THE NOUN SUBSTANTIVUL Numarul subst.: I. Pluralul 1. se adauga s la singular: book- books 2. se adauga es pt. subst.

care se termina in s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh bus - buses watch watches box -boxes brush- brushes 3. se adauga es pt. subst. care se termina in y cand e precedat de o consoana (y se transf. in i) fly- flies city- cities 4. se adauga es pt. subst. care se termina in o cand e precedat de o consoana hero- heroes, potatoe- potatoes 5. se adauga (e)s pt. subst. care se termina in f(e) (care se transforma in v) knife- knives leaf leaves EXCEPTII: roof- roofs, belief- beliefs 6. se schimba vocalele: man- men goose- geese woman- women mouse- mice foot- feet louse- lice tooth- teeth 7. se adauga en la singular pt: child- children ox- oxen 8. Subst provenite din latina si greaca: basis- bases, criterion- criteria NOTA: Unele subst. au aceiasi forma si pt. singular si pt. plural: deer, sheep, fish, species, series, hundred, dozen, Chinese II. Subst. la singular care au verbul tot la singular: a) Concrete uncountable nouns: bread, meat, luggage, furniture, money b) Abstract uncountable nouns: music, information, advice, homework, knowledge c) Nume proprii d) Subst. care se termina in s : news, cards, mathematics NOTA: Ca sa exprimam cantitatea pt. aceste sust. folosim: piece, item, bar, slice, pound

III. Pluralul invariabil al subst.: a) articole de imbracaminte: trousers, pyjamas+ scissors, tools b) nume proprii c) Pluralia tantaum: stairs, customs, surroundings, contents, wages d) Adj. care s-au substantivizat: the rich, the poor, goods e) Plurale nemarcate: cattle, infantry, people, police