by the same chieftain at almost the identical place against Germanicus and Cacina.
the battle of 16 A. D. fought
The
" Ger," a
heavy
Lances
battle-
and
standing
cavalry,
Markmen or the Marcomanni. He had the first German army of 70,000 infantry and 4,000
whom
he trained in the
is
Roman
fashion.
He
Some
they were
Instead of makinoo
of the
Later
stripes
still
;
the
shields
were mounted
with
metallic
common
western
commander
the
North-
Confederation,
against
Romans, Marbod
and
a coat of mail.
of
money from
the
Formed
in
went
hind the line of battle was the wagon -train, which was
German
Its provinces
were inherited
of
is
German
who
who entered
Roman Empire
eluded
all
in
His dominion
in-
own
horse,
Henry
of the obli-
I.
strongholds like Quedlinburg, Goslar, Meissen, Wittenberg, and Soest, but also fortified open cities with walls,
towers, and moats, like Nordhausen, Gronau, and other
army had
consisted of foot-soldiers.
In the previous
it
towns.
He furthermore
called
as in
The success
of his attack
depended
Merseburg.
in a certain
of his
Army."
Previous
main safeguard
when
to
army was
to
it
castles or burghs.
The
composed
increase
of foot-soldiers.
his
cavalry,
and
Hith-
burgh depended on the character and formation of the country. In Middle and Southern Germany, rich in hills and mountains, hill-forts were the common means
the
of defence
;
in
the plains
and lowlands
of
Northern
erty were
bound
to serve in war,
Germany
was
The burgh
those freemen
much
vice.
as he laid
by two
to military ser-
"Within
all
these
The contribution
vice
levied on those
to
be proportioned
number
The
man
was
possessed.
The owner
five.
of
horseback, with lance and sword, or on foot, with battleaxe, mace, spear or sword.
The owner
and
shield,
of four hides
Fought
in
on
foot, light-armed.
He was
doubleof
called tournaments
The
tilt
required
have
lance
or
The owner
from
festival attended
armed.
He was
required
to
The
Mayence
in 1184,
owner
the
field
of twelve hides of
owner
To
the landwehr
(militia)
to those
bound
to
as
The characteristics of the military system, practiced by the Saxon and Franconian kings, were retained throughout the Middle Ages. The commander-in-chief, The great in time of war, was the king or emperor.
suzerains of the crown led their knights, subject to them,
well as free.
This
new
military organization of
I.
Emperor Charles
and the
vassals.
latter
were followed by
their
men-at-arms and
The
army was
the
the
and
serfs
of
the
latter
had
to
appear
by
the Swabians.
The
mounted.
sable
means
and gave
tactics
it
a
to
new
training.
in large
The old
style of infantry to
also
armored.
In sieges
was
fight
masses
break by a
they used
battering-rams, catapults,
projectiles.
in
which Henry
I.
drilled the
The uniforming
times,
of
the
soldiers
dates
from feudal
and
their origin
may be
lines.
He
Even
coats of the
in use
among
all
probability, the
They were
fol-
city mercenaries
were the
first to
be uniformed.
to
cuirass, armlets,
in
Germany appears
the
twelfth
armed with
a short sword,
two wheel-lock
pistols,
and
A
its
By
its
the invention of
gunpowder and
application to
heavy horsemen
(cuirassiers or lancers)
At
the
horsemen or carbineers.
knights, rode on
The former,
stallions
German
princes and
heavy
muskets.
we
find in
Germany Tarras
The
era of the
mace; the
latter
The commander
field-marshal.
of the
The Schmalcadic
War
developed a pe-
the
known
as the "
German
Riders."
measures.
diers,
Battles were no
like walls
more decided by
of
foot-sol-
moving
but
and composed
Hussites and
of
They used
to ride in
Swiss,
the
in-
enemy
retreat
three
fantry,
different
and
a
cavalry,
in
Both
in
of the
battles at
way
The great
Marignano
first
mobility of those
for
"German Riders"
The
fitted
them especially
in mili-
support of infantry.
modern
tary tactics.
The mercenary
of
Germany were
by Count
Eitel,
Lands-
The artillery made great strides at this period. Germany is indebted to the Hussites for the first cast cannon or field-pieces, which had previously been made of
wrought-iron staves.
ture of
title of
The commanding
re-
The
general
or
commander-in-chief, and
as
such was
powder and fire-arms were then Augsburg and Nuremberg. The artillery and the material for projectile
The
general
staff
of the ordnance.
The
ary
who
ter of the
gun and
artificers.
The guns
a colonel,
who
received a monthly
staff
400 guilders.
The regimental
was formed
of the
who had
to tend to the
ball,
weighing
hundred
camp-followers and
the
camp-prostitutes.
Each
regi-
there
to sixteen
companies (Fiihnlein) of
Subordinated to
The use
new mode
of fortification, termed
fifteen
armed with
a small
These
The
typical form of a
:
of fortifica-
the Middle
Ages was
in a
as follows
The
city's precincts
were enclosed
wooden
Behind
battle-
the
walls,
turreted
and
were
arquebusiers.
mented.
At more
by
turrets; there
also at
now
vented
at
Nuremberg
in 1517.
Diet of
Worms
(1521).
three
German Empire during a period hundred years, when little change took place
of raising armies.
In Austria we find warriors like Prince Eugene, Ludwig von Baden, Daun, Lichtenstein, and Laudon occupied in introducing improvements in military tactics.
in
the
manner
in-
Worms, only
sum
of
power.
At
army numFrederick
money
Emperor.
The
William
I.,
improved,
and disciplined
of
army.
war, which
could be
the
declared
princes,
only by a unanimous
decree of
electors,
and
cities,
with the
tics
and
discipline.
approval
of
the
Emperor.
Since
the
Westphalian
Treaty (1648), each provincial estate was entitled to declare and make war independently of the others.
82,000 men, 26,000 of which were enlisted non-PrusEvery youth who was of the standard height sians.
was obliged
worth from
to
The
the
troopers
at
this
time
wear "the king's coat"; exempted only of noblemen and of citizens who were
thousand dollars.
monthly pay.
six to ten
The way
the
imperial
consist
of
to
the
imperial
existed,
standing
imperial
army never
of
the firing in
off
files,
in battalions,
estates
kept a body of
the
like
clock-work.
At
this
period
Westphalian
came
into vogue.
The
entire
in,
of war,
body
of
and was made subject to the command There existed a plan imperial generals.
for the
completely enacted.
The contingents
of
the smaller
force of Frederick
his successor,
William
I.
use was concerned, a regiment often representing soldiers of fifty different contingents.
200,000
men by
Frederick
The
officers
never
The
latter's
by
Brunswick,
in of
company
of troops
from
and
others, he
succeeded
an imperial
circle,
with almost
all
movements,
of the
Even
in
regard to
He was
in
instrumental in rein
uniform and
deeming
the
German name
Europe and
placing
the
imperial
well-known prowess
of the
Germans
The work of Frederick the Great was in part effaced by the great French conqueror, Napoleon, who not only humbled Prussia but the entire German nation by the establishment of the "Rhenish Confederation," in 1806.
His power, however, was broken shortly afterwards,
especially through the heroic efforts and great sacrifices
of Prussia, the military service of
on the
battlefield.
The
improvements
in military
made by
by men
and Gneisenau.
Jena
all
European armies.
by reducing
the weight of
of
armor and arms, introducing the light or horsereplacing the heavy culverins
The compulsory
III.
five
artillery,
by
iron four-
pounders,
which
were
cartridges
memorable expedient
of
King William
;
method
powder.
The
namely,
The new
tactics also
in the active
evolutions,
and fourteen
The Congress
place
the
man
German Confederation
effected.
or
Bund.
evacuation
After preparations lasting for a few years, the organization of the Federal
effected.
army was
military com-
mand
by an Austrian
Bund.
representative,
The
fortifications at Du'ppel
was subordinated
which controlled
were stormed heroically by Prince Frederick Charles, and on the twenty-ninth of June the glorious capture of
Alsen was effected.
The Federal army was formed by the contingents of by the reserve. It was divided
which Austria and Prussia Hesse
fur-
by
of
the allies,
Schleswig and Jutland were taken and King Christian was compelled to con-
The contingents
and
of
of
Vienna on the
all
thirtieth of October,
Wiirtemberg, Baden
and
the
Rhine,
mark ceded
The
1865.
arising
the
to Prussia,
and a money
of
Brunswick,
Mecklenburg,
Oldenburg, Liibeck,
Bremen, Hamburg, Waldeck, Schaumburg-Lippe, and Lippe formed the tenth. By a Federal decree the main
contingent and the reserves were amalgamated and the
reserve contingent doubled
of the population.
But the old conflict broke out again one year The convening of the Holstein House of Deputies
by
by one and
From now on
to
Bund
of
The Confederation assembled at Vienna, and, on the adoption of a motion, put by Austria (fourteenth
duchy.
of June), for mobilizing the Federal
army against
Prussia,
dis-
Bund
The
solved because of
its
unconstitutional proceedings.
in Prussia
The
allies
as follows:
Sharpshooters, 28,438;
infantry, 398,197;
war began
at
and her
quickly winning the glorious victories of Podol, Miinchengratz, Gitschin, Trautenau, Skalitz, Schweinschiidel,
and 1864.
The
efforts
of
Denmark
to
population of Schleswig-Holstein in regard to language, customs, and government, resulted in an open revolt
of
and her
allies.
The peace
in
of
the
people.
Holsteiners at
Austria's
predominancy
Germany.
Danes
at
new
quered
of
all
Jutland.
Malmo.
in
The
latter
mark
by the German
diet,
the treaties of Berlin the Southern States received an independent national existence, and the opportunity of forming a Southern Confederation and of making secret
treaties,
By
of offensive
and defensive
alliance,
latter
with the
It consisted of a
was about
Notwithstanding
The official dissolution of the German Bund with the dissolving of the Federal army took place at Augsburg on the twenty-fourth of August, 1866.
battleship
VIII
On
1866,
Prussia,
after
all
Main
owing
to the
shrewd moves
of diplomacy.
The Danes,
to the
new
constitution of the
furthermore, outnumbering the Germans, inflicted considerable losses on the latter near Fredericia, and the
Trea-
for
Denmark.
were made with the South German States, securing more uniformity to the army and investing Prussia with
absolute control of the military forces in case of war.
in
The
constitution placed
all
army and
exclusive
On February 2nd
(Prussia)
had
the
right
of
and
of
concluding
for
al-
their
alliances.
The
constitution
also
made
provision
lowed), and for the disbursement of the army expenditure, service in the ranks, in the reserve, in the
King King
of Bavaria, the of
Grand Duke
(1870).
of
Wurtemberg.
landwehr,
and seventeenth
of July
By
this
action the
of
army
225
King
of Prussia, in
treaties.
The
The
military
basis of
German
first
forces
as the
army
for the
at the disposal of
the
army was
also regulated
and denned.
All Federal
of
grand
total of 1,021,-
000 men.
Led by
by
modern war.
The army
sisted,
of the
on a peace-footing,
Grand
Duke
rifles,
of
Frankfort, by which
regiments and
regiments
sian)
pay
to
German part of Lorraine, and agreed Germany five billion francs as a war ingreat lustre surrounds this eventful period
of siege-artillery,
demnity.
company
of pioneers, 13 battalions
and
1 (Hessian)
German
its
able
the
names
of
heroes
comprised
rifles,
Crown
Prince
Frederick
William,
Frederick
380
39
field-artillery,
Crown Prince Albert of Saxony, Moltke, Blumenthal, Franseky, Werder, Goeben, Alvensleben,
Charles, the
and Manteuffel.
train.
The
infantry
its
field-artillery
with
steel.
The
first
Guards,
Army
of the North,
;
com-
each army-
mander
Prussia
Army
of the Centre,
gade
of cavalry
Army
of the South,
was
commanded by
of the
collision,
Crown Prince
heavy
of Prussia.
The Army
in the first
The peace-footing
of the
army con-
302,633
and
it
inflicted
losses
on the French
of
horse,
On
a war-footing
it
consisted of
under Douay
at
August,
12,777
guns.
afterwards.
On
Besides
Army
of the
horse,
of 3,280 officers,
These
Glogau,
victories of the
three
The
were
Kosel,
fortresses
of the
Those were
Mayence, Koblenz,
Swinemiinde,
Kol-
Colombey, fought on the fourteenth of August, that of Mars La Tour on the sixteenth, and the
decisive battle of Gravelotte on the eighteenth of August.
Diippel,
Friedrichsort,
Stralsund,
At
the battle of
Mars La Tour,
in
The hour when the military organization of the North German Confederation and its Southern allies had to face its fiery ordeal was now approaching.
Napoleon
III.,
2,736 horse.
German loss was 711 officers, 15,097 men, and The French loss was 879 officers, 16,128
war included), and one gun.
men
(prisoners of
At
rise of the
Prus-
men
of the
German
infantry,
The
entire
mitrailleuses, the
Germans
lost
lost
offi-
the
government.
899
cers,
officers
595
princes,
The
result of
Metz was
with
at
that Bazaine,
On
known
sur-
was prevented
from
cooperating
the
army
of
Chalons.
left
On
at
conditions
All the
all
forts,
twenty-fifth
of
August,
McMahon
the
camp
rendered, with
became prisoners
of
By
McMahon
to fall
and the
city
was
to
pay an indemnity
of
two hundred
and southwestward
back on Sedan.
millions of francs.
During the
first
and
thirty-first of
greater
August and
to the north
the
of
made 19,316
was barred.
prisoners (the
army
of Paris included),
and captured
Crown
On
formed a junction.
The
fire
of five
hundred German
inflicting a terrible
the French
Kings
at Versailles,
King William
of Prussia
of the Empire,
the
At five o'clock in the evening the heads German columns advanced on Sedan and
combatants up to
its
drove the
last
III.,
walls.
Upon
this,
"German Emperor," by the desire and German states and princes. The legal announcement of the German Empire had taken place on
consent of
the the
first
Napoleon
who was
of
January preceding.
at Versailles,
The preliminaries
of February,
fort,
on the twenty-sixth
By
King of Emperor
Prussia.
lost liberty
and the
of
and
on the tenth
national
a throne, while
loss of
an army of
in
German
attained
war
135,000 men.
The
battle
419
by
and which
place the
66,000 28,000
rifles,
During the
battle
is
known
to
need
men had been cut off and made prisoners on the field. The dead included, there was an army, as we have said, of 135,000 men annihilated.
Still more fatal to France was the capitulation of Metz by Bazaine, on the twenty-seventh of October, 1870. His immense army, consisting of 3 marshals, 10 generals,
repeating here.
German
of
unification, so
after,
became now
the
under an emperor
similar union has
House
of Hohenzollern.
trivial
Emshow
6,000
officers,
of
The
illustrations
of
the
still
present
work
exists in the
German
a red
WUra
and 300,000
of the
rifles.
tembergians differ
created
helmet.
in
The armies
The
larger
of their troops, so
not prevail
may be made.
all
The Prussian
the states, with
army comprises
by the
latter, failed.
North, the
Army
of the
West, the
Army
of the
and Wurtemberg.
But
all
those
differ,
little
externals,
by
Loire, of the
corps,
were
Quentin
common
to the
German
nation, which
by the heroic
at Pontarlier,
efforts
of
in love
and
of
General Manteuffel's
to enter neutral
all
parts of
Empire.
Faithfully and
The sorties of the invested Parisians, made at Fontainebleau, Champigny, Le Bourget, Drancy, Meudon, Clamart, and from Mont Valerien failed, with
Swiss territory.
own
on a hundred
for
battlefields,
and by
its
heroism
it
has
won
the
German name
respect, esteem,
and admiration
heavy
The
fundamental provisions
of
The German
military constitution
is
tion
the
only amended, as
we have
hinted, in consequence of
amended though
military institu-
The
German
frontier.
German Empire
are, therefore,
founded on
of the
united
German army,
this
alike in time of
war and
of peace, with of
sole
restriction,
that
the
kingdom
in
Bavaria
is
William
of
entitled
to
minor concessions
time of peace.
restriction,
The
under
navy
the
is
exclusively,
of the
command
ment
Frederick William
I.,
the
The land
regiment having
own
distinctive
and
its
officials in
the
ways
of the
most rigid
in the
integrity
drilled his
army
and cut
of the Prussian
army uniform
body
of officers,
for all, a
by
rectitude
by
officers
and men
in the
Fred-
imperial forces.
had raised
it
r
is is
his
duty, to
in
little
army
to the highest
that
complete
is
it
that uniformity
estab-
by
Europe
and maintained
as
to
organization,
formation,
in the
The Emperor
also regulates
qualification
was maintained,
and obedience
fidelity,
The army
to service,
is
Every German
this
is
liable
anew upon
and
in the
performance of
duty no subservice
stitute is allowed.
is
permitted only
members
of the reigning
by
the
soldier of Europe,
Emperor, the
the late
German
army proved
valor
in in
three
successful
wars,
in
deem it a duty and an honor They serve, as a rule, in the PrusRegiment of Foot-Guards stationed
army commences
divided bemilitia.
es-
Potsdam.
The general
forty-fifth
motto "with
the type for
God
have
for
year of a man's
in the ranks
life.
The time
is
organization, as
constitution
of
we
the
tween service
and
in the
Landsturm or
was embodied
in
the
The
it
lasts
until
the thirty-first of
his thirty-
Owing
to
mili-
March
of the year in
;
which
man completes
all
ninth year
he therefore serves in
a
nineteen years.
changes
it
may be
described, in regard to
its
com-
man belongs
to the
army he
serves
after
which he
is
attached for
to
LIABILITY
years to the
first
levy,
to the
second levy).
is
is
which
peace establishment.
The number
is
estimated at from
army from
war
footing.
for
The Landwehr
The
divisions.
This privilege
is
the recruit's,
is
if
we
ex-
recruited through-
man
man
of the reserve
Each
two
of
superior physique
of five
of
Landwehr has
to turn out
from one
to
minimum height
it is
and one-half
Each armywhich
is
weeks
The Landsturm
the native
soil,
whose duty
it
is
to
defend
in case
and recruited.
This district
sub-
army
districts.
of necessity,
contains
or have not
distribution
by the
Those
Landwehr.
found
fit
to serve in the
army
with arms, or without arms as hospital attendants and professionals, such as tailors, shoemakers, etc. Men be-
As
the
military
service
is
deemed one
of
fit
for duty,
honor,
it
all
as unworthy.
The bodily
called
unfit
men
are rejected.
The
up the army
in
and such
homes,
may be
upon
empted from
service.
at
any service are struck off the found unworthy are excluded.
list
Those educated
government expense
at military in-
stitutes (academies,
Of the supernumerary recruits, those drawing the lucky numbers are temporarily exempt from service in
times of peace.
commissioned
officers) are
in
for the
army
are then
height, physique,
have also to
enlist in the
army
The
final
the
To prevent an
may
Autumn manoeuvres. For the keeping of the and a continuous record, and for the passing of those from the reserve into the Landwehr, the larger
after the
rosters
Upon
tificate
Landwehr
pany
tional
Each man of the reserve and of the Landwehr who changes his domicile has to report the same at the company district, that is, the district officer
districts.
for
and
district sergeant-major.
At
The one-year
ranks of
of the
if
he desires
to emigrate.
The
district
commands
or commissions
government equipment.
addresses
of
all
respective districts
of the names and Landwehr men in their and with calling them into service
The labor
of
summon-
months
to their destina-
more with
on the
commissions.
By
semi-annual
the
recruiting commissions,
composed
also
of officers,
rosters
who
CONTROLLING ORGANIZATION
The
law,
III.
is,
according to imperial
The annual
The army
defined
by the imperial
contingent of recruits
fixed
;: ;
offioers
Each
two brigades
of infantry
of
at
The
entire peace
strength
is
as follows
two regiments
consists on a peace footing of about
officers
of infantry or cavalry.
and men.
Including
non-combatants,
there
are
The
battalions have a
men.
of
rifles
total of
624 battalions
of infantry
(Jager zu Pferde),
war footing
in all of
700 horses.
a
a a
total of
The
;
field-artillery
43 regiments
of field-artillery of
494
batteries
of generally three
mounted
Each battery
in
and
war time
and 2 detachments of
A
each,
foot-artillery
regiment
comprises
a
two battalions
balloon troops,
total of
rifle
battalion
and
balloon troops
21 battalions of the
military train
The
training
and
drilling,
commencing with
embraces
all
the
in-
it
branches
The
model
infantry are
(rifle
five cartridges,
is
of
0.31
in.
Besides the
a side arm,
by from one
to three
army corps
(armies) facing
A
is
in sham-battles.
skilful training of the individual
fected
by an equipment
of lances.
The cavalry
;
soldier
armed
the cuiras-
The
guns
entire
field-artillery
is
of 3.56
in. calibre,
made
of
improved
cast steel
and
mounted on a spring
charge
is
The
of
;
a shrapnell shell
is
(case-shot).
of the
;
The
foot-artillery
in.
manding general
is
responsible
calibre
in.
calibre
in.
calibre;
and
as siege-guns pieces of
in. calibre,
mortars of 5.90
;
in.
the
commander
for
of
the
regiment
is
held
re-
also, revolv-
sponsible.
The
foot-artillery soldier
As
model
instructors
(Lehrbataillon),
officers,
composed
drilled
of
officers,
non-
The
pioneers,
who
are
armed with
the
Mauser
rifle
commissioned
is
for
formed
at
Potsdam and
general
and engineering.
the
The
The
five
military train,
army instructors
officers),
in
(officers
and non-commissioned
is
provided; for
is
army
of
the
a school of
From
three to
is
a riding
academy;
in time of peace,
and
gymnasium.
For the
officers,
education
educating of
one brigade of
field-artillery,
After a
service
lasting
for
of foot-artillery.
commissioned
officer receives a
10
; ;
office in
the
in
Berlin.
This
is
the
centre
all
corporation.
This min-
German
Since the
the main
body
of officers.
of
the
entire
German army
in
open
to
every
man
of respectable parentage,
but none,
ing house,
At
was
a
the time
raised
by enlistment,
it
happy idea
is
to assign to each
try.
regiment a defined
coun-
in face of the
As
enemy.
practice
of
officers
there are
German army.
country.
The composition
Besides
The higher
training
is
Each army corps is recruited within its own army corps district and bears its name. The regiments
which bear besides the regular number of the military
branch to which they belong, the names of princes and
army.
The
latter, in
time of peace,
destined
As an
the
consists of about
to
fifty officers,
the
attend to
all
(Magdeburg)
(Pom-
quartering, and
engagement
5th
Bliicher
commanders and
scientific
their enforcement.
Emperor Fred-
The greatest
been paid
to the
German army,
also
(Baden No.
6).
thorough
By
this
of sanitary officers
sities,
village,
and even
closely connected
but especially
located at Berlin.
fostered
by appointing surgeons by
whole generation
may
serve in
to enlist
is
company
the
in
which
name
honor-
The
men
is
to bear off
carried on in
inestimable
moral
value of these
tra-
by annual
practical instructions.
In the farrier
and
historical ties,
The
entire
war-material
is
furnished
by
the
gun-
mous advantage,
footing.
in that the
factories, manufactories of
by the powder-mills.
to each
The bureau
prepared
army
with the
necessary clothing.
To
man
of the
war
itself,
and horse
is
providing such
carried out.
lists
The
of supplies.
of each
man
of the reserve
A
trials
is
and
of the
Landwehr.
When
are
entire
summonses
handed directly
and court-martials.
of the spiritual welfare of
reli-
officer
him
The transport
or to
ties
summoned
every
is
of
the
military
detail
The
by the
War
Ministry
thus mobilized.
11
(four for the infantry, six for the artillery), the military
train-battalion, three provision
trains, the
and general
fitting
out
of
the
forces
for
war
Landwehr and
the depot
all
of the
army
in the field,
twelve field-hospitals.
Added
and
subsequent en-
it
field post-office.
is is
kept
also
inis
One
division of infantry
infantry, each of
By
one regiment of
one or two
train,
tested in regard to
the entire
tele-
material
down
to the small
package
of
bandages carried
graph troops.
by every man,
is
and wagon-lantern,
and
field-post.
In addition to the above-named columns and trains, each army corps has
its
of
the
is
force
of
officers
own wagons,
especially provided
columns or echelons
baggage
train,
of
the
officers
that
are of
to serve
or the Landwehr.
The most
provisions,
at a greater distance,
and
by
the
officers
army during
operations in
necessary
of
the
and provision
Trained further by
wagons.
An army
ions
have
to
of infantry,
battalion
of
rifles,
8 squadrons of
in the
officers
form
in time of
under
This
amply
army
corps.
It
to
officers
in
the lower
of the higher
30,000 infantry.
ranks of commanders
officers
the
Emperor has
immediate use
and generals
the Landwehr,
made up
also into
is
and
action.
is
added,
Emperor
is
sufficient
active army.
in
"the army
is
German army
is
From
superior
three to five
menaced.
Exempt from
army corps form an army under a army commander. The entire forces under the
of the
supreme command
Imperial
Emperor
Headquarters.
divided into
the mobile
troops.
or garrison
The
active
army
is
composed
The garrison
composed
of the
Landwehr.
footing
is
The organization
of
the
army on
;
war
there are
divisions,
man's
life),
in the country,
the
same
commanded by
erally
respective temporary
commanding
batteries,
The
two
to three inde-
pendent cavalry
consisting of
number
of
and may be
and
used for the defence of the Etappen (lines of base connecting the field-army with the rear), or to
fighting strength.
fill
of the
up the
army.
Added
to these are in
which
a
of
men from
the seventeenth
make up
rifles,
army corps on
called
out by an
imperial
war footing
two divisions
The
12
Landsturm
is
German emis
It is
completely
made
possible
by compulsory military
service,
the
Landsturm
of the
men from
is,
Without
this varied
and
that
all
soldiers
in
combined
service.
is
Thus
from eighteen
twenty days
after
war
are
army and
its
readiness for
of
this
declared, that
is,
been
men
of the standing
army
go
field.
Germany
is
especially indebted
body
of 900,000
men
to the ceaseless
and untiring
"his
Emperor
chief
action,
being
on the threatened
William
and to
frontier.
von Moltke,
'
the entire
Landwehr and
all
men
and
Emperor William
army.
"
is
the
standard of the
in the scabbard,
German
but
its
the country.
On
He
edge
not served.
the nation
to
equipment,
This
may
it is
under arms.
Such
the
German
Fatherland.
Migration of Nations.
ike
of
all
consists
pouches, the
the
branches
of
military
service
mili-
In the knapsack
shirt,
and the
a pair of
tary train.
rifle,
polishing and
hymn
book.
The infantry
Its
is
largest
rifle,
number
of
fighting men.
They
the
armed with a
as a bayonet.
German
rifle
The
infantry
is
of the army,
and
is
army
tops,
or
in
any country.
is
number
gray
of the regiment.
cloth, the boots
The
trousers
infantry
made
of dark
is
have leather
model
in
foreign
is,
troops
the overcoat
of a gray-colored frieze.
The Prussian
what
discipline
Guards have
under
fire.
commands
are
to their corps,
obeyed as on parade, no
being
of
change of position
The
by wearing
a shako, with
allowed
without
explicit
to
orders.
a green tunic.
the
army extends
:
also
all
the
non-commissioned
the quick-loading
and
of
the
belt
for
the
side-arms,
two ammunition
men
use a magazine
rifle,
'88
13
the
rifle
of the
sepa-
magazine being
filled
from a metal
rate waterproof
for
three
days.
The
model
The cooking utensils are smaller and are made of aluminium and mounted on top of the knapsack, around
which, leaving the lower part free, the great coat
rolled.
is
The weight
49.01
sight
of
the
weapon
rifle
is
inches.
is
The
The
fixed
The whole
is
outfit,
including the
ammunition
pouches,
yards;
is
graduated
The weight
the tent,
is
The
rifle
covers a
maximum
bullet has
3.45 pounds.
The
entire
load, including
The
clothing
infantry,
carried
by a
fully
amounts
in
to 53.78 pounds,
of 2,034 feet.
reduced
is,
The
model
of 1871,
times.
When
is
left off
temporarily, the
15.2
inches,
and
and
The blade
made
and ammunition
The German
infantry
essentially a unity
in equip-
The made of
The
difference in the
iron;
on the
haft
are
side
plates
of
wood
(the
sword bayonet of
for convenience or
on the
ground
of expediency. as
The regiments
forged of highly carbonized iron, with a round hole for insertion round the muzzle of the gun, and held
tight
ently described
Grenadiers,
Musketeers, Fusiliers,
and Jager.
illustrations.
The
German
are
infantry
in the
by a
is
steel
The
shown
scabbard
made
The
army
While
in itself a complete
army
corps,
and located
the other
at Berlin,
all
army corps
monarchy
regi-
The side-arms
rifle
as
own
districts, the
corps of the
a bayonet at the
command
before
Guards
and
of of
is
bayonets!"
men
The Bavarian
The officers, who wear the silver sword-knot and the regular sword, together with the men who have charge of
ment
of the
body-guard
the sick
sources.
is
The
1st
in
elite
and wounded, are each provided with a revolver (model This is made, in its principal parts, of steel, of 1883).
with butt plates of walnut, a barrel with four grooves and of a length of 6.03 inches, a calibre of 0.42 inches,
the
regiment of Foot-guards.
was formed
Foot-guards, and
"Grenadier-
and a
cylinder holding
six
cartridges.
The
bullet,
The
I.
title
from Fred-
is
erick William's
The weight
of the
weapon
Fellows."
is
adjusted to 21.3
The
first
regiment
of the
Guards
is,
as has
been
said,
The equipment
reduced
in
been materially
general
weight since 1887, conforming to the changes introduced in modern war tactics. The helmet has been lightened and freed from all superfluous mountings.
upon
collars
and
cuffs, the
uniform
is
especially charac-
terized
by the white buttons, a reminiscence or relic of the original regiment of the Guards No. 15. Still more deserving of notice
is
The haversack is made of waterproof material, instead The ammunition is entirely separated from of linen. knapsack, being stowed away in two pouches the
fastened
tridges.
to
the head-dress
grenadier head-dress.
of the original,
the
belt,
each
containing forty-five
sixty
car-
Great
the back
that of the
To
these
may be added
for
more cartridges
in the knapsack.
The
fore,
entire
of
ammunition
war purpose
fifty
consists, there-
the Grenadiers,
star
made
cartridges, which
may
and pro-
be
replenished
to
wagons
two hundred
each
man.
The weight
14
less.
At
this
four
of
batteries
of artillery to
in
position at one
by
supported
by
the
entire
corps-artillery
and
also
by
model corps
later
During the
in the
Privat,
and the
van of
and by
of
the
chassepots
became
fainter.
Firmly and
and Sedan,
recede, yet
impeded
of
in their
and before
Paris.
The
amid
a storm
bullets, the
most trying
test
of dis-
won immortal
line of battle
honor.
The northern
sixth
parts
of the
French
Gravelotte and
by the
position.
which troops can ever be put. To fill up the gap, General von Pape placed the second regicipline to
St. Privat -
la-Montagne
were occupied
the
ment
of
as
French army
;
brigade the
relief
fourth
regiment of
St.
Guards followed.
But
now
their
key of the
duel
From
half-
heavy
to
artillery
upon the village. Intermingled with parts of the Guards, fifteen battalions of the 45th and 47th brigades
ever,
the
Germans.
lull set in
At
half-past
four
o'clock
an
now
encircled
almost perfect
the
At
the
Eighty-four Saxon guns belched out against the town, while the Fusilier-Guards, hitherto held in reserve at
Ste. Marie,
ordered the
brigade
of
their sorely-tried
Guards
to the attack.
Advancing
well-formed
comrades.
columns and
were
At
of St. Privat took place; the decisive hour of the great battle had
assault
;
manner.
come
at last.
the general
up
to the
Up
to seven
village
At
o'clock
the
commander
of
the
second
in per-
The third battalion of the Body-guards and the ninth company of the fourth regiment assaulted the church, the third company of the fourth regiment of the Guards bore down on the cemetery, the Fusiliers of the first regiment
Guards advanced upon the farmsteads lying south of Jerusalem, and the Franz regiment took Jerusalem proper.
of the
division of the
son in the assault upon the advanced outwork Jerusalem, part of the village St. Privat stretching towards
Amanvillers.
tected
there pro-
The
sixth
relost
by hedges and
The Guards
of the needle-gun.
The rapid
chassepots
as
made
it
officers,
the
brigade
ad-
men and
2 surgeons.
vanced
in
Without the
slightest
lost
engaged
at Amanvillers,
cover, the
namely, 19
officers,
but only
geon
and 1,076
by the fourth
to
men
36
brigade,
which,
however, drove
enemy back
Jerusalem.
It
officers
The first regiment of the Guards lost and 1,056 men; the Franz regiment lost 38 and 1,020 men the Augusta regiment lost
;
enemy
27
lost
officers
and
902
men
the
Alexander regiment
loss of the fourth regi-
Half an hour
its
when
attack
27
officers
ment was 29
regiment 21
Just
as
made an
officers
on
glorious,
north.
was
Sedan.
The
to
proceed towards
of dead and wounded, and in a short time all commanders were hors-de-combat. The right wing, nevertheless, advanced up to within nine hundred paces, and the left to within six hundred paces of the enemy.
by heaps
Fleigneux and to press the enemy away from the Belgian frontier, the second division of the Guards were sent
against the northeastern part of Daigny, where concentrated masses of the
corps.
the
enemy fought
The
Germans grew
less
and
Only
after
15
Geisberg
castle, a series of
against
their opponents.
by a wall fifteen feet high and protected by embrasures, was stormed by the 7th regiment of the King's Grenadiers. The garden surrounding the castle was quickly
cleared of the enemy; the
rifles
sixth
company
of
the Fusilier-Guards
had succeeded
in dispersing
La Chapelle and
it.
Major von
column of French
and
Kaisenberg
at the
into
The color-bearer
held up bv the
officers
fifth
company
having
fallen,
the
prisoners, al-
horses
were also
all
successively
fell,
crushed
The
castle
From
iron
Guards
At
this
moto
up
to the
in the afternoon.
sides.
The
shells
tore the
The
left
fifth light
roof
lost
French had
assault the
At
the final
three officers
fire.
commanding
the platoons
by
heavy
rifle
Germans succeeded
The
hostile masses,
suddenly rushing on
to effect
a breaking
the
overwhelmingly rapid
of
the
batteries.
At
The
regioffi-
nearly three o'clock the infantry finally reached the opposite heights of the valley
ment
On
lay dead.
division of the
Another act
heroism,
is
German
(Red
meeting with hardly any resistance, and formed a junction with parts of the fifth, eleventh,
the
Mountain)
August
at
6th, 1870.
which from
at the
three
sides
pressed
farmstead of Querimont.
of the
second French
Saarbriicken
his
position
oners
About
five
perilous
he had notified
the
imperial
head-
The corps
Calvary
cers
of the
Guards
fifth
of
August.
The
d'llly.
It alone delivered
up 111 French
offi-
also a
and constructed
rifle-pits
soldiers.
ammunition.
at
The deeds
of valor
and death-defying
spirit.
We
castle
re-
infantry
shell.
As they advanced they were received by the and artillery of the enemy with shot and They reached the base of the mountain and
and crevices of the
like
upon the
of
at
Weissenburg.
This
steep
rock,
appearing from
distance
hanging
now
in garrison at Liegnitz.
first
swallows.
On August
eral
first
4th the
To support
teries
German
bat-
Franco-German
War
Genof the
a hill south of
tirailleur lines.
whilst
Weissenburg was
shot was fired;
At
Kamecke
Without
At
morning
at
of the following
day the
by regiments
Climbing from
battle
was won.
bat-
On
by seven
in
in position
command,
The
With
body
16
Pierced by
five bul-
At four
Wedell
words on
battle!
is
"It
is
The
bri-
gladly give
my
gade advanced
the
its
steadily, after
Forward
brave Fusi-
liers
The
arrival
ranks.
;
The
fifty
rear
division
apparent.
front one
after a run of
dred and
command during
jumping
the
up
and
rushing
forward
feet
till
they
reached
edge
of a
ravine, fifty
movement;
down
their
and
scaled
in
the
banks,
where
they
The
were
met
mass
by Grenier's
of Cissey.
battalions,
and on
by those
The
fire of
five battalions
companies
two
divisions.
commenced
of the
All mounted officers were laid low and the wounded and
killed lay in heaps on the ground.
The
casualties,
which
troops
made
included 72
officers
killed
vensleben
now ordered up
wounded, speak well for the bravery of the Westphalians. The commander-in-chief of the German army, King William, passed this
wick Hussars
The regiment
it
encomium upon
the third
army
corps:
"At every
deem
most
retire.
At
this
August
as part of the
some guns
having shown a
spirit of sacrifice
only possible
when each
at stake
of
man and
to
horse.
at
last
on that day."
brief episode in
compelled
As
final
The following
ment
at
made
renewed and
enemy.
it
Duke
of
Mecklenburg,
The
officers
At
August
bloodiest affairs not only of the late war, but of the century, on the
regiment of Uhlans (Brandenburg No. 3) had taken the advanced French batteries, and with them two mitrailleuses,
German
and
two
and
coped with a
six
hundred
To
de-
this
book.
The
battle at
first
it
Bavarians.
German
lasted
enemy,
corps,
76th
two
bat-
which
twelve
of
hours.
The
third
army
Loigny.
noon with
its
rear
The
to
the
officers
and 6,641
As if on parade, with drums beating, colors flying, and men hurrahing, the four battalions advanced upon Loigny. As they met the left wing of Bourdillon, his
men.
The
this corps
officers
was 18
officers
and 32
The
casualties of the
wing at once fell back; some columns then faced enemy and occupied the gravel-pits, but the first battalion of the Hamburg regiment drove them out at the point of the bayonet. The second battalion of the 76th
right
the
army
corps,
was 49
officers
regiment,
killed
loss of the
Loigny.
The
other
battalions,
in
conjunction
a full
first
with
47
41
officers
officers
and 1,099 men; the gallant 11th regiment and 1,119 men.
two Bavarian
Beauvilliers,
battalions,
coming on
at
run from
took Fougeu
the
onset,
where
17
prisoners,
fire
their
prisoners.
(the
Brunswick
regi-
of shells
bullets.
born resistance.
tary
Only
230 prisoners.
On
January 9th,
of the 36th
at
L'Homme,
the
first
regiment suc-
village
fire,
the
ceeded
in driving the
to
woods
talions
the
to
succumb.
At
bat-
this
French out
Vincent-de-Lorouer taking 5
officers
On
Goury; and from three sides the Germans forced their way into Loigny. Only the cemetery, surrounded by a
high wall, was stubbornly defended by the enemy.
dusk, the French General Sonis advanced with
serves, of the
endangered,
Ecommoy
not
The twentieth
and the
division
advanced
At
re-
new
battalion of the
among them
At
the point
Brunswickers.
in
the
At Mulsanne the roar of the guns direction of Le Mans was distinctly heard,
at
The danger
Germans
once to
at-
now
became imminent.
Tresckow made a
reserves,
that
enemy
and
to effect
two battalions
the
corps, in action at
fication the
Le Mans.
a forti-
round the southern part of the village in the direcLieutenant Colonel von Bohn, with tion of Fougeu.
eight companies of the 75th, 76th, and 89th regiments,
march
no shelter
for
broke in
on the
left
flank
of
the
advancing hostile
German advance,
The 17th
1,100 officers
and men.
Twenty
;
officers
and
also
2,500
lost 1
prisoners
1
the
French
and the
first
mitrailleuse,
Once more
munition.
assault.
were
is
however
the
great,
received by a terrific rifle-fire, many hundred Frenchmen being made prisoners. The heights of Les fipinettes, thickly lined with riflepits and masked guns,
are
tenth
army corps
Its
the
battle
of
Le
yet.
commander, General
on a surprise
enemy by
midnight attack.
In
The long
on
at
two o'clock
the hill;
signal
a
in the early
far
morning towards
highway
Parigne.
the
summit
of
Since January 6th, the tenth army corps had been continually beset
was
the
heard the
that
the
Germans were
an
vic-
by obstacles;
divisions
of
the
enemy,
torious.
The
assault
of
made by
which
like
darkness
midnight
upon
unusual
strong
splen-
threatening
of Bruns-
made by
enemy
at
cover
at
night,
barred
to
them
by daylight.
The
prisoners.
on
capture of
tion
the tenth of
as
In the fight of
of
Vend&me,
(January 12th).
Just as bravely as the Prussian regiments of the line
December
Fusilier battalion
the Bruns-
On
company of the 92nd regiment, by a well-directed at La Tuilerie, compelled the enemy to abandon
the tenth battalion
of
Already
rivalled
Weissenburg and Worth the Bavarians had their North-German brethren-in-arms by deeds of
at
Jitger
at-
bravery and had given ample proof of their heroism. Preparatory to the decisive battle at Sedan, General von
der Tann, the commander of the
first
column;
illeuse,
it
to
occupy Bazeilles,
purpose of
and a wagon of
100
At four
18
French divisions
of
Daigny.
of mitra-
Dense swarms
illeuses
of tirailleurs
and
few batteries
dous
fire.
The
By
seven o'clock not half of the town was taken, the fight-
batteries to
make
temporary
retreat.
battalion of Jager
however drove
fire,
fierce.
The French
batteries
and
enemy back by
The
a well-directed
and rapid
and the
poured a
hail of
projectiles
Germans.
to
the enemy.
latter
Ba-
On
the
wing
now
consisting of thirteen
Villa
At Beurmann by
last
batteries, the
In a hard
little
hands of
the Bavarian
first
army
corps.
After
fight
its
occupation by the
for a
was captured.
On
the left
wing
of the
Saxon battle
was continued
till
made
The
feints,
tom lands
heights.
On
two additional
The Bavarian
French
to
by the
first
sharpshooters
ef-
break through.
At
About
half-past
the
firing
the blood-stained
fire
for
Belgian
territory.
three days, and having lost 121 officers and about 2,000
army
com-
men.
Villa
To-day only
a simple
monument on
of
the road to
pany
of
which succeeded
in
When
of the gallantry
shown by
September, 1870.
The
and batteries
solid
"Here
rest
up towards Daigny, the battalions enemy moved out and pushed on in ranks towards the Givonne Valley. Here a terrible
of the
in.
struggle ensued
the
The Saxon
87
officers
and
permanently.
first
1,829 men.
Previous to
of the line of the
this,
the
company
of the
Body-Grenaa
The regiments
diers, led
the
by two
Franco-German War.
The timely
in the
capture of
has
As
a contingent of the
Army
of the
At
four o'clock
Meuse, commanded by the Crown Prince Albert of Saxony, the twelfth army corps rendered eminent services at
the battle of Sedan (September 1st, 1870). three o'clock in the
the
Saxon
corps,
forty-fifth infantry
At
half -past
the forty-
morning
of that
at five o'clock
division to Daigny.
At
comof
menced anew on
zeilles
the
Saxon
The
last effort
in the direction of
La Moncelle,
in-
infantry
bri-
enemy
retreat
upon
of
Mezieres.
the
first
The opposing
forces
Only
encamp
at
La Moncelle
Daigny, forming a
sus-
and Bazeilles.
La Moncelle was taken after a short enAt 6:30 A. M. the 105th regiment joined in the fray. At this time the two
gagement by the 107th regiment.
19
included
2,000
men made
prisoners
of
war,
besides
French
fought
infantry.
The
fies to
battle
of
Villiers-Champigny,
on the
The
assault of the
thirtieth of
November and
to
The
assailing
the bravery
shown by
Wilrtemberg
infantry.
who
fled
towards Chambrigade,
According
the Paris
tion
29th, a sortie of
pigny.
staff-officer
of
the
Wiirtemberg
tho
army
or
was contemplated.
The commander
Army
request
Wiirtemberg
of the
Meuse had
to the right
flanks.
with
all
French
at Coeuilly
on the
At
moment
the
At dawn on
of
The
with a
November
Chamdi-
At two
o'clock a renewed
division
pigny.
onslaught was
made upon
Villiers
by the French
and
at Coeuilly.
Under
cannonade the
visions of
after
of the first
French corps,
Maussion and by the division Berthaut on the neighboring quarries, both however being repulsed by the Saxons
corps,
and having on
their left
wing the
divisions Bert-
The
Brie.
Champigny.
fell
back
Faron
in
their rear,
at
three
upon
Villiers,
The
division
at
had
to fall
While the
the utmost
at Coeuilly
Wiirtembergers
To hinder the French from breaking through, moved at four o'clock on the plateau between Noisy and Villiers. At dusk the division Belof Villiers.
moved forward
to the
it
Hunting-Lodge with
speed, occupying
heavy
fire
fortifications of Villiers.
Under
however, frustrated
French
effort.
All attempts to storm Villiers finally came to naught, with a loss of over 600 men.
General
Ducrot,
commander-in-chief,
Villiers.
now
The
infantry of the
enemy
They rushed
advancing
at four o'clock
upon
the railroad
embankment,
to
be received with a
was
also repulsed
by
the artillery
shower
of bullets,
The
loss
was and
officers
com-
men;
Simultaneously with
this
movement, Bert-
The
day
of
Wilrtemberg
the heights
to fall
and the
seven o'clock in
many
prisoners.
The rout
of the
known
as
No. 100
The Saxons
men.
this
it
alone lost
officers
and half
of their
The
time
who
finally
succeeded in
in-
batteries of the
Champigny.
by
the Wiirtembergers
With
the
like success
In the fur-
by
a terrible fire
Colonel
mortally wounded.
After hav-
with great
fifty
to
hundred and
were,
they
succeeded
The Wiirtembergers, having fought since dawn at Champigny, marched to Coeuilly, where they were reThe second lieved by the infantry of the second corps.
20
at Chennevriers
in
the
fifth
Wtlrtemberg regiment
of Jager, frustrated
however fell pierced by three bullets, while his aide-decamp also was killed. Baron von Gemmingen, the commander of the 3rd regiment of dragoons, also received a
mortal wound.
efforts of the
French
1st
to scale the
The
down
the sloping
his
The
Wtlrtemberg
;
way
regiment
lost in
two days 23
officers
the
down
the descent,
halt
some 50 paces
at a time,
and
after a
17
officers
momentary
pushing on again.
The
last
400 paces
the 7th
Wflrtemberg regiment
lost
19
were covered
at a run.
The cut
itself,
fight,
fight.
and wounded.
9,053 men.
The French
was 426
officers
and
On
the second of
At four o'clock the enemy retreated in disorder to Nuits. The Fusiliers of the 2nd regiment then advanced against
the southern part of the town, but only with the support-
On December
engagement
of
ing
fire of
was
finally
On
Another column
highway,
third
it
Baden
As
the
Chaux,
to the
west
showed
by Cremer's
batteries.
The
latter
encamping
in the public
He
Several hundred
in the town.
rifles
command
of the
Baden
division
were found
16
officers
The French
loss of the
Werder
The
Germans amounted
first
and
six bat-
different roads.
Werat the
211 men killed, and 37 officers and 656 men wounded 18 men were missing. The total German casualties were 55 officers and 885 men.
;
The
war abounds
in
like
heroic
Already
by
Vouge
German
nation.
In
Our
order.
regiments of
in-
was encountered.
their dress
The Wllrtembergers who formerly differed in by the double-breasted tunic, are now known
Another picture
ment
by rail, aggregating about 10,000 men. Shortly after noon on the same day Colonel Baron von Wechmar stormed Boncourt with a battalion of Fusiliers.
by
the
by some charac-
the helmet. The Saxon infantry is known by the red-striped binding round the tunic and by the
first
twelve
La Berchere
teries of the
was
also taken
Grenadiers.
As
Baden
artillery
W.
R. and wear on
This
history
embankment.
of the
mark
line,
back
in
2nd regiment
to
advance
in line of battle
existence.
enemy near Quincey. A general assault was now ordered by General Gltlmer, in which the General and Prince William of Baden were wounded. Werder now assumed the command, Colonel von Renz
wing
taking the place of Prince William.
Queen
Elisabeth, and
Grenadier regiments.
of the Foot-Guards
Queen Augusta) bear the name of The first and second battalions
and
of the just
named regiments
Von Renz,
himself
21
The remaining infantry wear black leather belts and The name Grenadier regiments is also common straps.
to the
to
two
to
two
to
one Meck-
In the infantry
the
armed
is
There are
Fusiliers
in the
German army
he
is
in
the saddle.
had
guard
any army
to a
fraction of the
whole.
of
Fusiliers
Frederick
The
manifold
among
position,
these
are
the
reconnoitring of the
surprise
all
Fusiliers, each of
enemy's
guarding
against
by
the
in skirmishing lines.
maintaining
entering
the
army comin
into
for
disuse,
retained
leather
and,
finally,
battlefield
the
third
these
wearing
black
array with
the
belts
and
the
straps.
By
the re-
1889,
white
leather
in-
named
army."
Its
mission
is
the the
army's
movere-
Grenadiers.
Since then
at
same time
and
this
The above mentioned Saxon regiment of Schiitzen (sharpshooters), which bears the regular number of 108,
is
Special attention
paid to the
German cavalryman
The
in such a
his
manner
and report
observations
larger
and
An
responsibility of
tons, is
In the
common to the Saxon battalion of Jiiger (rifles). German army the word "Schiitzen" is synony"Jiiger."
parties will, in
officer;
borne by an
mous with
ence at the
The formation
of
special regi-
and
few
privates,
in exist-
to the
most
difficult tasks.
The
late
is
war demonstrated
that the
German cavalryman
not only
customary
of
in
the
Prussian
army,
only
knows how
the
Guards-Schiitzen
(rifles)
retaining
is
the
elite
above
body,
on rashness,
name.
of Schiitzen
an
adroitness, cleverness,
spirit of self-denial.
The
horse-hair
is
As an
an
instance of
this,
may be made
to the
shako,
not a
officer of the
part of
The shako
is
The
of their organization to
with three Baden officers of the 2nd regiment of Dragoons, Winsloe, Baron von
At
trained
of
It
foresters; in
was formed,
at
war
Liibeck in
On July 24th
band
At
through
by the above
At Neuweiler,
noncommissioned
officers.
The Prussian
in
battalions
French
at
patrol, consisting of a
fire.
Guards- Jiiger
gendarme and
a lancer,
who
once opened
The
gendarme, missing
afterwards released
his aim,
;
among
the different
army
corps.
wounded
same rules
of drill
In
They found
Jiiger,
;
Saxony has
all
three,
but
of
them contain
Prussian
of
22
the
telegraph
wires
of
Nancy-Strasburg
at
in purthis
burg.
The
Worth.
to
At
moment
The
with
was ordered
recon-
wood and
of
Buchs-
The clergyman
of
weiler.
be occupied by large
made
at a point
whom
made
prisoners.
The leader
of the
riders
Wechmar, looking
but
after the
Not being
satisfied
horses,
into
was the
to espy the
with
this
his hus-
the
fray ensued.
officer,
Wechmar dropped
bullets.
French noncommissioned
filled
with soldiers.
Reaching the
public square, our daring riders rushed upon some infantry, gathered in panic-stricken groups,
which sought
Villiers
was injured
in
Wechmar were
taken prisoners,
enemy
upon
their front
and
also firing
ers
But
cut
his
way through
the
enemy.
Followed by the
pace towards
eyes of the dumbfounded French, having secured valuable information for their captain.
at a furious
On December
ment
of
regi-
exultant
Germans.
The pluck
of the
little
band
a patrol, consisting
of an officer, a
officer,
two captive
officers to
Mans and
sub-
The
to
highway
garrisoned
the
right.
Having been
fired
upon by
To
at
strength of the
troops
and reached
arrived
at
Bitsch, Lieutenant
Nogent-le-Rotron,
La Ferte-Bernard, and
Coming
in contact with
them
in the adjoining
woods.
At
the
same time he
sta-
hill
Mans.
The
patrol, after
Le Fert^-Bernard
by a
camp and
the principal
gateway
of the fort-
and safely
the saddle
Wearing
a waterproof cloak
reached
its
regiment.
six in the
in
stole
through the
not
overwatchful
from half-past
following morning, and had covered during these nineteen hours twenty-three
miles.
"Long
the
live his
Majesty, the
in a scorn-
German
or ninety-three English
way and
rode- off
mocking
On
ment
the
morning
of
November
came
the
of Cuirassiers despatched
from Neuville-aux-Bois,
By
rifles
at the
to
In
draw
it.
town and,
fired
possible, to enter
at
way
the
was enabled
The
it
though
upon
every village
of
garrison's
strength.
He
informed
his
daring
there
which
the
than
at
any autumn
manoeuvre.
by
a strong
detachment
of the
enemy.
patrol there-
On August
It
besides some
of
the
and
franctireurs,
23
also with
some
artillery
and cavalry.
Returning, the
thrice
made by
at Floing,
opposing
The
German
to
troops.
When
commenced
to
many
franctireurs,
waver, Ducrot
whose
fire inflicted
on the patrol a
loss of four
men and
make an
five horses.
To
rest the
of Floing.
woods.
At dawn
day the
took
command
1st
remnant
skirts of
more rode
up
to the out-
"
Go ahead revenge
!
the
Gen-
eral!"
The
to their
regiment at
noon
German
illustrate the great
lines.
put himself
at the
by
difficulty
and
duty of which, as
we have
service
said, falls
upon the
cavalry.
For
this particular
special
ments
of Lancers),
and
also
by
are
of cavalry.
They
of
Before they
disorder;
rifle
specially trained
ligence.
men
of superior physique
and
intel-
they
fell into
Such detachments
officers,
of "Meldereiter," comprisofficers
and
throwing the
ing four
twelve noncommissioned
and
the pieces
army corps
;-
to
be established
into a special
in all imperial
The
tain
fire.
fifth
company
of the
Weimar
branch of service.
ently, the
They
by
its
rapid
cuirassiers, the
com-
years.
Each detachment
to consist of
800 horse.
The skirmishing
and
is
employed
in
some
As
general thing,
it
may be
many
falling
down
or no
at-
the stone-quarries.
Two
chance.
The chances
of success
would be better in an
tack
made on
artillery or
disorder.
most heroic
efforts.
At
August
6th, 1870,
McMahon
As badly
fared the
lancers
in
their
ing
at
lines,
fire
of the infantry
With
:
annihilated
fifth
by the
fire
of the 46th
cuirassiers, in rear of
whom were
battalion of Jager.
directed against
of the eleventh
by the
scaled
first.
Three comheights
same
corps.
Without
the
near
wing and by
were followed
cuirassiers
and rapid
fire
was
terrific.
The
three
several
squadrons
of
chasseurs.
The
line at all.
A troop
their
of
much
the
1st of
September, 1870,
opposed
in
at the battle of
German
/A
; ;
rifles,
turning about
and
shell
in front
and
in a
moment most
succumbed, the
and shrapnel.
Of the
first
had time
to limber up,
but before
happened the
cui-
rassiers fell
upon them
like a hurricane.
Ahead
of
of all
Campbell
by
all
means
for the
and
noncommissioned
officer.
Schmettow
ser-
"Well
"we
shall
left,"
and
off
he
the
hors de combat.
the "wild
In the battery
dashed with
front, their
men.
of
two Ger-
man
summit
of
of the hill,
The
cuirassiers
fire;
poured their
the
advancing
horse
down
French
fell in
riders.
man and
the uhlans
a blood-weltering mass;
was cut
to pieces.
into the
In the
The second
after an
line of the
Here,
King
of horse
was surrounded on
by
the division
William,
who
closely
watched the
fight,
exclaimed:
men!"
Two
but
French troopers.
Schmettow's
The
failed,
both at
Worth and
at
Murat
of the
at Vionville,
German
cavalry.
The German
The exhausted
riders
had now
to cut their
way
back.
sounded, General
von Bredow
was
succumbing.
at
this
The
cavalry,
Schmettow's aide-de-
juncture received
camp
shot
fell
from
his horse
ride
down
the French.
Campbell
tried to wrest a
Bredow
the
replied:
"I
shall
Count von
woods?"
"We
have
Kalckreuth received
fifteen
Mayer
woods the
;
the cuirassiers
its
was
killed.
up everything
You
forced
General von
ridden down, and through the columns of infantry which followed them up and fired several volleys into them.
Bredow looked
at his riders
and
at the route to
be taken
men would
return.
Unpursued by
Vionville.
beyond
and
riders,
of the
Magdeburg regiment
the left
those detained
to surrender.
of Cuirassiers, led
trumpeter
woods
and
in the
second
of
whom
The
its
Uhlans No.
16, led
sound was
marrow
of the bones.
Of eleven platoons
of cuirassiers
officers
keeping about
in line
six officers
Traversing the
Later on
it
had
lost
lost 7 officers,
officers,
and those
of the
sixth corps,
and
re-
of
dead
or
wounded,
They
cluded.
The
band
of heroes had,
ceived on the
left
the chassepot
fire
of Tixier's infantry
25
under Major von Trotha, followed by the fourth squadron of the second Dragoon-Guards.
of the
German
cavalry on
what
to the right
was effected
In the rear
left
same day.
Again the
critical
situation of the
around
become
fell
At
six o'clock
burg Dragoons
in the
make
As
the 3,000
German horsemen,
after
having reached
Dragoon-Guards, going
they cried.
The Schleswig-Holstein
and dashed upon
cheers.
galling
fire,
Dragoons, waiting majestically for the charge of Montagu's brigade of Hussars, delivered
the enemy, sabre in
fire
of Grenier's
terrible pell-mell
French
all sides
The French
Wedell)
by
the
Magdeburg
prisoner.
Hussars.
General von
Of
the
Dragoonfive
out
thirteen officers
were
killed, the
remainder being
French Dragoons
the
first
Here many
Dragoons
as
fell
cestors, laid
down
von Auerswald,
only
sixty
kept
;
their
But
the
French
shock
was checked
furious
hand-to-hand
command
to
Major von
pieces
by
the Oldenburgers
the Hanoverian
victorious.
XVII
Count
Dragoons
Germans were
On
fell
slain.
on the flank
of
flank of
mounted Guards'
front
by the
Captain von
The bulk
of the
Hindenburg
of the
men 67 were
laid low,
Hinden-
moment
The Dragoon-Guards
The
of
the 6,000
horse,
man fought
against
man
Yron
a large force of
French cavalry.
Ladmirault led
Bareil's division,
Du
by
the
German
riders to the
woods
field
of Bruville.
was cleared
of the
He wheeled
left
and returned
to Mars-la-Tour, later
The
fol-
lowed
at a considerable distance
by Clerembault's French
van.
On
the
German
drawn up
troopers.
stein
to give battle:
had
and
his
26
The Oldenburgers
lost
13
German
military author,
"
comments upon
it
as follows
at the
same time
is
qualified for
With
Roman
He
thoroughly drilled
in the duties of
The cavalry
carbine,
model
shorter
'88,
now
also
known
as rifle '91, is
rifle
it
somewhat
of '88, with
was pierced. In commemoration of this the Holy Lance of Longinus was incorporated with the consecrated arms, and the Roman Catholic Church celebrates the festival of the arms of Christ festum armorum Christi. "This weapon is a primeval one. Armed with the spear of pointed wood, provided by progressive skillfulcrucified Christ
flint,
the
struction
the
and
calibre of the
infantry
rifle,
it
and
is
uses
same ammunition.
In light warfare
the duty
of the
German
off
outposts of
the
enemy by
went forth to kill the game for his sustenance, or to ward off animals of pre_y. With the bronze-headed spear the Persians and Greeks fought at Marathon, and provided with an iron point was the hasta and the later lancea, besides the sword, the main
of the stone-age
man
weapon
of the
Roman
armies.
Under
do the foraging.
of destroying teleis
the
But
inter-
duty
to
being the coronation insignia of Charles the Great. "Since the time of Alexander the Great's lancers
sophores,' the
'Sari-
also their
lines
duty
to
weapon
of
and erect
is
Of much moment
the
Stopping
was used by the knights at the tournaments, those warlike games of times of peace, and on the battlefield especially was it used by the knightly crusaders, the retinue of each being termed so many It remained the chief weapon throughout the lances.' Middle Ages in the pike of the foot-soldier (Pikeniers) and in the spear of the Spear-riders (Spiessers) and
the cavalry;
it
; '
is
thrust in the
ground and
Kyrissers (Cuirassiers).
fastened thereon.
As
a matter of course,
"With
the
trees, stakes,
and the
is
like, if
purpose.
This
continued
till
work
is
done,
The
construction of
little
Gusfrom the Swedish cavalry, his example being followed by most of the European Powers. With the Slavs, however, as with the Cossacks,
firearms, the
time
it
is
After their
wood
Bosniaks,' Nainsti-
of two lances, or
of tin or
of hollow cylinders
But by
aluminium.
as,
by the steady
bridges,
merely
by swimming the
Drills
for
on an extensive scale
this feat
and
its
power
training
man and
all
horse
take place
annually at
weapon was
distinguished as Cuirassiers,
While
the existence of
dwindled into insignificance, though the Uhlan had gained fame by his menacing lance during the Franco-German war of 1870-71. "But, on Emperor William II ascending the throne, a Being himself a splenthorough innovation took place.
of the side-arm relatively
and employment
and
differ-
ment
The
only by the Uhlans, was ordered. Unchanged in its measurement, the wooden shaft buried a thousand years
is
exem-
feet
plified
by
the
heavy
the German lance now weighs three pounds nine inches. ten Originally ounces, with length and made wood, the Austrian weapon was of the French kings' bamboo from Tonkin, the German
long,
a of
feet five
of
ash,
of
lance
is
now
a tube,
made
its
of rolled steel-plate.
flag,
The
weapon
carries
below
head a small
showing the
27
is
dis-
side,
noncommissioned
weapon of the German cavalry, weapons being acknowledged by some and disputed by others. "The advantage of the lance in single combat and in
superiority over other
foot, calcu-
and daily
repeated during the entire service of the cavalryman, This is so systhe training on horseback commences.
tematically increased, that the horseman, riding at full
gallop, can strike any stationary or advancing object with
is able, at the same time, to cope two or more adversaries, either on horse or on foot, and armed with lance, sword, and bayonet. Thus the lance, handled every day easily and play-
forest of lances,
It
is,
horse
judgment and
riding at
successfully with
command
is is
speed
unhorsed,
fully,
becomes a
terrible
weapon, giving
the
rider
Furthermore,
less,
be
inflicted prov-
such self-confidence that nothing appears to him unatThis was the main point containable or irresistible.
sidered at the introduction of the lance as the weapon The chief functions of of the entire German cavalry.
the cavalry in time of war, besides the protection of
its
importance
and
ef-
greatly overestimated.
For
be too long and cumbersome. Too much is required of the muscles too much is expected of the agility and training of man and horse, which are
lance
is
deemed
to
of
the
enemy's
weapon;
sabre,
finally, it is
The fight with the hostile cavalry is the first the superior leading of this arm of the service
;
and lance
an effective reconnoissance, is the final Without such first duty there can be no afterto
is
ening the horse's load is now in a fair way to be solved, improvements having been made from time to
time to effect a lightening.
'blind
unfit for
On
argument,
it is
upon rider and The high value bestowed lance and expressed by prebrought the training of the
weight For the shock, Conthe lance is without doubt the superior weapon. vinced of the superior power of thrusting, and morally
" In the encounter of cavalry with cavalry the
is,
of the clash
men who
and rushing on
be
marks of horseman
distinction, has
indeed
irresistible.
The
after-thrusts
made
in pursuit of
in power, agility,
by
The
German
is
cavalry a fu-
the consequence
when
tactically
employed
in the battle,
"The
lance-shaft,
which has
at
ing the
maximum
of
of physical
The lance
made
weapon
thrusts
prostrate
When
enemy, though out of reach of the sabre, cannot escape. " In view of these facts, the importance of the lance begins to dawn upon European armies, and the apprehension of the superiority of the
to
the rider
halt, the
German
Mounted,
'attention!'
such a degree, that the reinstatement of the lance and the increase of lancer regiments are now actually in progress.
On
command
is
the lance
tion;
Its effectiveness
on the march
hangs
'
in the lance-knot
! '
on the
and the
depends on the hand which wields it Emperor Wilwhich controls the arm.
During in active service the lance is seized by the drill middle of the shaft, and carried by the hand held upon the right thigh in such a manner that the head-end,
right
arm and
at the
command
lances on arms
To put
it
on
its
own
ear,
while the
an
excellent
To equip
it
for
the
downward to the rear. This is the mode in which the weapon is held at the command 'lances on From this position, at the command 'lower the thigh!'
butt-end points
lance to the charge!' the head
the butt-end
is is
Emperor
has supplied the cavalry with the best thrusting-weapon the lance; at the same time infusing into this branch
brought
to a level,
and enthusiasm
for the
weapon
This
it
that in
hand grasps the lance by the The lance retains centre of the shaft back of the ring. this position when the horseman rides at a rapid gait when he towards a stationary or an advancing object, In the thrust to front, rear, and thrusts at a full run.
enthusiasm the
German
adheres
:
Wrangel
'Every
day
a cavalryman, on which he does not drill " or exercise with horse and weapon.'
is lost to
28
According
to the lighter
of the
are black.
Though
armed
to
Out
riders of the
typical
of
a
of
coat
mail,
and
greaves,
the
the
cuirassier
Hungary.
Of
former iron-armor
useless against
now common
to all
is left,
mounted
troops.
modern weapons,
been brought
the
traditional uniform,
the
modern
the
cuirass serves
In
Seven Years'
War
first
instituted a regiment
siers, at
won
proved
itself
worthy
the French
and Russians
at the battles of
Rossbach and
of
in 1742.
Zorndorf.
At
German army
To
the
of uhlans.
same
class
and of the
making
In the late war, the French soldiers and country people stood aghast at the uhlans.
With
surprising quickthere,
leather
trousers,
heavy
ness
their
patrols
appeared here
and
always
suf-
cuirassier helmet
common
to the cuirassiers.
les ulans,"
was
The regiment Gardes du Corps deserves special notice. A Garde du Corps was in existence under the first
Prussian king, Frederick
I,
everywhere.
but
it
was disbanded by
his
We
economical successor.
corps in 1740,
the
first
making
five
To-day the
At
regiment has
at
It is stationed
Potsdam, and
is
men and
for
Well known
in
King
of Prussia
folklore
the
Zietenhussars,
is
the
first
The
third Prussian
(Mag-
At
German army
Body-
Mars-la-Tour
lost
more than
half of
its
men
while riding
The
The
traditional uniform
and equipment
of the
it
of
and a sabretasche.
is
On
the front
another
of the cap
is
a ribbon
on which
first
Saxon Horse-Guards.
or a
monogram.
The
Especially striking
is
regiment
giving no quarter.
first
On the picture we
skull.
The present
The black
hussars
name
year 1822.
previously mentioned,
called "Carabiniers."
The
uni-
The dragoons
are
descendants of
foot,
the
arkebusiers,
who
often
fought
on
29
legers, perfectly
name
of
"Old
dragoons. The name "Chevaulegers" is derived from the French of the time of Henry IV, designating light
cavalry equipped
with firearms.
During Napoleon's
in all
name upon
of
ments,
and
officially
used
two bodies
of
by Bavaria.
the
The
different
22nd (Baden)
regi-
and
cuffs.
An
illustration in the
book depicts
Saxony
regiments of Chevau-
HOUSE
ARTTr.LEllY
is
the artillery.
it
forms, with
cavalry, the
artillery is
the other
horse-batteries.
The
are
the army.
The
footing.
a certain
Some
drawn by
by
six horses
There
is
surmounted by
a ball instead
are in time of
The
collar
and
wagons.
number
of the
regiment.
The
artillery
is
classified into
manoeuvring
and 31 regiments
distinguished by
of the line.
its
The Guards
artillery is
to its
employment, either
and
in posi-
The
horse-
The manceuvringand
is,
employed
48 mounted
hair
batteries,
As
stated under
plumes of the
The Saxon
artillery
it is
consists of
3 horse-batteries,
made
of
improved
is
forming 3 regiments.
tions, the
As may be
steel-plate caissons.
fires
The gun
and
Saxon
artillery
The
facings.
field-artillery brigades
the eleventh, twelfth, and second Bavarian brigades, however, consist each of three regiments. prise from three to four
up
changes
made
in
the cut of
mounted
;
divisions (Abteilungen),
the head-dress.
mounted
field-artillery,
The
of horse-artillery.
The
total
changes made
in the organization
30
field-artillery,
and going
in the
into effect
on October
article
1st, 1889,
suffered increased
losses,
to
withdraw
to
the rear of
are treated
upon
supplementary
by Major-
La Cusse woods.
utmost coolness.
One
German
field-artillery
decided
superior
efficient
up, was riddled with case shot, killing the captain and
many
by
its
it
material,
service,
but by
its
great
accuracy of aim,
enemy while
it
withdrew.
The
about
Of
this,
the battle of
Three batteries
of the
corps,
which ushered
in the battle,
While
the
artillery fight
of the first
all the
The French
troops
army.
guns
Privat.
The Germans
Four batteries
under General
deployed east of Verneville and opened the battle with a heavy artillery fire. The first shells fell short, the
following, however, found their range in the midst of the
at
Point du Jour.
From two
o'clock
onward the
artillery,
enemy's camp.
The
hurried to
German
draw up
heavy
closer to the
enemy.
at the
The
latter replied
inflicting
But
the
furiously, the
a
loss
French riflemen
on the Prussian
same time
The
artillery.
At one
o'clock
three batteries of
of action
by order
of
St. Privat.
They took
position
between
moved towards
The
battle
now took
north of Habonville.
of
personally.
The
their
division
of Hesse,
and were
situation
French commenced
mitrailleuses
ground.
Some
of
The
became
the rear.
fired
removed
to
At
its
the
by mistake
upon
own
critical.
fire
Their
left
exposed to a galling
tween Malmaison and Gravelotte, where several hundred French and German soldiers, who had been wounded
at the battle of Vionville,
foot-batteries
met
a horrible death
by the
period
of
the
of
French
fire.
In the storming of
St.
hors de combat.
At
this
The captain
of one
in
praiseworthy part.
The
wounded, succeeded
of Jarny; five of
them drew up
of the
near Mogadore.
The horse-battery
its
efforts of
some
first
right
wing by two
were
lost,
two
of
Although the
chief
danger
to the
Soon
became evident
silenced
brilliant
charge of the
fire of
the
Germans
some
of
fusilier battalion
officers
Lieutenant-Colonel
this
now
which by
time had
enemy's position
Hubert.
Though
the advanced
31
German
fire of
some
fire
of
the enemy.
With
who
offered a stubborn
The
effect of the
combined German
By
the
this
brilliant
now commenced
and
to tell.
to retreat
became
fainter.
The
territory stretching
German
back of
woods
fire
on
The energetic
co-
fending troops.
St.
guns
stormed by detachments of the 33rd, 60th, and 67th regiments, and the Rhenish
fire
rifles, in
of the
army
of
CMlons,
in con-
and with
a terrible loss.
on the
left
wing
of the second
or-
tember
of the
1st,
St. Privat.
German
Guards
to
front toward
on the heights
of
La Moncelles
Supported by some
artillery
of Bazeilles.
on
arrived, sixty
diffi-
which by
this
"The Bavarians
a
at Bazeilles").
back upon
its
former position.
Whilst a hot
fight
was raging,
The
Ste. Marie,
French
artillery.
Somewhat
later,
beyond Douzy.
By
this
Auboue.
to
good foothold
to the
By
firing
line
At noon
was
be
It
happened about
to
were able
to
time
that
some
shells
where
their
ter-
stormed by nine battalions of the Guards, of the fortyseventh brigade and of the 108th regiment.
this assault the
had taken
During
Guards
artillery
moved
to the southeast
fire
of the
"From what
come?"
An
artillery
of Ste.
formed a long
united
fire
with
its
Their
to
was
opposing sixth
manner.
imme-
enemy
in a destructive
artillery,
The
right
wing
the
of the
fire of
German
the
however, suffered
the farmstead
Wadelincourt.
The
however,
fell
greatly
of
by
enemy holding
Meuse.
General von Wimpffen, after having taken the chief
attack to be
made on
the latter.
To accomplish
this,
command
the
of the
French army,
in place of the
wounded
by some
in vain to
break through
guns
of the third
corps.
The Guards
fire
German
at
of fifty-
north
Givonne.
At nine
first
division of the
Guards took
and were
batteries lost
up
position at the
woods
of Villers-Cernay
at the
Chevalier woods.
artillery of the
first
battalion of the
corps,
which
fired
32
the
French
infantry,
of
cavalry,
and
The
hill,
fire
of the
woods
Givonne.
The Ger-
which lay
man
firing line
was
also regnforced
by four
foot-batteries
of the
corps,
dismounted and deprived of their men and horses, ammunition wagons exploded, and even the reserve batteries
Chevalier woods.
the
batteries,
their shells
upon
earthworks,
left
and troops
of
the
enemy,
were compelled
to
retreat.
Of the
artillery
left
of
the
while on the
bank
of the
action.
By noon
in the
all
passages over
Givonne, joined by
five additional
Givonne
river
were
who prevented Wimpffen's escape here as well as at Mezieres. To the southwest, at Bazeilles, the German
guns also covered by
their fire the fortress of
into
the
Sedan.
of
French
corps.
The
Two
batteries
Vilette;
lined the
commanded
the
the territory
woods.
From
all
sides death
south of Wadelincourt.
At
this
juncture
it
to
lot of
the
German
and
closer,
To make
some
the
situation
more
of the
at
St.
German
Givonne
river
and moved
Sixty guns
assigned to the
the
river
Meuse
at
Menges by order
of the
Crown
Prince.
Three batteries
to the north-
on the slope
section of the
Garenne woods so
the
French
artillery posted
German
The French,
retreating at
at seeing
themselves confronted
by
and those
by a
from Wadelincourt.
While
the
One
of the
German
reserve of
men and
But
fire
in
the
Garenne
left
bank
and
of the of the
made
had
lines,
river
The
critical turn.
speak the
last
The Bavarians
left
wing
One
noise
like
hundred
and
thirty-two
guns
crowned
the
heights
French
forces,
The
rumbled
flash
by
At
this
upon
of
moment
three
while the
German
shells
prevented
all
means
by
which deployed
the
valley,
enemy's
artillery
The
poured a
but
this
was
barred
by
the
Wurtemberg
army
at
of the third
Wimpffen, seeing
derous
fire
Mezieres.
of
nineteen
batteries,
The
retreat,
though he and
fire at
his staff
successfully, and
became
tighter as the
day passed.
On
its
of the
German
Balan.
into the fortified
up
town
of
Sedan.
To
effect a speedier
surrender of the
artillery
in front of
Fonde-de-Givonne.
fire
fortress,
the
Wurtemberg
with the
to
upon Sedan.
The
33
shells
fell
bombardment.
The
crowded
the right
streets,
On
more accessible on
damming.
bank
water could
be created by
Prince of Saxony,
the twelfth corps
fate of
moved
up
to the fortress.
its
The
the
uncon-
The defence
of this important
the victorious
Germans became
In
ment
in time of peace,
guns and
fell into
mitrailleuses,
which
Their
The
garrison-artillery
employed
engagements of
was lacking.
This
explains
how
the
Baden contingent,
detailed to observe
and nine
batteries,
advanced
almost
un-
to
little
material
change.
its
facilitated a successful
The
and
garrison-artillery
is
classified,
according to
em-
The armament
coast-defence.
was ample.
artillery
may
Siege
to the
On August
13th, 1870, a
besieging army
arrived, consisting of
46
battalions, 24 squadrons,
and
in the
German
18
field -batteries.
a siege-
army.
The
train of
from 4.72
40,000 men
in all.
of 3.64, 4.72,
in. calibre,
and 8.26
in. calibre,
On August
Strasburg.
staff,
15th the
commander
and,
foot-
Mundolsheim, near
in addition, revolving
The
He was
The next
Our
illustrations
represent
the
Rhenish
foot-artillery.
foot-artillery regiments, of
two bat-
enterprise.
On August
town
was put
in to
The
force
the
to surrender
by bombarding
it.
The
of
panies.
transferred
foot-artillery
is
bank
of the
uniformed similar
to the infantry,
character-
now engaged
the fortress
istically distinguished
by white
shoulder-straps.
White
foot-
were going
bombardment
begun.
was
Guards.
the
The uniform
as
of the of
Saxon conthe
tingent
is
of
same color
that
Saxon
were able
open
fire
of
which was
field-artillery.
differs
from the
soon in flames.
At
Bishop of Strasburg
it
The
fire
The bombardment
surrender, the
of Strasburg,
which resulted in
was
a splendid
example
of the efficiency of
when
it
was
at its hottest.
The
effect
was
terrific.
The
German
siege-artillery.
war with
depot, the
new
;
destroyed
fire.
Germany.
It
fortified
on Vauban's system.
refused to surrender.
After
this,
the
fire
of the siege-
fortifications proper,
and the
of a regular siege
commenced,
34
Wagner
at this
of the corps
The garrison
also
became
The
assault
was
time directed
prisoners of war.
The
were
first
for defence.
of
par-
Under
of siege-batteries
was
scattered
lost
artillery
2,500 men,
The
loss
proved
its
material
of the besiegers
and
its
advantageous employment.
On
wounded.
thirty-first of
feat,
At dawn
a strong sortie
made by
German
world.
artillery,
Germans losing
7 officers
On
all
the ninth of
bombardment
of
the
largest
fortress
of
the
its
rearward
mounted
field-pieces
September 19th,
at
in full fire,
The guns
Bagneux on October
of lunette No.
Malmaison on October
at Villiers at
21st, at
Le Bourget on
October 30th,
that
of
had
be buttressed with
to
The part
was now
the
town subjected
the
bombardment
all
of Paris
German
fire
in ruins.
Germans,
withdrew
their
only
their mortars.
by
On
the fol-
on Mount Avron
By
the
forts.
But soon
it
were put
became apparent
that
Mount Avron,
glacis could
infantry.
The
assault, henceforth,
fire
German guns.
became
faint;
At noon on
work
on the east
to the
fire
siege-artillery.
The
Germans kept up
a steady
fire.
On the
twenty-eighth
severe
test.
The taking
of
lunettes
52 and 53
German
fire.
The moral
bombardment,
by which
Mount Avron,
to-
and guns,
in the
hope
of silencing
of
the
fire
The
artillery attack
on the southern
attack
against which
At
the
same time
flank of
On January
to
open
fire
upon
which
efficiency of
Notwith-
The
of the
The
de-
German
of
artillery
posi-
till
On
the
morning
January
5th, the
German
batteries
fire,
The
assault
fol-
at
army and
the town.
On
Chatillon, inflicting
heavy
losses.
At noon, however,
the
the Cathedral.
the
By
at
was signed
the
to tell.
same night
of
Vanves
Mount Rouge
On the right,
35
the
Germans succeeded
in silencing the
French
artillery
No.
this
1,
by
the
fire
from Mount
All
technical military
work
to
be performed by the
man
fire
was
city
Each
are
equipment, sappers,
and the
ramparts
this
necessitated, however, an
artillery.
The bombardment
by from
was ushered
in
forty to fifty
charged with the building and maintenance of fortified places, with the erection of field redoubts, with the construction of bridges
and
repair of
The
last sortie,
in-
vested French
utterly failed.
when
this
becomes a
The siege-guns, no longer needed on the northern side of Paris after the evacuation of Mount Avron, became now
available on the southern investing line.
fifty
From
forty to
down
of mines.
Of the twenty-three battalions of pioneers, Prussia has nineteen, Bavaria two, Saxony one, and Wiirtemberg
one.
To
latter,
company of which
Be-
and a
Paris.
The uniform
artillery,
of the pioneers
is
Bel.
characteristically distinguished,
however, by
necessary material.
On
January
21st, at
fire
nine in the
forts,
morning,
all
upon the
After a successful
by black
leather belts
and
straps.
in a
latter
shoulder-straps showing an
"E"
enemy
every respect.
regiment in
the
Roman
letters.
of Paris
same uniform
Guards
"L"
aoreed upon at
on the shoulder-straps.
the
rifles.
Their head-dress
is
was
to
be ushered
in
by the capture
take place.
By
The Saxon
pio-
German
Saxon
field-artillery,
which wear
The defences
city walls
of the a
enemy had
suffered greatly.
The
were de-
a
The
by white buttons, and by white mountings on the helmet. The successful investment of Paris testifies to the The German efficiency of the German engineer corps.
investing line extended for thirty-four miles;
the tele-
German
artillery.
Germans
in the as-
sault included 30
officers,
graph
lines
The
The army
at
wounded.
appearance
On
made
his
which surrounded Paris numbered, on October 21st, 1870, 202,030 foot-soldiers, 33,734 horses, and 898 cannon.
purpose of negotiating
the stroke of the midfire
As soon
tion,
as the
German
With
they
constructed
double
tier
of
fortification
of the
German
works, which was declared by General Trochu, the defender of Paris, to be a masterpiece of military engineering.
was suspended.
On
The
villages,
castles,
situate in a
eral armistice
commenced,
after Paris
rifles,
had surrendered
were put
1,200 ammunition
garrison, which
The
consisted of 7,456 officers and 241,686 men, were declared prisoners of war.
in
a line
The troops
of the line
were
to
Redoubt
redoubt were
lay
down
men and
the National
Guard were
to retain
them
batteries.
On
36
was
The
by conducting
Orqu
By
land lying
On
the
same day
between Sevran and Dugny was inundated, so that the roadbed of the highway leading towards Le Bourget was visible only at Pont Iblon, the water at that place barring
the entrance to a defile.
of
a battery
in front of the
battery of mortars
upon the
juncture
of
moved At this
other side
up.
was decided
The
banks of the Mulette creek, flowing through Le Bourget, were lined with fortifications, which were occupied by
the
infantry.
begun
of boards to
it
was
finished
Lunette
three
investing
The
batteries
off
posted
on
the
from the
city's
No. 52 was found deserted by the enenrjt and occupied by some troops of the 34th regiment, and by pioneers and artillerymen.
in the lunette
were
at a distance of
4,000 paces.
The bridge
of casks
dam.
Based upon
a report
by
a light-signal service
ming through
was decided
the
it
A
six
trestle-bridge
glacis
in
front
of
lunette
No. 51.
From
the
The investment
of "flying saps"
and "sap
On
Sep-
tember
9th, the
work
of the
Ledebur was
teries
killed.
The
batteries
were constructed
their fire
in front of lunette
The
action.
of
the
third parallel
in constructing railroads,
which
and
the
first
of the general
dammed and
were dug
led
off.
In the second
suitable
At
for the
men and
The
zig-
were built
Alsace by the
After the
of railway troops.
all
road
track
During
the
of
53,
new line of base was likewise established, beginning at Colomby and passing through Void to Bar
le
by the enemy.
of
down by
fortress of Toul,
line
ropes into the trenches, and, with the aid of some sappers,
munication.
new
was
later
Nogent lArtaud.
As
it
secondary parallel,
212 paces long and four and one-half feet wide, was
dug, beginning at the centre of the third parallel and
reaching to the glacis of lunette No. 53.
was
found necessary
the tunnel.
to build a
way
of
of this lunette
was begun by
army
Meuse
at
Chateau-
means
of
places
On
was
of
importance
in establishing
communication between
the second
party
In order to avoid the fortress of Metz, the general inspection of lines of base caused the building of a
by throwing down
scaled and
new
first
rail-
The
and
37
is
in forty days. to
A viaduct
which
is
able to
make an
At
the
manoeuvres and
bal-
was
Two
trestles
had
also
enclosed by the
enemy
fair
to
be
employed.
rise to a
During
observation.
be cleared.
To procure
Meuse, a
Soissons, to
By means
army
of the
advancing enemy can be distinguished from the The reports from balloon at a distance of nine miles.
of an
Reims and
by
to
built.
The
by
from
further southwest
The manipulation
From
however, a wagon especially constructed and provided with a windlass, which brings the balloon back
at a
If
was
from
The
wagon with
is
the windlass
is
balloon
By
any
may be moved
in
ber 2nd, the section from Chaumont to Troyes on December 25th, while the rest of the line was finished by the
middle of January.
The
line
Reims-Soissons-Mitry was
line
from
Reims
end
of
to
keeping pace with the movement of These movements are important in time of war, as the balloon can be reached by infantry fire at a height of 6,000 feet, and by artillery fire at a In order to keep the height of about three miles.
the balloon.
December.
fire,
its
position
has to be
hit
by
it
a
is
"Experiments
recently been
made with
from
all
is
bardment
of
French
fortresses
An
is
the
balloon troops.
Connected with the main balloon by several hangs the gondola, which can be shifted to the The swinging opposite side by a simple contrivance.
ropes,
motion of the balloon and the gondola, common to balloons of the older type, is avoided by the peculiar construction of this novel invention.
The
shifting of the
"Very seldom
constantly en-
gaged in working and experimenting along their lines in This much may be the Tempelhof drilling-grounds. asserted, that in the event of war the achievements of the German balloon troops will not be outrivalled by those of other nations. A uniform system of balloon-filling and
manoeuvring has been effected throughout the armies of The system is that known as the the Triple Alliance.
two small balloons, which are manipulated from the basket by means of ropes, gets rid of all former inconBoth observation and survey were made diffivenience. cult, nay, often impossible, by the balloons of the older construction, which changed their position continually.
The balloon
of the
new
pattern
is
comparatively steady,
When
new model
every
rose and
officer
European armies use 'Young' system. The balloon is filled with hydrogen gas, which is prepared by the troops of the balloon detachment in a small factory situated on their own In time of war, and during the manoeuvres, grounds. the necessary gas has to be transported to the place on wagons. This is done by means of steel cylinders,
'
in the basket.
the
the gondola
troops
by
For this purpose the ring on the top of was attached to the wagon of the balloon This rope, about 3,000 feet long, was rope.
manipulated by the aid of a roller-drum placed in the wagon. In order to lower the balloon, a pulley was From the pulley about thirty attached to the rope.
smaller ropes were suspended, each being held
soldier.
similar to those
by which
fluid
carbonic acid
is
trans-
ported.
The
0.12
in.
about 8 feet long, with and a strength of the outer bands of The gas is condensed from 100 to 150 atmossteel cylinders are steel cylinders sur-
by a The men marched with the pulley towards the captive balloon, lowering it by this mode of procedure. When the balloon was thus brought to the ground and a
change
of
pheres.
one
38
Wtirtemberg has
Saxon continwith black
The
battalion of the
gent wears
tunic of a light-blue
color,
Eveky army
powder and
amount
horses,
of
As
army while
in
an enemy's
train,
men and
and
ported on wagons.
This task
falls to
the
late
tary train, a branch of the army's service which has but recently received a better and more ample organization.
lines of
one train
At
the
The troops
of leather,
and
a blue tunic.
was
a gigantic task
which had
to
this
of the train-soldier,
official of
he
is
The organiza-
when
When
the
action
conveyance of the hospital-trains, and for the prompt communication through the agency of the post and telegraph service. Von Podbielski, however, proved
for the safe
all
obstacles
by
his great
At
the beginning
augmented by the commissariat, the war-chest, the provision bureaus, and the field post offices. The provision
trains consist of thirty-six provision
On
were distributed
to the offi-
laden
of
with
bread,
crackers,
and
army by
and the
of the
victuals
every
description.
These
moving
trains
The provisioning
supply the troops with the necessary provisions, while at the same time they replenish their stock of goods from
the depots situated on the lines of base.
trains comprise eighty-two vehicles for the transport of oats,
massed near
Rhine
The wagon
the
army,
vision columns.
supply of victuals,
oats,
and hay
first
weeks
was secured.
on they drew
During the
their rations
at
supplied with four hundred wagons; the general inspection of the lines of base
its
immediately
battle,
disposal.
supplies
its
Each
of the great
a general deit
opera-
con-
company
and a detachment of
in-
train battalions, of
six-
This department of
of
the
army.
Guards.
The
battalion of the
line
Guards
distinguished
headquarters at
to
Nancy on
by
its
August
18th,
was
transferred
Bar-le-Duc on the
and the
the
star of the
shako.
The troops
battalion
wear white
at
moved
to
The
officers are
equipped with
both of
Remilly. followed
The department
the
of
the
army
to
of the
Meuse
and
helmets.
furnishes
two
battalions,
army's
headquarters
Clermont
39
Beaumont.
It
was eventu-
in
transported to Germany.
transferred
to
Dammartin, near
Paris.
At
the
in cash
and
five millions in
German
a telegraph
service
was
instituted.
was performed by two Bavarian, and one Wilrtemberg detachments, which followed the army's operations in the
ators.
The
field-telegraph service
Sixty
five
Prussian,
the
general
government
of
field.
of the
enemy.
The
German
lines of base.
to
undergo
peril.
They were
especially
exposed
the
attacks
of the
in the
path of
and "held
up
" arm}'
wagons and
stages.
officials finished
the troops.
lished at
tate
the
two main
lines,
The
employed
postal service
in the field.
a general
West- Africa
are trained
and commanded by
officers.
post
offices,
with three
German
troops of
officers
and
noncommissioned
The
each
army
corps.
commands
of
and safety
the
army
of the
Meuse and
the
army
of the South,
and
ing the slave trade.
cludes, with the
The organization
Each bureau
German Emperor
as commander-in-chief,
offices,
one commander, one sub-commander, seven lieutenants, one surgeon, one commissary, and ten companies, each
of
and Lorraine
was
established, with
150 men.
The Colonial
of packages.
At Nancy
depart-
noncommissioned
officers,
and privates
24th,
embracing forty
German army.
The
At
the beat
from four
to five years
was established
All
German
who
The
five
after
service,
withdraw by
this step
during the
war.
hundred
different places.
Two
commissions were
they wish to do
so.
The time
of service in Africa,
if it
Imperial subjects,
who
Germany.
and reside
in
the
Colonies,
may
fulfill
their
liability to serve
of the Colonial
French
battlefields,
forces.
sailors
who
live in
hospital-trains.
train-soldiers,
were
may be
tary
departments of the
The
total
sick
and
1896.
40
of the
ARTILLERY INSPECTIONS
field-artillery, Berlin departments School of Gunnery for Field-Artillery, Jflterbog 1st
; ;
His Majesty, the German Emperor and King of Prussia, William II.
of
divisions, Juterbog.
of the foot-artillery, Berlin.
General inspection
Regt. of Foot-Guards
art.,
4th, 5th,
and 6th
regts. of foot-art.
1st,
2nd
foot-art. brig.,
Thorn:
regts. of foot-art.
including the
ministers
of
war of Prussia,
school
gunnery
for
the
foot-artillery,
Juterbog;
2nd
foot-art. inspection,
Cologne.
:
7th, 8th,
and 9th
regt.
chiefs of the
army
corps.
staff
War
and 10th
regts. of
Academy
lin
;
at Berlin
the railway brigade, Berlin, consisting of 1st and 2nd regiments of railway troops, Berlin, and 3rd regiment, Juterbog experimental division of the railway brigade,
;
foot-art.
detachment of
TESTS,
BERLIN
commission for
art.
;
artillery tests
Bavaria Saxony
:
2nd
2nd experimental
tests.
Wurtemberg
Commission
Chief.
:
Experimental
company
(practice-ground,
of national defences
Berlin.
:
Cummersdorf).
for artillery tests.
Commission
Military
States
:
Berlin.
plenipotentiaries
the
German Federal
Munich;
National Gendarmerie
Prussia, Bavaria.
GENERAL INSPECTION OF THE ENGINEER AND PIONEER CORPS AND OP THE FORTRESSES, BERLIN
1st inspection of engineers, Berlin
:
1st
KOnigs-
2nd inspection
of
fortresses,
Kiel
Friedrichsort,
army
inspection, Berlin
First,
Second, Ninth,
2nd army inspection, Dresden Fifth, Sixth, Twelfth, and Nineteenth army corps, 3rd army inspection, Hanover Seventh, Eighth, Eleventh, Thirteenth, and Eighteenth army corps. 4th army inspection, Munich Third and Fourth Prussian, and First and Second Bavarian army corps. 5th army inspection, Carlsruhe Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth army corps. The corps of the Guards is not subject to inspection.
: : :
:
2nd inspection
of engineers, Berlin
:
Posen, Glogau,
Thorn, Grau-
Strasburg,
Metz, Dieden-
hofen.
Konigsberg; 2nd
at Stettin;
Cologne, Cob-
Mayence, Wesel.
School of fortification,
departments
shoeincr.
Royal Bavarian inspection of the cavalry, Munich; Riding Academy and Institute of Horse:
Board
of
engineers, Berlin.
Charlottenburg.
service, Berlin.
41
1st
Bat. of
Guards
pioneers; 2nd, 5th, 6th, and 17th bats, of pioneers; 1st and
Royal Bavarian inspection of the military educational Munich: War academy, Munich artillery and engineering school, Munich; military academy,
institutes,
;
2nd inspection of pioneers, Mayence 11th, 14th, and Royal Wttrtemberg; 13th, 15th, and 19th bats. (Fifteenth army corps, Strasburg) 16th and 20th (Sixteenth army
:
Munich;
corps
of
cadets,
Munich;
normal
officers,
and preFttrsten-
corps, Metz).
Magdeburg
and 10th
bats, of pioneers.
Royal Bavarian inspection of the engineer corps and of the fortresses, Munich. Detachment of balloon troops,
Munich.
Military telegraph school, Munich.
Veterinary
Berlin
;
Berlin
Veterinary
at
school,
horse-shoeing
institutes
Berlin,
Breslau,
Railway-brigade, Berlin
railway troops;
brigade, Berlin;
1st,
experimental division
the
railway-
Detachment of balloon
Berlin;
inspection
of
Guards
infantry, Berlin.
inf.,
;
INSPECTION
1st brig. of
Guards
Potsdam:
1st. regt. of
Foot-
Guards, Potsdam
Berlin;
bat. of
Small arm factories at Spandau, Dantzic, Erfurt, Amberg ammmunition factory at Spandau bureau of construction at Spandau; artillery workartillery
;
Guards
"Potsdam
bat.
of inf. instructors,
Potsdam.
Berlin
:
2nd
brig, of
Guards
inf.,
2nd
regt. of Foot-
Dresden
jectile
gun foundries
at
Spandau, Ingolstadt
;
pro-
pyrotechnical
Spandau powder factories at Spandau, Hanau, Ingolstadt, Gnaschwitz experimental bureau at Spandau; ordnance bureau at Berlin.
laboratory at
;
Berlin
1st regt. of
Gren-
1st sub;
2nd
at Stettin
Elizabeth,"
rifles,
Charlottenburg
bat.
of
Guards
3rd at Cologne
4th at Strasburg.
:
Gross-Lichterfelde.
inf.,
1st subinspec;
Berlin
2nd
regt. of
Grena-
2nd
at Berlin
3rd at
Cassel
4th at Strasburg.
5th
brig,
Guards
inf.,
;
Spandau
5th
regt. of
Foot-Guards, Spandau
Guards, Spandau.
Guards
cav., Berlin:
Military
Regt. of Gardes
at Potsdam, Glogau, Neisse, Engers, Kassel, Hanover, Anclam, Metz, Dantzic, Hersfeld.
du Corps, Potsdam;
Berlin.
regt. of Cuirassier-Guards,
Normal school
Plon,
of
military
2nd
brig,
of
Guards
cav.,
Potsdam:
1st
regt.
of
Potsdam,
Wahlstadt,
Bensberg,
Oranienstein,
Guards
cav.,
Berlin
of
1st
regt.
of
Inspection of infantry
schools,
Berlin:
School of
Bie-
Dragoon-Guards "Queen
"
noncommissioned
officers
at
Potsdam,
Jillich,
Empress Alexandra
of Russia," Berlin.
Marienwerder;
prepara-
Wohlau,
institute
Guards
Berlin
rifles;
2nd
regt. of
Uhlan-Guards, Berlin.
Spandau.
2nd
regt. of
Guards
field-art.,
Pots-
dam
Guards
school at Marienberg.
Attached to the corps are: Regt. of Guards Spandau; bat. of the Guards pioneers, Berlin.
42
ARMY CORPS, KONIGSBERG
Konigsberg:
III."
1st regt. of Grenadiers
FIRST
1st division,
8th brig, of
Konigsberg.
74th
(East-Pruss. No. 1),
of inf.
No.
6),
regt. of inf.
(Pom.
of inf., Inowrazlaw.
inf.,
148th regt. of
Stettin;
"King Frederick
149th regt. of
4th brig, of cav.,
inf.,
Schneidemuhl.
"von Boyen"
Grenadiers
regt. of Grenadiers
Konigsberg: 3rd
"
(East-Pruss. No.
2),
Bromberg: 3rd regt. of mounted Baron von Derfflinger" (NeumHrk), Bromberg; 12th regt. of Dragoons "von Arnim" (Brandenb. No. 2), Gnesen.
"
:
KOnigsberg; 43rd regt. of inf. "Duke Carl of Mecklenburg-Strelitz" (East-Pruss. No. 6),
Konigsberg.
'1st brig, of cav., KSnigsberg: 3rd regt. of Cuirassiers
2nd brig, of field-art., Stettin 2nd regt. of field-art. (Pom. No. 1), Stettin; 17th regt. of field-art. (Pom. No. 2), Bromberg; 2nd bat. of the train (Pom.), Alt-
Damm.
Attached
Stettin. to
"Count Wrangel " (East-Pruss.), Konigsberg; squadron of mounted rifles of the First army corps; 1st regt. of Dragoons "Prince Albrecht
of
the
corps are:
2nd
;
regt.
of
foot-art.
Prussia" (Lith.),
Tilsit.
2nd
division, Insterburg.
2nd
brig, of inf.,
73rd brig, of
Rastenburg: 4th regt. of Grenadiers "King Frederick II." (East-Pruss. No. 4), Rastenburg; 59th regt. of inf. "Count Hiller
Body-Guards "King Frederick William III." (Brandenb. No. 1), Frankfurt; 48th regt. of inf. " von Stillpnagel" (Brandenb. No. 5), Ktistrin.
10th brig, of
inf., Frankfurt: 12th regt. of Grenadiers "Prince Karl of Prussia" (Brandenb. No. 2),
4),
Goldap.
2nd
Dragoons
12th' regt.
Frankfurt;
52nd
regt.
of inf.
6),
"von Alvens-
Uhlans
(Lith.), Insterburg.
Kottbus.
Lyck: 45th
Mo.
Sensburg.
inf.,
75th brig, of
(Brandenb. No. 1), Schwedt; 3rd regt. of Uhlans "Emperor Alexander II. of Russia" (Brandenb. No. 1), Ftlrstenwalde.
6th division, Brandenburg.
11th brig, of
inf.,
Allenstein.
"King Albert
of
Saxony"
(East-Pruss.), Allen-
Brandenburg: 20th
regt. of inf.
"Count Tauentzien von Wittenberg" (Brandenb. No. 3), Wittenberg; 35th regt. of Fusiliers "Prince Henry of Prussia" (Brandenb.
No.
3),
Brandenburg.
inf.,
(West-Pruss.), KOnigsberg
1st
12th brig, of
Brandenburg: 24th
(Brandenb.
regt. of inf.
Konigsberg.
1st bat. of rifles
II. of
Mecklen4),
are:
"Count
burg-Schwerin"
Ruppin; 64th
8), Prenzlau.
No.
Neu-
regt. of inf.
"Fieldmarshal Prince
berg
" von Linger," Konigsberg 1st bat. "Prince Radziwill" (East-Pruss.), Konigs18th bat. of pioneers, Konigsberg.
"Emperor Nicholas
denb.),
Stettin:
2nd
regt. of Grenadiers
1),
3rd regt. of
field-art.
42nd
Stralsund.
diers "
gard
Stettin: 9th regt. of Colberg GrenaCount Gneisenau" (Pom. No. 2), Star54th regt. of inf. " von der Goltz " (Pom.
Ordnance" (Brandenb. No. 1), Brandenburg 18th regt. of field-art. "Great Master of the Ordnance" (Brandenb. No. 2), Frankfurt; 3rd bat. of the train (Brandenb.), Spandau.
Attached to the corps are 3rd
:
No.
7),
Kolberg.
13th brig, of
:
inf.,
Magdeburg: 26th
regt. of inf.
of Fusiliers
inf.,
Brom-
berg.
No. No.
1),
3),
of inf.
(Magdeb.
43
"
14th brig, of
inf.,
Halberstadt:
of Prussia"
(Magdeb.
(Hanov.
regt. of inf.
"
1),
No.
(Magdeb.), Stendal; 16th regt. of Uhlans "Hennings von Treffenfeld " (Altmiirk.), Salzwedel.
8th division, Halle.
Moltke"
(Siles.), Glatz.
22nd
15th brig, of
inf.,
No.
Siles.
2),
Breslau;
'
51st
regt. of
,
inf.
(Lower-
Dessau.
No.
4), Breslau.
5;!r---inf.,
16th brig, of
inf.,
Torgau: 72nd
78th brig, of
inf.,
Brieg;
regt. of
(Thlir.
157th regt. of
Brieg.
Body-Guards
(Siles.
"Great Elector"
(Siles.),
Bres-
Hussars
(Thilr.),
Merseburg.
regt. of field-art.
No.
2),
"von
4th brig, of
" Prince
field-art.,
Magdeburg: 4th
of
Regent Luitpold
23rd brig, of
inf.,
inf.
"Keith"
regt. of
Magdeburg.
are:
62nd
Attached to
the
corps
4th
of
foot-art.
inf.
bat. of pioneers
24th brig, of
inf.
"von
Goetzen"
regt. of inf.
(Siles.
No.
2),
17th brig, of
Siles.
inf.,
Glogau: 50th
3),
3),
(Lowerof
inf.
of
No.
Rawitsch;
58thT regt.
6th brig, of
(Posen No.
18th brig, of
"
Glogau.
I." (West-Pruss.
inf.
"von Peucker"
inf.,
"von Clausewitz"
King William
2), Gorlitz.
nitz;
19th regt. of
No.
foot-art.
"von
Oels;
9th brig, of cav., Glogau: 4th regt. of Dragoons " von Bredow " ( Siles. No. 1 ) Ltlben 10th regt.
, ;
Dieskau"
(Siles.),
rifles (Siles.),
Neisse.
of
of
Wlirtemberg
(Posen), Zilllichau.
Posen
"Count
No.
1),
25th brig, of
inf.,
inf.
"Her1),
inf.
"Count KirchFusiliers
warth
von
Bittenfeld "
inf.
(Westph.
"
No.
bach" (Lower-Siles. No. 1), Posen. 37th regt. of 20th brig, of inf., Posen
:
"von Steinmetz" (Westphal.), Krotoschin; 47th regt. of inf. (Lower-Siles. No. 2), Posen.
77th brig, of
inf.,
26th brig, of
inf.,
Minden: 15th
regt. of inf.
"Prince
inf.,
Jauer;
Empress's
1st regt. of
Own"
2nd regt. of Hussars "The (Body-Guards No. 2), Posen; Uhlans "Emperor Alexander III. of
:
Minden; 55th regt. of inf. "Count Billow von Dennewitz " (Westph. No. 6), Detmold.
inf.,
79th brig, of
Paderborn:
158th regt. of
inf.,
Paderborn; 159th
"von Driesen" (Westph.), Mtinster; 8th regt. of Hussars "Emperor Nicholas of Russia"
(Westph. No.
1),
(Posen), Posen
Paderborn.
Posen.
5th
rifles
regt.
of
foot-art.
"von Neumann"
inf.
"Count
Cologne; 53rd
Cologne.
Siles.),
Glogau.
(Westph. No.
5),
44
28th brig, of
inf., Dtlsseldorf: 39th regt. of Fusiliers (Lower-Rhen.), Dtlsseldorf; 57th regt. of inf. "Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick" (Westph.
17th
brig, of cav. (Grand-Duchy of Mecklenb.), Schwerin: 17th regt. of Dragoons (Mecklenb. No. 1), Ludwigslust; 18th regt. of Dragoons
No.
8),
Wesel.
:
(Mecklenb. No.
11th regt. of Hussars
5th
regt.
2),
Parchim.
of
35th
brig,
of
inf.,
inf.
"von Manstein" (Schleswig), Schleswig; 86th regt. of Fusiliers " The Queen's Own " (Schleswig-Holstein), Flensburg.
(Westph. No. 1), Wesel; 22nd regt. of field-art. (Westph. No. 2), Mtinster; 7th bat. of the train (Westph.), Milnster.
Attached
(Westph.),
to
36th brig, of
inf.,
the
corps are:
7th
bat.
7th
of
regt.
rifles
of
foot-art.
"Count Bose"
of inf.
(Thtir.
Cologne;
(Westph.),
"Duke
BUckeburg; 7th
burg.
18th brig, of cav., Altona:
"Queen
Wilhelmina
the
Netherlands"
of Austria" (Schles-
29th brig, of
inf.,
40th regt. of
of
wig-Holstein), Schleswig.
Anton
Hohenzol-
9th brig, of
field. -art.,
Altona:
9th regt. of
field-art.
(Schleswig), Itzehoe;
24th regt. of
field-art. (Holstein),
No. 5), Cologne. 30th brig, of inf., Coblenz 28th regt. of inf. "von Goeben" (Rhen. No. 2), Ehrenbreitstein; 68th
of inf. (Rhen.
:
Rendsburg.
burg),
Attached to the corps are: 9th bat. of rifles (LauenRatzeburg; 9th bat. of pioneers (Schleswig-
Holstein), Harburg.
"Count Gessler"
Oldenburg: 78th
regt. of inf.
Treves:
29th regt. of
inf.
"von
"Duke Frederick William of Brunswick " (EastFries.), Osnabrtiok; 91st regt. of inf. (Oldenb.),
Oldenburg.
38th brig, of
4),
Saarlouis;
inf.
(Rhen. No.
Treves.
8),
Saarbrtlcken.
inf.,
Bonn;
Hanover: 73rd regt. of Fusiliers Prince Albrecht of Prussia" (Hanov.), Hanover; 74th regt. of inf. (Hanov. No. 1), Hanover.
inf.,
"Fieldmarshal
161st regt. of
(Westph.), Saarbrtlcken
19th regt. of Dragoons Oldenburg; 13th regt. of Uhlans (Royal Hanov. No. 1), Hanover.
Baden"
(Rhen.),
Voigts-Rhetz"
164th regt. of
1),
(Hanov. No.
4),
Hameln.
inf. inf.
No.
2),
40th brig, of
inf.,
Brunswick:
77th regt. of
(Rhen.), Ehrenbreitstein.
Attached
(Hanov.
92nd
regt.
of
wig-Holstein),
Ehrenbreitstein;
8th bat.
of
pioneers.
(Rhen.), Coblenz.
17th
regt.
of
(Hanov. No.
Verden; 10th
10th
bat.
bat. of the
33rd brig, of
inf.,
inf.
(Hanseat.
train (Hanov.),
Hanover.
the
No. No.
34th
1),
2),
Bremen; 76th
Attached
to
corps
is:
of
Hamburg.
of
inf.
pioneers
(Hanov.), Minden.
of
brig,
(Grand-Duchy
Mecklenb.),
90th regt. of
Schwerin:
Duchy
81st brig, of
seat.
of Mecklenb.), Schwerin;
Fusiliers
(Grand-Duchy
inf.,
3),
(Han-
43rd brig, of
inf.,
Cassel:
82nd
3),
No.
of inf.,
Neu-
No.
2),
"von
mtlnster.
45
"
44th brig, of
inf.,
Cassel
32nd, regt. of
inf. (Thiir.
52nd
brig, of inf.
No.
2),
of inf., Cassel.
22nd
wigsburg: 121st regt. of inf. "Old Wurtemberg" (Wiirtemb. No. 3), Ludwigsburg; 122nd regt. of inf. " Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria"
(Wiirtemb. No.
4),
II. of
Heilbronn.
Cassel.
"Queen Olga"
inf.
(Thiir.
No.
83rd
3), Erfurt;
95th regt. of
inf. (Thiir.
No.
6),
(Wiirtemb. No. 1), Ludwigsburg; 26th regt. of Dragoons "The King's Own" (Wiirtemb.
Gotha.
brig, of inf., Erfurt: 94th regt. of inf.
Duchy
11th brig, of
of
Saxony"
(Thiir.
No.
7),
5),
"Grand Weimar;
field-art.
96th regt. of
inf. (Thiir.
No.
Gera.
123rd regt. of
"
field-art., Cassel:
11th regt. of
Grenadiers No.
5),
Ulm
124th regt. of
inf.
Mayence;
rifles
King William
inf.
I."
garten.
Marburg.
54th brig, of
4), Ulm: "Emperor William, King of Prussia" (Wiirtemb. No. 2), Ulm; 127th regt. of inf. (Wiirtemb. No. 9), Ulm; 180th regt. of
120th regt. of
23rd division (Royal Saxon No. 1), Dresden. 45th brig, of inf. (Royal Saxon No. 1), Dresden;
100th regt. of
inf.
inf.
(Wiirtemb. No.
inf.
10),
Tubingen; 126th
of
regt.
of
Baden"
(Saxon Grenadiers No. 1 Body-Guards), Dresden; 101st regt. of inf. "Emperor William, King of Prussia" (Saxon
Grenadiers No. 2), Dresden.
(Wiirtemb. No.
27th brig, of cav. (Royal Wiirtemb. No. 2), Ulm: 19th regt. of Uhlans "King Charles" (Wttr-
temb. No.
1),
Ulm; 20th
regt. of
2),
46th brig, of
inf.
William
13th brig, of
I."
(Wiirtemb. No.
102nd regt. of inf. (Saxon No.'tS) "Prince-,. Regent Luitpold of Bavaria," Zittau; H?7th regt. of inf. (Saxon No. 12), Dresden.
23rd brig, of cav. (Royal Saxon No. 1), Dresden: Regt. of Horse-Guards (Heavy Regt. No. 1),
field-art.
field-art. "
No.
1),
Ulm; 29th
regt.
of
"Prince-Regent
Luitpold of Bavaria" (Wiirtemb. No. 2), Ludwigsburg; 13th bat. of the train (Wttrtemb.), Ludwigsburg.
Dresden; 17th regt. of Uhlans " Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria" (Saxon No. 1), Oschatz;
squadron of mounted
rifles
Wttrtemb.), Berlin.
32nd
division (Royal
Saxon No.
inf.
3), Dresden.
5),
63rd brig, of
inf.
103rd regt. of
Carlsruhe
109th regt. of
inf.
108th regt. of
rifles (Fusiliers)
Body-Guards), Carls2),
110th regt. of
inf.
(Saxon
No. No.
1), Freiberg;
2),
13th bat. of
(Saxon
Dresden.
56th brig, of
inf.,
Rastatt:
25th regt. of
1), Rastatt;
7
"von
32nd
brig, of cav. (Royal Saxon No. 3), Dresden: 18th regt. of Hussars " The King's O wn " ( Saxon No. 1), Grossenhain; 19th regt. of Hussars
111th regt.
"Margrave Ludwig
W illiam"
(Baden
No.
3), Rastatt.
2),
Grimma.
field-art.
Body-Guards), Carlsruhe; 21st (Baden No. 1 Dragoons (Baden No. 2), Bruchsal.
(Saxon No. 1), Dresden; 28th regt. of field-art. (Saxon No. 2), Pirna; 12th bat. of the train, Dresden.
Attached to the corps are 12th bat. of pioneers, Dresden; 7th and 8th comp. of railway troops, Berlin.
:
Freiburg:
113th regt. of
inf.
(Baden No.
5),
inf.
"Emperor Frederick
58th brig, of
inf.,
(Baden No.
112th regt. of
6),
Constance-Hohenzollern.
Miihlhausen:
inf.
"Prince
26th division (Royal Wiirtemb. No. 1), Stuttgart. 51st brig, of inf. (Royal Wiirtemb. No. 1), Stuttgart: 119th regt. of inf. "Queen Olga" (Wiirtemb. Grenadiers No.
of inf. "
1 )
,
William" (Baden No. 4), Miihlhausen; 142nd regt. of inf. (Baden No. 7),
Miihlhausen.
cav.,
29th brig, of
Stuttgart
25th regt.
of Prussia
3),
one squadron
of
mounted
rifles.
46
" "
inf.,
inf.,
Diedenr
82nd brig, of inf. (rifles), Colmar: 4th bat. of rifles (Magdeburg), Colmar; 8th bat.of rifles (Rhenish),
Schlettstadt; 10th bat. of
rifles
(Hanover), Col-
86th brig, of
rifles
inf. (rifles),
St
(Baden
Metz: 6th regt. of Dragoons (Magdeb.), Diedenhofen; 14th regt, of Uhlans (Hanov. No. 2), St. Avoid.
field-art.,
field-art.,
16th brig, of
(Baden No. 1), Carlsruhe; 30th regt. of field-art. (Baden No. 2), Rastatt; 14th bat. of the train (Baden),
Attached
to
field-art.,
Fohrbach.
Durlach.
14th regt. of foot-art. (Baden), Strasburg; 14th bat. of pioneers (Baden), Kehl.
are:
corps
foot-art.
foot-art.,
of pioneers, Metz.
Saar-
burg; 136th'regt. of
Dieuze.
60th brig, of
inf.,
Strasburg:
inf.,
99th"regt. of
Strasburg.
inf.,
"Count .Schwerin
141st regt.
Graudenz: 14th regt. of inf. " (Pom. No. 3), Graudenz; of inf., Graudenz.
inf.
"King William II. of Wiirtemberg" (Saxon No. 6), Strasburg; 171st regt. of inf., Bitsch; 172nd regt. of inf., Strasburg.
30th brig, of cav., Saarburg: 11th regt. of Uhlans (Brandenb. No. 2), Saarburg; 15th regt. of
70th brig, of inf., Thorn: 21st regt. of inf. "von Borcke " (Pom. No. 4), Thorn; 61st regt. of inf.
"
8),
Thorn.
inf.,
87th brig, of
Thorn: 175th"regt. of
inf.,
Grau
Thorn.
35th brig, of cav., Graudenz: 5th regt. of Cuirassiers " Prince Frederick Eugene of Wiirtemberg
(West-Pruss.), Riesenburg; 4th regt. of Uhlans
"
of
inf.,
"Grand Duke
No.
8),
1),
Thorn.
Strasburg.
71st brig, of
inf.,
62nd
Hagenau: 60th regt. of inf. "Margrave Charles" (Brandenb. No. 7), Weissenburg; 137th regt. of inf., Hagenau.
brig, of inf.,
"King
72nd
Frederick
(East-Pruss.
inf.,
No.
4),
Dantzic.
No.
3),
Hagenau; 9th
Strasburg;
(Rhen. No.
2),
"von Grolman" (Posen No. 1), Osterode; 44th regt. of inf. " Count DOnhoff " (East-Pruss.
No. 7), Deutsch-Eylau; 152nd Deutsch : Eylau.
36th brig, of cav., Dantzic:
1st
regt.
of
inf.,
mounted
15th brig, of
art.,
rifles.
Strasburg: 15th regt. of fieldStrasburg; 31st regt. of field-art., Hagenau; 15th bat. of the train, Strasburg.
field-art.,
regt. of
Hussars
regt. of
(Body-Guards No.
Hussars
1),
Dantzic;
5th
"Prince
Bliicher
von
Wahlstatt
rifles.
10th regt. of
foot-art.,
of
foot-art.,
Ulm; Com.
;
of the
17th brig, of
field-art.,
field-art.,
army corps
Attached
to
the corps
are:
11th
regt. of
foot-art.,
rifles
Thorn; 2nd bat. of (Pom.), Culm; 2nd bat. of pioneers (Pom.), Thorn.
foot-art.,
144th regt. of
66th brig, of
130th
inf.,
regt;.
inf.,
Metz;
41st brig, of
33rd brig, of cav., Metz: 9th regt. of Dragoons (Hanov. No. 1), Metz; 13th regt. of Dragoons (Schleswig-Holstein), Metz.
34th division, Metz.
67th brig, of
inf., Metz: 67th regt. of inf. (Magdeb. No. 4), Metz; 131sl"regt. of inf., Metz.
inf., Mayence: 87th regt of inf. (Nassau Mayence; 88th regt. of inf. (Nassau No. 2), Mayence.
No.
1),
42nd
"vonGersdorff" (Hess.), Wiesbaden; 81st re,gt. of inf. (Hess. No. 1), Frankfurt; 166th 'regtf' of inf., Hanau.
'
47
"
2nd
division, Ausjsbur<j.
King Humbert
of
Mayence; 6th
49th brig, of
inf.
regt. of
3rd brig, of
inf.,
Augsburg: 3rd
Lindau.
of
inf.,
(Grand-Duchy
inf.
4th
brig,
Ingolstadt:
10th regt.
of
inf.
inf.
(Grand-Duchy
Hesse No.
of
regt. of inf.
Hesse No.
Giessen
168th regt. of
inf.
(Grand-Duchy of Hesse No. 5), Offenbach. 50th brig, of inf. (Grand-Duchy of Hesse No. 2), Mayence: 117th regt. of inf. (Grand-Duchy of Body-Guards), Mayence; 118th Hesse No. 3 regt. of inf. "Prince Carl" (Grand-Duchy of Hesse No. 4), Worms. 25th brig, of cav. (Grand-Duchy of Hesse), Darmstadt: 23rd regt. of Dragoons (Grand-Duchy
Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria," Ingolstadt. 11th brig, of inf., Neu-Ulm: 12th regt. of inf. "Prince Arnulf," Neu-Ulm; 15th regt. of inf. "King Albert of Saxony," Neuburg. 2nd brig, of cav., Augsburg: 2nd regt. of Chevaulegers "Taxis," Dillingen; 4th regt. of Chev-
Own," Augsburg.
Munich: 1st regt. of field-art. "Prince-Regent Luitpold," Munich; 3rd regt. of field-art. "Queen's Mother," Munich; 1st bat. of the train, Munich.
of field-art.,
foot-art.
"vac.
of
Hesse No.
Dragoon-Guards), Darmstadt;
Bothmer," Ingolstadt;
Munich;
No. 2
25th regt. of
stadt;
Body-Guards), Darmstadt.
bat. of pioneers bat. of the train
field-art. (Grand-Duchy of Hesse), Darm3rd regt. of foot-art. " Grand Master of Field-
Ordnance " (Brandenb.), Mayence; 11th (Grand-Duchy of Hesse), Mayence; 25th (Grand-Duchy of Hesse), Darmstadt.
"von
inf. inf.
inf., Ftirth.
6th brig, of inf., Nuremberg: 14th regt. of " Hartmann," Nuremberg; 19th regt. of
"
24th division (Royal Saxon No. 2), Leipsic. 47th brig, of inf. (Royal Saxon No. 3), Leipsic: 139th
regt. of inf.
(Saxon No.
11),
DObeln; 179th
regt. of inf.
48th brig, of
inf.
inf.
(Saxon No. 14), Leipsic. (Royal Saxon No. 4): 106th regt. of
King Humbert of Italy," Erlangen. 3rd brig, of cav., Nuremberg: 1st regt. of Chevaulegers "Emperor Nicholas of Russia" Nuremberg; squadron of mounted rifles (Second army
corps); 6th regt. of Ohevaulegers "Prince Al-
"Prince George" (Saxon No. 7), Leipsic; 407th regt. of inf. "Prince Johann George"
of inf.
"Grand-
2),
Leipsic: Regt.
(Heavy Regt. No. 2), Borna; 18th Uhlans (Saxon No. 2), Leipsic.
Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse," Bamberg; 9th regt. of inf. "Wrede," Wiirzburg; 2nd bat. of
rifles,
Aschaffenburg.
inf.,
40th division (Royal Saxon No. 4), Chemnitz. 88th brig, of inf. (Royal Saxon No. 7), Chemnitz:
8th brig, of
inf.
"Em7th
peror William,
King
of Prussia,"
Amberg;
of
104th regt. of
inf. "
Leopold," Bayreuth.
1st
regt.
5),
Chemnitz;
Uhlans
3), Wurzen. 89th brig, of inf. (Royal Saxon No. 133rd regt. of inf. (Saxon No.
8),
9),
Zwickau: Zwickau;
"Emperor William II., King of Prussia," Bamberg; 2nd regt. of Uhlans " The King's Own,"
Ansbach.
5th division, Landau. 9th brig, of
inf., Landau: 17th regt. of inf. "Orff," Germersheim; 18th regt. of inf. " Prince Ludwig
134th regt. of
105th regt. of
inf.
inf.
(Saxon No. 10), Leipsic; " King William II. of WiirRiesa; 12th
corps.
(Saxon No.
Ferdinand," Landau.
10th brig, of
inf.,
3),
army
inf.
"King
FIRST
1st division,
Munich;
Munich.
Munich: Regt. of inf. (Body-Guards), "The Kings Own," Munich: 2nd regt. of
16th regt. of
inf.
inf.
William of Wiirtemberg," Metz; 8th regt. of inf. " Pranckh," Metz. 12th brig, of inf., Zweibrlicken: 22nd regt. of inf., Zweibriicken; 23rd regt. of inf., Landau. 5th brig, of cav., Dieuze: 3rd regt. of Chevaulegers
"Duke
"Crown
"Grandof
tria,"
2nd
brig, of inf.,
Charles Theodore," Dieuze; 5th regt. Chevaulegers " Archduke Albrecht of Aus-
Prince," Munich;
Saargemiind.
Duke Ferdinand
1st brig, of cav .,
of rifles, Straubing.
Munich Regt. of Heavy Riders No. 1 Munich; Regt. of Heavy Riders No. 2 "vac. Crown Prince Archduke Rudolph of Austria," Landshut.
:
2nd brig, of field-art., Wtirzburg: 2nd regt. of fieldart. "Horn," Wiirzburg; 4th regt. of field-art. "The King's Own," Augsburg; 5th regt. of field-art., Landau; 2nd bat. of the train, Wiirzburg. Attached to the corps are: 2nd regt. of foot-art., Metz; 2nd bat. of pioneers, Speyer.
48
discusses the
war with
his generals.
German model,
uated in
as
to
its
was
so
happily
sit-
the
geographical
and
political
environment,
Prussian
also
to look
campaigns.
They have
World.
The events
won
for the
staff,
name
of
general
a world-wide fame.
But
it
American nation
rifices,
in its results,
but exacting so
many
sac-
magnitude
the
of the success
its
with
its
lessons, admonitions,
and consequences,
affairs in the
New World
swiftness, vigor,
and decisiveness
tion of the
German general
staff
became objects
so.
of admiration
and wonder,
untimely.
and
still
continue to be
On
many Germans,
But with
German
nation
Prussian
the latter naturally forming the principal the general staffs of Bavaria,
part, only
augmented by
European countries
to im-
staff,
49
It
is
the
the active
German army
at the
of
general
staff,
the help, or
The
number was
the
war and
commanding
by
army
more, by perfectall
about 250.
is
secured by
unnecessary
famous
staff.
nursery
is
the
and
to
He
belonging
same time
he needed.
With
branches of military science; and by such means to enlarge and increase their
knowledge
of tactics,
and
to
Soon
after the
affairs
The schedule
war
Out
of
staff
under
me, surveying and drawing, general staff training in travel, means of communication,
and
govern-
the
now
consists in
time
English.
Officers
4 quartermasters-in-chief,
may apply
in
for entrance
83
staff
officers,
and 91 captains,
in all
209
officers.
examination.
sandwiched
some
service
The
final
examination
offi-
230) Prussian
varian, 11 Saxon,
or a
grand
267
total of the
on the general
staff.
to "271 officers.
Of
this
190
to
offi-
120
serve
on the
latter,
whom
while
from 70
staff.
two years.
By
this
must be borne
in
mind
Out
of the
400 who
German army
is
assigned to a general
the general
staff.
There
is
a distinction
staff.
made between
duty of
A furof
the adjutancy
It is the
commands'
verbal and written regulations of the service in the different branches, including those
rosters,
lists,
by an
ex-
of the
to
officer of the
general
staff receives a
staff's
petitions,
the
general
By
by employ-
attend to
ment
at the great
manoeuvres
of the
army, as well as by
ment, quartering,
troops,
theme compositions,
literary lessons,
and verbal
recita-
and
to warfare in general.
general
staff officer is
con-
relatively small
number
and approved.
Of
special benefit
noncommissioned
offi-
make
cers
and men.
of the
body
or caste, in which
The placing
increases the
army on
number
To
50
By
knowledge
this
of the service
is
operations.
Hence
it is
a matter of great
moment
to
be
continually maintained.
By
of other countries,
army and
to the
wants of the
common
soldier.
By
enemy,
troops
is
way
of
by study.
staff
According
to this,
every
officer of the
general
a
event-
com-
and that
the
later
command
obvious.
At
the
same time
it
is
command
of
still
larger bodies of
easy to understand that the extent and heterogeneousness of this labor call for a necessary division.
Conse-
general
staff,
By
this
assured in that a
com-
number
mand
Great Head-
general
staff,
to the different
place in Berlin.
in its different
At
this
to reenter in sufficient
staff in
of the general
time of war.
staff
The Central
and administra-
tive affairs.
To be
general
First division, of Russia fully equal to this task the organization of the
staff is
and Scandinavia.
Second
division, of
Germany.
expediently
fitted.
Accordingly the
lat-
and
in the
great general
It is the
staff.
staff of
States.
attend to
staff
all
fell to
general
staff,
and the
affairs
pertaining to the
tering,
and engagement
of the troops,
and
draw
stra-
war academy.
Seventh division, of the Russian Eighth division,
of
fortresses.
and
commanders.
For
larger fortresses
and Australia.
These
general
divisions, to each of
staff officers
of the
staff officers to
two
to each
and
and three
to each in
war
time.
At
by a
Several
army
This
master-in-chief (lieutenant-general).
At
general
command
army
corps) and
is
invested
imperial
survey
is
quartermaster-in-chief
who
has
charge of the trigonometrical, topographical, and cartographical divisions, the latter including also the chamber
To
army corps
army
corps, the
Only the
sixth division
and the
historical division,
library, are
under
not
In
this are
authorities
in
and especially
district.
bureau
each corps
the functions
stop.
is
lines.
In regard to the
latter,
do not
It
Other
is
things
of the ut-
For
this
army
in
time of war,
its
transpor-
to the
bureau of railroad
divided into
lines,
tation
and assembling,
51
staff officer
it
and
be
his best
efficiency
when
whose duty
is
to
his
mind
free to soar
above
all distractions
and encumstaff of
constantly prepared for and ready to supervise the transportation of the troops, and to provide the necessary
brances.
in
is
facilities for
entire sphere
and
in war,
war.
To
and
King
of Prussia
whom
state-
and talented
he submits immediately
ments, and
and
knowledge
of
whom
headquarters.
To
this
belong
besides
The general
namely
staff of the
division,
and the
library
records
all
organized like
Germany
in the
number
of
(in
and cartographical
general
the
staff,
divisions.
At
In
chief
of
army's general
it
staff.
The previous
place
is
statement will
filled
make
clear
that
this
can
be
general
as in
only by a
man
Prussia.
The
latter
who combines with a long experience clearness and acuteness of judgment and great will power, the genius
of a tactician
army
and a
strategist
to
weigh
other nations.
finally will
German general
manner
staff
career of
development and
by
man,
with such
gifts,
and so situated,
will be enabled to
show
and Germany.
AND MEN
T
as
he
German army,
represent,
described in
it
preceding
chapters,
and
of the picture
fit
which may
the
infantry,
strength of the
cavalry, field
and siege
and the
The by
strict
enforcement
attended to by
all superiors.
They
can-
army, however,
ity,
physical capac-
will, in a
tions,
For
enforcement and
fitting
development.
German
The
training.
The superior
officers of all
beginning of October.
all
other neces-
and development.
The commander
of the
a
company, company,
by
strict
chief or head,
whether of
drill
52
to
the com-
duty.
imparted by a nonsubjects,
He
commissioned
officer.
company.
Under
his
personal
is
and
especially those
performed
a
of the
rifle,
manner
and musketry
In
The individual
this
make
men and
is
officer of
The proper
recruits, to
of a
care of the
are also
The
made
rifle
and consist
While the
recruit
They
often
body
of the
young,
training of the
men belonging
is
second year
is
pro-
recruit, to
officer.
to enable
to acquire a free
is
The musketry
service
in distance
meas-
limbs.
This
The
rifle
vari-
is
represented by op-
made use
training.
in
posing columns,
is
energetically followed.
In connecis
With
and
the
drills
by additional
theoretical instruction.
Here the
At
proper idea of
months
and purpose.
by the commander
of the battalion
is
By
takes place.
The inspection
eminently
real life. in
him
is
for all
He
is
what
likely to be
new
firearms.
carry,
He
and how
is
to hold,
and
is
in
and use a
This instruction
continued
edge
practically
this,
is
for.
throughout the
first
After
soldier
the recruit
in the capacity of a
young
his
weapon
how
to take
aim with
it
in all
ground
drill
height.
Now
is
whereon he
learns
is
drilled.
he
The
recruit
and
in endrillis
how
in
to estimate distances.
gagement manoeuvres;
goes instrucmoral
both on the
Hand
tion,
hand with
The
training
He
has defined to
in shooting, the
and
is
The
soldier's
achievement in
This
by
the
swearing in of the
recruit.
commander takes
the
place, at
is
tested in
carrying out of
high
officials
of the garrison;
at Berlin
it
takes place
When
the
Emperor
in,
is
The
recruit
is
now ready
admon-
battalion,
which usually
lasts
from four to
five
weeks.
him
of his duties,
reminding him of
his
pledge of
The commander
structor,
fidelity,
of a soldier,
companies
in the
In the
The
engagement
orders.
drills
he directs
service and
greatly facilitated
movements by
his
own
To what
means
make
53
to
mander
sions, is
and
drills,
commander
to the
Concurrently
the infantry
%vith the
battalion instruction.
When
is
is
concluded, the
conducted.
is
supplemented
Onlv
itself
in
the
forenoons,
when
the
battalion
by
exercises on horseback.
is
The
presents
are
for
vidual rider
the
the
exercises
garrison
duty gone
utmost
zeal.
done
to
perfect
to
the
rider
through with.
At
overcome every
may meet
by individual
drill.
The remainder
to the
knows
May
middle
of
August
is
how
to
the
in
drill,
and picket
and
this
Hence
a three
During
and horse
artillery
is
neces-
by day and
Musketry
night.
which
is
for
independent
service
good marks-
work
at the
army
to
The company
badge, which
of the
the greatest
gagements on
foot.
is
efficiency at the
is
end
distinguished
by
the main
To make
this
arm
company
is
decorated with
which
the
Red
is
Eagle.
guns reach
most
difficult
Special stress
laid
upon
this
important branch of
This
is
done
to
to enable
them
to
open and
marksman-
The
demand
its
manning
is
a distance to
to a close
be guessed
at.
and
service,
and
Practice
brought
by
a shooting-drill
by every
kindled to
single gun.
its
The
excel in gunnery
is
In the meantime
and
in
chief gunners,
to those
noncommissioned
and men
of the
company who
The cavalry
The men
army
corps.
engage-
in shooting
and
drill
by
men
In these two
tion takes place
sunstruck or
by
the higher
commanders
at the close
wounded.
all
This
is
con-
cluded by larger
drills
and manoeuvres of
troops, in
part.
and
in fencing.
The
test in
swimming and
in theo-
becomes inured
to exerin
retical instruction is
deep
commander,
as
is
artillery.
He
54
learns
of
fighting
in
how
to
he must show
with subordinates, a
in
conform
his
conduct
in active
engagement, while,
calls into exercise
at the
measure of versatility
of
and
every
been imparted
Hence
the
is
He
noncommissioned
officers.
The
efficiency
of
the
captain of the
company is
body
of
to replenish his
noncommissioned
it
officers with
may
be, a
ment.
He
and
restraint
The noncommissioned
especially,
officers
are therefore
instructed
by the chief
of the
company,
in all
branches
of the service.
They
special
functions,
their
the
and
written
completed.
his side, has
He
will victoriously
They
are
stand the
all
test, if he,
on
taken advantage of
if
opportunities,
his superiors
commanding
have succeeded
spirit.
infusing
in
during
all
phases of the
soldier in
war time
are so severe
and far-reaching,
ef-
in
need of
assist-
German army,
model
of
ance in reading and writing, especially those not conversant with the
German language,
Hence,
all
rules
all
and
and commanders
of
ranks
are
so
directed
as
to
Geography and
history,
orthography and
German
and hired
civic teachers.
By
of
and efficiency
the schoolmaster, but the noncommissioned officer and the officer of the
commissioned
officers
is
are
prepared
in
every direction.
the instruc-
The
instruction
pendently, for
all
and
also of
government or
commissioned
officers
they can
claim
German army.
It
faithful
and
To
facilitate the
offices,
every nontwelve
commissioned
years (that
is,
after
meeting
all
which
is
claim to a minor
It is to
civil office), a
The
often heard
in the
sioned officers
by an additional
increase
army
will give
way
before the
cooler
judgment
In sober,
With
dispassionate
the
reasoning
character,
they
will
not
underestimate
the subject
extent
of
self-restraint,
and
thorough
officer, still
and education
is
of the
noncommissioned
It is
and men
exhaustively treated.
now only
bloom
of
youth (from 20
fit
to
30 years
old), neces-
to
sary to adequately
him
made
which
the commanders
doubly
difficult
owing
and
tact
German army.
55
in
At the
left
of the Kaiser
latter
is
The
was the
first
in
the campaigns of 171)6-1797 in Italy, paving for himself the road to the imperial throne of France.
patriotic fire
After the
IT
was
and the
in
efficient
had succumbed
command a superior force at a given point, and at the critical moment of the fight, meant victory. He will be victorious who is equal to the occaNapoleon
that to
sion,
The master
suc-
What
avails the
highest strategy,
vital
when
nay,
of
1806 and
of
terly
manner,
is
missing!
History
is
in the
hand-
ding and
leading of the
troops.
to
German
forces,
With an army
by
not
alone
because of
the
in
more
efficient
training
of
patriotic fervor,
Napoleon Bonaparte
their officers'and
laid the founda-
men. but
56
this course to
officer receives a
chance
German
armies.
This superiority
idea
rising
;
is
flash-
of
problems.
The
those
mind
on
of the commander-in-ohief
the sucthe
is
forces,
are
handed
in
written
cess
depends
that
the
proper execution
success
of
idea.
Only
who
sure
and
to
the
captains
of his orders
proportionate
by number
the
regimental commanders.
including,
if
of troops,
pos-
To
sible,
some detachments
not only
practical
eral
how
to
to transform the
commander's ideas
leader,
into
vice
garrison's
officer.
strength,
are
down
youngest
the
officer,
must be able
of
the
older
duties
officers,
for
whom
on
)
these
so-
thoroughly
grasp
intention
and meaning
"practical
of
the
officer"
later
(other
than
orders issued.
to
He must
be trained and
perfect
accustomed
the
theoretical
duties,
described
not only
execute
every
order with
obedience
and
serve
as
drills,
never-failing promptitude.
strive to
ties,
He must
all
at the
same time
possibili-
advance
to
higher positions.
is
The advance
by the
For
to
these
human
his
higher positions
qualifications
conditioned
at
efficiency
and
With
life
shown
these exercises.
this pur-
an iron
nay,
even by staking
own
on
pose, namely, to
tactical
the
aim
cir-
perspicuity, presence of
and purpose
cumstances,
Under no
a
emergency or surprising
unexpected
or of those of the
from
its
when
change
in the
reinforcements of their
own columns
of
situation
would seem
enemy.
By
this
is
method
judgment.
commander
acme
of absolute obedience, of unflao--
To
attain the
qualifications
When
training,
schooling,
and
off
offi-
duty attend
cer
as spectators.
At
German army.
in
who
the
drills
advance-
officers who have been executing his commands and with them he enters upon a discussion
gressing into
and regimental
specific
drills
manoeuvre grounds, a
out
scheme
of
war
laid
gaged.
This
is
followed by an additional
the
comment by
regimental,
diffi-
by two
and
parties,
The
commanders on both
captains,
staff
namely, the
receive
lieutenants,
officers,
verbal
or
written
This
is
done
orders
directing
them
to
make
the
necessary dispo-
and expediency
is
of
which
are
tested.
The execution
at
also
thor-
is
either
by
a sketch
a
commanding
greatest
of
officer
is
pencil
The
stress
laid
and character
qualities of
by
and
an appropriate skeleton-sketch.
perspicuity
order
to
be fully
suffice.
is
understood.
This,
commented upon
present.
in written
On
to
greatest
are
made
to
train
of
a higher
expediences
It occasion-
commanders
test
in the leading of
of war.
happens
These manoeuvres
upon by a process
a
of
development
of
in
the
Prussian
fifty
army during
period
one hundred
and
in
years, has
the
German army.
by which Frederick
the
held annually in
every regiment.
By
Great prepared
his small
army
57
them.
Frederick's father, the "soldier king" Frederick
I,
of the general in
the other,
William
and
at which, generally
is
corps
special manner.
In
in tactical matters
of intellectual genius
made
commanders
II.
to
make
it
unequaled.
the
lem was
Frederick
brilliantly solved
the
commanders.
to
On
the drill-grounds
Potsdam,
his
ample opportunity
during the
years
1745-1756.
The
exercises
commanding mixed
younger
With
these well-disci-
The
division
Europe
in the
were no longer barred to the public but were opened to spectators, even to those
minions,
the
drill-grounds
commanders,
of war.
in
They
and
This
cations
to increase
and
At
the
in
vogue
commander,
manoeuvres of the
European armies.
and
Those
of
the
German army,
are
As
at the previously
by the sovereigns
drills
of Russia,
These larger
begin in Septem-
The
situation at the
is
clearly de-
commander, preceded
by-
new manoeuvres for the day following are planned. The newly assigned commanders have to issue the necessary orders at once. The formal withdrawing of
fined, while
and which
To
those detachments
a brigade of infantry
assigned, further
augmented by
Underlying these
exercises, es-
and purposes,
is
the
and telegraph
called
troops.
Formed
into
two
sections
drill,
"detachments"
commander
shall not
oppos-
fulfillment of
his
tasks,
In this under-
dom
is
of action.
On
war
status,
acting of
curate
commanding
of
officers,
and
to
their
ac-
by which special daily tasks are assigned After a march in warlike array, or to each section. after the taking and the subsequent fortifying of a
idea,"
knowledge
tactical
the
proper
employment
of
the
different
troops
captured position, an
engaged.
This
is
According
drills,
to the
larger
at
These outposts
large,
career of
to a call
to place the
of the officers a
who
command
or brigade drills are followed
at
the drills
and manoeuvres on
The "detachment"
by
partial basis.
at the
same time
like the
He
critical
In
line, neither
some
cases the
it
commander assembles
and leads
by
night.
Further, and
enemy, which
flags.
the
fact
has to
The division manoeuvres are succeeded by those of the army corps, at which the divisions, under the leadership
58
only bloodless
charges.
Inasmuch
becomes
as
by
care
by
The
dependent
on
purely
conjectural
methods.
On
this
The manoeuvres
the case of each
are ushered in
by the
so-called
"Em-
staff assistants in
These
ref-
and
staff officers,
army corps
for
The scheme
tion,
calls
The
referees conjecture
fire,
the effect of
and
army corps
in
direct
the attention of
if
both
the same,
and regulate,
necessary,
effected.
of
The
referees are
the two
in
columns of
The
taking
all
each
from
two
to
three
brigades
made by
to
who
are recognized
by
a white sash
meet
different
points
some
the
days
tasks
previous.
falling
to
The
their
worn around the coat sleeve. The arbitrators inform the commanders on both sides of the decisions made, while at the same time they personally report all details
to the chief
cavalry
lot
divisions
perform
in
war
time,
vance, establishing
enemy,
at
commander.
The reports
Of
are subjected to
flanks
of
the
army,
while,
the
special importance,
proper time, they have to appear in the battle, often deciding the fate of the day by momentous charges.
who
These charges are often led by the Emperor personally, also assumes command of the army, changing
lines is
measured
sides
by
miles.
day.
The
"King's manoeuvres," and now known by the name of the "Emperor's manoeuvres," is to be traced back to the
great reviews at which Frederick the Great severely
tested the skill of the
inces.
with that of the corps manoeuvres previously described, with the one exception that they are conducted on a
larger scale.
terest
special in-
army corps
in
the
Following
his illustrious
of final critic.
Surrounded by
further enhanced
his
army
corps, in
connection
with drills
lasting
several
days and
called
"King's manoeuvres."
The
was
This
is
by
German Empress,
armies.
of the
German and
the
by
representatives
foreign
The
exercises
by means
the
festivities
arranged by
the
cities
and prov-
German army
fifteen
German
contact
to nineteen,
and
finally
to twenty-three
army
Emperor and
with
all
Empress
come
into
personal
and the inspection of one army corps, occurring annually, became insufficient. The practice in vogue
corps,
classes of the
German
people.
In a military
to-day
is
to detail
portance.
By
this
method
The
employed
almost in
entirety,
is
period of seven to eight years, enables the commanderin-chief to test the entire
manner.
to
The capacity
often taxed
German army
in its training
the utmost,
and readiness
for war.
German Emperor by
unfalterI,
its
efficiency.
The
entire sanitary
and
manoeuvres.
liam
II
has followed
the
illustrious
results.
commendable energy, which is crowned by the best The "Emperor's manoeuvres," taking place
bridges, military
59
railroads,
and
fortifications of
every description.
The
and strategical
borne
are
become evident by this outline, especially when it is in mind that higher commissioners and surgeons
detailed
to
attend these
re-
spective orders.
final
of all
would,
if
by the general
staff, in
be
in
the
in
participants, winds
up the
groups
in the North,
West
of
the empire.
By
this
of the
army
and
also to all
commanders
staff
commanding general and army inspector, up to to practice warfare on a large scale, by one entire army operating against another. The enormous expense
the
necessitated
all
branches of
make
them
by such an undertaking
presents, however,
higher commands.
general
staff
insurmountable barriers.
The
travels of the
preeminently serve
employment
of
and
to
the
At
it
is
branches of the
need
to
drills
officers of
the
manoeuvres
chief
They
are performed
For
this
These
of
to the
army
commanders
the
troops
(regimental
last till
army
prepared in an explicit
as introductory to the
larger fall
The momentous
divisions in
in the operations.
The
plan of
deployment
mapped
and
and flanks
army, require,
For
this
purpose
howAfter
commander.
and
are called
company with
Here, by means of
in a
marching orders,
special
and resemble,
in their plan
is,
the
employment
are
of troops.
At
Nor
the
of feats of
cers to be
Mounted on
rivers,
fleet
horses
based on
all
the pre-
circum-
at the
What amount
tion
is
of experience, practice,
and
instrucstaff,
same time they convey important orders or bring back valuable reports and information about the traversed territory, which bear witness to keen observation and correct military
will
judgment on
60
officers best
adapted for
in
of the clash of
results of
task,
by
Emperor.
command,
and lieutenants
distinction
The
officer
is
who wins
which can be developed and improved upon, These are a quick and correct read-
rewarded by a
prize,
which
opportune time.
The
officer
careful
is,
German
positions
to
combine military
hitherto described.
of
are
made use
and
place the
all
superfluous verbiage.
The
offi-
diligently
to
further
instruction
first
In the
of a
must further exemplify the possession fundamental knowledge of the tactical use of all
and second
every winter,
serve
They
by the
With
officers,
due recognition
of the
above
facts
and with
battalion
commander, according
age and
qualifica-
to incite individual
in the
German
study
in all
army which
This exercise
was invented by
commander, and afterward by the regimental commander. The best exercises are
the battalion
by
submitted for further approval to the higher commanders, including the general
of
commanding
the
army
corps,
and are thoroughly tested and duly commented upon by the latter. By this method, talented and industrious
officers receive
The game
is
On
an opportunity which
is
sometimes of
are represented.
and
two
sections.
Probably
no calling
is
The
commanders and
This
to this task
and to develop
travels of the
lays
down
first,
the
which
officers of all
grades attend.
orally delivered,
by older
and
staff
members
officers.
commanders
of
both parties.
staff,
lec-
As
all
at the
by
treat
all
the
The themes
They
on
all
and marching
of the troops,
and
their
engagement, are
After this
preparatory work
is
finished, tested,
The
oldest and largest gathering for the purpose of proa regular lecture course,
is
the
The diagram
1 :6250,
is
Having been
in existence
showing
is
hundred years,
this society
summons
the
offi-
The diagram
maps.
sometimes executed
form of relievo
of the
As soon
movement
is
a monthly lecture.
This lecture
is
is
usually delivered
by
and marching
given (these
maps giving
come
Emperor
himself.
With
and lectures
and
red,
the methods of
training
the
officers
accordingly.
exhausted.
The
military drills
may approximately
rep-
The
and the
tactical
by means
of their ingenious
in a
design and exactions, but, on the other hand, they never can fully set forth the stern picture of war.
way
The
effect
The
position of
61
new
of the
game
to
These
superior
dis-
on both
sides
of
the army,
are
minutely represented
commanders by
their
The
by
the bearers.
in its entirety,
is
cision
The movements
to
of the troops,
also
by
the
travel
common
the
different
branches of
of
be understood
or less
by corresponding moves
on
The following will exemplify the preceding statement The higher commander, previous to the
:
solution.
In
distinction
may
advance
patrol,
of the
be made between
defined
tactical,
strategical,
purpose
of reconnoitring the
enemy.
The time
either
by
up
the
to
engagement
of
smaller
parture
is
or larger detachments
he
is
to take,
and
army
corps, or
by
or
a battle
a whole
army
by
the assault
upon
a fortress
and
its
The
reach
defence.
Of
by the
battalion
lieu-
commanders, junior
down
to the
youngest
vanced with
reckoned.
marching columns by
the higher
Again
commander
consults his
of the regimental in
and brigade
watch and accurately ascertains, by the aid of his assistants, the lapse of time between giving his final orders
by
and
of the
same by the
is
troops.
commanofficers of
By
this
method
of
ascer-
Frequently the
tained
when
commanders and
of the general
enemy.
According
to this
command for the purpose of playing a war-game. The exercises which take place at the garrisons of Potsdam and Berlin in the presence of the Emperor, who often
joins in the
a large scale.
The
fore-
going
illustrates
value
set
upon these
exercises.
The higher commander disgame with the competitors in a way that each At the moment, howcan watch only his own troops. ever, that the movements come into a common range of
sight, the
is
The
discussions evoked
by
the
im-
ments
at
its
of the higher
finish,
commander during
progress and
and
the
to the
checker board
to
is
players.
will
The foregoing
the
of
characteristics of
game
great
brought
verify
fact
that
the
tailed
Every
management
difficulties,
these
exercises
beset
with
offensive
accurately measured
effect of the
The
at
weapons
;
per-
judged
measured
as
the
manoeuvres
all
and mental
versatility, in
order to
his
in-
impart to the
game an
fervor.
At
the
and the fortune of war (other chances being even), the ultimate decision is sometimes determined
by
at
and exemplifying
The
ex-
decision,
formerly more
vogue than
at
the
commanders
larger drills
in
which
the
name
will
of
"war-game" The
and manoeuvres.
their nature.
game The
in
the fulfilling of
of
its
manner
no un-
They supplement them, and the manoeuvres. though most expediently, without causing any expense worth mentioning to the government or to the various
staff
performing
this
bodies of
officers, or
common
occurence, to find,
made good by
the
62
They
are instrumental
perior
officers
of
all
ranks.
The commander-in-chief
intelli-
and especially
in instilling a closer
field-
drills),
and
commanders,
These
war-games
the proper
will, at all
if
to exact
their purpose,
spirit,
the
demand
as
which
is
fundamental
in the
impress on the
mind
as the
of
every one
youngest soldier
is
the
officers
and
to prepare
them
com-
negligence
than
a
to
be
considered
in
greater
offence
mands.
The attainment
and energetic
of this goal
warranted by the
mistake
made
the selection of
the proper
means.
the
by
the crea-
to laws passed
the
new
regiments.
It
the
1.
German military authorities, on March 16th, 1899. From the year 1893 there was in every regiment
its
expedient to
of
strength.
These half-battalions were gradually raised to their full strength of from two to four companies. By forming
the four battalions into regiments, in the year 1897, two
two
divisions.
This
was done
for
the
new regiments
corps.
of infantry
were added
to each
army
new
with
its
command
of
at
By
this
procedure the
kingdom
the
sisted of
which hitherto consisted of two, now conthree divisions, and this created difficulties in
a matter of necessity to organize a
nineteenth
will
with
its
command
at
Leipsic.
Bavaria
thus
became
command
first
at
Nuren-
new
berg.
The two
East-Prussian
63
of
Baden, are
to
be augmented each
4.
similar
improvement
became
necessary
with
division.
for three
army
in the field.
the
government
purpose before
in all
and pioneers.
effected
"The progress
itself in their
various em-
in the organization
of the field-artillery.
ployment
in
warfare.
By
a sufficient
and
in
competent personnel
the
is
to
event of war.
in
numbers
as
many
four detachments
new formations for the field-telegraph service be delayed any longer. With the increase of the army's forces,
their
As
matter of
fact, there
belong
to
one battery
tion
The
for
field-telegraph service
six
requires a
body
who
drawn by drawn by
of eighteen
to
six six
horses,
those
functions, and
horses, three
who
portable forge.
Each
an additional training
In recognition of
horses.
A regiment of
nine
all
officers, of the
noncommissioned
provision
officers,
sary
baggage and
wagons with
The placing
bracing
of the
5.
and also an increase of balloon and railway troops. of the railway brigade and the telegraph and
troops which maintain the communications
will
make
it
by one man
the commander
of
The proposition
the regiment.
It
would
mander properly
in
to
necessary material
to the
The
infantry,
which
is
guide
it
in
battle
due considera-
In order to strengthen
regiments of the
is,
and have
to
be ready for
immediate service
number
of
in
men
all
By
this
more necessary
as
the
during the
another point
was
gained.
Eacri
army
the
unity of the
army and
three.
service,
is
the necessary
increase of the
(officers,
army on a peace-footing
officers,
number
the day.
of
noncommissioned
to 502,500
now
men was
To each army
down
one regiment of
field-artillery.
detailed.
in the
thus be
The number
of
army corps
to
be raised from
and one
artillery
By
this
innovation
great efficiency
German Empire twenty-two, in place of ninearmy corps districts. The army, therefore, consists
army
corps, including those subject
first,
of seventeen Prussian
Included in the
number
of
new
howitzer-
in operations
fifth, sixth,
against an
eleventh, eighteenth,
fourteenth,
teenth,
the direct
fire
of the other
and seventeenth corps; three Bavarian corps (first, second, and third); two Saxon corps (twelfth and nineteenth); one
WUrtemberg
corps (thirteenth).
64
2.
The strength
is
of the different
service
by
body
of artillery,
service
as follows:
different
482 squadrons of cavalry (an increase of 13). 574 batteries (an increase of 80). 38 battalions of foot-artillery (an increase of
of the utmost
26 battalions of pioneers (an increase of 3). 11 battalions of engineer troops (an increase of
The army's
2).
of the Father-
The peace-footing
of
the
army
by the energetic
hailed
raised
from
efforts
with
enalso
and 2
But
on the
first
day
of April, 1899.
The
1st.
which characterize
in
German government
significant
formulating
propositions, are
and important:
"The
A
made
ment
events of the Spanish-American war have demonstrated with great clearness that the lack of a careful and syste-
The manageits
passing bv
is
followed
by most
maintain
disastrous consequences.
its
No
nation desiring to
the Powers
among
Hence
by the changes.
The
tactical unities
the divisions
well-organized army
is
ment, and
at the
WW
65
Colonel
(New
Hohenzollern Overcoat).
Regiment
of
Grenadier-Guards
Emperor Alexander."
125th Regiment
of
Infantry
(Wurtemberg).
9th
Regiment
of
On
Picket at Night.
(Grand-Duchy
of
Mecklenburg.)
-^B^Sfcgp^&gssga
Body-Guard
of
H. M. the Empress.
2nd Platoon.
Kettle
Drummer
of the
Regiment
Gardes du Corps."
Regiment
of
Hussars
Body-Guards.
Cavalry Patrol.
Saxon Horse-Guards.
^
'^j&j&s:
24th Regiment
of
Dragoons
Body-Guards
Flying Jump.
13th
Regiment
of
f-+~<
*$AmlaJ\
<
'
7th
Regiment
of
"
(Magdeburg).
Captain.
1st
Regiment
of
Hussars
Body-Guards.
1st
Regiment
of
III.
of
Russia" (West-Prussian).
**y*\
"Battery Halt."
7th
Regiment
of
Heavy
Artillery at
the Gun.
8th
Regiment
of
Heavy
Artillery
(Rhenish).
12th
Regiment
of
*p
(^
Piece
Drill.
"
(Upper-Silesian).
On
the March.
2nd Regiment
of
Field Artillery
"Horn"
(Royal Bavarian).
***&
Artillery
Firing.
27th
Regiment
of
^$
1st
of
Railway Troops.
at the
Tempelhof
Drill
Grounds.
The
Colonial Troops of
German
East-Africa.
Detachment
of
Balloon Troops.
history of
far
first
back
Cru-
the league
its
became
into
the
Middle
When
the
and Flemish
pirates,
who wanted
This
took
in 1361, the
Hansa
cities
do penance
at
the
Holy
Sepulchre.
revenge on him
fleet
Flemish, and
to the
sistance
Portuguese
Waldemar
to
At
at its height.
Oliverius, the
in
abandon
head.
the
Wittenborg atoned
by the
loss
of his
army
The
truee
of
the
year 1362,
recognizing the
to
Lower Rhine,
in
Westphalia and
an end,
Cologne alone having equipped more than 300 vessels. The Counts William of Holland and George of Wied
having been elected commanders of the fleet, the Crusaders put to sea in May, 1217, and reached the harbor
of
German Hansa
of the league at
of the Oster-
Acre
Dutch
ish
Damiette
in
Egypt.
At
and Norwegian
ports.
to take
their ships a
high
to flight
for
the
purpose
of chains
By
Han-
After a
Schonen.
It
was
no King
hot fight the Frisians scaled the enemy's tower from their
floating fortress, repulsed the Saracens,
river of its obstructions.
Denmark without
the consent
expressly confirmed.
zenith of the
Hansa towns and that their privileges should be The treaty of Stralsund marks the
power and prosperity
of the
Hansa League,
by
internal dissensions
by
rise
November
5th, 1219.
and
de-
strifes.
The
piracy,
by the
" Vitalienbriider"
an emporium of commerce.
fire in
Having been
and
trade of the
stroyed by
1152,
Henry
it
Hansa
granting
opric.
it
many
to a bish-
pelled to
sail in
was declared
a free imperial
mensely by
levied
this
city
At
by
first
federation of
German
impetus
forced to
to
abandon the
merchants
to the
German
The Teutonic
Riga.
of the
German sea-power
for the
its
was strongly
spread of
inces.
German
fluence
of the
so
commanding
that three
mighty kingdoms
North accept or
German sea-towns
with
Denmark
League.
The
About
96
to
grasp the
mer-
merchants were looked upon as harmless weaklings and were compelled to obtain their part of the trade by
intrigue, barter, or entreaty.
Count Richard
of
War-
Lubeck
of
the
its
Emperor Ferdinand
chance
to
II
merchantmen
secure
The
for
latter
repulsed the
regain lost
attack, but in so
to
doing
spirit of
narrowmindedness, that
Wallenstein
any compensation
such
During
too powerful.
the reign of
illtreated
Edward IV some German merchants were and plundered at their London quarters,
from sheer English
This outrage prompted the Hansa to suspend
to grant complete
known
jealousy.
Armada, then
in course of construction."
Only the
city
freedom
" Vitalienbruder,"
forming
at the
German Ocean,
Having acquired
commanded by
King
vessels.
In 1474 Edward
IV
of
was compelled
all of
which the Osterlings recovered their old privileges and an indemnity of 10,000 sterling. The latter term, it
At
beck
a council of the
at Lti-
Hanseatic
may be
said in passing,
is
an abbreviation of Osterling.
sea, discovered at
Germany
Without further parley the proud league was dissolved, only Lubeck, Bremen, and Hamburg deciding to assist each other in case of emergency.
The
decree of 1512, no
German
fundamental
cident to
of
its
evil of
allowed to transact business with a foreign country. Venezuela, which was forfeited as a pledge by Emperor
imperfect organization.
harmony,
selfish
greed
in individual
i.
V as an hereditary fief to the princely Welsers Augsburg, and subdued almost completely by the latter, was lost. They could not hold their possession
Charles
of for lack of
the firm
to wield
hand
and
and able
great powers.
At
the
close of the
Thirty
German naval
Years'
War, Denmark, with Schleswig-Holstein and Olin its possession, controlled the entrance to the
denburg
and Stralsund
tavus Vasa.
it
gave support
to the
Bremen, Hamburg, and Lubeck. Sweden held the countries lying between the Elbe and Weser, and the coasts of Mecklenburg and Pomerania;
harbors,
German
Christian II,
its
independence.
The duchy
was subject
to Poland.
Lubeck,
as
war indemnity,
and religious
affairs
of a
The
valiant burgomaster,
little
seaport of Pillau as a
fief of
Poland.
was repudiated by
his
own
fellow-citizens in a shameful
manner merely from petty jealousy. This brave man was condemned to death and was executed at Brunswick
September 29th, 1537, whilst the Council
sanctioned the
of
create a powerful navy and to make his seafaring dominions rich and pros-
Elector resolved to
Lubeck
sea-
The Brandenburg
for
flag, a
field,
infamous sentence.
The Hansa's
of
the
first
time
flew
from privateers
out
to
power suffered
Wullenweber.
England took
selfish
greed,
by
their rulers.
agency of the Dutch merchant, Raule, ten Dutch frigates, upon which he hoisted the Brandenburg flag. In a
short time twenty-one well-laden vessels
equipment
provisions,
of the Spanish
with
were captured,
from
Queen Elizabeth in 1589 ordered a whole fleet of Hanseatic merchantmen brought up at the mouth of the river Tagus, and the Germans to be driven out of
their guildhall at
and
in four
flag disappeared
German
waters.
London.
tract with
In the summer of 1676 the Elector closed another conRaule for the equipment of five frigates and
97
Raule
the
Margrave of Brandenburg.
in the Straits of
joined, at
fleet
Copenhagen,
Lacher
Vincent,
At
in
Bornholm on June
5th,
which was on
its
the
West
Indies.
and brought
Spanish government.
Galicia, twelve galleys
Colberg.
at
and two
which put
to
many
210
command
of the
off
Marquis de
the
valuable prizes.
Bran-
fleet of
denburg
fleet."
Brandenburg troops
effected under
fleets
This was
On September
Eager
to
convoy
of the united
After
silver galleys,
men
killed
and
thirty
wounded, he drew
off
and made
By
was deprived
In spite of the
futile, its
from Pomerania.
Elector, heralded
By
by
flattering promises,
came
to naught.
denburg
and Raule
It stipulated for
the
equipment
of eight
its
sailors, officers
at the
shipyard
At
this
by one
of his
to acquire
On January
1683, Major
payment
of
some
territory lying
of Africa
by
fort
hoisting
the
Brandenburg
man
to
be
trifled
made
of
at
On
the 14th
of the
named "Dorothea," near Accadda, and "Brandenburg," near Taccarary. The Elector also acquired the
island of
August
Arguin
in the
bay was
of
Arguin
vessels Frederick William, Kurprinz, Dorothea, Bed Lion, Fuchs, Berlin, and the fire-ship Salamander,
fort
rebuilt
and
thirty
guns were
manned by 38
officers,
481
sailors
and
Thomas
in the
West
Indies.
The
9th,
180 marines, under command of Claus von Bevern, put to sea to watch near Dunkirk for the convoy of Spanish
May
merchantmen
sailing
from Ostend
to Cadiz.
III,
On September
18th,
the Brandenburg
over-
at
that period.
Captain
ships,
fleet
Only two
prizes.
Raes
cruised
with
the
other
three
efforts
were
all
to capture a
Spanish
efficient
army; he
On
would not
enterprises.
The king
sum
of
Dutch Company
in the
the
West
Indies.
Raule promised
the
at St.
Thomas was
they
it."
As
a support to
commerce
difficulties,
of his dominions.
He
created,
under great
name
of
by
Having no
his colonial
Denmark,
this small
encroachments of the
the fortress of
to exist.
former Powers.
doomed
1st,
to ruin
from the
start,
crew of 436 seamen, prevented the enemy from entering the Pomeranian inland waters. In September, 1759,
this fleet
developed
itself slowly,
On
March
fleet in
mander-in-chief of
consisted
of 1
These con-
the
Bay
sailing
the
mail-steamers,
sloops,
Swedes
lost 3 ships
Prussian Eagle and Elisabeth, and 21 with 67 guns and with a crew of 32
1,521 men.
armed
and
officers
At
and
at
Dantzic a
from the high seas for a period of about a hundred years. In the stormy times of the year
1848 the German nation,
in the belief that it
and a division
of engineers
were created
in 1852.
had effected
Amazon, and
organization of a navy.
The
Denmark
was able
blockade the entire German coast made the question of defence at sea a burning one. But, contemto
poraneous with the universal wish, there was a general misconception of the situation. Even though the necessary funds were forthcoming, the organization, equip-
West The expedition was commanded by Commodore Schroeder, formerly in the Dutch service. In 1853, Jahde bay was acquired from Oldenburg as a harbor on the German Ocean. In the following year, Prince Adelbert
tic to
Indies.
coasts.
About
and marine
moment's notice
little,
therefore,
was accomplished,
in
German navy
sund, a station
command was
lowing vessels:
2 steam frigates, the Barbarossa and
Archduke Johann,
also organized.
each of 9 guns.
1
navy
These included
Vineta, and
1 first-class
steam corvette,
Gazelle,
course of construction.
3 additional
Nymphe;
Loreley.
Bremen, each
1
The navy
coast.
November, 1861, by
off the
Amazon
Dutch
In
this
With
rossa,
mishap 6
officers,
Barba-
120
men were
active service.
With
Bromme,
and
made
18 war vesto a
Its activity
and gold.
The
fit
number
cruise,
made
The
and unavailing
fights
attacks, such
was
a futile
one.
federal
navy
it
so hastily created
was neither
was
fit
was
Stubenkammer, under Captain Jachmann on March 17th, and that under Prince Adelbert against the Danish frigate Tordenskjold,
The Prussian
Basilisk,
vessels,
on naval
having
returned
affairs
Denmark,
fought a battle on
May
lasting from
1848 to
1851.
VIII
to sur-
batteries
render.
all its
The two
opposing
In
engagements the Schleswig-Holstein navy succeeded in warding off the attacks of the vastly superior
After
Prussians and
for
time,
but
was compelled
fire
to
by the enemy.
Towards the
99
Prussian gunboats gave active support in capturing the
flotilla
armored
frigates, 2
Hammer, near
vessels
the island
of Fohr.
As
this period the
During
armed
Arminius and
the corvette
at
itself
the
On August
man
flotilla
at the
navy yard
Dantzic in
an unimportant engagement took place between the Gerstationed at Stralsund (consisting of the
was created.
vette Vineta
made
a tour
this
being
the
first
made by
German war
made
vessel.
The
ship suc-
French
vessels,
Arminius came
into action.
They took
the fortress of
The German
ship
left
drew back
In September
With
the Prussian
North German
1867.
sta-
federal navy.
1st,
The
liable.
all
No engagement
followed.
The
in capturing
The
inner
flag
in a white field, in
tion at the
later
mouth
The
till
vessel
was
upper
quarter
the
German
the
its
imperial
iron
colors,
black, white,
flag has
and
red,
with
in
cross.
This
been retained
war-flag.
On November
armed
battleships, built abroad, the ICdnig
9th, the
by Lieutenant-Captain Knorr, encountered the French despatch-boat Sounet near Havana. The German vessel
was
of
In the same
ment
and two
of 4.7 in.
German
shipbuilding.
This
to
a vessel of
made her
first
Her armament
in.
con-
one 6.1
in.
men-of-war,
November
At noon on Havana to
At the beginning of the Franco-German war the North German federal navy mustered only 3 armored frigates,
2 other armored vessels, 1 battleship, 3 protected and 5
to within
2,000 yards.
however,
unprotected corvettes, 8
first-class
and 14 second-class
Knorr opened
his course
fire
with
to
gunboats, 3 side-wheel steamers, and 7 sailing vessels, with a total crew of 162 officers and 3,650 men.
these the two protected corvettes
somewhat
Of
in.
upon
his
opponent.
By
this
Medusa, and
his broadside, of
commander, took
He
first
tried to
boat,
but
in this he
was partly
foiled;
he
was formed
into
adroit manoeu-
collision, the
bow
of the
armament
squadron stationed in
off the
in a short
time
all ships
could be
frigates
German gunboat,
iron cathead car-
German
shipyards.
shipyard in 1874.
by,
however, manoeuvred about so skillfully that the mainmast, swinging to and fro,
fell to
manner
that the
commanded by Commodore Reinhold Werner, were despatched to the Spanish Mediterranean coast, to protect the German
residents at that place during an insurrection in Spain.
to
While
the
Frenchman missed
from her 5.9
in.
Meteor
in
According
declared the
held
by
the
insurgents
in
the
fight
by
all
foreign powers.
Under
the
guns
of the
man
at
once set
Havana, seeking
the
rebel fortress Cartagena, the Friedrich Carl captured the Spanish despatch-boat Vigilante.
free; the ship,
ish
protecting
neutral
zone, leaving
scene of action
set
to the
Meteor.
Had
government.
On August
1st,
Werner
forced the
When
the
Almansa
first
to surrender.
The
Meteor returned
rousing vivas.
to
crew, 1,400
men
an English squadron,
The war on
Germany,
fully
and
later
in
on to Spain.
demonstrated that
the
praised
England
as
a glorious
achievement
at sea. in
Not
so
in
Germany;
aspect.
there
it
was regarded
relieved
of
a
his
totally
different
Werner was
commission
of
command, receiving
of
the
at
director-in-chief
the
navy-yard
man
navy
Wilhelmshaven.
Power among
the
in
the
nations.
After the
title
and dignity
of
German and French consuls of Saloniki were murdered by a mob, the Porte was compelled by a German squadron, consisting of four
armored frigates under Rear- Admiral Batsch, to punish the murderers, and also the instigators of this act of
violence.
became the German imperial navy, but without a change It was now the duty of the empire to prothe nations.
among
of the
Some changes
at this
in the organization
period.
The naval
admiralty
in
ministry
by the
imperial
Schleinitz.
This was
taken by a
German man-of-war.
the
navy-yard
division.
After
this
the
naval
of
academy was founded and amalgamated with the marine school at Kiel, followed by the establishment of a shipboys'
division
at
navy
as a cadet
Friedrichsort.
German navy,
who
A
The
May 31st,
1878.
in
new
battleship Grosser
work.
K'onig Wilhelm.
by
the government,
namely
218,fol-
be
1882
corvettes, 7
corvettes,
20
Hansa, under Captain von Heusner, effected the release of the steamer Luxor,
which
had
6 despatch-boats,
ships,
2 artillery
been
attached
contrary
to
law.
The
training
sailing vessels,
sailing brigs,
at
and
where many
20 torpedo-boats.
helmshaven, and
The navy-yards
Kiel were
energetically
Dantzic, Wil-
German
by
interests
fleet.
were
at
stake,
from bombardment
17th, 1881, the
first
Chili's
On September
Admiral
von
Stosch
Emperor William
at
101
In
the
spring of
office,
1883,
the
Sultan,
instigated
this
by
the
English, tried
by
force
to
stepped out of
ships: 7
navy consisted
prevent
action.
On
December
20th,
Admiral
armored
frigates, 5
by the terms
coast in question.
fence, 10 torpedo-boats, 4
second-class
steamers,
The occupation
of a
12
[1899] purchased with the adjoining island groups, by Germany) by the litis in 1885 almost provoked a war
with Spain, which nation claimed a prior
islands.
title
to the
torpedo-boat.
in averting
by leaving the
By
At
this juncture
enough
to
Germany would
islands.
The
colonial enterprises
In
October, 1885,
the
Marshall Islands
beyond the
sea,
gave
to the
German navy
mon
At
Islands
by the Adler.
existence.
On
Move, Dr. Nachtigal officiating as imperial commissioner. The same ship hoisted the German flag at
tween the Baltic and the German Ocean, and also of making the operations of the German navy independent
of the
H. M.
S.
Elisabeth
under Captain
Schering,
posingly represented.
of
vessels,
by
the
Bremen merchant
Ltl-
boats, with a
in
On August
from
crew of 6,380, thundered forth their salute This was the Emperor's
ascended the throne on June
Orange
last
Emperor William
17th, 1888.
On
From
his earliest
Portuguese frontier
the
Cape
Frio,
was manifested
German
colonial possessions
by the gunboat
by
who,
November
In March of the
divided
into
of
Bismarck
year
the
admiralty was
two
the
branches of service.
navy, had to deal with
New
Guinea, and
now
called
rule,
flag
in the
November
27th.
commanding
During
this
The blockade
from
in
November, 1888,
was undertaken
fell to
The
entire crew of
This task
the lot of a
men were
lost.
cruisers
Mdve
Qneisenau,
front of
the
were
of the
of
German-Africa, which
was
effected
by
German
colonial
The East-African company had previously purchased 2,500 miles of good inland terTo make this colony self-supporting, an aderitory. quate strip of the coast land had to be procured. The
the
on by the
Arabs.
Previous to
this,
102
in-
On
Tak Shan.
On
to protect the
March 27th
zig,
of the
On May
camp
8th,
some marines,
in
ing to the
sum
one of
fortified
them
Bagamayo,
the
enemy
losing 80 killed.
On
July 8th,
in all directions.
On
went
On
down
of the
in a
With
Emperor
waves.
vember
8th,
German
missionaries
a Chinese
Chou
in China.
German govits
ernment
protect
imperial
affairs.
subjects,
and also
important
navy indirectly won the English island of Heligoland for Germany; on July 1st, 1890, this island was exchanged for Witu and the surrender of the
By
commercial
to
Germany's object, however, was not make war upon China, but to come to an agreement
German
protectorate of Zanzibar.
with the Chinese Emperor, by which Kiau-Chou could be leased for a period of ninety-nine years. To enforce
The
protection of
German
interests
on the Samoan
islands cost
many
lives.
Germany's demands, the Emperor, shortly before Christmas, sent a squadron to China. Prince Henry of Prussia,
the Emperor's brother,
Adler, and the gunboat Eber, were despatched to quell an uprising of the natives against the German settlers
division of
and merchants.
marines belonging to the above squadron, was intrusted with the political part of the mission.
by the Americans,
side,
it
fell to
men were
killed
on the German
while 37
Germans
living in
in the
harbor of Apia.
This squad-
Eber foundered on
and 80 men met
a
Olga
offi-
Five
watery grave.
Admiral von Diederichs, and the cruisers Kaiserin Augusta, Lrene, Princess Wilhelm, Gefion, and Cormoran. This task led to unpleasant misunderstandings and somewhat complicated situations.
The
hills of the
to the
Germans.
is
by
the
memory
of every reader
the great
the American ambassador at Berlin. The German secretary of foreign affairs, however,
all
as-
the Baltic.
of the blockade were absurd, and furthermore, he declared that the presence of such a powerful
German squadron
in
di-
the harbor of Manila was absolutely necessary for the protection of the large
number
of
Germans residing
there.
He
also insisted
in behalf of
humanity.
It
honor of
its
founder.
20th, 1895.
might be asserted that the German squadron in the whole affair did not show an intentional unfriendly
feeling toward the Americans, strictly adhering to international
At
the
beginning
of
the Japanese-Chinese
war the
German
that
its
consul at Seoul.
During
saved 220
duty
protecting im-
103
seemed
for a time as
and furlough,
fall
to his supervision.
all
The
Staff of the
achieved by the
German army
war
of
1870-71,
routine
business of
and the
its
efforts
in
naval
and
political
had absorbed
the interest
and resources
of the Ger-
Emthe
man
stations.,
was only
William
It is
at the
beginning
of the eighties,
and especially
The inspector-general
navy
also appointed
was inaugurated.
by
the Emperor.
consists of
Germany now
modern and
efficient
navy
class
Brandenburg
classified
and others
of the
new
type.
The
and
a departmental directory,
composed
of one
Germany
to the position
sta-
are
and
to foster
in
every
station at
home
stations.
The army, together with the navy, fighting strength of the German Empire.
though
independent
of
constitutes
the
Both branches,
have
coordinate
each
other,
sta-
jurisdiction.
According
to Article
58 of the Imperial
The commands
and the
are
the
The organization
of the
Admiralty's
Staff.
The command
at Kiel,
is
of the
naval
station,
located
composed
staff.
The commander-in-chief
the
navy
His Majesty,
The
latter
is
classified into
two adjutants
captain of
II.
command
and
The
tion has
According
are placed
first
to a cabinet order of
May
assisted
of
by two
According
to a
Cabinet order
March 14th, 1899, the former chief command of the navy is abolished and replaced by the General Naval
Inspection Department.
torpedo division
rines at Kiel.
Kiel,
and the
battalion of
ma-
command
are also
the
first first
The Admiralty's
Staff
the
seamen division
first
at Kiel
(first
dock-yard division
Navy.
This
new
is
organization
directed
by an ad-
The command of the North Sea naval station at Wilhelmshaven is composed of a chief of the station (viceadmiral), of a chief of the staff (captain), and of the
located at Berlin.
The
chief of the
Admiralty's Staff
is
admiral's
staff.
The
latter
(a
captain -lieutenant and a lieutenant), a captain of corvette as assistant, and a captain of the port.
The
chief
104
The department
This bureau has for
seat at
Kiel.
Under
command
of the
station
its
chief a vice-admiral.
The Naval
artillery
Academy and
same command
is
The Naval Academy has the following personnel of officials: One director, who ranks as vice-admiral; two members as board of directors,
tain-lieutenant;
who rank
The
as captain
and cap-
Wilhelmshaven.
This innova-
tion
who
is
teachers
at
is is
composed
Kiel
event of mobilization.
given by six
namely, one
two captains
and
captain of the
marine battalion.
For the
offi-
In
all
designed.
A
is
of the of the
The
sailor-boy division at
Friedsichsort
superintended by a captain.
government
of Kiau-
compared
to the chief
commands
Emperor.
of
Chou and the third marine battalion located at Tsintau. The German littoral is divided into six inspectorates, each supervised by a captain. The first inspectorate,
is located at NeuThe second, embracing Pomerania and Mecklenburg, has its seat at Stettin. The third, taking in the coast of Schleswig-Holstein, is situated at Husum. The district of the Elbe and Weser stands under the
The department
the
command
of
fahrwasser.
and
inspectorate of Bremerhaven, while the sixth inspectorate, consisting of the district of the Jahde, the East-Frisian
coast,
At
the head of
a vicein this
Included
and Heligoland,
is
located
at
Wilhelmshaven.
tests at Kiel,
The
at Kiel,
superintended by a captain of
Ham-
burg.
of
The department
with
staff
the
Each navy-yard
vette.
is
directed
by
headquarters at Kiel,
stands an inspector,
department
The duty
all
of the navy-yard
is
to lay
up
in reserve
a regimental
comwhich
and repair
mander
the
of the army.
hold ready, and to equip and provision the ships that are
to be put in commission,
and
to construct
new
vessels.
The
haven.
either
of the marine artillery inspection has
It is
by
civil officials or
naval
officers, are
the provision,
The department
its
engine con-
seat at Wilhelmshaven.
of the
struction,
harbor
construction
departments,
and
the
mand
station.
At
the head of
bureau of administration.
the bureau
spector.
Members
of
of the
Lehe and
the commis-
at
Hamburg
is
The
The department
a captain.
tillery,
lo-
cated at Wilhelmshaven.
North Sea
and the
Baltic.
The
in
navy
is
concentrated
The inspection
the Imperial
Naval Administration
April naval
19th,
at Berlin.
By
cabinet
order of
or
1899, the
is
Naval Adorganized
ministration
the
war ministry
The
105
of the
army.
The corps
of naval
opment
of the navy.
equipment
of the
war
ships,
of all
expenditures
made
who rank
The rank
composed
identical with
is
at Kiel.
engineers,
captains of
is
directed
by the
a rear-admiral.
tain-lieutenant;
of
engineers and
sub-engineers,
who
tor-
The secretary
of
state
responsible to
the
imperial
The
is
is
conducted by a
The ranks
of the naval
number
tion
of
These consist
surgeon-general of the
first
pertaining to
affairs;
and
The
chief surgeon
government
of
Kiau-Chou.
The
ment and
partment
is
the
bureau of
construction.
Another de-
The
assistant
surgeon of
that of
the
first
class
class,
The
fifth is
lieutenant;
the
second
navy;
is
the
seventh
noncommissioned
officer
wearing
the
silver
the eighth
ticiary
the intelligence
officers are
divided into
tor-
bureau.
The personnel
branches,
of the
German navy
sea,
is
liable to service of
pedo
and consists
in
two
distinct
The
chief paymaster of
those
engaged
active
service
and the
navy
men.
officials.
The former
and
The
The
The men
and
are divided
into
noncommissioned
officers officers
officers
privates.
The noncommissioned
comprise the deck
of
officers
wearing
and non-
officers.
The corps
commissioned
classified
The
first
The noncommissioned
officers of
rank of major-general.
is
The second
ners, artificers,
and mechanics.
The deck
officers are
composed
of forty-six captains,
composed
of the
same
classes,
fifteen
The noncommissioned
are the master's
officers
who rank
with a major.
The subaltern
officers are
divided into
The men
are classed as
upper and
the
first
lower seamen.
106
been described
into
a
in
battalion
the
third,
as
previously mentioned.
is
The
the
previous
classified
land
division
and
To
the former
The
is
belong:
1.
its
men belonging
to the
navy
19,680, of which
divisions.
The
first
of these has
Each
comis
commissioned
officers.
division comprises
panies.
of three
The uniform
of the
navy
differs essentially
from that
of
two divisions
The
tunic, overcoat,
and helmet
the land
coat,
army
are represented
by the jacket,
shirt, over-
the
crews for
all
ships
in
and cap
is
The
the
material of the
clothing
divisions, of
at
of
cut
is
uniform
The dock-yard
which the
first is
estab-
throughout
infantry.
all divisions,
lished at Kiel
Wilhelmshaven.
These
are
the
artillery,
Each
num-
shirt,
The
employed
There
at
in the
Brandenburg
facings, gloves,
and
a dark-blue
are
four
marine-artillery
garrisoned
The uniform
of
Friedrichsort,
Wilhelmshaven,
Lehe,
and
Cuxhaven.
The ship-boy
necessary
mates,
is
division.
the
cers,
complement
noncommissioned
offi-
The
affixed.
They
utensils,
strength
years.
5.
The torpedo-boat
divisions, of
at
as
Wilhelmshaven.
Each
are
division
The German
service.
fleet
is
represented
of a
by
the
ships in
in
composed
of
three
companies.
They
classified
The commander
ship
when
home
as
waters, or
is
men.
6.
command
foreign
if
a ship, however,
its
The
artillery,
torpedo,
and
mine
depot.
This
is
on
service
in
waters,
staff.
officers
become subject
consists of
the
admiralty
five
division
the
material
and
submarine
from three to
ships,
which
sail
under
warfare.
7.
Two
The marine
of
first
divisions
of
sists
three
sea-battalions, each
is
four
companies.
the
squadron, and
The
battalion
fleet.
The
fleet is classified
The duty
of the
marine infantry
to
At an
early
day Germany
will
This
corps
has
been
employed several
Kiau-Chou, the
China,
the
strength of
one
sea-
10 fourth-class battleships.
107
SECOND TYPE
13 armored gunboats.
filling
some com-
THIKD TYPE
1
armored
cruiser.
ship
stop-
FOURTH TYPE
10 second-class protected cruisers.
7 third-class protected cruisers.
valves.
The armoring
development
of
FIFTH TYPE
4 gunboats.
first
used
armor
SIXTH TYPE
11 despatch-boats.
steel, a
SEVENTH TYPE
14 training-ships.
At present armor
EIGHTH TYPE
11 torpedo-division boats.
Harveyized
120 torpedo boats.
steel.
The
hull
NINTH TYPE
10 ships for special use.
9 scout-boats.
3 station yachts.
The
new
12 dock-steamers.
5 pilot boats.
The despatch-boats
of a
The smaller
cruisers
TENTH TYPE
tight
bulkheads and a
cell
system;
line
protected
of
in
Bremen.
system.
the construction of the
Kiel, Wilhelmshaven,
The
at
Wilhelm,
Brandenburg,
Weissenburg,
and Dantzic,
"Germania"
Dantzic.
Kiel,
and "Waser"
at
Bremen;
also
of 11,081 tons;
and Kaiser
latter are
Wilhelm der
The four
the
The two
in course of construction.
All the
the
exception of
ships of the
called
two
battleships,
"Brandenburg squadron,"
Branden-
built from
German
guns.
is steel;
Worth
(flagship).
They represent
strength of the
German navy.
The following
the de-
use of
beam 64
feet,
and 24
feet 7
The water-tight
The ships
in.
carry a contin-
bulkheads, which divide the ship lengthwise into a number of independent water-tight compartments, aid
neutralizing the
in
llf
in. at
the ends.
The guns
in barbette-turrets, protected
by overhead
shields,
which
when rammed.
verse
The use
injuries
by
when
in
danger
of sinking, of cells
On
or in case of injury
is filled
by
shots.
to stern.
The
ship
is
occu-
the
There
is
compartments.
On
is
the main
08
in.
nickel-steel.
Between the
battleship of the
German navy
is
are
two
steel barbette-tur-
of
11.9
in.
armor;
the
third
barbette-turret
its
is
1896.
mounted on
a high forecastle
deck and
guns are
The
feet,
vessel
is
consists of
and
aft barbettes.
is
the
more
The whole
ship's
armor weighs
common
nickel-steel.
plates, fur-
The main
nished
Krupp
guns,
is
armor-plates
made
two guns
of the
feet)
a continuous
40
armor-belt, 6.5
The
of
an angle
The
in.
short aft
90 degrees.
One broadside
of the six
guns delivers
of the
of six
armored
deck.
2.5 in.
armored deck
hull.
rests
The guns
4.1
in.
rifles,
casemates.
is
protected by a 9.8
5.9 in. armor.
in.
in a
by a
The
heavy
which are 40
round of the
six
heavy guns.
calibre (30.4
long.
sufficient to pierce
quick-
A shell
in.
and
the
same
calibre.
Each
is,
10.2
The powerful
in a minute; that
in three
minutes
it fires
2,777 pounds
of steel.
The Brandenburg,
is
in the tops of
guns
of
3.5
guns
in.
of
and twelve
boat-guns, which
may
also
be used
in
an emergency.
0.28
machine-guns.
The
per
broadside
148
steel.
shots
minute,
representing 8,867
pounds of
The
off
ship
is
The
citadel-
warding
attacks
by torpedoes.
The
ships of the
are
turret ship,
On
the
gun-deck
are placed
a
firing
two 9.4
guns
In front of the
aft
The twelve
boilers
furnish
with
turret the
tures.
gun-deck
is
10,288
horse-power.
is
four 5.9
to a
fire
of
which
is
limited
is
The normal
800
On
guns,
The rudder
the
Brandenburg
is
suspended and
is
six of
which are
in revolving turrets
giving a
range
manip-
of
180 degrees.
Each
of the
at
guns
to bear
an angle
portant apparatus
is
130 degrees
On
steel plates.
The
ship carries
twelve
in
in.
One
of these
fifty feet
armament
Back
forward conning
Aft of the conning
The rigging
of the
steel
electric
rises, in
which
searchlights
are
at-
by
shields;
shields.
Each
complement
machine-guns without
556 men.
The
On
we
the
of the
and two
rifled
cannon of
of the
back
109
aft
conning tower.
The
fifth
the Sachsen,
of 7,400 tons;
rapid-firing
guns.
The
On
the
sixth,
the
Preussen and
Grosse are
feet, a
constructed
of
272
beam
in.
52
feet,
in.
and a draught of 24
feet.
9.2
iron
armor-
The
9.4 in.
The
guns
fire
either
shells,
weighing 352
473
a fuse attached, of
is
located on the
The charge
is
209 pounds
of
brown gunpowder.
The
ship has six tubes for the discharge of the 17.7 in.
in the
in.
guns
torpedoes.
The tubes
at the
are
all
afterdeck-
one placed
6.7 in.
bow-gun 25
calibre long,
which
fire
The
ship has
triple-expansion
ten 3.5
in.
The
in.
military
speed of 18 knots.
The
coal supply
is
650
is
tons,
and the
revolving
complement
is
655 men.
The
vessel
also
equipped
provided.
13
to
To the Wilhelm
second-class
battleships
14
In fighting qualities
to the
Sachsen
in
Brandenburg squadron
ships belonging
to
7,676
tons
in
German navy.
The four
at
this
year 1868.
German
Sachsen
Baybut
Baden
in 1880.
fire.
At
was remodeled
its
circuitous
in.
They were
have
to
originally
classified
called
as
scouting
ships,
corvettes,
be
citadel
inasmuch as
On
of
the
heavy guns
of
the
gun-deck,
The
in. plates.
is
354
of rolled iron;
back
feet
and
The
The
coal supply
in.
is
800
tons.
The armament
in.
consists of
in.
twenty 9.4
rapid-firing
placement.
They
are
298 feet
in
length, 57 feet in
rifles,
The two
forward military masts have each two tops; the shorter platform aft mast, as well as the forward masts, carries a
with searchlights attached.
by
oorkdam and
cofferdam, which
lie
The
armor.
is
In
conning tower and eleven spars for manipulating the The complement is 732 men. torpedo nets.
expected
the aper-
at
The Kaiser and Deutschland were both launched Samuda in 1874. They are 278 feet long, 62 feet
of 25.2 feet,
ture
made by
The
hull
is
in order to
a
prevent
and
a displacement of
when injured by
torpedo or a ram.
Both
9.8 in.
The
ships
of
the
thickness and a covered casemate (a shortened battery with blunt corners) which is protected by 8.8 in. armor.
above
10.2
the
in.
load water-line.
The muzzles
the four
in.
guns, on the
gun-deck eight
5.9 in.
and twelve
Both
guns
in
the
forward barbette
barrel
it
are
mounted
is
3.3
feet
higher.
The
of
the
latter
only 22 calibre
fires a steel shell
They
torpedo tubes,
and
torpedo
nets.
The
are placed in
of about
The complement
is
644 men.
270
To
and
degrees.
The guns
of the
in the four
displacement
110
125 degrees.
They
are covered
by a protective deck, on
A
line
circuitous armor-belt, of 8
in.
in
thickness, pro-
same time
delivers
The heavy
ar-
up
to the
gun-deck.
On
smokestack, stands the barbette in the form of a horseshoe, provided with 8 in. armor,
which
rests
on a strong
rapid-firing
layer of teak-wood.
1.9 in.
On
armored deck.
of rolled iron.
The armor
in.
Hotchkiss
made
Five
those
of
the
a
aft.
The engines
are
twin screws
The
is
speed of about
9-J
knots.
As
two
protec3.5 in.
16 knots.
is is
The
coal
rapid-firing
Back
of the baris
supply
500
tons.
One
All
searchlight
attached at the
Each boat
placed on the
deck.
the
vessels
are
provided with
On
account of their
torpedo nets.
of
The complement
377 men.
The
fourth-class
German
ships,
Heimdal, Hagen,
Brummer and
cruisers,
in
The
third type of
war vessels
is
represented by the
the
mouths
of
the
German
first
armored
frigates
the
rivers
The
four
and corvettes.
The powerful
frigates,
mounting
German Ocean,
and draw
about
fifty
known
as cruisers,
The
of their
good
for
The arrangement
of the water-tight
and cruising
qualities,
were
chiefly
employed
compartments
is
Brandenburg.
security of
corkdam and
cofferdam
add
to
the
enemy.
The
oldest
less
The
mounted
The
first
and sloping
On
from
The introduction
of
steam-power
effected
at
first
armor.
speed of 16 knots.
long),
The twin-screw engines give 4,800 horse-power and a The three 9.4 in. guns (35 calibre
which
fire
From 1868
to
cruisers,
formerly
called
covered
corvettes,
launched.
Of
these
32
in.
and a number
which were constructed entirely of wood, the Elisabeth was the finest. She had a displacement- of
cruisers,
superimposed structures.
2,508 tons, a
length
feet.
of
216
feet,
by 41
feet,
and a
of
draught of 18
six 5.9 in.
The armament
22 calibre length.
consisted of twenty-
Wespe
Bremen,
class,
which were
guns
of
Additional frigates
Weser yard
are the
Wespe,
Milcke
in 1877, the
Salamander
in
Hummel
in 1881.
beam
The
old
the
one short 12
in.
German
naval gun,
at
which
fires a shell
a displacement
111
beam
of
45
feet,
Wilhelm, each
5,628 tons
;
of 4,400 tons
of
and
draught of 19
feet.
The engines,
of 2,000 horse-
thickness; the
in course of construction.
These
fast,
but insufficiently
latter
The
in-
troduction
calibre
rapid-firing
guns
of light
and medium
made
fulfill
new type
of
the
mission of
whose suc-
cruisers.
Of protected
cruisers,
which answer
five,
cruisers.
mentioned previously.
to
be of at least 8.2
in. calibre.
beam of 45
is
and
draught
of
22
feet.
The
when
hostilities
hull,
which
enemy's
cruisers.
cruiser,
wood
of yellow metal.
name
Bismarck.
number
to
This
compartments, are
arranged
similar
is
those
in
the
beam
of
65
feet,
and a
modern
battleships.
Each
vessel
is
equipped with a
draught of 25.7
feet.
are of 13,500
3 in. steel
The
coal supply
ered, forward
line.
and
aft, to
about
six feet
1,000 tons.
complete armor, 8
On
feet in width,
to stern.
feet wide.
The engines
and
The revolving
and the
The
coal supply
700
tons.
in.
The armament
The arma-
four 5.9
eight 4.1
in.
ment
guns
of
40 calibre length,
fire of
guns
of
40 calibre length.
The
ship has a
270 degrees.
5.9
in.
The secondary
rifled
further
side
armament
Besmall
quick-firing
these, each
cruiser
carries
on
its
deck
The
torpedo tube.
is
guns 30
armored, and
in.
machine guns.
The
lights.
The complement
365 men.
class,
is
This vessel
the
is
Her displacement
feet,
submerged
above the
6,052 tons
22.5
feet.
beam 51
and draught
steel,
way
of the rudder
and
The
hull
is
constructed
of
with
ar-
On
are
double
tiers of
wood and
of
a metallic lining.
The
two more
lights
are
mored deck
set
consists
in.,
two
upper
The
ship's
comple-
being 2.8
in thick-
ment
is
565 men.
ness.
Cruisers which
mount guns
forward and
from 7 to 3
a protective
modern protected
cruisers,
in width, extends
from stem
to stern of
the armored
German war
their
ships.
They are
according to
First-
deck.
of
The
cells of the
cofferdam are
filled
with strips
cork
be found
of
in the
German
navy.
are
Of the second
Kaiserin Augusta
class
protected
;
cruisers
the
horse-power.
With
artificial
of 6,052 tons
112
of 1,580 tons;
Schwalbe and
power
easily
manoeuvred.
inside of one
At
a speed of 18 knots
can be stopped
They
given.
The
Two
are
employed for
and
two
find their
860
tons.
The armament
of
5.9
in.
guns
German
colonies
From one
The
steel
in.
and settlements
cruisers are the
in the
South Sea.
The
oldest of these
gun
The
coal supply of
250 tons
is
sufficient for a
run
thickness.
The
one placed
at the
in.
in.
bow and
pedo gun,
firing amidships.
An
is
The complement
of the
Kaiserin Augusta
is
418 men.
The complement of
the boats
344
feet, a
width of 46
feet,
and
draught of 20.5
feet.
The armament
consists of
in.
two
7.2 in.
guns
of
40 calibre
placement
is
No
The engines
model
cruisers.
The four
cruis-
They
less
than 5.9
in.
are classified
third-class
The seven
To
the
fifth
Habicht
of
848
tons, the
Wolf of 498
The two
of 2,169
litis,
are
training-ships.
class,
She
is
beam
of 41 feet,
and
beam
of 26 feet,
and
draught
of
10
feet.
The
single-
draught of 19
feet.
The ship
is
strengthened below
10 knots.
4.6 in.
bottom.
On
plement of 69 men.
The boats
are
employed
coast.
in
the
German
Smaller
The engines
are protected
by
made
of nickel-steel,
which
rests
on a layer
wooden
planks.
The
Of these
bulkheads.
The engines
was launched
in 1877,
Hyane
in 1878.
The
coal supply
is
770
tons.
feet long, 25
The armament
guns
is
composed
;
feet.
of 35 calibre length
;
guns
of
40
calibre length
and one
2.3 in.
supply
100
boat-gun.
at objects lying at
an
speed of 8 knots.
guns, one 3
in.
The Hyane
is
in.
is
pounds
On
employed
a
complement
of
85 men.
is
diameter.
is
The
ship has
two
the Habicht.
This boat
30 feet
in
which one
is
mast.
The complement
302 men.
speed of 12 knots.
The
ment
and
composed of one
revolving guns.
1,640 tons;
five
The crew
113
is
a cofferdam.
firing
The armament
the despatch-boats.
Of
this
They
are also
The twin-screw
Wacht and
975
the
Jagd, each
tons, the
tons, the
Hela
of
Each
complement
of 115
men.
The despatch-boats
ships of the navy.
and reporting
German
Bremen
feet,
They
344
feet, a
is
beam
of
48
and
draught of 15
feet.
built of the
sail in the
van of the
fleet,
finest steel
and
is
are
likewise employed
torpedo
The water-
boats, for
destroyers.
modern
needed
The Hela
six
At
the
torpedo tubes.
The
ship's
complement
is
is
168 men.
fleet.
of warships
represented by the
tons,
and served
yacht,
Garola
of 2,169 tons,
of
498
13
feet.
The engines,
tons, Grille of
350
tons,
Hay
of 16 knots.
The armament
revolving guns.
consists only of
two 3.4
in.
129 tons.
guns and
318
feet,
six
a length of
As long
weapon
as the
gun
with a
beam
the
of only 31 feet,
gunners
keeled vessel of
German navy.
The twin-screw
duty
in time of peace.
For
this
Mars
is
over 20 knots.
4.1
in.
designed.
The
vessel,
in 1879,
has
revolv-
beam
of
48
feet,
and
draught of 19
feet.
The
ship
axe-shaped
bow
for
ramming.
It
has a complement of
151 men.
and 9
in.
gun
to the
their length
246
feet, their
width 32
feet,
and
their
The complement
of
697
on
draught 13
feet,
The arma-
men
who have
to serve
ment
long,
guns 30 calibre
one submerged
electric
vessels.
The
ship-
The complement
134 men.
Jagd have
feet.
gun-
beam
of
30
feet,
of
nery.
battery
They
commanders,
The twin-screw
20 knots.
engines, of 4,000
Mars
etc.
does duty in
The armament
calibre long
is
in.
rapid-firing
guns 30
The
to
vessel
is,
The complement
140 men.
much
significance
the
navy
in
the
Komet
general.
of the gunners,
who have
to
become versed
ship has a
Carola
is
feet, a
beam
of
gunboat
Hay
attached as tender.
30
feet,
and
draught of about 12
in. steel
feet.
They
are pro-
On
114
board of
6 knots.
The armament
six
is
composed
The
supplied with
fitted into the
guns and
revolving guns.
in
The crew
consists of
384
from eight
hull,
which are
ships,
Here the
different
the
German navy
is
sufficiently
equipped
employed on board
of the
war
ships.
Those
officers
who
to cite an instance of
many
is
the
German-Haytian
affair
officers
on battleships
incident of
December
6th, 1897.
This
and
to the
of this vessel.
The Slucher,
same time,
is
em-
staff of
naval
officers,
conditions.
of
who
test
and approve
all
inventions
made
in the line of
is
war
vessels, represented
torpedo warfare.
the Ulan.
a length of
feet,
the most
interest-
ing type of
all.
The boats
72
feet, a
width of 25
feet, a
draught of 10
service
and
a speed of 12 knots.
in
War.
"Davids."
thirty-five
run.
which exploded
in the
To
mines.
the
technical
training-ships
belongs
the
small
by
Well known
was made by
The mines
off,
The
of
dangerous to an approaching
invisible, lying
quietly
tons, a
a displacement of
498
By
in a
Albemarle had an
The
employed as tender
This commission
is
commission of naval
of a staff of
tests.
in the
Dura
composed
officers
to oversee
and vouch
speed
tests
number
of pole-torpedo boats,
new
of
The
first
torpedo boats
fit
for ser-
deficiencies.
of
dock -yard
struction.
of
The
employed.
navy.
at the
Naval Academy
and
in
home
pletely covered.
The
latter,
which
is
elliptical
on the
aft,
West
of
The ship-boy
an
efficient
conning tower
is
more or
and
shell
cers.
Of these
was launched
at
by
sea-water.
On
Dantsic in 1885,
tubes project.
is
below
177
feet, a
beam
is
of
41
feet,
and
draught of 17
feet.
The
vessel
constructed of iron,
and spe-
effected
by means
Adjoining
they usually
make 10 knots
accommo-
The
115
the
boat
is
directed
in
its
course.
The
roof of the
upward or downward
an even keel.
comes back
to
revolving
gun; separated
by
Behind
air
this
chamber
is
and
brotherhood
engine which
pheres.
Separated
engine-room.
this
Near
the
to
in.
purpose of which
or to sink
it.
is
room
Then comes
quick-loading gun.
The room
and other
and
it
The
The torpedo
is
started simply
by placing
room and
boilers.
when
filled,
some protection
to the
and lowering
it till it is
completely submerged.
is
On the
is
By
opened which
torpedo gun
fire
toward both
sides.
Most torpedo boats are equipped with dynamos for electric lighting and searchlights, also with the Kaselonsky
signal apparatus.
journey.
is
The complement
of a boat of
about
On board
of warships
and
tor-
of 1 officer as
commander,
air or
by
and 4
of
powder.
The tubes
are either
submerged and
ing the ship, or they are placed above the water-line, adjusted for aiming in every direction.
reconnoitring service.
One
As
a protection
men
As
600 men.
For an attack on a
forming a
num-
off
effected a
is
called
alongside.
As
the torpedo
the
Whitehead torpedo.
is
weapon
cigar-shaped
An
envelope of phosphor bronze from twelve to twenty-five Its motive power is compressed air; it is feet long.
propelled
to
and
in op-
and are
called, in the
German
and
is
maintained
constant depth
by
horizontal
rudders and on a
in readiness,
numbered
at the
straight course
by
vertical fans at
an angle determined
torpedo resembles
1 to
11.
The
boats, which
were launched
by experiments.
a
In
submarine
vessel.
its
The torpedo
partments for
Schichau dock-yard during the period from 1887 to 1896, have a displacement of from 300 to 380 tons, a length of from 166 to 213 feet, a beam of 22 feet, and a draught
of 6.7 feet.
mechanism.
of
from 2,000 to
series of disks of
in
The armament
firing
dry gun
cotton.
guns and
down
to a given
there during
its
journey.
The
and
charts,
ments, also an
The
the
water on
complement
consists of about
40 men.
to counterbalance
swinging
to
of
Of
late the
the vertical
be turned
116
Stettin on
tons, a
a displacement of 4,187
Willy Stower,
in a treatise
length of 380
feet.
beam
of 45 feet,
and
draught of 18
The twin-screw
engines, of 9,000
"An important feat of reconnoitring at sea could be seen at the lower end of the bay of Kiel, in the Baltic
Sea.
masts, each
made
of
one piece
The detachment
undergo
construction.
of balloon
a drill
troops, stationed at
Berlin, had to
with a dragon-balloon of a
Very interesting at these exercises, which lasted two weeks, was the employment of the balloon on board of torpedo boats. The construction of the new model is peculiar, differing from all those formerly in use. The balloon consists of two parts, namely, the
main balloon, which is oblong in form and rounded at both ends, and of a smaller balloon, which is attached to the lower rear end of the larger one, and adheres to the
new
The
flag-poles are
the
emblem
consists
in
quick-firing
guns
in
upper deck, are provided with shields for protection. A double bottom, holding many water-tight compartments
The smaller balloon serves somewhat main balloon, which, thus held in an oblique position, is prevented from swinging, and is steered in a straight course, even toward the wind. The gondola, which is independent of the guy-rope, affords a
latter like a pad. as a
helm
to the
The equipment
tasteful.
is
com-
modious and
number
room
of apartments
assigned, which
Blue Salon."
splendid point of perspective observation, securing great steadiness and accuracy. In order to transport the balloon
On
top of this
the high-
from one locality to another, without lowering it and interrupting observation, torpedo boats were used, which are specially adapted for this purpose on account of their enormous speed. Even on water, experiments were made
to
after part of
which
is
The complement
of
the ship
307 men.
oldest armored vessels of the
the
The two
the
move
German
navy,
Arminius and
balloon from one torpedo boat to another lying near its bow. The balloon with the windlass was likewise con-
The
veyed on shore from the boat in a short time. Both experiments were reported as highly succesful. "In order to contrast the range of sight to be gained on the gondola with that afforded by the lighthouse tower, the balloon arose in the neighborhood of Bulk. There, at the northern end of the bay of Kiel, a lighthouse tower, ninety-six feet high, was erected.
was
of a
beam
of 38 feet,
and
a draught of 12 feet.
The
entire hull
was protected
teak-wood.
in.
in. iron plates and by 9.4 in. The two revolving towers have an
armor of 4.7
thickness.
The
range of sight gained on top of this tower covered a range of only fifteen sea-miles. The occupants of the gondola, however, were enabled, by the aid of good telescopes, to overlook the entire Danish waters.
see
guns
The spur
is
round.
The engine,
of 1,200 horse-
They could
east beyond the island and on the west over the German Ocean, lying west of Holstein. The warships moored in the waters of the G-reat Belt were readily recognized according to of Rtigen,
Officers of the army and navy were practiced observing and distinguishing the ships and their positions at sea from the balloon. To the navy the widening
their types.
in
of warships,
and
now employed
as an
like-
frigates
battlein
first
North-German navy.
1867.
The
is
of great significance, as a
is
due
exceedingly valuable in
beam
The
frigate
of
German war
Kron-
vessels
is
composed
of
ships for special use. These are the imperial yacht Hohenzollern, of 4,187 tons the battleships Kronprinz, of
;
beam
of
48
feet, a
draught of 23
feet,
and a speed
of
of 13
Samuda dock-yard
London.
Arminius, of 1583 tons; and the corvette Luise, of 1,710 tons, which are used as harbor ships. The MOve of
vessel
Both ships carried an armored battery of 4.5 in. thick iron, and a circuitous armor-belt of 5 in. thickness. These boats
did efficient service
in the
848
and Albatross and Nautilus, each of 716 tons, are employed in scientific survey work the Pelikan of 2,360 tons and the Eider of 402 tons are transport-steamers.
tons,
;
mentioned
in the historical
At
pres-
is
a masterpiece of
German
serves as a tor-
shipbuilding.
The
ship,
pedo
training-ship.
117
as harbor-ship,
was launched
1,719 tons,
feet.
is
in 1872.
The
ship,
whose
cruisers, all
displacement
is
and draws 16
5.9 in. guns,
The armament
in.
commercial
fleet,
two 4.7
The crew numbered 238 men. The MOve, Nautilus, and Albatross
scientific
ships.
Hamburg
The Move
employed
in
for a like
gency.
The
Bismarck,
of 8,874 tons
The
and a speed
of
German Ocean,
as the
especially, has
20$ knots; the Palatia and atria, each 7,118 tons and a speed of 20 knots; and the Augusta
performed repeatedly,
is
The
water
as aux-
be the Bahn, of
This
Tram,
of 5,262 tons
Wilhelmshaven
259
in 1891, has
feet, a
and
a speed of
of 5,217 tons
and
beam
Ems,
of 4,612 tons
of 4,900 tons
and and
a speed a speed
38
feet,
and a draught of 16
feet.
The single-screw
of
17$ knots.
These
would be
guns and
service.
is
of quick-loading
of
four 3.5
in.
them
for active
war
machine guns.
As
armor protection or water-tight compartments or bulkheads, they are more suited for use as outpost ships on
the skirmish line, or for the capturing of trading vessels.
in time of
is
submarine mine.
does
ing
fires
and
for
tug purposes.
Steam tugs
are used in
not
fence of the
German
coast and
its
dock-yards are
amounts
of
engaged
in the latter,
the Friedrichsort, of 67
represents a
sum
of 4,600,000,000 marks.
The foregoing
statement ought to show clearly that the increase of expenditure recently granted by the Imperial Diet does not
stand in any proportion to the value of the ships and lives
to
and the
The two
be protected.
According
to a
drinking water.
perial Diet on
March
man navy
use,
pilot-schooner
and
to
of the line, ready for immediate service; 8 coast-defence battleships; 9 large cruisers; 26 small cruisers; all to be
cellaneous service.
for the
at the
purpose of
of navigable water
put
in
commission
at once.
To
mouth
of the river
in
Jahde
in the
sound
of Minsen,
line, 3
Subtracted from
this
number
are 12 ships of
Adler grounds
The
in
commission or
in
for reviving
The
real increase
amounts
to 7
in
promoting marito
time efficiency.
The yachts
from 47
52 feet long,
officers of
The
first-,
for drilling
summer months.
IIS
first-
in the
navy, the
at large in
cruisers
ers.
German
enterprises abroad,
The
sonnel
is
Its
duty
is
to hold aloft
flag
German
dangered.
manding
universal respect,
in
itself a
protection of
Germany
of
In case
amongst seafaring
German navy
will
undoubtedly
The
government displays
at sea, the love
development
Germany's power
nation.
his naval
119
the
Emperor and
Inspectorates of the
German
;
littoral
1st,
East- and
West-Prussia,
Neufahrwasser
2nd,
Pomerania
and
Husum;
;
Elbe and
Central department.
Weser, Bremerhaven
a,
2.
b,
military section;
c,
The navy-yards
of Kiel,
sec-
Wil-
tion treating
on the
affairs of the
government
of Kiau-
tests, Kiel;
Chou.
3.
Hamburg.
Technical
Department
of Administration proper.
Bureau
of Ordnance.
of the navy.
WAR
First-class
SHIPS
FIRST TYPE
8.
9.
Medical department.
Justiciary department.
Wilhelm II,
'98,
each of 11,081
t.,
13,000
h.p.,
t.
G-rosse, '99, of
10.
Intelligence bureau.
Staff of
12,000
rich
'91,
Kurfurst FriedWeissenburg,
h.p.,
Wilhelm,
WOrth,
'92,
Brandenburg,
t.,
'91,
each of 10,033
9,000
556 men.
political matters.
Kbnig Wilhelm,
'74,
Command
Kiel
;
9,757
t.,
8,000
h.p.,
Deutsch-
t.,
644 men.
Preussen,
t.,
sea-going
'74,
battleships:
'73,
seamen division
of the
(1st
each of 6,770
'78,
5,400 h.p.,
t.,
'77,
Wiirttemberg,
'78, of
t.,
each of 7,400
t.,
Command
Wilhelmsartillery,
5,600
h.p.,
389 men;
Bayem,
t.,
7,400
6,000
h.p.,
'80, of
7,400
6,000
h.p.,
389 men;
5,200
3,900
:
h.p.,
389 men.
t.,
Wilhelmshaven.
:
Fourth-class battleships
helmshaven
2nd seamen
Wilhelmshaven
4,800
h.p.,
Frithjof
'93,
'91,
Hildeeach
t.,
brand,
'92,
t.,
Heimdall,
4,800
h.p.,
'92,
BTagen,
Odin,
'95, of
'94,
Bureau
at Kiel
of 3,495
3,530
cluding the
command of
4,800
h.p.,
276 men.
Bureau
haven.
SECOND TYPE
Wespe,
pion,
'77, '76,
ARMORED GUNBOATS
'76,
2nd battalion
at
Wilhelms-
Mucke,
'81,
'77,
Skor-
Bureau
Wilhelms-
/Salamander,
t.,
Natter, '80,
Hummel,
'83,
each of 1,109
'84,
700
h.p.,
88 men; Brummer,
t.,
and Bremse,
each of 866
Department
Wilhelmsat
THIED TYPE
ARMORED CRUISERS
t.,
13,500
h.p.,
565
haven.
Inspection department of the navy's educational
tutes,
men.
FOURTH TYPE
insti-
PROTECTED CRUISERS
None.
'92,
t.,
t.,
Kiel
6,052
t.,
12,000
h.p.,
'88, of
4,400 4,400
marines at Tsintau.
8,000
h.p.,
'87, of
120
8,000
5,628
h.p.,
t.,
'98,
;
Hertha,
'98,
each of
men; Rhein,
377
t..
'67, of
498
203
t.,
200
h.p.,
80 men; Ulan,
350
t..
'76,
h.p..
10,000
439 men
800
140
h.p.,
41 men: Grille.
t.,
'57, of
h.p.,
700
10,000
h.p.,
439 men
74 men;
Hay,
'81. of
160
40 men;
Otter, '77,
course of construction).
Third-class protected cruisers: Gefion, '93, of 4,109
t..
129
t.,
h.p..
43 men.
9.000
of
h.p.,
'85,
Alexandrine,
'85,
each
t.,
EIGHTH TYPE
Eleven
boats.
TORPEDO BOATS
destroyers
t
2.373
t.,
269 men;
'81,
Gazelle, of 2,645
torpedo-boat
or torpedo-division
h.p.,
'80.
Marie,
Sophie,
'82,
each of
'87-95. of 3(10-380
2,000^1,000
15-40
2,100
h.p.,
269 men.
'92,
men.
Condor,
t.,
First class:
46 torpedo
boats, '90-98, of
110-150
t.,
Cormoran,
'92,
2,800
1,500-2,500
h.p.,
15-20 men.
74 torpedo boats, '82-'90, of 50-100
t
Sperber,
'90,
'89.
each of 1,120
'91,
Second
500-1,000
class:
h.p.,
1,500
Falke,
each
about 15 men.
SHU'S EOT. SPECIAL USE
of 4.178
t..
t..
of 1,580
2.800
in course
NINTH TYPE
of construction.
Hohenzollern.
'92.
9.000
h.p..
h.p.,
307 men:
FIFTH TYPE
litis, of
GUNBOATS
Arminius,
'64, of
1,583
t., t..
1,200
h.p.,
h.p.,
895
t.,
4.800
3.500
848
t.,
600
h.p.,
129 men
Jaguar,
h.p.,
of
895
t.,
4,300 h.p.;
Karl.
'67. of
t..
6.007
'72,
and Wolf,
'78, of
489
t.,
340
85 men.
of 1.719
2.100
h.p..
848 t,
h.p.,
600
SIXTH TYPE
Kaiseradler,
'76, of
t.,
h.p..
716
600
99
DESPATCH -HOATS
t..
men; Nautilus,
'91, of
716
t..
600
h.p..
09 men; Pelikan,
1,700 5,400
2.360
t..
t.,
3.000
h.p.,
h.p..
'82,
of
t..
800 900
h.p.;
Wotus, of 600
t..
h.p.;
Zephyr,
320
of
250
h.p.;
Jagd,
'88,
each of 1,250
t.,
t.,
4,000
h.p.,
140 men;
'90,
t.,
Friedriclisort. of 67
of 190 t.
75
h.p.;
Swine, of 50
t.,
h.p.;
Rival,
2.350
h.p.,
250
h.p.;
Motlar, of 130
h.p.
946
t.,
4,500
h.p.,
115 men;
'93.
Komet,
2.003
t.,
'92. of
946
5,000
h.p..
6,000
h.p.,
108
TENTH TYPE
Fast steamers of the
AUXILIARY CRUISERS
in course of construction.
Hamburg
knots;
Bismarck, 8.874
t..
20 1
t.,
Palatia, 7,118
and.
t..
20
SEVENTH
Mars.
'85, '79,
t.,
TY-PE
t.,
TRAINING SHIPS
h.p.,
20 knots;
Augusta Viktoria,
Leihn,
3,333
2,000
7,071
t.,
19^ knots.
:
3,222
3,000
t.,
h.p.,
each of 2,856
2,500
h.p..
t.,
Gnei-
H)i,
t..
t.,
17 1 knots; Trove,
17-J knots;
5,262
17J knots;
17-|
Ems,
2,500
h.p.,
1.760
t.,
700
269
4,912
t.,
t.,
17J knots.
2.169
t.,
2,100
h.p..
German
in
Kiao-chau Bay
121
Captain.
Commanding
Admiral.
Assistant-Surgeon.
Naval Cadet.
Seaman
of the
Imperial Navy.
%<T,
"rfm^m
..*-**
Skirmish
of
a Landing Party of
Marines.
<'W
'-
1:
.>
at
Sea.
*
'
~'^^.-
c*nv
*=-
'
II.
III."
H.
"
Gefion.
H.
M. Armored Cruiser
Fiirst
Bismarck.
ttgntf
&
KIEL
of
Torpedo Boats.
H. M. Dispatch Boat
"
Wacht
"
"
Kaiserin Augusta."
H.
"
and "Irene"
at
Dover.
squadron of German fighting ships in battle formation. These vessels are of the older or predreadnought types
The
and largest German battle cruisers, having a displacement of 24,350 tons and a speed of damaged in the Battle of Jutland Bank as to require several months for repairs
133
(J-9
the war. September 22, 191-1, the power of the submarine was demonstrated when the German TJ-9 torpedoed and sank three British cruisers the Aboukir, Cressy, and llogue
SUBMARINE, U-14 This undersea boat has been active in sinking British ships since Germany has attempted a submarine blockade of England
GERMAN
134
THE KARLSRUHE
A
small
Gorman
effective
THE KONIGSBERG
After raiding English commerce, this up in the Rufiji River,
bottled
135
THE SCHABNIIOBST
The
flagship of the
German squadron that sank three British warships on November The Scliarnlwrst finally went down in a battle with a British fleet on December
1,
1914.
THE GNEISENAU
A
German armored
Chile and
cruiser that aided in the victory over a British squadron near the coast of went down with the Scliarnlwrst in the battle near the Falkland Islands
136
cruiser "Frauenlob," lost in the Battle of Jutland Bank. Such vessels were constantly employed by both British admirals, in keeping the capital ships in touch with the enemy, especially when fog and darkness increased
The
'"Ost-Friesland,"
German
battleship completed in 1911, a sister-ship of the "Oldenburg," the " Thuringen/ and the "Helgoland." Each of them carries twelve 12-inch guns
137
1914-1918
*0
An
officer in
138
'
p-ikM
Li
CUIRASSIERS
139
UULAN TRUMPETER
140
(1tsii.ker.
141
concealed.
From
More often telephone shelters are such points troops and artillery receive directions
to
men
of a Jager
Regiment
142
in
WW
143
WW
Jtf-r
.-
German
troops
fire
thru pipes at the French lines in the early part of the war.
*&W%-$i$te
**
German
troops on the way to the front lines, every carries two extra bandoliers of ammo.
man
144
Uniforms
of the
Landstrum
in
World
War
145
Men
Here
is
of the
Landsturm Off
to Fiht
a photograph showing men of the German Landsturm on their way to the fighting line, where they will fill a gap made The picture was made in Allenstein, where this unit of "Germany's reserve forces" enin the ranks of the regulars. trained for the front.
146
in
World
War
147
German
.-.
v."
in
Constantinople
into position
Antwerp
148
of
Wurttemberg Army
at the beginning of
WW
149
WW
German
soldier,
to
-^4
if
German
WW
151
mm
major
WW
size
152
cities
and fortresses
153
Battery No. 42
154
German Mountain
155
powerful
German
in
siege gun transported by the use of caterpillar wheels heavy guns that gave Germany easy victory over Belgian
It
forts
German aeroplane
guns,
mounted on
and
to
turntables.
required
156
Uniforms of the World War I machine gun troops Note the short trench knife on the soldier with the field glasses and the to help carry the machine gun on the other soldier
157
up a continuous
officer
who watches
158
first
World War
in
1914
Machine gun troops drag an 08/15 Spander machine gun. The gun mount was designed like a sled for easy dragging
159
First
company
160
in
WW
161
162
Bavarian Cavalry
Officer in a 1900
Parade Uniform
19th Regiment Ulkan from
Wurttemberg
in
1900
Prussian Hussar
Office] of
1
1900
in
Parade Uniform
Unter
Officer in the
163
J,
German
infantry at Tsing-tau, mounted on stocky Mongolian ponies. soldiers aided in the defense of Kiao-chau
These
large division of
German
cyclists on
one of the
muddy and
difficult
highways of Poland.
the armies
Throughout western
Russia,
164
"
UNIFORMS OF THE GERMAN AIRFORCE
IN
WORLD WAR
The early pusher type airplane was one of the earliest armed fighter planes. The propeller was in the rear to allow a machine gun to he placed in the front.
The Alhatros D. Va was one of Germany's best I fighter planes. Spandu machine guns and had a speed of llfi 1IPH
WW
It
carried 2
rnifi^
cu H ,i,w
'
as an
It
the
165
Flying
officers
uniforms of 1914
Flying
officers
uniforms of 1917
ZZ^&&L3^12$&f/Z,
and no man
is sent to the fighting line until he has passed exhaustive tests in handling various styles of machines. Captain Boelke, who was killed in an air duel, was the hero of the German aviation corps, having destroyed about 40 Allied machines on the Western front before being sent crashing to earth by a young British aviator.
166
Major
in the
Airship
officers in the
beginning of
WW
I,
1914
German
its
guardian Zeppelin
167
Jk
German
ing to take
German observers
in I aircraft had to brave the intense cold of the slip stream from the aircraft propellers.
WW
and blast
168
KMmiOU's BODY-GUARD
AUSTRIAN
169
i.--
YIELD CHASSEORS
170
'
>
%JW"
I'lir.AN
(uNE-YEAK YOLUSTEEKS)
VMtW
FIELD AUTU.I.KRV
171
AUSTRIAN INFANTRY
JAGKR OFFICERS
172
fcljrrnbrjrugnngen.
A Rumanian cavalryman.
When Rumania
all,
entered the war. she had about 600,000 men under arms
Archduke Karl Franz Joseph inspects some Austrian troops before they launch attack upon the Serbians.
173
ACCOUTREMENTS
174
^as Patkat
fces tEomiJIera.
SJatronenbebfllttr for
*acTf(t)ati)tel
jr
etn
SBaftfitbtuttl
8clljubet)8tbeutel.
Wliitii
SKcdjltr
S*u5
eBfi)rtf(r.i'
Writer Soil's
Huftragebfltftf
5lflfd)bud)(f
<MMma/L2&maia<y(s Qavzaaxi.
The above
illustrations
field
pack.
175
<zAv,
nuwuuu'i
GLpfi.eMciAviiuq
-3 J
&
Uioq <$iuvnxtt
3cuilfnht,
va/iwichxMOc
tUUAtw
fccxct.
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achiniid&k<mikA&vn,
JOKVUD,
The above
illustrations are reproduced from a 1914 soldiers hand book and explains various details of the military stance. It shows the correct position for Attention, Present Arms, and At Ease.
uniforms and
176
3af)ne:itud)
roeifj
^reufjijdje @arbe=
^tcuJ3iid)e ^inten-
gafjne.
gafjnentucb,
roeife.
Sa^fijche 3nfanterie=
3at)ne.
SBurttembcrg. 3n{antcries
gnfjnc.
The
Flag carrier of the Baden Grenadiers
make up
the
German Empire
The
illustration above
177
1914
t&r^
Tank Corps
Observer
Pilot
Navy
Pilot
Reconnaissance
Navy
Pilot (Coastal)
Navy Observer
Colonial Troops
Aircraft Gunner
178
HELMETS
Mecklenburg
Generate
Sachsen
Bayern
Generate, General- und Fliigel-Adjutartten
Generale
MWVWm0h
Wfirttemberg
Tropenhelme
Generale, General- und FIGgel-AdJutanten
Adjutantur
Grenadler-Reglmenter 112
und
Infatit.-Regt. 145
Pelzmutzen
179
Braunschweig
Dragoner-Regiment 9
Oldenburg
Artillerle, Ingenleur-
Hessen
Infanterie-
Veterinar-
Thtiringische Staaten
Infanterie-Regimenter 9395, 2. und 3. Bataillon Regiments 96 und Infanterie-Regiment 15
Baden
Grenadier-Regiment 109
180
und
I.
u. 2.
u.
Reltendes
I.
Garde-Regiment
Parade-Mtitze
Kiirassier-Re?imenter
5.
Garde -Regiment
181
Sharpshooters Badge
Submarine Service
Wound Badges
Army
Airship Badge
Issued to sailors
Issued to soldiers
wounded
in
combat
Wounded
in
combat
Stutnont
Dberleutnant
jut
6ce
Seutimnt
Oberlciihiant
Snubtmann
3Jtaior
Rank and
insignia of the
German Navy
in
WW
182
Hiite
SDliige
bee iUiilitarbcamten,
bic bcr
Softmt
iinijioii
niuR-
bic bet
Epaulettes
Brustschllde fiir Offlzlere der Gardes du Corps und Kurass Reglmenter I und 2
Sabeltaschen
H usaren-Of f Izlere
German
WW
officers
183
The pack saddle shown above had two belly bands and a large saddle bag on each side
The mounts
sabers
Mmm
pii -I
i
i
ffl
Numerous saber blades and hilt variations were found among the mounted troops, but the lion's head on the left was by far the most common.
Sabers were attached to the saddle as shown except when worn as part of a dress uniform.
184
German Army made wide use of these 11 MM single action revolvers. These large awkward weapons were replaced by the Luger pistol in 1908. Although the Luger was more difficult to manufacture, it was far superior in shooting and loading. Because of its fine shape and balance it was easier for
In the 1880's the
the novice to shoot accurately.
used
WW
The standard model 4" barrel Luger was the most widely German hand gun in
I.
The long barrel model with the shoulder stock was issued to machine gun troops and artillery troops.
right)
Although the Mauser pistol (shown on the was never officially adopted by the German Army, great numbers of them were used as a substitute standard side arm during
WW
I.
185
GERMAN MANNUCHERS
Mannlicher Rifles and Carbines were still in use in 1914 but were eventually replaced by the Gew 98 shown below
10.35
MM KAR
1871
basic infantry
weapons of
WW
186
RIFLES
1)
CAL.
1720-1782
1720-1782
18mm
PERCUSSION MUSKETS
M.1839
18.04mm 18.5mm
16.2mm
U/M
(Umgeaendertes Modell)
U/M
(Umgeaendertes Modell)
3)
RIFLED FLINTLOCK
M.1787 M.1798 M.1810
WEAPONS
16.9mm
18.05
15.00mm 14.6mm
(Potsdam Modell)
4)
14.
RIFLED PERCUSSION
WEAPONS
6mm
18.4mm
5)
M.1835 M.1839
(single shot, for
BREECHLOADERS
The
Plate
shows gun
fitted
The Light Maxim 08/15 German armies in the First World War was the 08/15 .Maxim. Above with water jacket and bipod mount and with the 125-round magazine attached.
German
late 1918
189
Uniforms
of the
German
Signal troops in
WW
190
5^.
>
;
in
WW
191
f
#
Uniforms of the German Airforce
Observer on the
left, pilot
in
WW
on the right
192
Artillery spotters in
WW
193
in
WW
194
Soldier's
duty
11,
November
is done 1918
195