Physics 212 Physics 212 yy

Lecture 20 Lecture 20
AC Circuits AC Circuits AC Circuits AC Circuits
Maximum currents & voltages Maximum currents & voltages
Phasors: A Simple Tool Phasors: A Simple Tool Phasors A Simple Tool Phasors A Simple Tool
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 1 1
Music
Who is the Artist? Who is the Artist?
A) A) Derek Trucks Band Derek Trucks Band A) A) Derek Trucks Band Derek Trucks Band
B) B) Robert Plant & Alison Kraus Robert Plant & Alison Kraus
C) C) CCR CCR
D) D) Emmylou Harris & Gregg Allman Emmylou Harris & Gregg Allman )) y gg y gg
E) E) Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin
Theme of the week Theme of the week
Bluegrass fiddlers (Mark OConnor, Alison Kraus) doing something different !! Bluegrass fiddlers (Mark OConnor, Alison Kraus) doing something different !!
Also: From todays Lecture Thoughts: Also: From today s Lecture Thoughts:
You should ALTERNATE your CURRENT music pattern and put up a song - sister
rosetta walks before us, preferably - from Raising Sand - please and thanks!
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 2 2
P.S. Did you know this is Alison Kraus hometown?
Your Comments Your Comments
I need more practice reading the I need more practice reading the phasor phasor I need more practice reading the I need more practice reading the phasor phasor
diagrams, and please explain what exactly is diagrams, and please explain what exactly is
meant by two elements being "in phase" or meant by two elements being "in phase" or
"out of phase." "out of phase."
Think about what the voltage across
each element is proportional to:
Q, I, dI/dt
C, R, L
This was rather confusing.... Can you please This was rather confusing.... Can you please
explain the explain the phasor phasor diagrams and a circuit with diagrams and a circuit with
all 3 elements (capacitors, inductors, and all 3 elements (capacitors, inductors, and
Absolutely Will Do ! Absolutely Will Do !
( p , , ( p , ,
resistors) in it? resistors) in it?
Where does Z come from? I don't understand Where does Z come from? I don't understand
how how wL wL and and wC wC could be related to each could be related to each
Impedance Triangle Impedance Triangle Phases !! Phases !!
Rotation of Rotation of Phasors Phasors Voltages at any time Voltages at any time
explain the check points!! I seem to be LAGGING behind the explain the check points!! I seem to be LAGGING behind the
l t l t b thi t th 90 d b thi t th 90 d
other... And the units are weird too.... other... And the units are weird too....
prelecture prelecture by something greater than 90 degrees. by something greater than 90 degrees.
I just finished the midterm 2 just in time for me to do more I just finished the midterm 2 just in time for me to do more
physics. Right now, I'm all "phased" out. physics. Right now, I'm all "phased" out.
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 3 3
05
Obvious Star Trek/ Obvious Star Trek/phasor phasor pun goes here pun goes here
Resistors
R
I = V I = V
RR
/R /R = = VV
max max
//RR sin( sin(eet) t)
cc = = VV
max max
sin( sin(eet) t)
Amplitude = Amplitude = VV
max max
//RR
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 4 4
Capacitors
Q CV Q CV CV CV i ( i ( t) t)
I = dQ/dt I = dQ/dt
Q = CV = Q = CV = CV CV
max max
sin( sin(eet) t)
C
I = I = VV
max max
eeCC cos( cos(eet) t)
cc = = VV
max max
sin( sin(eet) t)
Amplitude = Amplitude = VV
max max
//XX
CC
where where XX
CC
= = 11//eeCC
is like the resistance is like the resistance
of the capacitor of the capacitor of the capacitor of the capacitor
XX
CC
depends on depends on ee
90
o
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 5 5
Inductors
dI/dt V dI/dt V VV i ( i ( t) t) dI/dt = V dI/dt = V
LL
== VV
max max
sin( sin(eet) t)
L
I = I = -- VV
max max
//eeLL cos( cos(eet) t)
cc = = VV
max max
sin( sin(eet) t)
Amplitude = Amplitude = VV
max max
//XX
LL
where where XX
LL
= = eeLL
is like the resistance is like the resistance
of the inductor of the inductor of the inductor of the inductor
XX
LL
depends on depends on ee
90
o
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 6 6
RL ACT
An RL circuit is driven by an AC generator as shown in the An RL circuit is driven by an AC generator as shown in the
figure. figure.
XX LL
L
XX
LL
== eeLL
As e 0, so does X
L
R
As e 0,
resistance of circuit R
F h t d i i f F h t d i i f f th t ill th f th t ill th
R
current gets bigger
For what driving frequency For what driving frequency ee of the generator will the of the generator will the
current through the resistor be largest current through the resistor be largest
A) A) ee large large
B) Current through R doesnt depend on B) Current through R doesnt depend on ee
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 7 7
B) Current through R doesn t depend on B) Current through R doesn t depend on ee
C) C) ee small small
Summary Summary
R
II
max max
== VV
max max
/R /R
VV
RR
in phase with in phase with II
Because resistors are simple Because resistors are simple
C II
max max
== VV
max max
/X /X
CC
VV
CC
90 90
oo
behind behind II
XX
CC
= 1/ = 1/eeCC
Current comes first since it Current comes first since it
charges capacitor charges capacitor
Like a wire at high Like a wire at high ee
L
II
max max
== VV
max max
/X /X
LL VV
LL
90 90
oo
ahead of ahead of II
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 8 8
LL
XX
LL
= = eeLL
Opposite of capacitor Opposite of capacitor
Like a wire at low Like a wire at low ee
Makes sense to write everything in Makes sense to write everything in
Phasors make this Phasors make this
VV II XX
y g y g
terms of terms of II since this is the same since this is the same
everywhere in a one everywhere in a one--loop circuit: loop circuit:
II
max max
XX
LL
simple to see simple to see
VV
max max
== II
max max
XX
CC
VV 90 90
oo
behind behind II
VV
max max
== II
max max
XX
LL
L
C
II
max max
RR
VV 90 90
oo
ahead of ahead of II
R
II
max max
XX
CC
cc
max max
VV
max max
== II
max max
RR
VV in phase with in phase with II
Always looks the same. Always looks the same.
Only the lengths will Only the lengths will
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 9 9
Only the lengths will Only the lengths will
change change
Simulation from the Prelecture
The voltages still add up The voltages still add up
II
max max
XX
CC
C
II
max max
XX
LL
L
R
C
cc
max max
But now we are adding But now we are adding
vectors: vectors:
II
max max
XX
LL
II
max max
RR
R
II
max max
XX
LL
II
max max
RR
max max LL
cc
max max
II
max max
RR
II
max max
XX
LL
II
max max
XX
CC
II
max max
RR
cc
max max
II
max max
XX
CC
cc
max max
II
max max
XX
CC
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 10 10
max max CC
II
max max
XX
CC
Making this simpler Making this simpler
II
max max
XX
CC
C
II
max max
XX
LL
L
R
C
cc
max max
II
max max
XX
LL
II
max max
RR
R
II
max max
XX
LL
max max LL
cc
max max
II
max max
RR
max max
II
max max
RR
II
max max
XX
CC
II
max max
XX
CC
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 11 11
II
max max
XX
CC
max max CC
Making this simpler Making this simpler
II
max max
XX
CC
C
II
max max
XX
LL
L
R
C
cc
max max
II
max max
RR
R
II
max max
XX
LL
cc
max max
= = II
max max
ZZ
II
max max
RR
max max
max max
II
max max
(X (X
LL
--X X
CC
))
II
max max
RR
II
max max
XX
CC
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 12 12
max max CC
Making this simpler Making this simpler
II
max max
XX
CC
C
II
max max
XX
LL
L
R
C
cc
max max
II
max max
RR
R
cc
max max
= = II
max max
ZZ
II
m x m x
RR
max max
max max
II
max max
(X (X
LL
--X X
CC
))
II
max max
RR
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 13 13
Making this simpler Making this simpler
II
max max
XX
CC
C
II ZZ
II
max max
XX
LL
L
R
C
cc
max max
cc
max max
= = II
max max
ZZ
II
max max
(X (X
LL
--X X
CC
))
|
II
max max
RR
R
II
max max
RR
(X (X
LL
--X X
CC
))
|
RR
|
( ) |

= tan
L C
X X
Impedance Triangle Impedance Triangle
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 14 14
( ) | = tan
R
Summary: Summary:
II
max max
XX
CC
C
VV
Cmax Cmax
= = II
max max
XX
CC
VV
Lmax Lmax
= = II
max max
XX
LL
II
max max
XX
LL
L
R
C
cc
max max
cc
max max
= = II
max max
ZZ
VV
Rmax Rmax
= = II
max max
RR
II
max max
RR
R
II
max max
== cc
max max
/ Z / Z
max max
max max
((XX
LL
--X X
CC
))
|
( )
2
2
L C
Z R X X = +
RR
|
( ) |

= tan
L C
X X
R
( )
L C
Z R X X +
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 15 15
R
Example: RL Circuit X Example: RL Circuit X
cc
=0 =0
L
II
max max
XX
LL
cc
R
II RR
cc
max max
II
max max
RR
II
max max
XX
LL
RR
cc
max max
II
max max
RR
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 16 16
CheckPoint 1a CheckPoint 1a
Draw Voltage Phasors
II
max max
XX
LL
cc
max max
RR
60
A
B
II
max max
RR
20
30
40
50
C
I lags V for the inductor by 90-and V(resistor) is IR, that
means that the voltage across the resistor lags the
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 17 17
0
10
generator voltage
The generator is always in phase with resistors.
CheckPoint 1b
Draw Voltage Phasors
II
max max
XX
LL
cc
max max
RR
60
A
II
max max
RR
20
30
40
50
B
C
The voltages across the resistor and the inductor are always 90
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 18 18
0
10 degrees out of phase.
As we saw from the pre-lecture, the voltage across the inductor
is again always in phase with the generator.
CheckPoint 1c
The CURRENT is THE CURRENT
II
max max
XX
LL
cc
max max
RR
|
II
max max
RR
A
B
| is the phase between
generator and current
|
20
30
40
B
C
D
The same current passes through the resistor and the inductor.
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 19 19
0
10
The current through the resistor and inductor will always be 90
degrees, since the voltage across the resistor and inductor is
always in phase.
CheckPoint 2a CheckPoint 2a
A
B
C
20
30
40
What does the voltage
phasor diagram look
lik h th t
IR
c
IR
c
IX
L
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 20 20
0
10
like when the current
is a maximum?
IX
c IX
L
IX
c
CheckPoint 2b CheckPoint 2b
A
B
C
I
X
c
IR
c
IX
L
20
30
40
What does the voltage
phasor diagram look
lik h th it
I
R
c
IX
c
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 21 21
0
10
like when the capacitor
is fully charged?
c
I
X
L
CheckPoint 2c CheckPoint 2c
I
X
c
IR
c
IX
L
A
B
C
20
30
40
50
What does the voltage
phasor diagram look
lik h th lt
I
R
c
IX
c
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 22 22
0
10
20
like when the voltage
across capacitor is at
its positive maximum?
c
I
X
L
Calculation Calculation
CC
Consider the harmonically driven series LCR circuit shown.
V 100 V
RR
LL
VV
~~
V
max
= 100 V
I
max
= 2 mA
V
Cmax
= 113 V
The current leads generator voltage by 45
o
RR The current leads generator voltage by 45
L and R are unknown.
What is X
L
, the reactance of the inductor, at this frequency?
Conceptual Analysis
The maximum voltage for each component is related to its
reactance and to the maximum current.
The impedance triangle determines the relationship between the
maximum voltages for the components
S i A l i Strategic Analysis
Use V
max
and I
max
to determine Z
Use impedance triangle to determine R
Use V and impedance triangle to
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 23 23
Use V
Cmax
and impedance triangle to
determine X
L
Calculation Calculation
Consider the harmonically driven series LCR circuit shown.
V 100 V
CC
V
max
= 100 V
I
max
= 2 mA
V
Cmax
= 113 V
The current leads generator voltage by 45
o
RR
LL
VV
~~
The current leads generator voltage by 45
L and R are unknown.
What is X
L
, the reactance of the inductor, at this frequency?
RR
Compare X
L
and X
C
at this frequency:
(A) X
L
< X
C
(B) X
L
= X
C
(C) X
L
> X
C
(D) Not enough information
This information is determined from the phase
Current leads voltage
IR IR
V
L
= I
max
X
L
V = I X
V
R
(phase of current)
V
L
VV
45
o
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 24 24
V
C
= I
max
X
C
V
C
V leads leads
Calculation Calculation
CC
Consider the harmonically driven series LCR circuit shown.
V 100 V
RR
LL
VV
~~
V
max
= 100 V
I
max
= 2 mA
V
Cmax
= 113 V
The current leads generator voltage by 45
o
RR The current leads generator voltage by 45
L and R are unknown.
What is X
L
, the reactance of the inductor, at this frequency?
What is Z, the total impedance of the circuit?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
35 4 kO
50 kO
21 1 kO
70 7 kO
(A) (B) (C) (D)
max
100
50 = = = O
V V
Z k
35.4 kO
50 kO
21.1 kO
70.7 kO
max
2 I mA
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 25 25
Calculation Calculation
CC
Consider the harmonically driven series LCR circuit shown.
V 100 V
RR
LL
VV
~~
V
max
= 100 V
I
max
= 2 mA
V
Cmax
= 113 V
The current leads generator voltage by 45
o
RR The current leads generator voltage by 45
L and R are unknown.
What is X
L
, the reactance of the inductor, at this frequency?
Z = 50kO
sin(45)=.707
What is R?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
( )
cos(45)=.707
35.4 kO
50 kO 21.1 kO
70.7 kO
R
Determined from impedance triangle
RR
cos(45) =
R
Z
RR
Z=50kO
(X (X
CC
--X X
LL
))
45
o
= 50 kO x 0.707
35 4 k
R = Z cos(45
o
)
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 26 26
= 35.4 kO
Calculation Calculation
CC
Consider the harmonically driven series LCR circuit shown.
V 100 V
RR
LL
VV
~~
V
max
= 100 V
I
max
= 2 mA
V
Cmax
= 113 V
The current leads generator voltage by 45
o
RR The current leads generator voltage by 45
L and R are unknown.
What is X
L
, the reactance of the inductor, at this frequency?
Z = 50kO
R = 35.4kO
(A) (B) (C) (D)
R 35.4kO
35.4 kO
50 kO 21.1 kO
70.7 kO
RR
We start with the
impedance triangle:
1 45 tan = =

R
X X
L C
What is X ?
X
L
= X
C
- R
ZZ
(X (X
CC
--X X
LL
))
45
o
What is X
C
?
V
Cmax
= I
max
X
C
Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 20, Slide 27 27
O = = k X
C
5 . 56
2
113
X
L
= 56.5 kO 35.4 kO