.

2011 - 2012

: -

:- / -

4. TCP/IP
TCP/IP ( )
.
: ,
.
. ,
.
:
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.

()



()
.



Host-to-host



1. TCP/IP

OSI
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI),
. 7
:

OSI ,



,
()

, endto-end


, .
.
,
,
.
2. OSI

. 4 TCP / IP

 . 4

2011 - 2012

: -

:- / -

OSI

TCP/IP

3. OSI TCP/IP
IPv4. ,
(hosts)
. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
.
.
(source) (destination) . IPv4,
32-bit 32-bit
Layer 3.
1. IP 172.16.4.20
: 10101100 00010000 00000100 00010100
IPv4 , :

(Network)

Broadcast

(Host)

: 10.0.0.0 /24
(Network) 10.0.0.0
Broadcast

10.0.0.255

(Host)

10.0.0.1

. - Network Prefixes
(subnet mask). :
? IPv4
,
. .
172.16.4.0 /24, /24 24
. 4 TCP / IP

 . 4

2011 - 2012

: -

:- / -

, 8 , ,
. subnet mask 32 bits,
, ,
.
/24.
.
. IPv4
,
.
.

10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16)
2: IP
1 - 172.16.35.2
5 209.165.201.0

2 192.168.3.5
6 192.168.11.5

3 192.0.2.15
7 172.16.30.30

4 64.104.0.22
8 10.55.3.168

:
1. : 2, 6, 7, 8
2. : 1, 3, 4, 5
3. subnet mask, ,
broadcast , ,

: . 10.68.25.0/28
Network Address in decimal
Subnet Mask in decimal
Network Address in Binary
Subnet Mask in Binary
First Usable Host IP address in decimal
Last Usable Host IP address in decimal
Broadcast Address in decimal
Next Network Address in decimal
Number of host

10
255
00001010
11111111
10
10
10
10

68
255
01000100
11111111
68
68
68
68

25
255
00011001
11111111
25
25
25
25
126

0
128
00000000
10000000
1
126
127
128

. 4 TCP / IP

 . 4

2011 - 2012

: -

:- / -

5.
,
,
.


(, ). ,

.
.
. ,
.
,
().
1 .

1.

1 ,
. 1

.
2 ,
,
.
. ( ).

.
.
.
. 4 TCP / IP

 . 4

2011 - 2012

: -

:- / -

() ()
2 .
,
( 2 ).
2
.

) ( )

) -

2.

.
,

.
.
, .
,
.

G-

f
c

, : ,
, (LOS). LOS.
30 MHz
,
( 3 ).
. 4 TCP / IP

 . 4

2011 - 2012

: -

:- / -

30 MHz
.

.
.
. ,

,
.
( 3 b):

.
4/3.
d=

.

) LOS

b)
3.

1.
100 :

10 .
? :

50 .

,
.
1.
80 km.
:
802=(3.57)2*1.33 * h. h, h = 378 m.

=4/3

.

. 4 TCP / IP

 . 4

2011 - 2012

: -

:- / -

.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.

,
,


,
10 .

-
-
-
-
-
-
.

2.
4GHz (35.863 km).
4GHz, (3 * 108)/(4 * 109)=0.075m.

. 44
48
.


. :

. 4 TCP / IP

 . 4

2011 - 2012

: -

:- / -

.

.
.
.
1 Hz,

(W/Hz)

- 1 Hz
- = 1.38*
/
- ( )
3. =17 290 .

W/Hz

W ,
= 10
W
.
Hz

2. 10 Hz
1000 W 50?
.
: N = 228.6 dBW + 10 log T + 10 log B
T = 273.15 + 50 = 323.15 K, B = 10000 Hz
N = 228.6 dBW + 25.09 +40 = 163.51 dBW
, NW= 10N/10= 4 * 1017W

.

.

.
3.
. 2.5mm (0.0025m)
.
. ?
:
/2 = 1 m = 2 * 2.5 * 10-3 m = 5 * 10-3 m
f = c/ = (3 * 108 m/sec)/( 5 * 10-3 m) = 6 *1010Hz = 60 GHz
. 4 TCP / IP