/

lAA/V

( *

& 6 4 ^"4 S5& *H

V
ft-

!*9*y
G&t

)999 f

317.

too.

ERRORS
:

Yarra Satyanarayana,
Edition
:

B.Sc., B.Ei

1997.

January, 1997.
All rights re&erved by
:

Janapriya Publications* TenalL

Price
:

&

16-00.

Rs.
L.

16-00
:

Cover Design
Vijayawada-2,
Printed at
:

Ramesh Babu,

Keerthi Printers,

Ganapatbirao
003.

Street,

Vijayawada-520 003.

Cover Printers
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Tiruthangal-626 130

For Copies

JANAPRIYA PUBLICATIONS,
Agnikula Kshatrit^ula vari Street IJ, Ganganamma Fet, TENA LI. 522 201.

sioA

sS6('e?Sb

^"16"

esxsbg

B.Sc., B.Ed*

23*
Ex.No.
I] j2)a**sS5" (since-

(CONTENTS)
Ex.No
9
30] Preposition 31] Pronoun
e>8

for j

3] (Sacred books-The)

15 16
18

32] Than-to

70 72

4] Present Indefinite)

33] Articles

74

34] Synthecis

75

5] icfc(Umversal fact)
6]
otfcSsJ) sStfsio

19

7]

Verb (invent-

?7 35] Adverbs 36] Unnecessory words 78

37] Verb-(tense)
38] Tense

79
since 81

8]

Wrong

discover) 20 21 words

& Conj.

10]

22 9] Preposition (at-in) Verb- tense (s*osb) 23

25
26

39]

U-subjuncitve mood

82

40] Date
41] Above-over

85
86
42
91

11] etftfftsStftia

12]

Verb

(shall-will)

words 13] Unnecessory

14]
(relative) tense 15] Verb (se3S&)
16]

27

42] Articles (a, an) 43 J N. C. (possessive) 44]

Noun-number

93

Pronoun

28
30

45] Infinitive

95

Noun-Number

32
35

17]

Among beteen

46] Verb(drowned-sank) 96 98 47] Verb-tense

18] Preposition (in-to)

39

48]

Compound Noun

99
100
102

19] Preposition(with-hy)40

Verb (number) 21' Verb-noun 22 Articles- Zero

20]
;

23 24
25]
26!

Verb-tense Verb-Subject

43 46 48 50
51

49] Verb 50] Verb

102 51] Narration Punctuation Marks 104 52]

Verb-wprng word
Preposit ion-adverb

55 57

53] Voice^P. Indefinite) 105 106 54] Noun number 55]

27 Verb-tense 28] Noun-Case

29] Articles (the>

60

D. of Comparison 108
110

62
65

56] Articles
57]

"KEY"

111-112

j s\ff /V V*i jV v-V ."WW >' v'

a^ V W.W
v,.

9
v"v

COMMON' ERRORS
Example No.
He He
;

has been living here since two years.

has been living here for two years,

SPrrSi 3o&*bo'a-?
for)

Preposition (sinceM

(Explanation)
e?Sn-

<4
:

Sioce

(^cd)

^^

tf^&osb DS

point

of

time (Examples
1992

10-40 A.M.,

Monday,
of

last

Friday,

period
three,

time
ten

(^Examples
years

ten

minutes,

six hours:

days,

^tfefttfs)&
e>5??

l^^siS &s$<p
period of time

Ad*C&x fe'&S
SSo<&

sjejoe3
&>&>

Soii^sfia^

"Since*'

sS^b&

A-SSpftotf odS>.

"For

"Since

9*

is

is

pozwr >/ rfme .{aesi used for a period of time

used for

POINT
ce

of time

PERIOD 'of

time

morning

Far (the past) tea minutes

For seven hours

(last)

Monday

/ /ice

October

Fur three days

For (the

1992

last)

few days

(1992 sS sSosS^tf&i &o6) then (or he was 12)

For three weeks

his marriage

For (the

last)

many weeks

she

left

college

For eight -years'

S/H<?

the Second world

war

For (the past) one year

I retired

For a long time

Since the Middle Ages

For years (days, ages

etc,)

I]

"Since*

from some
the past
SesjA)*'
till

definite point of time in

fegg'.tfs&d!fe6i
c&>ofi
aj'tf^tf

now

(KtfSaflr"'

2] ."For" e$&

.sSiS'&oSS^

-B-iSa
s*

"a

length

of

time

till

now

ssS

sSesSi

KQ

1]

tf^
e,sSjy

We We
I

have been waiting here since a long time have been waiting here for a long time.
since,

2]

tfsSy

have been suffering from fever

week.
a,s$y
:

have been suffering from fever

f<*r

a week.

3]

rfsSjy

The door r bell has been ringing since the past

ten minutes.

a,s5y

The door-bell has been ringing for

ten minutes,

the past

4]

tfsSjy

John
years;

has been

working

here

since

many

John has been working here for many years.

I

have not met. her since ihree years.

have not met her for three years.

the following sentences

EXERCISE-!: Correct
ssory
1]
:

if

nece-

The baby has been sleeping ever

hour.

since almost half an

2]
3]

She has baen watching the Television for two hours.

The O.N.G.C. has been

They have been playing
I

drilling since six weeks,

4]
5]

6]

7}

at cards since morning. have been trying to learn Tamil since 1989. It has been raining since six hours. I have been studying hard since six O* clock.

12

8]

9] 10]

She has been writing letters since 9 O' clock this morning, I have bees working In this college since 1988* He has been frying -a kite sfcee seven hours*

WORK

SHEET

1b

5]

Results:

Marks
.

Example
amn
f

I
I

am am

a teacher,

t I ?
I ?

a teacher, aren't

c?s>-

S)

Question tags
'

(am -

are)

n
(Explanation)
:

Tag Question" .eo&r-a/ &a3 "Question Tag

es>

?v?V

"Tarl Questior?:*' ^an-a,

'

"Confirmative Qaes'

tson'"*

'eiDiTh)-

^e

"Disjunctive Question'*

e^ TS
;

S5^s5

"Question Tags'*
sation^T
8

QgjgrP 73S)o ?

English conver-

Statement
rabteSb'S

(d'

I (speaker)
1

S)

"Question Tags*

EXAMPLES
i]

She plucked a few

roses,

'-dfrfttV 5//e ?

(^'So

2]

You

can't run fifty kilometers

an hour, Canyon?

50

Question

Tags

3o&
esTa
.

"So&s
"S&tfeS

^^e&oeo

f*s>$i.

"She

plucked a
S

lev/ roses"

o?K&
-

e'a'S'o'^eB
?ffsiB

s?gsio she?- o'Sa.'&oa "Tag" e>c&r&.

.&S)S

"Statement

soto&.'.'3orfsS

"didn't.

sj.

e*tf

Tag

&

Statement

vteSei

S5^S-'.e
v

Statemert
Statement

(5^
tion

s?^gSxo"?v

& .&&o&.

sSr6?5to gD^cO?ScSr.... es^

s-js's5:3

g&. Ques-

Tags

Oo^eis&o.r*

Main Verbs

s^iFSeS). helping verbs

14

QUESTION TAG
1]

Question Tag

*s*sfc*'

rt>&

(,)3

- Statement

21

$a small
Statement

letter
fl*S

-,
*

3]

verb S number, tenseo*

Seres-

Question Tag S^S helping verb

(sStfeS&o) a^S5,
es^S

es*S

Number

tense (jro&i)
:

^& Aocro.
cScdb 1st
-'.

2]
"Are*

?&&

5^625)
esooocS

Tag question
l

person, Singular Subject

&6>s5;yefo-

am'c5Dr?^....

part

(^r)-J ^

'a'

sSB- SeosSfifc....

"r" es>& esSSsS

silent
ff

3, atfjaosSerfeSow) r?

6cdo5.
I

5f&^ "aren't
(oofi" sa)

Question Tag S^tfes^brp "a an't

Question Tags

4]
1]

^^>
e,tfy

':

21 J

^^NJ eJ
e,s$>>
'oJ
'

I
I
I

:
-

3]

#sS\i

am am am am am am

a a

girl,

amn't
are

girl,

n 't I?
I ?

a fool, amn't
.

a fool, flf^n't I?

(S&
I ?

s^efieS; s-efir-V J 3) P)

a student, amn't
a student, Qre n't

(3&

3n*g63;
yfip.

?)-

I?

15
I

4]

rfsfy

am

a driver, amn't I

ani a driver.

re

n 't

I ?

5]

sTa^
8-5S\>

I
1

.:

am am

boy amn't
5

I ?

(^<^

&&&;

s^fiSr

?)

a boy, arerft
the
:

I?(^&

s?eo*; S^CSP?)

EXERCISE-2,: Correct
1]

following
I ?

sentences

if

2]
3]

4]
5]

6]

am am I am I am a tailor, amn't I ? I am a clerk, am I? I am a president, aren't I

I
I

necessary a shopkeeper, aren't a lecturer, are I ? a postman, aren't I ?

Work

Sheet

g ^^gg^^D

artfg&e&

2] ...;..... 3]
........ ...

4].....

5]
6]..... ........... .

Results

Marks

Example No- 3
:

Mahabharata

is

more
is
' '

interesting than

Ramayana

(^sjy)

The Mababharata

more

interesting than the

Ramayana

^^-Sw

Mahabharata

&5<sfo

Ratnayana

e>

Articles

(a,

&

'

The"-.

. .

(Well known or Sacred books) Definite articled rfsjjj^

"Mahabliarata** &5c$&
(cl*ssics)>1tf
sSasfifc

1>5

&>G&

"The

"Ramayana
Articles
?Sb

aercd

tie"

5&

Defiaite article

<^>*

""

!]

tfs^a

Bible

is

a sacrad book for Christians.

is

e,sS^

The Bible

a sacred bc>ok fot Christians.

2]

g$v
a^i

Quraa

is.

read by the Muslims.

is

r&e Quran

read by the Muslims.

Example
smelling good
fa,

No,.: 4

7fce

soap

is

Tie soup smells good,

^ww M ^9Aw
smells ??

s-sgaoBo-w verb
....

Q^COD^.

"is

.j5*MS5& So^Sooa

? Verb

(tense)

continuous tenses

y&S" ^
showing
a

relationship

or

state

of being

1]

be (a)s=:Acfc;- 2] have
sfc,
5
:

ftdfcps^Cb, tfOAtffecS^Ss 3]

own
0ft

Adfeoodfe,
;

4] possess (fifSB)
&x>)

to 5] belong

(aro/T

= 3o&c3feo^);
remain

6]

Con-

tain

^io2>jT)='S6dtooab t

Sea'dSootfa: 7]

SfcAcfoQ&; 8] Cost (^S)r:>&is^ S^i^cfe.

Vsrbs show feer&ngs

believe (fibs') = &&$, b^ftoib; 2] disbelieye(&S

o'SSpo^; 3] desire (&S

like (aS"Sf")i.^SxoeSb; 5]

5"

j-^co, el&oefi;
t>

4] dis-

doubt (5

fir)zxe>&S&*S)oi3b > rfo^

SroSb; 6] forget (^6"7ii5")s&e3OS*^; 7] hate (trff)ss'

"S^SxoiSb,
>;.

= 8] hope (sS^*S) ^bi3b, 5?^oC&;

=
&2pwt3b;
")

9] iina-

gine (arsSraJT)
(K5r>o^;

10)

Know (**)= "^O^r^,

12] love
aefrj;

H] bke (3
13] Prefer

Q.gsSfo;

(1b>o&;
-

^&$5~) -($*&$$$

(oS) = 14] remem(s

bcr' (6 Saobff)
b,

rfefib;

15] suppose .^oifibPsSb; 16] understand (eso^f^o

18]

r,

17]
5 ;

want (p?odS")-= ^^f>;

wish

need

(S)5")

-9]

(OB)^^*;
5?o)ot2C);

20] agree (^(ft)

esoA'

consider 21] think '(ftoi")=sefl*0oi6 f &s5ro^; 22]

A^Snoifi,

23] notice

(^^Sj

24] recognise (6^2^^)== >Jo^j 25] appear

18

,26]

forgive

27] trnst'^DsSSAcg; 28] desire

fuse

(&3S>:r*&;

29] re-

(s^r^)

dtfSj.60*;-' 30] cjiffer

1]

sS^
a,^\j

I
I

ani

knowing how to play the piano.

fcjKw'hbw to play the. piano.

is

2]

tfsS\j

.-She
:

loving music
music.
is

''iwSy

She

/<?v^5

3]

^^
&^y

My
I

friend

hating cockroaches.

.My friend -hates .cockroaches.

4]

^^y
sis5\s
:

am

tb inking

he

is

honest.

*1
'

think

he

is

honest,

5] a^sS^

The

-kettle is feeling hot.

The

kettle feels hot.

Example No.
east,-

The sua
'he

will rise in the east.

sun rises in the

...
"will rise"

tense
rises??

'jSoiSb

&&. Verbt^

&a,

fboa? verb (tense)!

>r

^obD^^
(Universal

^&

spgs
fact)

truth -or

19

truth or fact) e>& 2S<fg&> (Universal

Future Indefinite tense S5$g" s5&>) (j^sSrsSg present continuous tense o& r?^ "Present Indefinite

11

(X )
(//)

The earth

moving round the Sun. The earth moves round the Sun.
is

2]

(x)
(*/)

So'und

is

travelling at 330 metres per second:

Sound

travels at 330

metres per second.

'
.

3]

(x): The
(*/)
:

sun will set in the west

sets in the west
-

The sun

4]

(x) (W)
(x)

The moon The moon

will shine

by

night.

shines by

night.

5]

Ice will melt at O' Centigrade..

Ice melts at O' Centigrade.

Example No.
Bhavani
Bhavani
is

my

cousin
cousin,
:

sister,

is

my

*'s

srSgsfcff*

"Cousin

sister"

"Cousin

tf

*sister

e&
;

s5^sS^> ^oAot^D.
i?&> sS^sSo

SSStf.n sister"

"Cousin (steST

(SS^^S "brother,

"Cousins
Bhavani
is

my Cousin"

eSr?....
sister

"Cousin"
sJoiS

&3

tftfsb *tffflrAic5

^635^^ brother,

1]

(x)
(w)
x)

Hari
Hari

i>>

my

cousin brother.
Cousin,
is

is

my

2] (

Rajeswari
Rajeswari

my
my

Cousin
Cousin,

sister.

(*/)

is

Example No.

America was invented by Columbus.

America was discovered by Columbus.

(x)
( *J )

Saa|S

*&o
fr

r^s

s?rg s^^D verb

w

eowsS

was in

vented" es&_sStf2ae)JS)

was discovered'^ Srdy>fli6a.

?

5K'sSS&'aoa&)oa

Verb*

discover

"invent

21

1]

(x)
(*/)

North pole was invented by Robert Peary. North>pole was discovered by Robert Peary.
Sea route to
de gama.
India

2]

(x)

was

invented by Vasco-

(N/)

Sea route

to

India was discovered by Vasco-

de-gama.
3]

(x) (V)
(x)

Television was discovered

Television

by
J.

J. L.

Baird.

was

invented

by

L. Baird.

4]

Sholes discovered Type, Writer.

Sholes invented Type-Writer,

Example NoThere
There
is is

;
.

no place in no room in

this train to. sit.

(x)

this train to

sit.

place

Wrong words
'

Ssb.
VJ

es

eft.!

M
'place

'

e>&

.sScssb?6

sSpj

60

"room"
"i-oom
M
ft

room

ff

"room*!

1] (

x)

There
There

is

no place

to sit in the bus.

sit

(V)
2] (x.)

is

no -room td

in the bus.

You h^ve no
ment.

place to stand in the Compart-

(VY: You have no room / \

<

to stand
.

in
.

the

Compart -

ment.
3]

(x)
(V)

When my
When

uncle

entered

the

compartment

there was no place for him.

.-

my uncle

entered

the

compartment

there was

no room for him.

'

.Example No.
My

9
(x)
(A/)
district.

brother lives in Kuchipudi-at Guntur Dfstrict

My

brother lives at .Kuchipudi

-

-in

Guntur

SSaasS S*^Sw V &$$&>$&

K

s$oo<&

'in

Kuchi/in

pudi'ss -at Kucbipudi'rrSo,

at

Guntur

district'?)

G.untur District' r

'

23

3o&*boO?.
'
'

Preposition

(at-in)

'.

.-

SStfsa-

O^

atf

.^rrsSbsiao,

at"

&

Prepositions*
w
Q5)&

^>

^"SfsSaoo

"fi^sSx>o^>

"in

preposition^)

(x)
(*/)

He works He works

in Kanigiri at at Kanigiri in in
/

Ongole Ongole

district
district.

2]

(x)
,(J}

She was born

She was born

Tsunduru, a village at A. P.
Tsunduru, a village
V

A,P r

3]

(x)
(N/)

4]

(x) ':'
(N/)
:

We We We
We
She

lodged in lodged
shall
fl/

Manor ama Hotel

at Vijayawada.

Manorama
in

Hotel in Vijayawada.
-^

meet David

the

Town Town
at

Hall this

evening.
shall

meet David

t*l.

the

Hall this

^evening.

5]"(x)
(<s/)

lives in
lives at
.

Chandini
Chandini-

Chowk Chowk
:

Delbi.

She

tn DelfaL
'

a,

.'''''
10
saree if

..'.-Example No.
I will give

"...

y
your

you

my
.'

you

will give

nie

necklace.
I will give
lace.

(x)
saree Jf you
.-;.'

you my

.jgiv*

me your neck-

24
>

'if

-clause's*

'Future tense verb

will

give)'& present Indefinite

'

verb (give)r? .s&'S^f.TBDSa.

f(&9iStfb 3ottdifbo& ? Verb-tense.

Conditional Sentence ^odb^%

eS
.

iSo^b

Clauses

JSo(S>

3G^)3r*6
CO

Future,

tensed ^sSSrAoiSSirrfdb.

S'q?5gs;5x>rj'

Cond4tional Clause

present Indefinite ^ensetib

1]

(x)
*/)

If

you

will invite
*

me,

I will

come.*

tf y

ttv

le toe I will (

come.

2]

(x);
(y)
:

If the rain will stop,

we'll be able to go for

a walk.
If the rain stops,

we'll be

able

to go for

walk.
3] (

x)

If 1 shall have time,

If I have time,
I

I shall

come

to you.

:(*/)

shall

come

to you.

4]
1

(x)
(*/ )

If yfcu .will
If

meet her, she

will

be happy.

,;

you meet

her, she will be happy,

5]

(x) :I
>

shall .buy

an umbrella

if

the rains will

continue.
I shall

(^)

buy an umbrella
Correct
necessary
the
:.

if

the rains Continue..

sentences

EXERCISE- 3:
1]
If I shall
If

following

if

have time,

I will

come

to you^

2]

You

will get the details, if

you see him.

5*&T At&^y

25
the letter, I shall post
it

3] If you give

me

for you.

4]
5]

If

it

rains, I shall stay at

home.
I will

If I shall

make a promise,

keep it

wonderful thing if you will come here, 6] You see a 7] If you will drop the cup, it breaks. 8] Unless you pass the test, you won't be selected.
9] Unless
10]

What

you hurry, you will miss the train. shall I do if he will fail to come.
Wj3Stfff*0
srf|SSoS>-

WORKSHEET: ^

2]
3].-

<]

5]

6]

Results

e??!$sfc>&

Xjp agfcSS

>&$,

ess?eo&
!

*oa

Marks

Example, No-

II

The principal entered into the class-room. Vhe principal entered the class-room.

(x)

26

"into

(#*>)"

e$& preposition

? Preposition,

enter**

cSr?,,..

"go into (e*0

Sssnto)"

$S)

esgsSa

into

"enter into" e>^a

&$ idiom

(e*Sc&>s&>)

^feot>.... "take, part in

enter into an agreement.

(&<&).**

ACTII

:'we

1]

(x) (^)
(x)
(*/)

The mob entered into the University Campus. The mob entered the University Campus.
The dog entered into the meeting-hall. The dog entered the meeting-hall.
She has entered that firm as a partner. She has entered into that firm as a partner.
She entered conversation with him,
into conversation with him.

2]

3]

(x)
(*/)

4] (

x)

She entered

Example NoWill
I

12

close the

Shall

I close

Window ? the Window ?

:

(x )
(*/)
a oeaeo
aritsb'-ff* 'will*

S55SS SHUta o
iary verb (3;j*a&g

&

e&

Auxil-

^Sd!fe)5Si

*5*/r e^& Auxiliary

verb

27
S)

3Tw;$So 3o&lfoa
'1st

? Verb (shall,

will).

aSCf s
ness (sSsSgd)
Acrfcp&.

(tfr^ s3-gSfc>Qo&
es>8i3rdS>sS&
&sS<Srftot;S

person's* willingwill&>
AsSfflr*

$&

*&&&*

&3*tfes25bosT
j^cs&)fib

shall'

e9& auxiliary

verb

(cS3<5S>

^(^"So d^SrAoJoS3cS5.
srigtfaesa)
c5o<&

Interrogative Sentences '(l?*^

=AoS&

shall,

willo&

person^ od CD

eso'Ss*^.,..

Statements (SrsSyS
"i^o^^so
a.^

s5^

certainity

or forced

persons^

Ex.

auxiliary (shall or will) verbsfc I shall not I will you will not you shall.

We shall not we will he

^

will not

he

shall,

1]

(x)
(*y)

Will I buy a television?

Shall I
Shall

buy a

television ?

2] (x)

you be able

to visit us
visit

tomorrow

Will you be able to

us

tomorrow?

ExampleNo.
He He

13

was elected as Secretary of the Committee was elected Secretary of the Committee

(x)

? Unnecessory

words.

28
as

verbs

(jjd&eo)*

frS$<3r>ftotfs&'tf<2>.

e>

a&sSn"

l]

elect

(a3jr)=a&^r&; 2] appoint 3] make (&) = ScsSs; 4] Name

;

5]

(s*")s &;&; 6] nominate &d&&q&; 7] crown ((r^scr'epa

call

Stffc;

8] choose

1]

2]

3]

We appointed him as manager. (>/) We appointed him manager, (x) We choose Mr. Brown as Chairman. We choose Mr. Brown Chairman. (*/) (x) We called them as Cowards, (J) We called them Cowards.
(x)
:

4]

x)

They made him as Captain of the team. They made him Captain of 'the team.

Example No.
Mahatma Gandhi
is fit
is

14
everyone thinks

the person

whom

to receive the Bharata

Ratna Award posthumously,

(x)
Mahatma Gandhi
fit to receive the
is

the person

Who

everyone thinks

is

Bharata Ratna Award posthumously.

c-o
clause

29
>

9 *tf&a3S&
r

3o&&oa

Pronoun

(relative).
SDSStfe*
:

Q&

relative
&*

pronoun^ SoooSoO
#&SF

<$es$eS
?

"mistake person

tftfsb
sS

who srser

'whom* s?ae7
analyse ^^sio

?
!

&3
is

Mahatma Gandhi

the person
is fit

he (everyone thinks)

to receive the Bharata Ratna

Award posthumously
he" S^sS^c^ ^5S
8

relative

pronoun
w

^^
he

'he

'him

- Srf/T,
,,

*Atf'

relative

pro-

'him

>SsS,
<D

object

x)

i I

know

the
the

(*/)

know

man whom man Who is

is

going on the road.

going on the road.

me the name of the boy who you want 2] ( x ) :"Tell

to see.
:

Tell

me

the
.''

name of
'

the boy
.*

whom you want

';

to- see.

:"..

30

Example NoI

15

have received your

your

letter yesterday.

(x)
verb

I received

letter yesterday.

cSBaajS
*have received
1

*;&o

c?g&>3*3

&

"received"*?

?
'tense

verb-tense.

(s*esfc>S&y tfoao
ff

"yesterday (S)tf^) . g&g....

past Indefinite tensed
sSS)IS5

<s>& sStf sSbo

as|&
tense*

gfc^iS

BssSs^oKicS^....

s&^b

'present

perfect
5$$>S

I^c6^&
last

yesterday,

time phrase (^esSo^ "osS) ten hours ago Monday,

tftf

da

'y
.&tff)
%.-

verb

(|8d&)

*past

Indefinite

<"&

s&ddftD

time phrase
4

verb

({d&)cfo

present
OSiD ofi

perfect tense* ^*&sscs?D. esSr?.... time phrase tenseSs

Ob

1]

(x)
(*y)

We have finished the work six hours We finished the work six hours ago.
They have
killed a

ago,

2]

3]

(x) ( *O ( x)

snake yesterday,

They killed a snake yesterday. Our uncle has arrived here half an hour ago. Our uncle arrived here half an hour ago.

31

(x) I have played tennis with her last evening. (*/):! played tennis with her last evening. She has returned from Madras last week. 5] (x) She returned from Madras last week. (*/)
4]
: : :

6]

(x) (W)
(*y)

have passed theS.S.C. Examination in 1987.

passed the S.S.C. Examination in 1987.
left ten

7] (x)

The bus has The bus left

minutes ago.

ten minutes ago.

8] (x)

Gandhiji has gone to London after his matriculation.

(V)
9]

Gandhi ji went
lation.

to

London

after

his

matricu-

(x)

nave bought Madras.

I

this Television

when

was

in

(*/):! bought this Television when I was in Madras. I have joined this convent in 1989. 10] ( x )
:

joined this convent in

Correct
the

1989,

EXERCISE- 4:

following

sentences

if

necessary ; I have seen the Taj Mahal last year l]

2]
3]

have gone to the Public Library yesterday

Iras

Madhuri

returned

from Calcutta

last

week

4] I have written to the publishers yesterday

5]

We

have gone to

the pictures

last night

32
6] She has returned the two books to the Library last
'

Monday
7]

He

lias

written a letter to

his father

last

evening

(lie'jSa

srd&oi*c5).

8]

We

have received her letter a month ago (&S "So

S.

9]

The President of the U.

1978 (1978
tf

A, has visited India in

JSosS^tfs&e*).

1986' 10] Parameswari has studied in our school during

1987

(1986-1987
:

StogSo^Ss&S'*).
p

Work
I]'.

Sheet

Tb

9?g&fc>S *S srSgSiaoap-wtfsStfJs

2].
3]

4]
5]

6] 7]

Results:

s?Sg^aS&

sSrS"^

^^ Marks
:

Example No.
My My
spectacles

16

was broken
broken

(*}

spectacles wer

5 ]

SP-SiS"

aitfflTj

33

Qtf es

verb

5*3 s&S^a.
verb
gular

3-

jSsSsSbotfSo

sjfi>

"Noun

dfcoS^AoSbtoS^S) S^Sfc"*) SsS^Sa^Sb. past tense

(^flctib)'-

^
f

(r#3*osfc>)*&, Sin
^sS^
es>c6r?

number
&JDJD

(S>

^tfSsia)^*c&

Ac6^odSbS....

plural

number

'wer

Noun-

number,
j$ (Subject) Singular
>....

num-

verb s^o- Singular

number^
plural

plural
dron-0.

number^
s&SSo

&o"&,... verb S5rz3

siO^cS s^^gsSoa^
"Sotfb

Spectacles
"Sodfo
e

^tfjgcp&,"!
a,

e$>&&>exp

&o^b&

oSoc$

plural

number
plural
'So^b

verbs
b^c^- Singular
plural numberrs-&

SCPCT

numberr?&
1

^r

sSe^eS^ ^.... ecy7? ^^jge5

^^Soo
e-g

gp^oggo Spectacles
tf

sS&^) ^c?

aWdboff 1

"Sofib

cr?

^oi&sSS)

&^$)S sS^2pSa.
grtf frr

tf&i-....

* ^sSo& plural
:

numbers

5?DoO,

Spectacles ^itfjgae,
tacles.

tfjj*<)

a pair of

spec-

34

2]

Scissors

(g Jtf,

$Jtf*a ^3o&

irK-S&ito)

a pair

of
3]

scissors,
(

binoculars

sr* joS"^;
:

tfrtfs&n*

AcS^srtfS)

aWtotS .sSMtftfa)
f

a pair of binoculars.
aofcp&o.
:

4]

pants

("3^o"
^&^)CD

&&fi "SoSb

sjbefc^r'fo

5]

Knickers

("$^5"*

6o&ro) a pair of pants. M a pair : ^c? *V^ tfo&r-tf)

oodj^JSb)
:

ofknkkers.
6]
.

Pyjamas ("JasSr"

7]

8]
9]
10]

a pair of pyjamas. a pair of slippers. Slippers (k S)tf^S 3sfyo.tf) Shoes (3P^) = a pair of shoes (or boots).
:

gloves (/T*y, ^Sa

scifcs

ST^^eo)
:

a pair of gloves.

("tj-5"^; |js*c^)

a pair of scales.

1]

(x) (^)
(^/)

The socks of
The socks of

my brother is very fine. my brother we very nice.

2]"(x)

Your
Your

trousers is torn.
trousers fire torn,

4]

My My (/s/) (x): My (*/).: My

(x )
:

scissors is very blunt.

scissors are very blunt.

slippers

is
-tire

very nice.
very nice.

slippers

5]

(x)

His gloves is red in colour. His gloves are red in colour.

- 5
:

'

EXERCISE
1]

Correct the following sentences ifnece~

ssory
:
.

My Jeans
The

2]

getting worn out. tailor cuts the cloth with scissor.

is

35
3]

4]

She pulled the nail with pincer. My pant was torn when I got
electric-pole.

down from

the

5]

My

shoes

6]
7]

A pair

is made of rubber. of glasses costs quite a

lot these days.

8]
9]

The tailor said that his scissors is very That pair of scissors belong to me. The pincers is lying on the table.

costly.

Who has taken iny Pyjama. WORK SHEET: "2> e^ctfs&^a 9

10]
Q-m

33-$s5b>&O
,

53
]

7]

Results

'

Example No. 17
:

The Mediterranean

sea

is

among Europe and Africa

(x)

36

The Mediterranean

sea

is

between Europe and Africa

cSSaajS (S*^SS
sitioD

00
qtfaAtf &$i&>$* PrepoS^sS

(3(fJjg-3Stfsfc>)SSb

SoaoSoOS
<3>e

"among" $&

prepositionSSa

- "between

preposition AsSSpftotfaScSa.
Preposition.

prepositions I]

am:

ong (as$jc/T

AS^t
"So^S

S&&);
esgs&a

2] between
!

(a^"S)5"

*<&-"?>
.

eooB"!....
"Sofl

Usage

....

"between**

e>& prepositionsSa

among" ej&
:

prepositronSfc

1]

Among =

2] between

I]

(x)
(^)

She divided tie money between the three

sisters,

She divided the money among the three

Is there
Is there

sisters.

2]

(x)

any difference

among

this

and that?

any difference '.between this and that?

37
3]

(x)
(^/)

N. T. Rama Rao divided

his sons

his property

between

N,

T.

Rama Rao

divided his

property among

his sons.

4]

(x)

The month of October comes

tember and November.

is

among Sep-

(^)
5]

The month
There
There

of October comes in between Sep-

tember and November.

(x)
(A/)

is
is

a tree among the two houses.

a tree between the two houses.
the

6]

(x)

He
He
The

distributed

sweets between the ten

friends.

(vO
7] (x)

distributed

the

sweets

among

the

ten

friends.
:

six

robbers

divided

the stolen

money

between themselves.
(*^)
:

The six robbers among themselves.

divided

the

stolen

money

8]

(x) (V)

We

found a

little

house hidden between the

trees.
:

We

found a

little

house hidden among the

trees.

9]

(x)
(*/)

She was

sitting
sitting
this
this

among David and Michael.

between David and Michael.

She was
:

10]

x)

Divide
Divide

bread between elf the boys here.

bread among
all

(*/)

the boys here.

38

EXERCISE -6:
1]

Correct

the
:

following

sentences

if

necessary

There

is

a wide river

among

the

two

villages.

2]

Money was
The
prize

divided between the three sons (o&

3]

money
track

was

distributed

between the

players (t*&r7tfj s&tfg).

4]

The railway
road
(<Sa,

runs among
sSbtfg).

the river and the

tfshs>S

5]

I can't

see

any

difference
"Sodb

between

these

two

photographs
6]
I

^cSSK^&os sfctfg). among my two sisters when you sitting came here (sg& ^^6o s&tfg).
was
.

(s

7]

The

letter

*R

comes between

'Q*

and

'S'

( Q*

8]
9]

saw you between the Crowd

(ffco&

0]

Choose one from among these (& sfctfg, Divide this among the two of you (So sga

WORKSHEET:

i]

2] 3]

4]
5]

39
6]

7]
8] 9]
,

10]

Results:

j> <s$J'g;Ss&>&- Sjp

J
Marks
:

Example NoAs he As he
fell into debt,
fell tn debt,

18
(

he decided

to sell his house.

x)

he decided

to sell his house.

(*/)

Preposition

preposition&

Corrects
)

srtf&ttjSSb

3o&&>oa

? Preposition,

preposition, "into"' es>& prepositloneS^

.

sS'ooodo'OtS

in, into*.:..

'Usage
i

in

in

40

(x)
2]

He went He went

in the house.
fa/0 the house.
is
is

(x) (^) (x)

(A/)

The book you want The book you want

The teacher came The teacher came The monkey went Tke monkey went

not into the Library. not

in

the Library.

3]

in the class-room.
into the class-room.

4]

(x) (V)

in the house.
into

the house.

5]

(x)
(*/)

The mouse ran The mouse ran

in the hole.
into the hole.

6] ( x )
(*y)
7]

He Jumped He Jumped

in the river.
into the river.

(x)
(A/)

She put her hand in my pocket. She put her hand tnto my pocket,

8]

(x)
(N/)

Throw Throw

it it

in the dust- bin.

info .the dust-bin.
I I

9]

(x)
(*/)

.-

How How
:

can
can

know what is into the box? know what is tn the box ?

10]

(x)

She
She

fell into love,

fell -In love.

Example NoThe
The
tiger
tiger

19
(

was killed by David by a gun.

x)

was

killed

by David with a gun.

.'...

(*/ )

srg&>

So<&

Preposition
*by a

6 1 rtfff

ai6-5"s

,41
gun"&

.'....

-do&S* S*SWboD
-

"by"

? :
;

Preposition

(with-by).
SSSffea *
:,

^
. .

'

tf.M
' '

stf&3
ft

S5

sSg *>
.

tf^ AQ TS ^ \
iP

"by (tf^y*
.

e)&,
.

preposition
>

'(

sS^Dcg)
mJD

^23^
'

wcSSsfi'sio
'

'

*'with

(*, Sj*)*
..

>& 'prepositions*

prepositions^ 5ScS^>

Jc

&&tf

I]

by
ss

=^g&
^^Sg)
*

2] with
^

SSr^aS
:

1]

(x)
.(*/)

./ TtTgSSww : The lion was shot with jme^by; my gun. The lion was shot by me witk m y gun.
I killed

2] (x)
(<s/)

the bedbujg by a piece of chaifc: I killed the bedbug w/*A a piece of .ohaifc,

8]

(x)
(*/)

The horse was The horse was

She was

by a chain. tied with a chain.

tied

4]

(x)
(*/)

killed; with her security guards.

She was killed by her security guards;

5] (x)

The land was ploughed with the farmer by

the help 'of a tractor.
l

, j>

The

land*

was ploughed
s

the fa,rmer w//* the

help of a tractor..

The .^P**** was wounded with him by a

dagger.

42

(V)
7]'(x)
'.(vO
8]
,'

The elephant was 'wounded

dagger/

*J?-

him

iw/A a

This Church' was designed with Alexander.

'

Th

*s

Church was -designed by Alexander.

write by
a;

(x)
(x)
(*/)

We

pen.

(*'):, We.
9]
:

write. H'f/A

a pen.

The hunter killed the bird by an arrow. The hunter killed the bird -ipf/A an arrow.
:

10]

(x)

The headmaster beat the student by "a The headmaster beat the student .with a
-.7
:
'

stick.

stick

EXERCISE
1]

.'..-'..

Correct the following sentences ifnece''-.-'. ssory t

'

He
Sfee

cut the tree

by an

.axe

(/r$0*

c3es'B&).

2]
3]
-

was stabbed by a rowdi by a knife (^ J^)She was struck by -a stone (sFoa*).

4]

The Police was attacked with the

mob
'

(caS

5]

He was
She cut

struck, with

his

enemy with a long

B

stick

6]
7] '"'

it

with a knife (S
is

Mr. Thomas

highly respected by his associates

S]

The book

am

reading was written by a famous

philosopher (|SS?g^l'C?Dac).
9]

He was

fairly treated

10]

.This letter

by m^ (?? 3rf), was written with me by a ballpen

,
'
'

WORK
.

SHEET

ib

<

w$?$5Sff

'a-

.-s

35*

Marks
-.

Example Nohis
.

20
this

Neither Alexander nor

party.

wife
,

were invited to

(x)
this

Neither Alexander

nor his wife iiw invited to

sytf
j_sS

sSoeSi

verb

Subject (*jg)

^ auinber^8
1

15

e?oK>"S

o^otoooS

.....

verb 'jfrcr
1

e&*S

number
Subject>(

(sStf^tio)'^

ftoGPO.
.

2s

i-SsoftS

syijsSD'***)

Singular

number

(W
5T
s

sStfasjbi)^

$sS^/' Verb, plural

ffc&tf....

number -(osta -JStfiS.aai) (were)^1 -sjsS^iB.

'

-were &.

6wJ5& 3ofig*>ofi

Verb (num-

ber).
asSefe^

(Explanation)

Neither. ...nor

'^^
4-

e,g

Conjunction
S)

conjunction^
!

W gtf256o^ &SS^

Co-ordinating conjunction^
1B6ab

Nouns

(sys&- srtftfsfioej)*

^ss

pronouns&^rr.S),

cb-ardinating

corijunctions

either..., orST*

r?8 ^cs Neither.... nor ST*

verb

sgp

'"So* -Subjects,,,.

44
either,. ..or

yerb&S
verb

es>&

tfesr?

&sh

Subject

'm*^

number&
e$n-....

ars*^ number
<e

eo-dsSa dfootooa.

subject

Singular

numbera &,
c6ob&

r5

^orftf

Subject

plural

n,umber^&
;

1]

Either David QT his wife was invit*d

2] Either

David or his friends were

iovited;.

1]

(x')

(^/)

Either you or I are guilty. Either you or I dm guilty.

'

2]

(x)

(Vy
3].

Either this fellow nor you stole my purse. Either this fellow or you stole my purse.
Either

(x)
(^/)

my
.

uncle 'or
,
:
,
.

my

aunt are likely to

'?

come/
:

Either

my
;

uncle

or

my aunt
"

is likely

to
'"

come,

4]

(x):- Either
come.
.(

my

uncle

or

his'

sons

is

likely to

^)

Either

my
'.

uncle or ; his
'

sons
'

we Jikely
1

to

''
.

-'/"'come.-"

".'"

'.'-..

"v

5]

(x)

Either David' or his brother 'have

the book,

stolen

Either .David or his brother has stolen the

'
'
'

'

book.

. .

..

-.
.

.-

;-.;.'

45
*

6]

x)
x
)
'

Either the students or

is

likely to
likely to

come.

(vO
?]
.

Either the students or I

:

come,
'
:
'

(
-.

Either Margaret or her

work/.."

sisters
'
.

has done the

'

',.'._'.
w

A/

Either Margaret or her

sisters have
.

done the

work.
8]

(x)

Either her sisters or

the

M!argaret.
'

have done
..

work

(A/): Either

her sisters or Margaret has done

'

the work.

9]

x)

(^/)
10]

:.

Either Tje or she have finished the work, Either he or she has finished the.work.
Either an ambulance "ot a car take patients
to the hospital..

(x)
^*y)

Either an ambulance of a par lakes patients

to the hospital.
:

.'..
11] (

x)
x)

Neither David nor .Daniel have done

Neither David

this

(A/)
12

nor Daniel has done this.

Ne i ther
vided

a car nor an ambulance weje pro*

for,

him.

(V)
13]

Neither a car nor

hiifi.
'
'

an Ambulance

vfGs

pro *

'vided for

\
' .

\
-v.

'

(x)
(
*J

Neither Joseph nor

Mary were
Mary was
.

shivering

with fever.
)
:

Neither

Joseph

nor
.

shivering

with fever.

46

(>0
.(V)
15

Ne

tjl5r

George nor William

are going.
/* going.

Neither George nor William

1
*

(x)
(*/)

Neither

my my

mother nor
.

my wife

have finU

shed the work,

:

Neither

mother nor

my

wife has

fini-

shed the work.

EXERCISE
1]

8
'

Correct
ssory
:

*/t*
'

.following sentences "

;
-

if nece*

Either she or I

is

at fault.

2]
3] 4]

Either the architect or the builders Neither the master nor his servents Either she or I atn mistaken.

was to blame.
is

guilty.

5]
6]

Neither' she or her sisters has come. ^ Nsither he or his father are in the hous^
Eittisr

7]
8].

9]
10]

she or her brother has done this work. Neither Joseph* nor his friends has taken my pen. Either she of her sisters are, going to the market.

Neither David nbr his

sister

has drawn the picture.

WORK
.;

SHEET

se'Sa,

!
.

Marks :[

Example
You You
should take legal advise: should take legal advice.
)

No.
.

21
..

(.x)
^
6

"

^)

$ AJ^SS verb.noun sy^gsb^r

;a*5j5S
~

o^>. advise

^a

verb.

verb

47

noun
M
....-

"advice

iJto-

SftfiSutf^d

3o<SwsboS

? verb-noun.

srtoeo advise, adviceso

crzy^

&/f

d^s&r?

Asap^ooo.

Ao^tfi' (jprocrc5sS) a*i

^
(jn^

Spelling (wW'jfao
(advise, advice)
'

^e 'Soaa $&$X.QX>
'

a.

'-Ad-

vise

(^a^f = .So^oa^,

M
.sSosS

3^';}

es>3

^sSba verb
-

((B'ddb)

wft&oa. advice "(^^SsatfoW)* wfl

AsSoabpAofiS'ff*,
Si

Sesab&

Noun

verbr?

$&&
3
!

Noun?v
'advise

ejO^S
,

s?^gSSf"
legal
*

legal advise /legal advice

Sa

*S6fir

j8boa.?
..advi'ce

(Jd6)

legal. (jyjdSl)

tfp'sS*

&&

og/

(SeS-'BjSy)"legal advice

1] ("x)

(w)
2] (x)
(N/)

My advise My -advice

to you
to

is

to try again.

''.

you

is

to try again.

What do you What do you

advice
advise

me me
~

to

do?
'

to do ?

3] ( x)

You won't my advise. You won't

get good health unless you follow

*

get

good health unless you follow

41

x)

advice you to keep

.quiet,

(A/)
53
:

I advise
is

you

to keep quiet.
to advice

(x) Who
(*/)
:

the befct person

"
.

me on

this

question?

Who

is

the'

best person' to advise

me

oil this

question?
]

(x)
(N/)
:

My My
'

father advice her to be

careful.
"'-

father advi se her to be 'careful

'3 ( x )
(*/)

She want
She want
t
I

my my

advise,

advice.

8]

(x)
C*^)

gave her a piece of advise on

gave her a piece of advice on

this.

*-.'"

this.
.

9]
v

(x) (^V:
(x)
(*/ )

I advice

you not
you not

to go there.
to

I Advise
;
:

go there.

10]

My My
;

sincere advise to
sincere 'advice to

you you

is

try again.

is

try

agaii

Example

No- \2%
'
"
'

The hunger makes us weak. * .-'.,' Hunger imakes us weak.

'

(xl
.

Subjects
'

"The hunger"

V3

phrasesr*.

"hunger^
!'

Abstract Noun^

^s& s?^sSa

The

e?&

Definite .article

&

?
(zero).

Articles

-..'-.
Articles^So 'SoaodcOtf

Abstract

noun
Adjective^
^23*

&- articled

SD<3pAotfo'd&.

Abstract

nouri&- Collective noun

"The" ^S) articled
is

(fSsfopST

arA

an Abstract noun

As'a Collective noun

Poors fctfcbtf,

Minds

a?otf

blind

honesty ^

beauty ^
sleep

The honesty =;aflfd6* rA beauty rr

TA*? sleep -=

truth s

1]|

(x)

The honesty
Honesty

is

the best policy.

best policy.'

(*/)

is tlie

2] (x)
(A/)

The

Justice

is

a noble quality,

Justice is
:

a noble .quality.
is

3]

(x)
f */)

The beauty
Beauty
is

a nine- day's wonder.

a nine-day's wonder.

x)

The poverty teaches us a lot

Poverty teaches us a
lot,

50
5]

(x)

The honesty pays in the long run,, Honesty pays in the long run.

Example
She'is suffering

No.

23
(x)

from fever

for seven days*

She has been suffering from fever for seven days.

cSeaajS
a^'fr.

tense

ff^Sw & s?gg&> &>> verb (s*s&) So& -afcWba fte<&. "is suffering*'
:

e3

verb

(ic&) present continuous tensea*

*

cfctf^fc.

&SJ^

present perfect continuous tense

suffering**!?

c67?

"has been

verb-tense.

^o<^ verb
tense
(ir

(|c&)

"period of time
escinv,..

.of

phrase s*o sSg^S (period tiine)D lea^sfcS^a. .2*s.gS^^ period of time , point of time
Sc&

"for seven days"

verb

'(^ScSb)

Sm^^.

tense

(^osSo)-

perfect continuouss^vAocyD.

eo^srS).... present

present Conti-

nuous tenses*

l]

(x) (J)

She

is

She

lias

working since last night. been \vorkuig .since last night

their .bands' for three.

2] (x)

The guests are washing

minutes.

51

(V)
3]

":

The guests

&zv<?

been washing their

hands for

three minutes.

(x)
(*/)

My My
8

wife

is

wearing a new saree since

A.M.

wife has been wearing a

*
'.

new

saree since

A.M.
is

4]

(x)
*(*/)'

She
She

washing clothes sFnce 8 A.M..

been washing clothes since 8
heavily since down.

lias

AM..
-

53

(x)
(*/)

It is raining"
It

has been raining heavily since down.

Correct
the -following
;.

EXERCISE- 9:
1]

sentences

if

necessary
2]
3]

They are waiting for half

I

ain

hcmY.

am

living here for the last

month.

We
I

4]
5]

are discussing this matter for many days.. I have been reading in this school for two years*

6] 7]

My
,1

have been waiting for you all morning. mother is sleeping for six hours now.
ani

8J

We

9]

10]

working in the teaching profession since 1988. are waiting for the bus since Seven O' clock. She has been wearing glasses for seven years. I have been fasting for the last three days.
.

WORK SHEET:

Marks

Example NoMy My

24

brother go to Vijayawada every Saturday.

brother goes to Vijayawada every Saturday.

52

verb
.

"go
"goes'* r?

Subjects

8*3....

Si

verb

Subject*
-

verb

)- -Subject (

Subject-

Illrd person, Singular ;number<$*

finite tense 6*

pres0ht IndirsJD,

&S^

verb $

"s

Stf^o
ies"

"os"

9&

'suffix

&

Suffix

:
*
.

"Subject*

$rr

tf

lllrd person* Singular

finite

number&''&$\$<*&. Present lndl

tfotfO. -.v

tensed

&

sr^sSa

Hlrd person" ^ot>

;

&aofl?- ^35bo&

(1st
:

person

I,

^&a

ss-6D

(Had person

you)

..';;

lilrd person
s

Examples

"He
6cSSo

She*
esiSBj.

It,

They
(sr-S

pronouns

nouns
it"

"He, She,

o&

pronouns

Singular

number -.(!&$;&)$*&, plural number

"They

(ofro-5SflSa)c&

1st 'person

llnd pers-n

lllrd person

I see

You

see

He

sees

We

see

She sees

(!S
It sees

John

sees

lllrd person, Singular

number

ff*

Subject ''

1]
*

2]
.

3] goes

4] contains

5] "wins

6] tells

7] abolishes (a 9] belongs
II] connects13]' describes.

8] appears
10]

cleans

12] contests

J4]

comes

15] writes 17] speaks

19] rise*

16] smells.
18] seperates

20] sets (

jfi

1]

(x)
(*/)

The annual examinations begins tomorrow. The annual examinations be$1n tomorrow.

54

2]

My brother speak French very fluently, My brother speaks French very fluently. (*/) left hand. 3] (x) My sister write with her (*0 My sister wrties with her lef.tfeand. on 4](x) We .celebrates the Republic Day
(x)
;

.:

26

(y )
5]
(

January. We celebrate the Republic

Day on

26 Januarj,

x)

The sun

rise in the east

(V)
6]

The sun '-rises

in the east.

?3

(x) (vO (x)

My Daughter generally go to school by bus. My daughter generally goes to school, by bus,

come on time Mary always comes on time,
Nfary always

^
:

e ear

^ move round

the sun.

The earth moves round

the sun.
.

I goes for a walk^ every morning.

I f

for a walk every morning.

drinks- hot coffee every morning.

x)
:

I drink
- 10

hot coffee every morning.

Correct the following sentences ifneee*
'

EXERCISE
1]

ssory

2]
3]

Stephen teach us psychology. Margarett go to church every Sunday. TKebby splays cricket every evening.;

4]

Robinson plays
I writes to

tennis very well.

5]

6]

my He generally sleep in the open.

brother once a week.

7]
8]

She read the newspaper everyday.

9]

He understand the problem, "He get new ijiagagines from

'.

this

library every week.

10] Charity cover xnaliitude of sin*.

'WORK SHEET

pjj^|8Ssfca.lOS*a

'

f.

Marks :[

Example Na:-25
Godse was
hurig for

Godse was hanged

for

Mahatma Gandhi's murder, (x) Mahatma Gandhi's murder.

:

(A/)

*S;&x>
.

^g

"hanged
"hung**
6
t

AsSapftofifidSbcfi.
.

-6'&^...

-t>s

sy^goSxuST

hung* cs&

sS^^r>isb

ta^p^>.

"hanged

verb-wrong
gSaa 'sSo&

word.

'

srtf

verb

hanged**

hanged*

"hung

56

"hung

hanged

present tense

/'resent

'tense

participle

participle

l]

Hang

hung

hung

hanging

2]

Hang

hanged

hanged

hanging

^
l]

fx)
(w
}

The picture was hanged on the wall. The picture was hung on the wall.

2]

x)

^)
3]

The murderer was caught and hung. The murderer was caught and ha nged.

(x)

My

sister

hanged the clothes up to dry,

(*0
4]
( x)

.'My

.-

*}

Imng the clothes up 'to dry. The policeman hanged his hat up. The policeman hung his hat
up.
After shutting
himself,
r

sister

5]

(x)

himself

in.

"the

room he hung

After

shutting himself in the "

room he hang**

himself,

6J

7]
8]

(x) (V) (x) (^) (x)

(A/)

I. hanged

I /mrcg

my shirt on that hook. my shirt on that hook

My My
The The

mother hanged her clothes over the fence. mother hung her clothes over the fence.
culprit
culprit

was hung (3tf&cfo *ad6eB&>)'. was hanged.

',

9]

He hanged the umbrella on that bolt. He hung the umbrella on that bolt (*/) He was found guilty and hung. JO] (x) (V) He was found guilty and hanged.
(x)
:

Example
The Gandhi park The Gandhi park
in

No-

26
the river,
the river,

in

Kanpur was besides Kanpur was beside

(x)
(*/)

preposition

besides
"besides"
!

g&g.,.. ^besides* M
,

J6&osS^boSS

"beside"
? Preposition-

adverb (beside, besides). SSStf ea (Explanation)

"Beside,

Besides*'

Besides
Besides =

S&osStiaiS,
,

preposition.
sj6 adverb,

&$g

preposition
rte&. fftfSfcooa*

&

AsSoapAotfoaS "beside, besides"

aoSf* flap

side of

adverbSb

-(jSSjjS'' "in

S^Sa^oa. e?&

"beside*'

c&
to,

preposition^
6sSo3pA^ci. other than = S

by

the

egsxo5"*

"besides"

addition

1]

(x) (V)
(x)
(N/)

The building was besides the river* The building was beside the river.
She plays
Carroms,

2]

Tennis

beside

Cricket, Golf and

She plays Tennis besides

Carroms,

Cricket,

Golf and

3]

(x) (vO
(x)
(N/)

My My

sister-in-law stood besides me.

sister-in-law stood beside

me

4J

The man was standing besides her. The man was standing beside her.
Beside Psychology,

5]

(x)

.-

we have

to

study philo-

sophy and Biology.

('*/)
:

Besides psychology,

we have

to

study philo-

sophy and Biology.

6] (

x)

We
^e

have two more houses beside

this.

(*/)
7
]

have two more houses besides

all

this.

x) (

Beside stealing
scooter.

my money,

they took

my

59

(V)
8
] (

Besides
scooter.

stealing all

my money,

they took

my

x)

Beside stealing

my

clothes, the servent

dama-

ged

my
my

car.

(V )
9]
(

Besides stealing

my

clothes, the servent

dama-

ged

car.
suit,

x)

'

Beside his
Besides his
:

he was wearing a rain-coat.

he was wearing a rain-coat
I
I

(*/)
10] (

suit,

x)

Beside being punished,

Besides being punished,

was
was

fined.
fined.

(*/)

^EXERCISE -II:
1]

Correct the following sentences if nece-

ssory?

The house stood

besides the

hill.

2] 3]

The

child

is sitting

besides the fire.

4]

She came and sat besides me. There were three others present
meeting besides.
Besides men, there were present

at the Mrs. Lucy.

5]

many

children.

6] 7]
8]

A girl from china sits besides me

Beside food,

in class.

we need

air

and

rest.

Let's talk about something beside politics.

9]

Beside her relatives she invited her friends

also.

10]

Why

don't you

sit

besides
:

me?

WORK

SHEET

'KEY'
;

.'ft&S

oa

Marks

60

Example No.
By By
this

27
university degree

time next week

I stall

take

my

00
this

time next week

shall fave taken

my

university

degree.
tense
S*sfcSn Ke>&.

"shall take (d&i *o&n&)

Future Indefinite tensed*

ag
;

"shall

have taken
(Jc3&

"shall

have taken" e>&

Future perfect

tensed*

Verb-tense.
:

^c^shtfes^

sjS

sytf

So<& verb

tense

Future
Indefinite tense

odbeo^^.. Future perfect tense

&

Future perfect tense

5?sSsSa&M

e*iifjfa

rJsaaoOcS....

I shall

have taken

feSbra Soto-'sS))".

^8

S5gsfc>sr

verbSa?

have taken (Sara

. .

Future perfect tense

61

"By

this time next month

I shall

have finished writing

a novel

33

timeSsb
perfect

tfo

sr^

tensed

Sotftf^an^ Future perfecj &S(SrA3pdb. e9o"Sr?3.... Future Indefinite tensed

&. 3s$;y

esj&

Future perfect tense

1]

9
iff

2]

We My

shall

not have done

(sfc

father will have bought

^oj&

3] I shall

have written

4] Will he have said

5] Will she not have taken (wTfc

4&PO

1]

x")': In 1998 she will reach the goal.

:

(*/)
2]

In 1998 she will

Aflve

reached the goaL

the sun
set.

(x )
(*J )

She She

will

reach

home before

will have reached

shall

home before
place by

the sun set

3] (

x)

We
We
She

leave this

the time he

comes.
.(*/)
:

shall have left' this

place by the time he

comes. 4]
(

x)

will reach

home before

the storm comes.

She will have reached fam* before the storm

comes.

62

(x)
(*/)

Mary Mary

will

go

to Calcutta

before Moses arrives.

will have gone to Calcutta

before

Mose s

arrives.

EXERCISE No.
II

12

C0m?cr the following sentences if

necessary
i

I shall type all the letters

2}

The plane
airport.

will

by 3 O' clock. have landed by the time you reach the

.

3]

4J
5]

6]

The train will leave by the time you reach the station The bus will have left by that time. The fire will destroy all the huts by then. By the time Margaret comes, the water will boil
;

away.
7] 8J

have read the novel by to-morrow. I shall do my work before she comes.
I shall

9]

In three years' time, he will take his Ph.D.

10] She will have left the theatre

by 9 O' clock.

WORK SHEET:

twSaSn. 12

Marks

Example No-

28
/

The Man was granted a week leave. The Man was granted a wert'j leave.
'

x\

f*f\'

Nomufft

63 ?

Noun-case.

(Explanation)

Possessive

case&

'd*cr

Noun

possessive

The farmer's crops

failed this year also

'(

Children's lives are full

of happiness (&e? o v CO

David's car

is

in the

Al

garage (iSaS" antfj.. s5")

The

dog's

tail

was cut

(3o$&_

<&>&-

*<).
>S7?

possessive case (sjtx S)5 J)S) a|$)eo

tabled
Correct form
Incorrect
j

The leg of the chair The price of the book The roof of the building The pages of the book The electrification of
the theatre.

chair's leg

book's price
building's roof

book's pages
Theatre's electrification.

>

"IsSosfca
,

(j^e9o$e$^ Jsgjo
:

Os$d&;fco5

*<

rpSSocr

possessive

case

(^|L S)SJ)S

1]

Time

(s*osSa),

2] Value (aeosS),

3] weight (oS)SS>)

4j Spece

Nouns

I]
2]J

minute's glance (&S"es& Seatt 33 Five day's Journey (a&S

A A

pound's weight (tPoS*

& 4] a foot's length 5] a hair's breadth C3o(&>

(&K

(x) (^) 2] (x)

J
f **/)

The name of Mr, Nelson dog was Bobby. The name of Mr. Nelson's dog was Bobby. The husband of my sister is coming to dinner
to-day.
.

My

sister's

husband

is

coming

to

dinner

to -day.

3 T(

X)

(*/)

Bother Car ? Have you seen my brother's Car

HaY e

y u seen

my

4]

(x) 4 My mother is going to the grocer shop. (V) M y mother is going to the grocer** shop. 5] (x) This chair's leg is broken.
:

'

The

leg

of

this

Chair
the
:

is

broken.
sentences

EXERCISE -13:
I]

Correct

following

if

necessary

2]

We raised funds for the temple's renovetion. My class -teacher went on a month leave.
I always keep her at

3]

arm
is

length.

4]
5]

We heard the children shouts in

The The
wife of

the distance.

my

friend
is

talking to

me.

6]

buildhg's roof

partly damaged.

h.-

65

7] This is the girl's bedroom (sj& g?S)eo 81 They are Alexander's books (e>S> *

9]

He

is

reading yesterday's newspaper

10]
'

My

house

is

a stone's throw
dSJtfKp C&ef3aff
:

from here
i

(SP

sie

SS'ooo

WORK
B*.,..

SHEET *|SSs&0*a sr&r <66l3&, OA'tffio^

JS6eirir5), ss-^gs^sS^
l"

Marks

Example NoWe We

29
(x)

are going to TJ.S S.R. for further studies.

are going to the U.S.S.R. for further studies

ArticlesSSb sSopo&pOSS
i

S*sis&

Ko^.

"U.S.S.R.

$Atf!ao-e fi*ao''i^Sao& "the*

cled ^SS^SS6?7 ^^(3rAo^s5'3c&.
fi^oi^w

Definite arti-

5r?i6wc6&

3o^^oa

Articles

(The).
SKStfe*
cicei)

(Explanation)
f

^ A&
'

*'The*

&&

Definite article

SSo&

eS

ej^sisao^

(abbreviations)

"The" es& Definite articled

I]

U.S.S.R,

$a

SoAjfcfc)

SdfeaflS e-S
Socialist

6o<5 **Unidn

of

Soviet

Republics

14 65$) ff\
fO
is)

"The"

&

Definite articled

2] U.S.A.

"United States of America (c&op

50
"The**

og3^

e!0

rto&

tf&tf.... 'A

& "definite
i

articled AotfsSS^.

3] U.A.E,

"United

Arab

Emirates

The"
Definite articled A^SPAOS?O.
4] Netherlands

(Stfoofi)

^a

osh>s5tfs5abo*
tf

"The"

&

articled

Burma, Canada, India, Pakistan,

Nepal, Japan, Kenya,

-soe

Denmark, Egypt, Peru, Uganda 1>tfs<bo& "The" es& Definite articles

Ottawa

is
is

the qapital city of the

the capital city of

Canada.

(V)

Ottawa

Canada.

67

^-5?tf

S*s$5&eo

2]

(x)
(A/)

He He

is
is

going to U.S.S.R. next week.

going to the U.S.S.R. next week.
is

3]

(x)
(*/)

The Nepal
deposits.

rich in forest wealth

and quartz

Nepal

is

rich

in

forest

wealth

and

quartz

deposits.

4]

(x)
(*V)

The Zambia became independent on

October 1964.

24th

Zambia became independent on 24th October

1964,

5]

(x)
(^/)

United Arab Emirates consist of seven sheik-

doms
:

in the persian Gulf.

The United Arab Emirates

consist of sheik-

doms

in the persian Gulf.

:

EXERCISE
1]

14

Correct the following sentences ifnece-

Netherlands

is

ssory: located in Europe.

situated in the Caribbean Sea.

2]
3]

The Jamaica
Stockholm
This watch
is

is

the capital city of the sweden.

4]
5]

is

made

in the India.
state in 1900.
?

The Tonga became a British-protected

6]

Who

is

the richest
is

man

in

United States of America

its
;

7]

8]

The Angola The Argentina

Buenos Aires.

famous for
is

gemstones.
its

abandoning

106-year old capital

9]
10]

China launched

its first

earth satellite in April, 1970*

lying in

The Luxembourg is a small state Germany, Belgium and France,

between

68

WORK

SHEET

'. w$5Ssfctf*8 3g|3&e&-

-'

Marks

Example' NoHe was He was

addicted with drink,
addicted to drink.

30
(*)

(V)
preposition

with"
tfSrAoiisSSSb.

? Preposition.

SSStf 89
SodS>

(Explanation)
preposition

^ &&&&&&*

55*^gSfc>

^sb

ees>/

cjcKsPsS rSo<&

(a# jfgg ao Nouns

Adjectives (srlSess&ee),
ples (ed sS>5d&i
1

verbs (i<^eo)
i

&6d^
l

Partici-

ingp* s^aS

verbs)

{$'&t'Jb$-

$cr

prepositions

appropriate prepositions^* S$*OQD,

^sS preposition
"So* ^c?
tions

sSr^to

epaftfsy^ ^SS^.sS preposi-

osS^&,
:

am ashamed for your conduct am ashamed of your conduct.

69

-dvtf*

Appropriate prepositions
prepositions

1]

(x)
(A/)

The Chinese are

smoking.

generally addicted with

opium

The Chinese are

smoking.

to generally addicted

opium
for.

2]

(x)

David has been absent to

days.

classes

two

(V)
3]

'

David has been absent from

days.

classes

for two

(x)
(^/)

He

deals with
in
is is

woollen garments,

He 'debts
This book
I
I

woollen garments
dedicated for

4]

(x)
(*/)

This book

dedicated to

my grand-father. my grand- father.

5]

(x) (V)
)

am am

hopeful to winning a prize. hopeful of winning a prize.

6] ( x

Sivarasan

was

charged

for

the murder

of

Rajiv Gandhi.

(*/): Sivarasan was Rajiv Gandhi.

7]

charged with the

murder

of

(x)
(*/)

He handed it by to the Police. He handed it over to the Police.

Some one
is

8]

(x)

Knocking on the door.

Knocking at the door.

Some one

is

70
9]

(x)
(*')

I
:

am proud about you. *m proud of you.

She retired in service at the age of
eight.

10]

(x)
(vO

fifty-

She retired from service at the age of

eight.

fifty-

EXERCISE No.
1]

- 15

Correct the following sentences if

necessory
I

The year 1877

2]
3]

memorable of a severe famine, Three prisoners escaped from the jail.

is

He
He

4]
5]

We should avoid contact

belongs to scheduled caste. to evil persons. fired on the bird, but missed it.

6]

7]
8]

9]

10]

The president presided over the function. Water is indispensable for organic life. You must abide with the terms of the contract. Don't you bslisvs in my. honesty? Children are fond of sweets.

WORK

SHEET

<*>5igSsfc>

&*&

Marks

.Example No/:
The two The two
sisters

31

loved one another.

loved each other.

(x)

sisters

pronoun

One another

71
-

'one another'

'each other" es& sfr&& 6tSrAotfs53&.

)

^rt&ocSSb

3o&3opa
:

Pronoun,

(Explanation)

^s

ss-^gda

SSceS)

Pronoun

?5oe)oaoOcj S^^sS^ ^e<&.

each other, one

another

es>&

"3o& sSr&o
.

"Each other*

One
o)C3a

.another"

Scs
'

90^

^Sa

(Points to
other 1] Each
:

Remember)

"So^b

3o- siga

2] One another

1]V x)
(N/)

The couple seemed much.

to love

one another very

The couple seemed much*

to

love each other very

2] (x)

The two cousins hated one another from their

childhood,

(^)
3]

The two cousins hated

childhood.
Politicians often
Politicians often

'each.uther

from

their

(x)
(
tj

blame each other

blame one another.

72
4]

(x)
(*/)

The

two

neighbours

quarrelled
!

with

one

another,
:

The
other.

two

neighbours
hit

quarrelled

with

*&&

5]

'x)

The boxers
The boxers
- 16
:

one another;

(*/)

hit each other.

EXERCISE
1]

Correct the following sentences ifnecessory

:

2]
3] 4]

Students should respect each other. Our class students never quarrel with one another.

5]

Moses and Mary love each other dearly The four room-mates don't like each other The twins loved one another.
;

WORK

SHEET..

^ wjSffc^D

.sr*g&e&T

es>3$

KEY*
-'

Marks

Example No. 32
:

Alexander

is

Junior than
Junior to

my

brother.

(x)
(*/)

Alexander

is

my

brother.

conjunction

conjunction^^
Adjective

Degrees of Comparisiona*
!

Comparative degree

?Soio

Comparative degrees

10

Example:

"Simla
..

is

cooler than Bangalore

c&otoooa)"
esTte Adjective.

fcsSr StftfeSbo tfo TV

*fe

srsfgsbS*

'"Cooler

Comparision (r*S
,.,.

"Than
e?cS ?7....

&5$<3r>/\s&.
....
!

g^exi^to^

Comparative degree^ "Than" e>3 Conjunctions

ro.... ^eJto '"To*

&

Conjun-

ctions)

Conjunction

(than-to).
asSJ^e*
:

dh7^*ti9ff* Qfi^S sf^sxo cSo&

conjun-

ctionJ5go So8)o6o*DeS

^^

Ko&..
1

d'jytfw'ifaT?

Coinpara-.

tive

degreed

S^DS* 3sJ^&>si ecS??

-J^ex^eoSb

"than**

e&

Conjuhction&
the other gitls
5*5)
sSfiSsSaSSSa

Atf5brft^5E. '-Aorn

She

is

wiser than all

of her

class,

Latin Adjectives

s&eS^

s^^gxb

ooesb

o^x> "to"

esci Sj^SioSi ASSat?Aotf5$

Latin Adjectives i8i5'n

&&

1]

Judior

inferior (^^5>ec365"), 4] superior 2] Senior (&>c&5"), 3] anterior 6J posterior (dSf*.oi6dfeT), )V 5]

-

7] prior

(isS<jfeg5"),
':

8] prefer (i&sSST). Adjectives

!Latia-'-

Comparative sentences So^ "than

?4

SJg3se
.

:
.
.

She
She

is
is

senior than
senior so

me
is

by six years.
six years.

me by
is

2]

3]

(x) (/) (x) (/) (x)

(*/)

She

feels that she

superior than all.

superior to all.

She feels that she

Margaret was junior than him in service*

Margaret was junior
to

him

in service,

4]

This cloth is inferior thait that.

This cloth

is

inferior to that.

5]

(x)
(w')

The quality of
of yours,

my

watch

is

superior than superior to

that

.-

The

quality of

my
-

watch

is

that

of yours.

EXERCISE
1]

- 17

Correct

the
:

following
.

sentences

if
.

.-,.'

necessory

My

shirt

is

more beautiful
is

to yours.

2]

Your
I ani

calculator

superior than methree years.

3J

senior than

you by

4J
5]

She

junior than you by seven years. Moses is inferior than Alexander in intelligence.
is

WORK

SHEET:

Marks

Example No- 33
:

The secretary and correspondent were present. (x) The secretary and ^correspondent were present. (*/ )

75

articles^
S^sJ&a tfe&.

"The secretary and correspon"correspondent

.

dent" es& Subject

.

o<&

>&

sfcsotfb

gSrcs-

"The" e$& articled $00*0.

Articles.

Articles

Adjectives
'3ft

(>1 &as$ea)
>&

S0*

'"The*

refer d&sS^ftab- "Sai^dS adjective Definite article^ AtfapAoi3*e).

mpz7tf.... ."80* AdjectivescS^ siao^ 'So^'The'eo

e*S

&oOS-

esSs<& Subject sjgfii SgJ>e>& '1ta65&. numberrr &cbs&oa Verb& g5ycr plural (^^) plural number *> sSrcf^O.

^gjazvS....

&soSb?)
refer
D.

a^dSbSto

e/lsSjja

^o&

Adjectives

3&(S^&-

9oab."as)tf.fl

Adjective
'

3^

'"The**

e>& Definite article^ ;&o5S.

'The'S S&oO^..;

Example NoHaving seen her

"'

34
a cup
'

Seeing her aunt, she made a cup of tea for 6er.

aunt,
-

(x)

she
/'

made
.'."

of tea for

'her.

';

'-\-^'\

.'

''

Synthesis^

g ^Seeing" "Having seen"

76

? Synthesis.

(Explanation)
$jrtsSxe

c?3S*tfe9

past tenses* "&&^^ cxa. e>o&3*.,., "She *

3
'

made
i

a cup of tea; for

sS)....

.her*'

$&

'3$jJ $>g6So.

;rs&

"Seeing her aunt" sps^'Braa

^oaaftfrr;...

&*
her.

verb t&.
6&ID

&S*

"Seeing"

V&&

Participle

.artfg&is- sSrdjtf....

"She sha her auat**

M

"She saw her aunt/' "She made a cup of tea for

s

^8o&

5?tfjsSoe&

made

a cup of tea
!

&$ '"Having seen her aunt, she &^ for her^'&^&oa. sj6
"ax>jfs&
f

arig&

qodSaff*-

"Having seen her

1*

aunt'

&& vK$*

perfect participle phrase.

"She saw her aunt

her/' action)
"Sodfe
sSS)

"She made a cup of tea for

'

s^igsjeaflifir*

&so^.

5AS

(earlier past

5&

"She sha her; aunt*

#fibss

ia?
e*6

-*

She made a cup of tea for

,

her.**

tf&tf

AS:.&&
1

participle phraser? sSro^O.

1] 3oto3cte'S

'&^

oi&'

past actions^ c(0&,

simple

sentences-.'sSrc&^Ssi&- present participle^

2] es7*f?^.... *3Q&

past

actions

ei

basS>&>*-ai6Atf..Vi perfect participle^

saw her aunt"

-<

S he made a cup of
she. made a

tea for her." "Halving seen her aunt,

cup

of tea for her,"

77

^cs-tfes

aunt (> V
'tea*

rf,
P

'She switched off the light." "She went to bed/' "Switching of the light, she went to bed."

-.

Example- No- :35

The

stranger stays this evening here,

stranger slays here this evening.

The

Adverb
here
? Adverbs.
:

(Explanation)

Adverb

Adverbs&
**here

"This evening place (;So5S) &; & *3oe!S), 5*3SSx> phrase(time")

'

verb
here
**this evening*'
es>cSa

'(time)

(BdSp '&($

sSisfco

(Adverbial

phrase)
.

-1-"]

^x)

They
They

will be

tomorrow here.
tomorrow,

will be \fare

78

2]

(x)
(A/)

Please you go at once there. Please you go there at once.

3]

(x)
(
fj

Come
^Come

as early

as.

possible here,

'here as early as possible.

4]
.

(x) (y)

My My

friend visited three years ago Calcutta.

friend visited Calcutta three years ago.

5]

(x)
:

Aeroplanes reach quickly Japan.

Aeroplanes reach Japan 'quickly.

Example No,
My
sister
sistei;

36
(

was dressed
was dressed

in

pink colour,
:

x)

My

in pink.

(V)
.

-'Colour

^s&ifc
? Adjective
-

(unaecessory words).
SSStfs*

(Explanation)

colpur

(ef

offc,
.

^g
fteraioft'* e^&
Adjective

"Pink

pink'
aSy

^sfc sStfXxo

tos

"Colour

colour
'
'

_.
2] Black
'sStf

'

1] Blue J

(sScaosJj),-

3]

Green
.

(sasSsStf

3fc), 5] Red 4] ^Grange (spaces #&&) Rose (S>oatfotf>), 6] 8] Yellow 7] White (?cos&)

1]

(x)
(x)
(A/)

The baby dressed

In

green colour.
.

(*/): The baby dressed in green.

2]
s

My suitcase My suitcase

is is

in yellow colour. in yellow.

-

3]

(x)
(V) ( x)

The Army was dressed

The Army was dressed

in green colour. in green.

4]

.-The school -children dressed in white colour.

j

(W)
5]

The school children dressed

in white.

(x)

He
He

painted the car blue colour. painted the care blue,

Example No.
She
She
is
ftfl'S

37
(x.)

waiting for the bus since 8 O' clock.

been waiting for the bus since 8 Q' clock.

(V)

vcrb-.(|8(A) ^a te<.

<^^5s

Tense
verb

has been wait ing'V

'

''

ss'gg^co^^

oS

'Is

waiting'

Verb (tense).

80

(Explanation)
verb
g&

cSo^j.

tense

(se&)
iQflcfi))-

s^gS&^S
bfc
,

verb

present

Continuous
past

*sSy!

aod&Stf??..... &tf.sto

(jJ^^sSb perfect continuous tense*

present continuous

g5p3f

esCia^cSbsS^efo
SI'CS'G)

'present

& sp^& tense & &(3rAotfcr'<&.

(r&s*osi)

short period

1]

(x) (/) (x)

'

We We
It

are playing at cards since 8

P.M.

Aflw been playing a t cards since 8

P.M.

2]

It is raining for three hours.

(V)

has been raining for three hours.

3]

(x)
(*0

The boys are playing cricket since 8 O' clock. The boys have keen flaying cricket since
8

clock,

4]

(x)
(*>)
:

sleeping for seven hours, The child has been sleeping for seven hours.
is

The child

5]

(x)

The cat is chasing the

The. cat

rats for

an hour.

.:

Aw been
:

chasing the rats for

an hour.

EXERCISE- 18
1. 1

We
She

Correct the following sentences if necessary ': are sweating in the smithy siaces seven O* clock*
is

2]

singing songs since three O' clock.

3]

4]
5]

They washing their hands for ten minutes. The boys are making* noise for fifteen minutes. The teacher is teaching us for
twenty minutes.

ar

81
6]

7]
8]

The child has been crying in hunger since 8 O' clock The juggles is showing his feats for two hours. I have been doing my home-work for an hour.

9]

The

wrestlers are grappling since 9 a.m.

10]

My

wife has been combing her hair for five minutes.

WORK

SHEET

'KEY'
5>s>r*oa
!

Marks

Example
Ten
Ten
years passed since

No-

38
died.

my

grand mother has died. ( x )

years have passed since

my grand mother

tense

since" e>&

^^6a

Preposition s$^ rr^.... Conjunction

1] passed,

died. 2] has
s-ggsfca

*3o8b

l]

have

passed,

2]

died rr sSrd^;

S6S<S>oScSfi>.

rtSwcS^

3o&&o&

? Tense

&

Conjunction (since).

(Explanation)
since

&c?sS'tf&

5&
:

S^six)S)

Preposition

Conjunction

r?

6tfSr"AoSofitfa.
**1]

passed,
sS

2] has died"

conjunction

82
"

Present perfect tease

*&> $>o&>efo.

past Indefinite tense

Present perfect tense

tense.

(since),

past

Indefinite

Example

Six hours have passed since he fell asleep.

1]

2]

(x) (^) (x)

(*/)

Where were you since I last saw you ? Where /wv* you been since I last saw you? She has not seen me since she has come here.
She has not seen

me

since she cfl/wshere,

3]

(x)
(*/)

4]

(x)
(^/)

He has been ill since he has come here. He has been ill since he came here. Two years passed since I have bought this
house.

Two

years have passed since I bought this

house.
5]

(x)

long time passed

since she has written

to me.
:

long time has passed since she wrote to me.

Example NoIf
1

39
(x )

was you, I should not marry him. were you, I should not marry him. If I

verb

&

sSoBo&bOiS 5*si&a

rt&. "was^S* (Jc&

(verb)cfc

#e s?$gS$aS*
^Sdfofc

83 ?

Verb-

Subjunctive mood,

(Explanation)
verb
4

ScasT^ I* e?&

mood

cSsS

tfoooaoOtf
(jStf^tf-

5*2$

pronoun

present

tense

..

'am**e95D verb, past tense 6* aoDD^....*

Subjunctive

mood

a"

Stf.S 'were sSofi.

s>cSrv....sj

^gsSfl

Subjunctive moodfi*

subject ^^>s?eJ

tftf

Verb ^sSjjOSar? past tense

plural

number

(osfo

Subjective

mood

clauses

>S

1] Subordinate clause

Main clause ($#<>(# ^Z3 jSoS^tf asS Subordinate clause a* a Subject i number
2]
sj)S^tfjtf8-

verb

sfcr^sb-

tfsS^OsSeTT

past tense, plural

number

3*8 oL
-N

$ja&
>
.

1] (

x)

If I
If I

am

you, I would buy an elephant

I

(*/) 2]

wtfw you,
rich,

would buy an elephant.

he would buy a
car.

(x)

If

he was

If he were rich,

he would buy a

car.

3]

(x)
(*/)

If she
If she

was

here, she

HW

here,

would help us. she would help us.

here now, she would show

4]

(x)
(A/)

If

my mother was
to cook.

me how
:

If

my mother

were here now, she would

show

me how
5]

to cook.
I

(x)
(>/)

If

he was here,

would give him the

would give him the

keys.

If he were here, I 19
:

keys,

EXERCISE 1]

Correct the following sentences if nee e-

2]

would know more about him. Were he the manager, he would be telling the others

Was he my
what

ssory l brother, I

to do.
I

3]

Was

she not a friend of mine,

would

n't lend

her

my
4] 5]

necklace,

If I If I

am

rich I

would

n't

work

at all.
I

was the Prime Minister,

should centrole

the

poverty.
6]

If I

am you,
were a

I should not accept such terms.

71
8]

If

rat, the cat

should eat me.

If I

am

you,

wouldn't buy that watch.

9]
10]

If I

were

rich, I

would build a ca

tie.

Would you be able to buy a car

expensive
?

if it

were a

little

less

WORK

SHEET

ep$tfsfc>0r

S3

gSfc>o&-

Marks

85

Example No.
My My
birthday
is is

40
(x)

birthday

oa fourteen September. on the fourteenth of September.

Ha

(date)

sSSo

SoooaoaS

5*s$s&

3r>flotfa&c5 'Sa

*fowteen September* &,

"the fourteenth of September" r? sSro^O.

5PSiwc5&
(Explanation)

3o&&o&
;

? date (<&).

a (date)

<S3o

1]

The fourth of June (&3 WJsSa- rJT

f/ze

syco^sS "Sa

fourteenth of September

(&a

5?sSsia-

the fourth 2] June

(Sa

8s$sfco-

September the fourteenth ^&s

the,

of &dd^>

th

etc.

P
:

'

2 (nd) July, 1992 S&WSb August 15 (thy

1992

4-6-1986

"la,

30-3-1985

:-

1]

(x

I
I

was born or March

sixth.

(A/)
2]

was born on March

brother's

t*e sixth

(x)
(*/.)

My

marriage

day

is

on Six June

1991.

3]

4]

My brother's marriage day is on 6-6-1991. (x) My father comes. on fourth June. My father comes on The fourth of June. (*/) (x) We bought this radio on August 6th 1989.
:
:

(*/)
5]

We (x) My My
:
:

brought this radio on August

birthday
birthday
is
is

6,

1989.

On On

6-18-1959.
18-6-1959,

Example. No.: '41

X<!>

"

Ner

^Ehe aeroplane was flying above the

city.

'X

(x)

The

^rpplane was
$fea

flying over the city.

:

S*^sS
.

&socSj*ftoi$e>&c5

"above** es&

preposi-

tion Ssb

over

ff

<&&>

preposition^

Preposition
over).

(above

(Explanation)
iS)

preposition

s&

above
preposition
fi>

AsS6arAoebto

rfsSjy!

(^S, ftatf)* "above"

(rest)

b.

over*

3
-

(motion) ' ^

^&.
flying above

S&

The aeroplane was

over the

city.

above

ll J

above

21 over j

:
.

1] f.x )

(/)

Can you Can you

see the aeroplane above the palace

see the aeroplane over the palace

88

2]

(x)
(*/)

The
The

helicopter

was flying above the town.

helicopter was flying over the town.

is
is

3]

(x) (^)

The moon The moon

over us.
0A0ve
us.

4]

5]

(x) We (^) We (x) My (V) My

:

flew above the Sahara.

flew over the Sahara.

brother-in-law flew above the clouds.
brother-in-law flew over the clouds.

Example No.
Nervjtol
Nervitol
is

42
(

a efficacious tonic.

x)

is

on efficacious tonic.

Articles

S
-4

article SsS o^^rj.....

an

f'

e^s articled
w
a, an**
ff*

sSa^AocS Indefinite
articles Sgo

articles e>o

^sS a,^*

woatfsb....

Usage

Articles
(a, an).

(Explanation)
Indefinite articles
sSo<S>

;*

&
'a'
'-tffiS

sSotf^sSb&og

Q&COT

"an

article

&s$<3pftoa'D.
articles
>e

an" a^b Indefinite

i^sSc^sS

6sSSpAosD

S^o^^AS5
noun)
cSsS

3^

sr^SsSb

(Countable singular

s&oes> "a, an*

12

3
s5^eo

Noun
c?a

S&0&

(consonant sound) article "a" g>& Indefinite

tf^a
8

si,

(/Vowel sound)^ (jtafotflStiSa^...-.^

Indefinite article

s&o&
an"

"an*
"30&

w'S>.

&

5$<3r^&.

*"a,

^&

CO

(Consonants)*

(Vowel)

Acs*

Useful

(Yuseful=:<3S)j'5"^)S")

University

(Yooniverslty =

*Silent'

sSao^

an

w
:

&
hour

article
(essSS"),

<&t3-

total

(ei"*ff-)

honour
'.

heir (i^).

::/
'

One (wun)

rt

s5^

^&

Srf^a

eCSc

'V'..0Sb

article

"a one hundred -rupee

jaote

(is

sSS*

90

'&&$&

(pronunciation)

Example

Ceytoa

is

an. island.

(&*!>

island

(ss'epoff)

e&
article

s-o

&a

'An

Example

Ceyloa

is

a beautiful island
beautiful M
ex

sr-o tf^aa

^OAc&S^a.

s*eag

**a

es&

article

1]

(x) (V)
x)

The explosive The explosive

I

nitroglycerine

is
is

ester.

nitroglycerine
in the

an

ester.

2] (

saw

a elephant

zoological 'park

yesterday.

(V)

saw

elephant

in the

zoological

park

yesterday.

9i

3]

4]

(x) (V) (x)

(*/)

What an beautiful aeroplane it is What a beautiful aeroplane it is

!

Switzerland
Switzerland

is is

an European Country. a European Country.

5]

(x)
(>V)

6]

(x)
(*s/)

My brother isaS.P. My brother is an S.P. A unread Bible usually

believer.
.

belongs

to a

unfed

An unread
believer.

Bible usually belongs to an

unfed

Example No.
My
The wife of my

43

friend's brother's wife has studied in this college

for four, years,

(x)
(*/)

friend's brother has studied in this

college for four years.

Noun

case

<6So

SoooSoCS S*s$sa
possessive case
.

($|x

0* J)S
friend's

s?^g& So^
.brother's wife"
es><fc

"My

phrase &*tf

"Sodfo S^sSb'oSS

possessive

case s&S^a.

sje7

^o^to

tfy.

SS) "The wife

of

my

friend's brother** TV

Npun.case
(possessive).

(Explanation)

Noun a&>_

possessive case

phrase
3s*

t5o<

.sic?

clause

So&

possessive case

&

word
f

possessive

( s)

1]

My

father's sister's son

The son of My father's

sister

2]

Our Mother's

brother's

The daughter of our

mother's brother

daughter
3]

My
My

brother's

friend's

mother
4]

cousin's

mother's
sister

The mother of my brother's friend The sister of my cousin The brother of my

sister's

5]

My

sister's

friend's

brother

friend

phrase "The
'

of

f*

1]

(x)
(N/)

My
The

wife's sister's son

is

singing a song.
is

son

of my

wife's sister

singing a song.

2]

(x)

Our

leache's sister's daughter refused to

'

help me.

93

(V)
3]

'Th* daughter

of our

teachers sister refused

to help

me,

(x) (y)

My

friend's sisters teacher dislikes

abusing others.
:

The teacher of my friend's

<

sister

dislikes abusing others.

Example NoI lost

44
(x)

my

luggages at the railway station the day

before eysterday.
I lost

my

luggage at the railway station the day

.

before yesterday.

Noun 3^j. number

(s$tfc5$fco)c$&

luggages"

9^>

^fiSsfa^

luggage

Noun-numbei

(Explanation)

Noun a^j- Number

>.

luggage, advice, information,

Singular
plural d* 6^3rAotfodS>.

number

S^lS

ecSrr.-..

cS&*

sS^sSo

SsStf- 6*8

56v

poetry ^sta g a^tfsfco) 2] scenery (tf^fgsfco)

1|

poetries.
sceneries.
stationaries.

3] stationary

((*

5rsr>(fO

4] 5]

advice

(Ss3)
{

advices.
furnitures.

furniture (r*c&| a*&{ft)

sSs^srtfsio)

6] information

informations.

>
1]

(x)
(*/)

The house

is full is

of furnitures.

The hduse

full of furniture.

2]

(x)

The sceneries of the kulu are

The scenery of the kulu
I like the poetries
is

splendid,

V}
3]

splendid.

(x)

of keats and Byron.

(*/);! l&e
4]

the poetry of keats and Byron.

fine poetries.

(x)
(
s/

Tennyson wrote

Tennyson wrote fine poetry.

5]

(x) She gave me some stationaries. (J) She gave me some stationary. Correct the following ;XERCISE-20
:

sentences if

necessary
i]

The

furnitures in the house are quite old.

2] They gave

me many
-

informations about her

character.

3]

Her

hairs are white.

4]

All the

new

machineries have been in stalled.

lot

5]

We

need a

of

moaey

for stationaries.

SHET:
e
oste
.-.-...

Marks

.[:

Example; -Noplease
please
tell tell

-s

45(

me how solve this problem. me how to solve this .prpUem.'

:

x)

(*/)
Infinite

&

arsfgAa.SodSa

$&

Infinitive"

^A

verb

S^ Sooo

3o&*p$^ft
(Explanation)
'

? Infinitive.

Infinitive

'

ctf$g&&$

ss'S'gSfcs

''sSgb

Question
"to.In-

wprds

([**&&&)' *&$&.
:

&a..*&y#-

finitive" .'s

1]

How

( ^to,

i atf&77)

how

to
to

verb verb

2] Where
3]

(as^)
(atfstffe)

where
|
j

+
-?

When

when to

verb

1]

(x)

Do you know how Do you know how

pass the examination ?

to

pass the examination

96
2]

(x)
(*/)

I
I
I

know where

go.

3]

(x) (^) (W)

I
:

know where to go. know where spend the week-end. know where to spend the week-end.
for gel

4] ( x )

He He

for

when got when

turn.
to

turn.

5]

6]

(x) (j) (x)

You must You must

find out where put it

find out

where

to

put

it.

(W)

He couldn't decide what do next. He couldn't decide what to do next.

Example NoA A
ship

46
(

drowned the day before yesterday^

x)

ship sank the day before yesterday.

verb

&

^oooSoOsS

^sSsSb'KcA.

"drowned

verb

Verb

(drowned -sank).
.&8S'tf
:

(Explanation)

verbsJso

'

trf

e^b^^go
sink" e$&
verb

&

13
sink

97

verb

tfso

conjugation

present tense

past tense

past participle

present participle
sinking

sink

sank

sank

&DO&)

sunken

"drown
verb

&
cSooi>;

Conjugation

drowned, drowned,

drowning &&&&*

'

tfo&past tense

a^

s&So.past tense

13

s&SsS

congugation

1]

(x)

2]

3]

Do elephants sink easily ? Do elephants drown easily? (*/) (x) He sank the kittens. (y) He *owneJthe kittens. (x) Wood does not drown in water, Wood does not 5ifc in water, it (N/)
:
:

itfloate?
floats.

4]

(x)

She
She

fell

overboard and was sank.

overboard was drowned.

fell

5]

(x)
(*/)

The The

ship drowned, went to the bottom. ship sank, went to the bottom.

Example No.
She behaves as
if

47
(

she

is

a film

actress.

x)

She behaves as

if

she u^s a film actress.

verb

sfe>j_

tense ^5*o55ba) S&

"is"

e>& present tense

(s$ jJsSrcS
<

s^sio) verb
'is'

tense verb

&

&s563rftot$
i>

3c&. eseSn*....

tSSo
;

was

9<$b

verb c& ^5?<5j

fiotf^^?S?>

3o&&oa
tense
(jcs$>
<

Verb-

(Explanation)

^
tense
/

s?s

Fi

goid

tensetuQ AO& otB^fio^ss^^^jfo

"*

s*ucso5n3D

as

oji^wcf^^

present as

though

&

phrases

&

sr^gsfca^*

AsSSpAo^>Ssi)^ Past

lf

**as

through (sSr^er?-,

OtfoSar

phrases

&

dS^rAoO<S^)&

^s5^3rf5r? past tense;

1]

(x)

My

friend talks as though he

knows

everything.

99
:

My

friend talks as though he

everything.

2] (x)

She looks as if she has seen a ghost She looks as if she had seen a ghost

[Example No.
His two
sister -in- laws

48
(x )
.

were angry with me.

His two

sisters-in-law

were angry with me,

f

Compound noun
SoooSoOc5f.

<30K>3

"sister -in.law*

>&

law

ss-^isfc^
sister

plural ending

^cxS

Y e^

(Sgfrti r?^oo

{jfcfjjS

^o3*S.

^
?
"

Compound
Compound

Nona

sS^sSa sister. *'..5Snj2ptf

>

5r?sSwS&
;
.

3o^&oS
'..'

'.

noun*

(Explanation)

-j
Sooo86ticS

"

compound noun ^Ssi

sister-in-law"

00301number &* atf^ aa plural number ^JD pound noun. s^^sS^SsS^. sSfifisS* "-s'eSs plural ending^ sr-^4s s compound noun g* s^^g^S ^i^sS^ sister J^s&^i plural ending & ^^0. 4)2fo "sister**

e&^a

singular

sisters

1]

(x)

My brother. in-laws congratulated

success.

me on my

Mjtorothef&tfrtaw
success.

cangratufeted

me on

100

2]

(x) ( V)
(x)

Patil

andPrakash are
and Prakash ars

his fat her -in -laws.

his fathers-in-law.
steps-son.
s?ep-$on$*

Patil

3]

Gopal and Vinod are her

and Vinod are her

Example No-

49
(

My brother shutted his mouth when I cursed him. My brother shut his mouth when I cursed him.
verb tf&
shutted

x)

(*/)

e^> s5fiS&j&

^e>ftoO

"shut

? verb.

(Explanation)
Soc& verb

<S_

ficrsSsSa

**shut

s& weak verb aa^

**ed

conjugation
tfrs$;Sa s&crf<&*

(j5dd!r

S^ &}&*

j& Past tense

Present,

Past, Past participle tfr>s$a "shut"

es& verb SSS

sr*

Sr^sS-

o^oas.

s*s|?S,...

past tense
4fc

ra- ''shut**

a^ftotfsSB^. ^sS?r....

-shur^sS)

verb

congugation (fir'^s^)^sSr^ ^otf<&. &c?StfssS5

S"*^ weak verbs

Sr-rfoft
!

sh)^

congugation

SS>-

>8 (otf

!!'

'4H

&

*O

'JU

a a -3 s J a
-J2
-

"13

sf .S

*J3

55

1 *S S 1

WO

**"*

S C
'

**"*

*TJ
'

*Tj

9 S

l-i-5 5 a s -a Sl/S.1

*f I'gl'I o ^3 fC
s->

<-

*<* r*

tS

rf?

*-

to

:-i

&

sp

thr

*O

*rf

oa

oa

**

,_,

* 8 ^ S D*

-3 CT

1 e

ri

*O
-o .=

^3
t* 2--.ts
+* a
oj

^ 09

M n

* 2
co
"to

a g

-S

?r

?T

MI

A
<*

O e. ^

+ ^^
er
*M

^
.^ *?i

MM
s
.ti "^

5
^s

1
.

?*

"J^

+3

*^,

-JP

^3 V2

^
o

i a8 o
p^
.

^i
fl ^8
.n

&
a
<~

jffo

41

Ira
&J

2 S

jT

*<s

^jlii o ^^ Q B' YI CS O r ^ ^ ^ b ^ '8 VJQ^ ^^ ^ ^

f'
:

s 'B 4
*^

- -

^fi

>

S 5 S W fi
hT^

,3

S
^*V

rt*

ft^

M ^ CQ
r;

rS

rS

rj*

CA

rS* 1i CO

!02

Example NoMy My
sister studied

50
(x)

a good novel yesterday. sister read a good novel yesterday,

verb
studied"

&&

verb

& -S*eftoO,

"read

ff

<9& verb

Br*KSSj6Sb'

So^SboS
;

? Verb

(Explanation)
verb S^>
study"

e&

verb

&

so&^o

&&$&>

rrd t&>

"read"
1

&
*

verb
<

&

dar|if

&
"read

sStfol

53-63S)

x>st>&3&

verb

&

Example No.: 51
She said that she had seen him yesterday. She said that she had seen him the previous day.
(

x)

*^&w

^6

s?gs&e*

"yesterday

the previous day-

?
Indirect Narration

Direct
:

&

(Change of adverbials

yesterday-

the previous day),

103

(Explanation)
adverbs
Indirect Speech
8

Direct Speech
pfc'S&r<

t>

ff

^n5S 3tfsar?

Direct Speech

to

yesterday (S)S^)

tomorrow
the day before
yesterday
the day after
(*SK>

tomorrow (es last week

next year

these

(mS)
sSfii)

come

go

I] (

Nancy

said that she

had sees

laiua

yesterday

(w

-.

Nancy
days*

said that she

had seen him

before the

2]

(x)

Raja told
marry

his father that he

was not going to

this girl.

Raju told
marry

his father that he

was not going to

to be

that girl.
is

3]

(x)
(V)

Mfcdhu says that he

evening.

glad

here this

Madhu

says that

he

is

thai glad to be there

evening.
4]

(x)
(*/)

She told her uncle

that she

was
was

starting

tomorrow.
She told her uncle
the next day.

that

she

starting

5]

(x)

David said that

he had been

repairing

the

radio at six last night.

(</): David said that he

had

been

repairing

the

radio at six the previous night.

Example No.
Having finished

52

Having finished

my work I went home. (x) I went, ho me. my work, V (s'sSr) (*/)

:

srSfiSioff* participle

phrase

? Punctuation

Marks.

(Explanation)
"3o<& 5XsSae
KoSfe.

&

l] Participle

phrase

;-

14

s&5" *(8S$

105
:-I

Having finished my work. 2] Main clause & "Bodfo s-tfs&ecfc ian 3&..,. 3*sSr home.
-&
srfjfiaff* ejfiisS

went

^orfsS'SSfr.

participle phrase Soc& perfect

e>&.

parti-

ciple

(Having finished)

"Having

perfect word

1]

(x)

Being late she cannot go to the

Being
late,

class.

(vO
2]

she cannot go to the class.

(x) (/)
x)

Switching off the light she went to bed.

Switching off the
light,

she went to bed.

3] ^

Having seen her aunt she made

a cup of tea

Having seen her aunt, she made a cup of tea

for her.

l^>

"^CO
I

4]

(x)
(.V)

Having
library.

read

the

book

returned

it

to the

^W^>
I

Having read the book,

library.

returned

it

to

the

&f\~T

5]

(x)

Hearing a shot the thief ran away. Hearing a shot, the thief ran away.

Example No.
.This letter is written

53
(x)
1

by

This letter was written

my father. by my father.
:

(/7)
"is written"

SSeaaS Sf^&o
verb

&
rr

arffjsSba sSodatfj^

&

'was written'

106
? Voice

(Past Indefinite).

(Explanation)

^
past tense

^S'gc&^o&i Voiced goaododcS S^sScfco tfe&."'This letter is written by my father" s>$ (s-d&s&ptfdb. & past 3-gs5co
event

&

"^s^^o<S)
ea^to

sSoe5

verb

Scpzar

sis^ea&cS

Passive Construction's)

verb-

'is

written'

&

"was written"

TV

1]

2]

(x) (V) (x)

(N/)

Is that picture seen

by him yesterday

? ?

W0*

that picture seen

is

by him yesterday

discovered by Columbus. America 'was discovered by Columbus.

America

3]

(x) (J)

The telephone

is

invented by

Alexander

Graham
:

Bell.

The telephone was

invented by Alexander

Graham
4]

Bell.
is

(x)
(^)

A
A

circle

drawn' round
round

the

hut

by by

Lakshman.
:

circle

was drawn

the hut

Lakshman.
5]

(x) (V)

The work is completed yesterday by me. The work.wflj completed yesterday by me.

Example No. 54
s

We We

saw many larva on the outside of the

saw many larvae on the outside of the

leaf.
last.

(x)

107

larva larvae

Noun
(number).

(Explanation)
ste'sSb
.

"larva"

^& a^ Noun,
B3

s*a singular

number^*
plural

sy^esSco

<3S;u srs5^a& O^
1

ofl,...

sS^s^

number 0*
4

s&os-D.
'ies

&*z5cfede6o>jv &tf 3tfsfc> OsStf

es'

77S),

36^*....

c&a

plural
ssia

word

& English
English

word s*&.

Latin Word,
SSS) plural

word n-S
"larvae'*

4sSarft&5f^&.
>^)^oa,
attsS

number

fi*

js^^

rai^ Foreign

plurals^

1]

(x)

There are several oasis

in the

Sahara Desert.

There are several oases in the Sahara Desert.

2]

(x)
(s/)

Her four son- in laws have come

to see her.

Her

four sons-in-law have

come

to see her.

3] (

x)

The second innings are very marvellous.

The second innings

is

very marvellous

108

4]

(x)

A
A

large

number of the
number of

catties

were grazing

in

the
:

field.

large

the cattle were grazing in

the field.
5
] C

x)

The
to

scenerie

f kul u valley

are very fine

me.
valley
is

(V)

The scenery of kulu

very fine to me.

Example No.
Gopal
Gopal
is is

55
(x)

more cleverer than Haneef.

cleverer than Haneef.

more
fi^^SSw

&

5T>tf&Oc5&>

So^&oa?
:

Degrees of

Comparison.
SSStfs*
:

(Explanation)

cleverer" e^D &;5<SpAo^c>to

sr^g^c^ "more 8*&&o. .more ^> ^oAo^a. ^a

Degress of Comparison
SSipdfc tfgsSbeo.

sSsS

s5oeDoeo)sS fl^^sJo
2"j

Degrees

eD

:-

l] Positive degree,

Compara-

tive degree, 3] Superlative degree, degrees cSc& Adjective

adverb
Satf^ Adjectives

^c? adverbs

8 Comparative ^^s^a^ "more" e&-tfes&&, superlative most

109

V3

**

*> v*

**
a

to
<S

3 S
2
.

is

sse ^^^ss OOO

"K

O^^-M-g 0a.2Po3

g I S &< _
"w
"^

00

a s s

tg

Q
v;

V2

$
Y3

3
va

& I
^3

^3
CO

=
Q^

|
W)

'.2

i
*-

s ^

i. ft

| i C

I
^*

110

1]

(x)
(*/)

2]

(x) (^)
(x)
(*/)

more mighty tbans word. Pen is more mightier than sword, The elephant is more big than anyother animal. The elephant is more Wgge;than anyother
Pen
is

animal.
3]
:

Joseph
Joseph

is
is

more

clever than David.

cleverer than David.

4]

(x)
(</)

5]

(x)
(*/)

Mary Mary is more beautiful than Margaret. P.T. Usha is more fast than Shiny Abraham. P.T, Usha is foster than Shiny Abraham.
is

beautiful than Margaret.

Example NoHe was He was

56
(

sent to the prison for three years.

sent to prison for three years.

x)

"" e&
The"
SSStfea
'prison'

'article'

^wSSb
(Explanation)

3o^&o5?
:

Articles.

^
the
hospital,

.SDO^

Prison, college, church, school,

bed

Nouns
f'

&
e;^

*'the

primary purpose Tdsfc asScSpAoS&S&S article & &s5<3pActfo&, Secondary purpose

sSp(^-&

Ptf* A3SOpAoi&^&
"Primary
s^)6c5^

"The"

SD

secondary

purpose
Secondary

*'Prison& rfo^ 8 joSo& primary purpose ess&e& S^) e9c&^So6to"l e>a prison So "SsH....

purpose w^aboa, wSn-....

a,*

111
sSS r'tfSb "S1L...
....

Secondary purpose e$>s>o>

primary purpose

^i

sS

*>

"SS"!...,

"KEY
Exercise-l
:

l] for, 2]

J, 3]
1

for, 4] */, 5]

/,

6] for,

been flying ........ ) 7] */, 8] /, 9] .J, 10] for (He has Exercise- 2 i] J, 2] area 1 1 ?, 3] V 4] a" 4 l ?
'
.

Exercise-3 : 1] If I have time. I will come to you 2] You if */. 5] will get the details, if you see him. 3] /. a woaI make a promise, 1 will keep it. 6] You will see it derful thing, if you come here. 7] If you drop the cup, What shall I do, if he will break. 8} J 10] 9] */.
"|
.

5] aren't I?, 6] V-

fails to

come?
:

Exercise-4

west (have gone), 3J returned) 4] Wrote (have written. 5] went returned (has wrote (has (have gone), 6] returned (has returned), 7]
1]

saw (have

seaa),

2]

written).

8]

received

(have received,

9] Visited

(has

visited, 10] studied (has studied). Exercise-5 : 1] are getting, 2] scissors, 3] pincers, 4] are torn, 5] are, 6] cost, 7] that his scissors

My

pants were very costly,

x, 9] are, 10] Pyjamas. between, 2] among. 3] among, 4] between, Exercise-6 1] between, 7] */, 8 among 9] /. 10] between. 5] ^, 6] by the Exercise-7 1] with, 2] wUh a knife 3] with, 4} 9J *" 8J ^ ' 7 *'> his enemy, V
8]
:
j

mob, 5] by a 10] by me with

Exercise-8 she nor her
:

6]

ball pen.

am, 2] were, 3] are, 4] ^, 5] neithet his 6] Neither he nor sisters have come, taken, 9] J, 10] * J. 8]have father is in the house, 7] 2] have been hving 1 1 have been waiting, Exercise-9 has been sleephave been discussing, 4] J. 5] J, 6]
1]
:

If

112

ing, 7]

have been working, 8] have been waiting 9]

A/

10] J.

Exercise- 10

teaches, 2] goes, 3] play, 4] A/, : 5] i] covers write, 6] sleeps, 7] reads, 8] understands ,9] gets 10] Exercise-ll beside, 3] beside, 4] */, 5] *J lj beside, 2]
.

6] besids, 7] Besides, 8] besides, 9] besides,

10] beside.

have typed, 2] */, 3] will have left 4] V, 5] will have destroyed, 6] will have boiled, he will have taken, 10] J . 7] */, 8] shall have done. 9]
Exercise- 1 2
:

i]

shall

Exercise-1 3 1] The renovation of temple, 2] months 5] My 4] children's, shouts, leave, 3] arm's length, friend's wife, thereof of the building, 7] V> 8 J ^ 6]
:

9]

*/,

10]

*'.

Exercise- 1 4 : 1] The Netherlands, 2] Jamaica, 3] Capital city of Sweeden, 4i made in India, 5] Tonga, 6] the United states of America, Argentina, Angola, 8] 7]
9]
N/, 10] Luxemburg. Exerclse-15 : l] J, 2]
*/

3]

/
*/.

4] with,

5] at,

6]

A/,

Exercise- 1 6

7] to, 8] by, 9] ^, 10] One another, i]

:

2] */,

3] tf,

4]

one

another, 5] each other. Exercise- 17 : 1] beautiful than, 2] superior to, 3] senior to, 4] Junior to, 5] inferior to, Exercise- 1 8 : i] have been sweating, 2] has been singing, 3] have been washing, 4] have been making, S] has been teaching, 6] ^, 7] has been showing, 8] <s/, 9] have

been grappling, 10] */. Exercise- 19 were, i]

:

6] were, 7]

*/,
:

Exercise-20

2] N/, 3] were, 4] were, 5] were, were, 9] A/, 10] </. 8] 1] furniture. 2] information, 3] Hair,
5] stationary.
-

4] mechinary,

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