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SAyeE., D',.D.. C'ANO'N' HICKS~ ,

AND

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F. iC~.J~ SPUR·RE·L.L~ F'.,'G..S,.

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1-1El DE,lIlEI~O

,S PETRIE.
5tf¥'1iford~
'1It-

lnrductive Metrolo.gy.

St. 6d.

R~,o;i~ P01"'trajt~.
)lito.

Stonehenge : Plans, Deseri p,'r ons, and 'Theo:rie:!i~

90 pbotogra phs fram 'the dam. monurneets, 45,s. Ha'Y'litti~l~ Rigll

Egyp,..' St~'!'ee.tj

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B?()mley~ .~I(t'}tt.
Historlcal Sc~rab5.. D'ra,lVillgs of 3 ,2'~O from the pdncipnl CdUectioIl~. 68 pil.~,b;~s~8\$, ~aW Nutt.. Hawara,

The Pflr~;mi:ds an d T'~mp]eg 'of Glzeh. Cheap Jilnd ,Re;vi(cd Ed,jUan. ,8 pla ~s. &~ Field lJr Tuer.. Tanis, Part I.,~,
j

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IHahmu" u[1JJd,A'Fsin.oe., ,;,0 plates, Pt"e.kl &' Tiler,. (,Out of print .. )

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i.

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T anis Part 1M.;. N ehesheh and DerenIN~b. ,64 p~ares. 251, Prli(JllV h Co., ~.'~ukra;~is~Pa~tI, 45 p1&te~.
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M edu m; with ch]i;'o.moHth~grimpJl'B of the sculptu res. (In. .prepJaf.aijon.)

TrUlifl(Jl'

Co..
Field

in Eg,pt" ];S&1.

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Ten Y ~ars,~ Di.ggblg~~

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HE[DELBERG

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UN ~VERS:IT,ATS~
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1-1El DElIlEI~O

CONTENTS.

PI..G·~

INTROTIHICTOl\Y,
i'. Work at l~,ah"n and ;Gu.lrob 2. Work: il1 I'~ alesti:ne.. "
P,II\!G:e,..
i'

vH
V~~
"Jr.

,.

0;

3. Perso.o;aJ '.

.'

..

'v'iit

.'i!i!tJ .•

"9

iFlhl't t001! 2'7'~ IC QP per tools -,s: Gi":OUp 9 ~

" "'1:

2.'" 2!d
'

W'ODd~lil

Btt[ngs; and. tools

.
' -e

"

"

..
iO

:1 I

, .
~ ~ ~

,i

.i2.
:12.

.•
~

,.

..

12:

m nscrjp~l:[.ons.
" '1",".'.'",

.,
"

,.
iii

,30.

Scarab .and seals

..

131 14

C.HAPTElR L
PYRAMIDS OF lLLAFlU N•.

,. 31'.· Measllre • I' ~ 3"2•. W~!g11tB .' " dyn ..- Later offilj',sets o.f XVf It 33

.,

.,
"

1414
,.

.'
I>

.,

15

4. Condi-tloll ~ 5~ iodJng the entr.ance 6. Orlglna~ eo:·tr.anc'~S ,. ,? Passage dimensions ~ 8~ The e:hjm'b~ts .' '. 9. Th~ Sa:n::opl~~gu s I,D. Altai: and pot~h,!Jry,'
,i

..
..

'"

,.

CHi\P'TER.
_,

V~

.,

.. ..

~2
2

:ME .IN'E'f GUB.'OB.

.. ,3,~·" Pl' 3$. .I-)'ffistory " r0]eigne!r~ rts ,36. Burnt d epos ,. • .J]. Dab~d gJJ·'oups. of remains 38,. Chan g,e s ,offash~on notfced .3'9· :Misoen~neous ,ant[ .. uitte-.s .. ~ :40~ iII'fiSlcr'jptidns ,. .. 4f.m Me-.tts,ure '. , etg' Its -$2., W'· h .. ~
_",,3.rI
"

.'

:2

I:iII.

Shl'i~eand ',valls'

4
4

or

,i

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ft.

,i

n~ 115
l,6 I6

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1'.2:.

PYla'mid

at Atmu.rDcf~

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..

-4

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19
20
20

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TH.E
. 4. .N'Qtthwll.

TOWN
m

I!lJF·AHUN.,

..

20

::1:3.Plan and d:h/J;si~!Os:

,S[de "

.. ..
.,

.. ..

S.
If': U

C'HAPTER

V..
a,

lS,. S61Jthe!rn side' ~ Il§. VV'est:ern: 'q'lUlrter: CllAllTE

THE TOMB OF .MAKET

;;;. Place a:mld a;t:rangem·en:t

...t.llL ~

a rr l
., .,

C ontents ...f, coffins · ~J:ll~~1

. tLJI':.IJ..II,_:~llJ -;:, U _,-

"

., ~

ltt

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22

4~,' A~ of

bUfi~'~B '.

2'3

C H, I A"'' " p" T' '~'_" R. ·V·'lJI' _ 1;(" ~ l!i!,.J

P'Qtb~ry ~ i,', .18. Foreign ~ott:ery" desc.ribed ~ 19~The: age of it
]'jt"
,i ,i i,

8 9
10 10 10 ~ I
II ~

Varl~ties of ~tim town ilr~ S~y lei unkn·(1"~~nIS yet 22., It.elatioo 'to knO\V1J pottery Stolle figujpe· ~s.t~nds'
30.

.'
~

:24-

2.'.

..
,I' i'

46. Age or cemet,er.¥ ;, ~ 47'" G~a~es, amulets, be~d5;. &de. 48.. The r.ise of the lilJ~er'styles,; 49, Special tombs _d-scribed .,

"

"
;;'

~4

2·5
,.
'"
;,

26
2'0.

"

w~oa,~ea.f-vingsi~

til

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5e;. ·T'em.'b of AmcnardtiJs

S'r, Typwc~l st,.lle~ of b.ut1:~l

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21

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VII.

'PA.cE

'1I. Agt](;:ll1ltural bushlJe:SS 12. Fish taxes, .. ,73. '~~ptialOll ttl'e charffio:ree(i'

..

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39
412

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28
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ROill;gh list

deeds ~ ,.

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of papyd '" 76. Wi1~. By f'roC. M;abaffy'

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44

CRAPT.EIt VIII.
...

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H' C·' 1Ii"'il'¥r.'1· E P'

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-v.-:' h.1i

$.4, :lP~.t)lreIin~8 ,accc(['(Ung, to Pto lem,y;,

1

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29

55:.. The hiSfrlpUOl1

5,Q

{CMll,ll:d

Fl~en,t ruins '.

'

.. 57. The rod. .' 5 8. ,~' ap ~r.Sites '. "9 KO\lm1 I and. 2~and ulastah~ 00. Xo.:m 3 .i!i.ud 'Cr(U}l.'eb;~::r-r ,.• 61. IGo.m.~.~. S~'and IWm el Ak]
62~ Kern W,ez:,im

., .•
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29c 3·Q' 30 3'0 3-~ J.l.

71. State. of t~,e ·ooUee.t;io'n

.,
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ii

~ 31

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I

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.1'B+. lasses of papyri C ,., ~ 7'9~~l and Q:ffic"al dQcn.r:nents, .. '8~ utters " ;,.' .. 8 !. Sci'~nt]file: WOlrk.s .. .' .82:" R[~Thjiglous and ]i'e.l"aIY· ~~'~J:rkSl ,. 83· Roya] names ~
III

47'
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41
,48 ,48

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49

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49
,

63", Appe1i,~ix by 'Callow

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3'2

CliAPTE'l1
Tll:E GREEK

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~

C~HAPTER XL
TaE

SToNE

IEl.IPLEMENlSi

P)1!.P'J1U.,

By Prof. Sayee., 64-"SOlr]~eesofpapyr.i 05. Phaedo. papyrifJlS 65. ,Anti~_pe ,pa:pytus 67 - The ,pdv· Jl:e pap'yd
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8{., N~tu.re 8,5.,Axes

,86., Adzes

or the' eelleetien
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51
52
,$3

l~]eanthe- architect ~ 10. Diophanes the gero~;r.~ID

69.

68. "'P3.~:~gfI.·tl'l'el',e~s ,~c.~oul!l:b "

"

,. 3eS as, ., 37' 89. , '. 37· 9@· 39 9t.

I!I

'. ,35: 8',7. Knives

S:ibklecS ," '. Using of 'siikles

SC1J_1p,tlll!ies

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54.
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in file ,~uter .c11iam]~~;r" Rout :after fldur M I!i\f1ent em r. Tll& 'work gftb@ S€l~iJn Ig$g-~ has ~~leitEd u ~.]],e t~p:[Gj:adoit'.i Gf the ~lI:VJlS. af'" GtlIlf,6h,· ~~'llid,KabluI,~ gr~d'L1;aJ.'~y~l~ff]JJg ,the' ,~o:ffi s, until ,them l'M,1I'.3.S, bardly Mt'blc:h,,~s be.gu'itl ]r:I;fb.e ,pre~i0us year. Du~ifig'mr an;v',Spa:f:iI! l~ft in the enter chamber to' place the nf.hl:s" ,""L'iii::""'''''O,c. F- 'r-"""""""'''' 'II;~ ""''''I~irU.Q, .~ t~'~ n]-'J" iI'Ii..'1 'The wp,t-k' l\Vas h~alW,'~'~Q(f mpt on'l¥' tl~e w~~gJlty' t~.1;.;.. ,J4.~T.JJ. ~ U~l .f~"' y. -,', ed '1 'n;,.;n;~'''''''' ,.....~ OOulfl lue Il."~, I,;,JU l:i3i,[~.... U'1-'~~J,_!! ceeded ffin Ql~H~l"Jdng t:ba..~py.:r~mid frU~bltn ,t,UlC] ~ifl ~1 ¥ " , m -. - nee"d'-liit- , Il@ 'III.. ,SdliL,~"h. d 1...",.., '"a '~, ~ = roo!llg bad ]]roken, and, a block of stone la.y 0,1'1the l~tM:tn,I loontinuecl, the: tJ~'iilring ~f 6r~ XlIth d¥n~sty t~p ,of the- )~~~s:, ~Jmlos;t ,t;1l:1tv:s-hing, ,f_11J.em. This ro,fJ,lfn at Kaln~:~~,whn€: !;lOQD after' Mr:" W" O~,H.~g,heg:~IlIUlgbesjoined me, and took u:p 'the e'~c;fl;vati~fl5 at needed, '00 be slb[fmd QOC and ,¥le:t ifbcre was n0 ThOO'~' Gu~~b~'W liwldal I ~Q\1]d fU),t attend a.l0,ng with >tbe hcrli~ ffo.m 'MiThffidl tQ meacll it ·,~:M;C~Et ,all the tl~'aJich~rether ',rt,o;rk. The p~a'~'ro~)'irig tb~ t'Q;~';:fJJ ,o,f KahJ;;n~ QusJy ,m' ten catlin,s:" sa 'tb,-~t it made a t~"b\lbh:!.mme ot
~~~'4.d! ... 'l!;JI[',.,.
,!! _. ' ~~li.rr.li.

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':.e.,

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ceq uired elose $,tt~m'tk~iIl} ,~'S over t\!1Q- thousand eh~l1llb~]'.sIN'ere d!eared.;. ;and ,e.ru:ih :req ~j]~ 1j~ be' ,me~.$ll~eli", and, J![]~,eredl, in ,th~· 'li<voddnc'lg' p]~n wbich, \:va.s kept" be:i"Q,re ,it 'w,:a;s :refiUed with the e;art]} ll:Qm otbe:r l.Qoms. The m'&st ~;ntere~t:il1gpj~ QI 'w'Ork.

deL~ ~ T Q'!;v,nt'i8' eeening

~t;l~lUi1iJg

I fjl"JJjsE:tied~ and,

)i;~Il];e

out,

'!.\vith l~'et-spj"ra!f;~Qn~ and .0v0',r.ed 111iith the black dust at th~ '[nll,mrrde~ ~,n~dwl"aLpp.i'ngs. AU, the tnings found. were then e~l'rnfuny packed ttl 'Ii.. '~~ d ,car:li.~Gu QV1er :r._ ..... ,' our Ll~1JlI'.ge'. 'I:l th .... ~..J" ui!1[Sll{e't5~ a,.,il· li.-V IU~S'r::
s'I; 11" ,l!i

plates lfVtll be S-~ll:'Jl dt\l.~vblgS 'of l€:~erf I()bject; fo illud, "~~epting d~~pIicaile5}--e.v~n:'V-eIY v~f,jety i'Of 'head s ;, € 1:I~ld:it :['5 m:iLn~b.tfr) be '~M"ishJtd, tba:t, 't:vh~n.'§vet.'a torn b . :~:nn;e-1i~.'tluit t~ a.'eoo.il~ -Q'r~ \V~\&th a. fuU J;:e,ro:rd ,;, er ~]~-C:)l~p ~f obJf)zts~s diseevered ~'1jJ:Hsjtu.ib~d, a simDar. ,runde'~,of ~he '\\ihclle should be pu l.l[isf:B(!d, :f~f' mor(;$'OWeir :f:1:lrC~ series of added burials in these <~'h;a; :,ijeli"s\!, t!h"~Fle~pJu,g ~n on£~ s[dt~ of ~l the slma:U refe1L:e'n~e and stud,}!" quUI@ ~~aJ:'t from ,au}! iitrtistic : Q,bj~cts f~9:m time t-Q tllim,e, and th~P:lloeuJd~iiil An d P~(,tUf.'f'ot Sipecil~J,p:[ec~~h, ;2", My l;"ark at I~~l1:l:l;nwas :!fI-I:1rish.ed in. J~IiLlttl:orlll~nd ,A~em:n, :l?OU~1f'y trcund. het·~" are remarlm'ble d~~Us. Tl1.e· entnhlce m tb,c' oom5 ,¥.~ (Olund ,nate -fin~ 1Urter- '1ft. Hll,g:h~.Ill1g~hes had g],\!~'llL up, Gu~ol) abmtt the AfH;':tt~;~ brief ,bip in the F3:yum; and. IlJrlon; ani:i~i:pa;tfn\g ;a leng aff&\[lr,., lVe blocked it, 'v{~h .s~m~ time, (ig]!t~ and. .then O:[Ilenen it, rtCM.'t ffiO'l':nil'lg. The outer p'a'Cking u,p all the'roJlecttObs, 1 :teft ElDfP't ~n MaJ-ch ·Ch~ll11b>eF·~f€first ~]ea;r.,~fl~ ,[t D:oly CO'n~a.-injtd 'br,hkcil' to' ],u7JJdert~b1~ ~:caV'a:tiQu:$: fQ((' th~ PaJ~~till!e 'E~plora' .~ p1Jttery and some €a;rj~b.; a;[!),d in this: and the l~st'Qf tmn Fund, The- dela~ys 'VfJt~ ~~it]sld~rabl~j' Qlving to, the (dhe~[',~UICeI hnly' il~i.\l1Al\"Wed the l~d Mekrlwm ;00 '~ an [b;Ulll~fte'~id ,e:rJ.lO~ h:1t Ur~fi,:rmJl!':l1] aad &t ,last I '[5,~lo1it!,vith me. I~]'ewas. 'die hu::lq1' hr(2~rj. pf the ,\~u:ty o1)ly.' ~.uope~ct$ill,in ,gceU:il'JJg' fa~dJI 'to;wc,rk a. :few d ~J!'.tg , '\\lba" cloea!re,d Horuea's tr(Hnb,,' ,e~cittll.blle a\"l1rd l1',es;t'[e~s;_, before '~he misera',ble mllln'th, of Ramadan .. As;· ehe he ,aJw,ay~:p!r-e.f~r"a sp-~€1!]l~tfye l:vot:k; and I ;g..a\1i~ him wow'liters ~~m-e t? fhG: work at Ten H',esy from, a the, 'btl,~.i:n~ss qp~ili'[].,g u'~' the (oull,@atial1 depClSH. of vilia!g:f: ~i'~ miles ,oR: i'~ llras! ~U th'~ :mOI(~ d:D-ffi~u]t;, ~:li 11s.ei'te~en~ tempk'_;' 011 ,thl$ 'tomb- bemg :libulld '1;):1 and O:1f~:y' an~r makr[~g~ dhferenoo In,the paY'did I 't,~'O, latts wha, weJ'-e lta]J aJlb;ddt (jf ,[ft~ }[~kol~f.i~g~d:y' rQr.e~ fdi,~ :m~l1J ,t :sta)r :aU ll~i,g:ht 'at Hl e "TeU ~ the \vom~Q '[[U~Vl€t''w,ou]d srtp,[l! 'but "IIv-rllked efMtfu. wa:y eV¢I"y off,~~ed 'PGl.shar'~ it wl't:h -tl1em i~ he ffiig:b,1:; and3:s 'jV~ v:ery \:v.eH :ill hantl, :and oouJd be q,lUire trou.smd, a~1'" T'o, ddv,e ~'ij;eh a ga:~gili--a:H of th~ll'lutte~dv' I ,\r~1 g!~~ ,or ,the~han4f:-e.. Th~ cuter ¥ham,b~r bcri:'9g :U:I,iJ~~ustom;ed til) s;t,ea4y 'oo:ntirruc¥ijs: '\-voik~-diLDij]\g ,cliear 1 b~g~n to open 't~le~~ffin,G w wch bl.@ck)ed th~ Ra'm~dJ(lfJJ~ ~va:s]]0t ,~ .JJl'2li.p_py' tilsk. But, b,y :oolleated ..;.:i] [' -h .1.. d _ -~,GCr Q' t €: ma\1n t~--.n~ .,et;: "jiI,!L"jj _' .~ eaell a'bj:~ef :"V,:!l~S; weedif'lg. ,out ~I:I the bl.:z;i.e~t I ,got ifuoletl~c;n:,' ~t l~d a fQufwd, I l-eool'd~d it ?l11.d hanrdbd [t to· l\{,¢kO:\~f 'fo li'iy' tolef,~.b1e'b,ody~, '~1h~C']i di~p~~~d :ho,;vevex lIk~ ~ puff
'\WiS, tt~e i:]Ganng'
, t
l l

of t'be M,ke! tomb.. It Sit) S;eidO_lU happljt1J~ th'at ,~ l~f:'lt~ 'fom.'b, m foo'l.1.d,q;ui:t~ lJ'n(Usturlb:ed:!, ~,d <:;(lo: be: entKlicly tll~al1!::d in a G~relld

he

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III

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BISL]OTHEK
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pe.1ri,e 1891/'0007

© Universitits bibl'io'thek Heidel be'rgl

M~r"'\"11., 0, H 1!Jghr~s~l::;ril;g:h:escam e out in. ,Nov1emlOer to ,ta.'ke up "tl:u~ e~cava;ltilan of: Quw.n ~ 'uQ'Uld Flat. :po~s(hUyhave a,ttended te ,thfs ,[~l,tb~ tblle'~llana'ble befurtill \vent: b}P,destins) and It 'wag t):'.IJf:'fCfore '¥er:y :f,'rjiitmn~tet:Jililt sm-nI.G r~ur~x lvark c~l-dd, be I~d.ed. Oli, cc~'ploGth)ns, on a sClentifi,c basis, The l'eSulu 6f 'befQ1ge 'tlle 'n&t~'vesfi~jJadly' pI uIiLc]eren "the: place, JQf eO'urS'~€:no SQrt: of ,g~a;['diM~i'rl,' or,' P!l":O~Q~liJ ,W~ this '~t10~·k..b.arvillg' bet:1l puhUshed: by tb~ Palestme BKP;l11i[",~;fcrM Fund" I need n,~t ~rll:ber' th'~m h:er,fil~ gruvef). by' 'tl1.e IG1QvettUrteTtt~ ,and. il-''tQ$ cQnly by :payirn'r an ,Afre~:" 'd1us {ibtainblg ,Ell, €bfo:nQ~o.gical scale I :spe.i[tt a lua'mds m;y~e:}f tlt~t m. could pl!',~sew" the sit~ un.t~l ft)~"trn[gl1!t. In 'V'isitffit;)g'v~,uioo,s8,nde:n:t: >~ru.:tes,-, ,and lmMtifr- .1\~ Ii r; n.gbes-I~I:1b1ig~~ ~am€:~ 5'0 S;()0]'], "as, ~e :Le1t irng dlt@ J?eriods, 6:£ tll~ remai ~~,(t(l,m the: j:laii:te..ry stre~\ift'[ the rest Qf' tbe t-9w.n ,and ,;tombs ,tltfedy p~tislloo ,at the h~1tld5 of '1fb.e olunderere, 'Wfi; are t'b/~at',efor~ ~\I"er them .. . 3" Tb~ eosts of 'title ,ut~vaitijons d,~crlbed ,fn. 'this in 'sbte:d to his ~tten.fjfl$! for '~,e-$cuing' 'IDffst p;f ~~,f."i;~'I1''''''''lIl!!- .......,. ri.JI "",~.. "\"It,,~l1 IUJ' ,"""""v :1:", h "' b.J... . U~GJ!.1 ~" 1U' ;l'~-]·',pn ..:a:.,., JiU ..., J" ""'.,."",." ~J'I1 ~'¥lL 'th'e ~n:f0rmaUon on 'tli~5) sit~ w,m~b. ES tll,e p.l!~!le]].t
of "SmaikerllllliJen t~ ~:a,rve6t ~'8JUe' o~ and flO'l a. roam cQ'~W I ,~t: to d.o~ finythiflg~ 'The' siJr[ l'veel~s~W'Qr'k howe'i!ie_~ :sulliGed, to clear ~]Pthe 'hbt,ijf'Y Qi''TeU l'r~~ji and-soU be:tfEe:t==';m .fc.tM ,~ se;t.tes or'ttl~t~pottety cf the v,ad@'iUsl perl.od~ SfJ iaylfl!g a 'foun.dt(.t~£in rl1t~ l~
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ati dUr,[ng 'm,o pirevio~s: ye~r:s, in the P.a,rum .j; ,~'t].d. gre'ater pa:d: of the ,objiects found. bavle.'been presented 'b:y them "or mysdf td ~'d'o!As p,ubHc mj1Jl~elrm~. '\Nhj ~e, M was ab~ent. iR ~ng]and, thfll Inspector:S:bip ~r: the F'~1Ilm .lIad beell. tf:~nsf~r~,cm: t~ M~1Qr'
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LE. ~ but .he V,SJi,Y k[f)'U:V pel''Jni,11~ me t~, €On.tJIlUle' till use t:be l'JUrspocti\o'lJ .. ouse al '1Uahul'lj! Q~, h Mr" ,H~ltoa't rr~ad daue; when. se mu,ob, 'was 'b¢illg d£~t:pve.red it: was most' nlse"dftd tD' 'h~V!~a. lodglfmernt fO'~ tlli'e' ,B!.n~Jqu:iti~si~d 'but fQ.~ the \l~ of' such a 'To all these £H~ds

C];iends on s,peci[i7L1, ~~~pte['s, belie: Pmf. Sa],!"o,'e ;retla\v,s;. 'his lituenti.ltln to G~ek pa;1J.1lyd). £LIIlG Prof. MQ;I~iffy mrnas']nined 0\0 tbe ~l;Ibj eet, P4,r. G.Ji~m;nL 'fuas he~[t} :8,. s:tt1ld~ Qr -ll'be ,~,..[e~ ~C :nje:t3;tic pJ,,~ri: and the, clcrn,'~t~c w,itl I hop~· be "WQtked (ntt 'by' ,10'1"., .les5,j, Ca.noo Hieks. bas gi'WeD lds: {;p~da'l J '~no"!i¥l'edge to t'n!e Pta1el~ i[lsai'pt~Q~'j and ·Mr., Spunell hts ~ eilmciid,ttfJed .m~ch a'btm:t t'be use ~r :fUnt ~- ~ '~m pill3me)]~s~~itl\ h~~\:v:kl~bdr~Tm;p;tien on 't~e slu'bjet uf $~€]0~l
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,have belen :mud:IJ hindered,. at;tendJng to \v'ba~ 'm.e:the~ my Aft:e:r I bad '~~'Or.'lkeacb:r.dng Oct~b~r' at ICah~~,~ p~Tmj!'U:ed me ,t~ '~a,ke up.
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lUBLlOT~I,]E:K HEIDELBERG

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,4, IN' 'ehe' Amt $ea;.so.l:lt at mn~'1l:U'll M b-ad d:~:i1.e:s~wme ~:€ing; ~n(!'ist'll[rb~(t ThitllS ,the whole: 'Su.t.ra~ 0:f 'fh~ :m!(ll:n1;hs of 'wQrk tow1ti'tQ, fi~n.ding tb.~ ~I:l'rra]'l,o~ttl ~h~ 'FlV;[En:'did ems. \vi.S searcbtd :bete' :fDr' '~dlle,entra;nce::: ~uf , •..l 'II p,yrarojQ, 'L" 'Wl·tL:.· t 5ueCei'Ss. "'T"'Il.., iflA:~~r"n~)!;.eonl:!:L;lJ,t JliOJtai.· .Ji.. ue yet In ~aiitl, S;. T]m ease seemed aJu'J],Qs,t :bctpe],ess-; afte~ s:O"m~ sJtJ'1tl.cHQIl of d:l,e' p:y~a:.:mi;d :iLS ,fJecnHar:J! ,1]1d unlFke: aUJ' tll.O:(!.iith'~ dearanaes: we eeuld n,of r-e/~.dl,t1ie ,cl1~m.b:e~ ,~th~. It]$ pa,wU,Y oampos'&d 0'£ a, n~itnraJl ~k-J dressed Into fGFM up to ~ he~gh'[ ef .a'b~l!I.t,40 :{ee~1'~ b£ilh),~ eii:ther IrtIJthe tunnels, on 'bh.-G rop of tllile roek '119-,.,." ,", ,,', uld ed w'h~~h. j~ 'm'[s~ttpibu;t'0d' fn Bm~cl,~S'r .t'o tb,e P1ff,rtli'l"lliti 1!ilI.OP.;seJ no.r !cOl[] ,U .ij""...... .lh~ . iAU ~.~:t'FIi1 ""' __ an ~tril·]Jc.e: ~:ni ~'~ti.!J,,,,,,, ,n,.f pf Ela,\\ ~r~. 1[I}1?n thm, l"Q~llt is 'fM b~Ut .~;o'~l:io,n. (1)1 th~ o:tlJt~Ed«·. I [b·m,tlhc;)l,V\~~r nl8fde a c1.e~ring tiIJeat.tHa tbe p,¥ram~d .tt:d'€:" A'ad this is i1II.l~0' 'llnlLke .~n.y oth~' S.~~ I~xni"iil·er O~. th~ lr0ulI"d le'Vtl~ ~ID '6'i~Jd:the: :ptii&i:ticOn Ii, ,a;od M:ving [cnnro:d,aD edf:.~ of tQ:c~ ,p~n:,amid. ~rt ~eing 'built ·with. 03; fr.,a'wi. oJ aug$' waUs\< ,dr the p\t~me~t 'T.ltes-ellval]s tlUl. dgllt ·thrJOu:gh tffii.e ~(lnll~J~ op· to p~r1J:; of the pa"lem¢l1t bed, J :m~e: the. m~i't ·~t~k ·~t ','1 !·t11..... the top of th,e 1)uUCllmgJ. and h"lv,e' oB!seib '~a:rLs a.f, a~~lI]gili;g:fea~ ,~au;ru$. MleU Wl~.,1 'Il:iJ',: came Oil ~ '(II,; ,)7 "-' e _' ,,' ,~ so :rigbt ®ng;~e-~~ th~ "~~~. T1:lJ~w~lb are of ,st~ne h]. Q.:n_ the: S. .s}~d~ but i1E :vJ',a~ ,f~r ou:iE fr'Om 'dle' pyrawicl t the ,[ow~ .~a!rtj ~~d. Q\£ b-J'~cks:, :a:bo,v.e. The whole. ~f :m.h:a:.t it ba.t:clly seemed U~e[,Y to, be '~!Qire tha.n. ~JU~ of -;~. ,·r' 'IIJ~JI1.l;JSjW lClLlll the ftlUDg :i n of th:e ~yram~d 'burl{ b~tween 'th~ \\\,j1]5 is: t;'t. ma.~,f'0' r9C~. ~'\Il.Q"IA~ e ~"," 'L,:. 'h~,,-'II!.:, .i!J:,It)IQ''!ll]]UI, ri~":r ene ,. OIf mUJd.=b:r,i)ck~ ·th.e, :[J!'jlfamid. As· ill 'was jU5't l~'A.vi'ng· I did Mt .M:~,~ib.. nci'eint tunnelU~g has been d.~n'~~· I search ~eI\e-f.ore push on with it J blil~ I c:ommf':;na.ed it to a h @£ tbe eltaml)0~, 'be-~w'~n t.he .l:;~:k and ~he br,~k Mt. i':ril5eIl. when 'be tQd1k, ch,argt' ,of the :plru:e i:D 'my -. sitna,cture;, ,his p~ft is: hQ~~~yt~.l·fed 'wIth ttn~~d absf!TIJC'e" s a :p(lii~s.~li~e a entranee ; ot ·ffif not tba:t~, a temb .:pa~s~e.s frouw tb~ ·N·. sid,e., Much Gf these I' elea:r-ed. ·1Whicih. had bette~ he: examined. He opened it, and ,ilit ,aboUt 40 fe;et dif.')1Ii;v:n found ,11 d(:)o:n~a.y'on tM ~crtl:l iOU t ~~s~arth !iif the 'c:hJa.m.be:r:s" b1Llt in vaini'! See:hlg 'it:h~'Iltheft· 'IIV'a~, · certa:,JIl11ylfJ~ emfr,iln;ee :[1], the bde:k~vork! side l~rh~ch~~, up to t~ p'¥n!i;m f(t 'The rn~li!illth.ef this I ':r;:be-n, slL!1.E",@~ed that 'fbe ~.tone :Ullil1g ,Qf the clYa!m.befs ,shaJt is very wlde ,a:md. slQrflug~ h~vi:rII,g been nUlc[-w. .had.- [pif'oba:b]¥' 'ilee[l bJJUt hl ap CiRsn: 1CUn~IJgin 't1J.,~ l"'9ck: brQ,im'!f] :iill¥ny by 'U5~J pJr~~abl.y 'when tile pLlaice \:t"a~ ~~ in JevellY g--rher Jcj,y~~,am·ru~. th~t. W',~ 'kI,[Oi~Y' Qf. If SQ phl!D.dje~~d, f'O,r ~roll-e. 'tV·e. J~IlO"\I", f~am. gr.,iSU 'Oilil th~ 'the:l"e WDlI!illd be a g~:p ill tile' lQck base, \l1'·t~6:i~le the: I:il~rt~k5\1th~t ,RAM"ES;StI II desao.fledl tiiee~mpl,l.e· ~lld. pa~g,e '\JJU'aSi bunt in ~ ~Ild I 'th~r!efore ~et oaJictllJ:t t;'hG tMing' of dl:i~, p,y-tamEd .{'Of stone; d()i1,]b~l&J to Idca.rin-I all ·~r:Q1Jl,nd. he Pfra.:mld ,i~t the edge of' the t ~ blJ~]d at.. Ahnas, 'wn,ernM .hiftM'e', seen th,e name ef 'wp ,of the ",ock. Tn'ia ~r-~ '~~SY'~t1:Q"~g!~, ,a;rql!lJld :mGslli; l}'SE:tT~ESEN I I 'O~lc I~Q~.Umrn of Ram,l~u.. fl~~bQb!lf "31. ,@:f the' dfiG.uit~ l1eing (j~iy ill r~w' eet d~9fLl. B~t;<,a.~ f the tL1J~:re:f&re' the, :maSGin.$ re~IO'ved tie .~a,V·e~1l1er1t ai." tlie .5.:E" 'COrner it 'liJ~~ V~l\1'd£fl1eul't·, tlll~ ~o·ek: 'ibeil:n:_g :f::'[tiJ;ere :p'Yra~m],d; ,md-j Sg' d.e[~, ·thee, "~ldd, ·5nd. thi~ e:ntf~noe·. dereeldve~ and too bulk behlg fiU~d ]l,P w~th l~ye:rS Tb, thei~ plunde'ri ng t~mbre m.ay be·· :at.ttibu.ted. Qf rn~b1e: ,clilps;. ·t:browJW :bll\lltll. t~m m~rl down. Not lJie. bfeaJd~~~p Qethe lrrn~w([H:: C:balM,bt~ in. ~h.e beln.g atb]e ttl lr~e~ t~ e'dge of ~Llt r6ck.tbm"~£6.l~~, BJ'1~'ln$dj :a:nd. th,e rem/ova], 'Of :m.'uch 1)f fhe stone. ,E tealbed ~:t ~n another 'w·I:~. Cl~a-rjl~g iII! treI1:~ih :bl, 'fh~~ The' ll,~n e:r:ttrance ~s' ~.sQ d.,a:l1trerou-s 'EJud ,a_ Deda.w~ fr,ag:lnenti as ]~~M :l'.S, tb.t;, r-or:k b~d. i~~( the p~\~emeljjt, b011 \~ho ,,~~ ]ooJdtwg about t'here ~ner' ~t lV.fiJ~i o>pe111e;d]11
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SIQ.me1tl1neSi 00 £e~t Hoop, dO:~~~iand h~v:h'~ig· ,seen solld .rock~.\~e the~ ,~ut aW.al' tbJ:~ s,tuff alboI1!l.e! and tr,a~~e~: p file r.;()e~ 0[' o,v~r tbe :Sl!.uf1,~~" f th~' ruhble u 6 L, .!ill ,.:ti' "' ' It-' ".",:<" .. ~-, ,', ,.t' ,~JB!"lI:S:Ojl: cons ],U:~I!;'l0t1 W~~r'0 '!II' .. ' , 'ld" b"~ o.~1('II,.\a.~no~ ·t' h' i·-_l, iQQu._.'. , err
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fell dG,-'tn t~e shan~ lrtui w.a:s killed en tbe ,spat, 'The S1l~y ~;f' th;e' pyram'ld. JS tlnfi1du ~,ateJy in~"mplete.

~roiken t.fu~,~~g'b; ID;~y()]l,d 'U1-att m~; a. mMS: of 'hll(lfc~5of s.t0'J:U~ and ,a~lp5j'w'hje.<h ~~m, to tmrn tIl ~the ,~st ,~Ildltor rlse up,wa~d., H~ then is: pl~b~b],y th~ maln slt~ft j but thcug,[1t I ek.m:rec], mnelii of dl'e .:I!7r-.nl~n~. 'the' surface OJl wD:fch, "is ~1']i1f"!'~lm;:n.,~I:i"'..::II '. :,;j.'1. 'I;Oi'Ho;aJ!.il~"}:,:!I.i,ll,;,;.!I~ l'Mh.Jll 5etH!j[,al :r~et t~ick of eJrlgmd 'b~llI..::ed-up ch~~, I eenld ]lot find tnTt2 fD~R~t~~n:q~'~ ~.f 11: h~Gl ;nNt been f~,r the, c,;;>;.-...."r'II,~: f"m'illft ~~:n(le:r.t'be n5i'vem~;ll'iIo_ '~t'~,;:;,'; , ,', .r""'J..~~'L..,;r: lM,id,e and ,7Ghigh OIn enteril];g the ]im,eSltW'IDe clllJam'ibe:r. u: '~LP_ ~,_ PEQlldIUJHf':: !iFill,," + ,.,.u!ali,., this ~ry-r.ang:[d 'wou'[rl,,f:Ilever ha;~te b~en o~Ji1e:~ed .. Tl1roltg~'1nt thes@!'pass~ges d:l.e:t'€fmre ,tbe:r,e ,]os no JI!~Bd, ,',. 'The SOIl~II'B1, p'tiSill,e is 7'.J4 hr~", [Qifl~ ~ "a'~(J, ,;j,'bd'II:mt ttl£' $t~opih1;~'brrt, they axe: ma.d~ of :fuJl '~.fghf;; U~e 7 feet wide, aDd .4 ,feet h[g;h). bu~mud~, enmmlh~~i~ed those. Gf' 'tlte: ['-la~y~rca py~,'cJ11j,id"o; $~The l.hne,st-on~ ,dlB.m:bel'; ]S 'c~t bl tb€ sort madt \vHh ~{ODJ~~, so ,th:au It ,rs~d~it:TI~u.[ t,o Cl.,a.;l1j!'~ ~1(,i!flig ~t" t flIle lime!brn1e, The Tlre ~ntr:~n,Qe.It.bamb~r :~S' 13;2 N. tfJ S.l ~l'1d ,;a;,buffillt ;:08- l}~cltl ~n~dUn~dwJ.tJ.~, bloCks to tll6 :!re~s wit'h, 't'[~e wate[: weU, 'T1_cds ~s81 is 82: lFOaf-hlooks,. alu,cl,parct, Qf ,the:. tOJil of th~ w~J]~,have 'be.en 'b•y 'I l·'iIT'II~ rn: U!l,~ ","",,,,;,.!. - ~"" It';-;n;:i';ji.r&... ~ ~~ • ,:__,~~' iCIl..Il~'_, &t -'iilill'i!l;il-l ;a,!Qi.!U~ '4-i!i)~'WI"" ~,r ,i}; :~,Ib ,ms brollr.en UJPlt a:nd ~ie stt~Wblig, th~ Raor; a. '~lamftge:' ''':J,a.,. ditlic.u'h to f'eat:h. it ~w,ffi~ Jm' a. ]nng sb),p~ 0it, eJ;Tth probab'J,y dl!],e jt9 th:e' Ram~~!ijd.e ,masQt:ns.~The\. dll~Dlber ~~]]1:~h "m~ ~abQ'vl~ tba 'wl'eU. The' \\1teU UseJf i~S""f-.uTI of is !~JI" 7 E.,j 1'22 ",8,W.~ I~" 7 N.~ 9,5 "3 K.; the ,;vaal[ 1 -veQ' :S~h w:a~et UPI t,p ,~bOEt'th,e lev:el of 'ni.. eham:ber e: h~i'g~[ is :1!G:" 2~,,a;nu~J: ,the pmrrOOtli rage g", ~3; m;~lm:,¢", :fi;QQf,""hy s((uJ11 ,~ lYeJl ~bG~td :ba ve' ~ee~. made \~~ a.ocordihg to, the piece pi ,'il'~).e '~DI" ,~~U ''\vhteh caRnot see'" Proba\biy tbe' 'm.;·,a'~e;r'eli'ie~ :E1;as; [[:sen 'lj,\jfitl:lli, rem,ains :ma'ki:ug m:,?:3, ~ 5 j:'nchlL§ In aU" 'Th,e, deO,l1\:raty l t1:'IDcm:'i:se p~ Mite d~'p!jjI!tits, med ,roar baVl~'mie~n 15 fe~t is $" I~S to 5~, (5 from ~hp E, Qr,I ,the l;veS'~ ,~s a 'IDowe't ,~dt'~n,t~~, py]',a::mid ~~VM bui]t. T'f~;e well ~ oo:n:tracefued p,~rt 'II· ,2 ,,;vIde.;, ]ea;vil'lJg2'O'" '! G.fi N "" and "'..JI '5' IJerJJgt-; ..:11 . t;her~fore :]?'B'rhaps a;, d:ry' ~haft It :1Ba:y hav,e ~een, 'ZQ" " 0rJJ ,f.'" :st~,e.'il,TIIo.,~' ,. 4~'.'0'.;;,N' 41: .' 3' J,'. 'I • h ,: ,a:nu' .£I\. iLU:S ]$ Q .... ,eHth;irr '~D cRt~h ~cln~frntn ~'va~ter u~n!n;: ai0'\-V~ t]l~ Shan €!,Q\[l~~(!t~' fed ~ pa;~So~§'ej,. ]~lndJig .;" ,3 O?~, :N." ,S ~~ a~ 8., : r
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Tbis '~nc'Qm:p1eremess't,t;he plan a'ir'~,~ fJr'Qm &,Qd]e ~~G~ks~t:ilbl~ ~t the ,!Cl:o~e (If' '[he d.illgginrsi' 111:111(:111 pl!'\e\~ntlC;;il:l ,my d~illga,c1!.rve- ~vork~ 6,. O,n, l~en~i'['Jjg tQ ~b.e'plan, o:t th~ p~ssag~s (PL. II) It Is seen th~t' ,tile shaft :DtO'loV opened hllr n.oE a:f aU the main ooe~ Anat'b,e:[' shaft 1:llt111st ~x($t ,~t t'be: '~rfd or the south. 'passa,ge~as the gl~aF]jtc¥': 5an:~'P:h~glls :i;$ !,Q io~es '!;;v:ide'; 'the ~otJ:th passage is ,54 at the d~Ql"waYt and '~he lO:I](g'pas~,e :uot, l~ss than t1J wide]. and the entranee to, the chambers i~ ,~'4 ~¥JJcl~~, So ,tlli.. e s.ar.'Q)'jJ~,baJgus 'W01!dd, ,Pa8S, an tH..e!li~ ,j, '~he)€~ t~ ~:odr'~ "'fi,Y ,at the 'bottom ~( 1fTh]:e 'Used! ,~~artis but lJ in!e.he'li" The no\:v-used ,$'lnaft m ust thafefo'$~ lia:V'fi been ,(')nly ,~ b~~lf waY'~, ~ '~Jla.:b],0' the 'l'io;rkQ'H~n tG' PMS in ,atD,cl, ou;tw:hil~ fh~ JUa]ll shaft ,~as b]~ke4 wl~h LQwering me' :sto:n~I'~f!l)rk.., ,At the end of the $1. pa;ss~~ is a

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0\17:it nl~ have: 'been, a. w~ter' well;, Q,f:' it may ,~ea.d tQ somre, atb~lt', p~a_g~, below, It Is d.oubtful even liivh~thJeJ;'all '~-h@, pyram~d pifi!l'Sa.ges known m3;Y p,(rt '~~ a b'Hnd~as 'Uruer't Is 'ne~1ier a 'i;r'at!e' rqf a Ufd, to' tlu~ sii'Mophag:lJi1.s., nor o~' My W@Qfj·~1]1ooffin Or m~llll'l,Mtv biIJ tile ~am be~'. 'On the oth,e~ :band there .__ ae re elal~Qr:i!ite lJrec"autJj~s :for 'ba:rrjn;g til,rei i~tnu:1er,j ,M at lE-il ~'-r~,aJ'~j I!;'",e ,e~ery·t[lii:il,g; \Vafl, trll~e,l \to the Sl~C~eGy ~ of the entrances; I 1;- ~s unU~ely 'fba,t 'ther-e is ~u'JJ,rfhlElg mC ,i:lDp'brb~l .. n'[ie beneat~, thffis 'ljll,~,rer as there S€~, to have been no, c-ar.~ ~ver ov-er ~iIts '~,pper P~ft, t~ Tbe' ~~~g-e int~ tbe pyral.id :sl'op~ '[lj~,ard, as, 'l!;viU b~' s~t'l'DJ ~;fl t'h~ seccEiQn~, :PL, II. The ''II¥h(jb~,efll"ge;'ffij, l ,s}.epes f5I 4J:Y from ,e.n:di, 00r end, hut the lower pa~t' 'ai!Pft~S, to s'~ID'perather- 'lieu]" an!~ the ttPp':er pAtt mb..re,. 'f:h~ ,an.;js 'Qt this :p~BS~ ~s ~ 40'f E, '0'£ ]l1agO~itiG N.) \lcl~icll, shews, that E1 Is ~mbab[f 'ver:y f!H1~tjI);I4y'b~ue: 'Il'prth. T:b~ ~j:mestoJ]]~chamber WaiS o'll~eJ~ed. as lol~ !t, 'QIf :rnaillelic, W~rawd if: ~o ]8 Mk~,V' f·IDthe pa.s'(~a,g:eand is ;919 drawf,i here, The l~;r.st art af' the p pii.~S~' ~s,~ li~'IDg ~n, 'the s'l~pe; :rut ~~ P4 \1V~ide', an:-rud 74 lurig'h,om tIl'e! waU) !O~ ,I~, 'tn,e m,[~ le of '~be C~fVl!d. l'1"m. 'rool. It is c~t in, the soft 'f,ook iaJrly \t1f,eU, 'b~'1l t'h_e 'm'iDCli: is so Gr-um1)]y' allld poor th'a't it is 'merely hard rnarl, ;uili:ln'® smootb,J~Qe can b~ made., The :~sa;ge ohambee is 27'~ 'On S\" :26, en N,~ ]2.4 on E"}I 1t 2,/ ©:11W:., It ~sI~e~ped.up \~qth bmk,e.ill1marl (rom the: rock; tll:ollgh whe" s;llcl'Ji, a q ~a,ntlty 1t~ ~cme from, it,1$ h3Jr-d t,t,;; tell, The 'up,p~r p~u,;t r 'tb:~ Q PM~~~ iiS 89'4 lQ~ .16 wlde'~~ hig:h on th~ l\\~,al]I' and ,;9 ttl 1th~ m]dd.!~ At ;h!! tbp _~nd "it 'Is., rQ,ugltly smea;:rr;ed lvldl a th'rn ~,O'~t ,rof' wlf]J:i'b~ 'p:blsmr~1 fill_:[Il~' up al.1. 'the M~ghfte-5_g;e-$,. ]:t 'CQ[]t~~ts ,t~ a tk~Qnwy 54

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~ 'Th~ ~a:ree:~agl1s Is peih~p~ iEhe ,6:neQ piE'ece' IOf' (to 69 On ~,e a~u.fb;, sill1~ ,~t:J"4'.,5 j\s ~ pt\cS~~~ 4 i ' .1 meGlla~d€a'[ 'wark e,wr eat~ern.ll~ed '~n,slljch ,a, bim, :i!i,p"Ci • 'wrilde·: ~ IS m: e; '"QI 16j];g~ a;bJ~lth'em \~l:c[~Jj$to S2 f~f' 4m 3< ,4- dimcn[~Jt, :1;Ua1reria:l. The fO.fm 'm, ij'U,rte' u L1]ik~ fhat of tlll.,·.... l' ·'il-to '~nejJ)€S, lIJiS p.a.-SSaJ_ge: :[S 'C'Ui,!J;, l:n :Ii"":;; mal Y 1:"QC1'ii.'jI 'wtl.'.Ii.l either l:offin. :kEliO:":v'~.,'i' ha vlng Q, wide Up all around 'a c~n,,..1'ed aiP\ and ia 7'~' h~h ,~:t.s;~~, ,;7:sr. in :mj:ci(lte~ It ~ th~ b~,p., (SeetJIe ~l)a v,iew l~tW P,L. IIi) Another ~ thenturns to tile TJ/vesffQl'~98~t5 i8cJleg~ 'bei:ng' 02, ld,g])ru ~;r !;j,trallg:e ~~uli:En:ity is tha:t tb~ bQ'Uom is of ¥a:ryil1;g 12 ~nmiddle. Tll,ro, turns ~m :tl1tJ:rtbif~r~1-8~, the· .m·dl€:-i : 'Ml[r;:krn~S$;:or the ,b}sWde depth be.ing; e~ua;l aU o~ey~, tben ,to ·tb~' I~~t fal"- 33,),<~'lid 'th~n to tbe '.0u~i~ fQ-t tb~ ~uts1rd,e,d~~h sJ'QIIeS d(:Y\~n n~uly 4 Inches :f:rom, U~l~ (ji,~d:Dg ,jn't~' the'sepul.(dl:re\!, by a ,e,g,u:l~rly pe~mw- en,d tg end, As tb0 s;d~~'~~ cut ~q'!lJ~ 'with t:hempJ 'men:t cl,lOo;rWaty i:l:'ru.th,@: "gfl:l'rJitE lyil:h b evelled ·~d:g,es~ a1l1d ffie:' fii:et~17\ Is leve]1I' t'l1lJe ends all lean qv'~i' and '~he This passags is, Ul(lst pltz;.z~Hn~~l it has ino ibj;'~O'~be~T; ~~p s1a;n.ts;. .~li ~b:o~t ,the '~v'hQle '[fling' :i& tilted by and mrereilif ']~:acl5 ['0;und 'it:C!J! with[n B. :f,ew ;yards of stta-nd'ing' 9[1 a- S:~ep~:r:tgott'om., I Ci1itU:fUiUy measured b where it s,{c:.H(rts. Thre're is no sign af' ,e[ther end having It by S't~e,tc;:'bfd tltre'tlls, ~1frd :pltlltub ][ne,Sot with o.f(Sle't$1 :been. bl!JiGked MR.;, ner i's t'h~f~ ,any' ~lgfl ~t a dO(~(f e1ir ~~ to a tbolllS;~Jl,dtb,oiCttn !~c.h Tie ~tuf~€'!~thpugh is e:[~9]~J €kf the ;gepule:ffil~ dOOlllliW,6i;y;" The ,sepllle:hre .~s .llQ,t PJ~~Ush~d~ snlo()d1i,~ro1!lnd to an Impatpib]e all (kf ,Hg;h'~-'foo, g;rMite~, ~m'6bJtbly dressied 'b:ut ~no:t. ,anene'BiS,a:n~ mqs,t ~xqu.~~i~'e~y"~a'1, ,F;o,ri'Us'talfc.e 'ill,~ng groand Or pP;U~hed, The' sj.d~ llte J~J, I: E .. :[2.1" '1 t~he top l'eng-~, '~f Io~hDI~l!$,~S!tJJe errors from a ~tir<ajgh,t ; W.~ aoe ~;2 2Q6 '.'9 Si, On. dt·~ e~st is the 'eltb~mf:e llner are - 7.. + 5,. + DI '1, ..... ?~- i -thousandths on Pl.,,, 0t 161' '. ,lU w$d~' witLlf '!I!:;[" 0' w,iLrn Q_n-.. >ea.ch sid~ On the E, si'd:e: ;an:a, +, 7~ ,_, ]I ,3~,- ~~ + '1 On VV.~ 01" an -, ... , ,. . a:~f~ of 1 thousandths of an m.ch .of error, On, th~' '110r;t'h >~stb'e doorway af ~be p~ssage ju~,t named, at :L£ilJe OJ: '7 ,~ .I10~ r frrun tke lv;es~; and 4l: '.6 wiae~ .c~EIl the s('}1)l!lth f~' ~t1I';'~'e ~IO" ~:'f'i'.... '~""~-~,~);II I""U~. a fi().~cw'a,yat. ,]2!.' S from 'fbe east l\\?'~U, and "4:[.' lW.i~"ei' $, '0 ; snd _, 6]1+ ,~, ,+ $ _ ,~ve:r,i~error 4, fhc111!e Thj~ i:s ~:o", S 'lO{~g 'rliroug,h ~b~ ,g"Itl'[;"Jite; ,and '~h~n sandtb~ 'of I.f11nch. The er.rors .of p,a:;ran~I:iSm a.t'€: aJso very small ; 'tt'll€: 'widems to! 4S'"'~ r~.ra leUJJgth o~f: $9 -e, eu.t ,in t~he'm,~dr' ," ' '~'~'r'iF :.,.,... .1.0' '"a"" ~:lJ!i;I, ,/,~ ,.,~ .!J:,I,lib.t1L '.,- ,-mb.HJle- .. :}l4[,end i$ 5;~'·'o)3~ ;and S.. end, S.o rIj J" (.u soth of an. lIj.~ Q f;\I"t.. ":..:1;''11 [ rO'€l!i.~, A:.1Ir« ~~ ~~. -,~ ~~ :'i1m. ]ll It then enters a Ghamber I 2'~ . 4 on .E~ 129 ":7(}N ·W., iij,el~ 0'( difJe,rel1ee~ OR I.o~i in~bes; loo!P'h,. ThJ~ E. &~de· r 16 ro" '.4 ~n N.~ 1:0, .',2<' an $,., 'Thi'S eha:m beT: [S, 1:0 h'~gh ;is 'Ib6 '.'](\lj;:j,~ and the 'W. ~:(~6,'~' k or a oot~hqf an '~i1ieh, t:li,~rG was ~t. the E. ~~(1, W,* rund l,ise'S! to I~ 6 iu ;Tii1(e' cm:r\ ed d]ffe:re[]ti In the' lower part 'of tJlte Qil~m[,d~ 1"000£ In d\,e '~veSit all Is a recess 40 h); SI in~JlesJl :no;t sueh ,e:~ce~'..d~ care, a-nd!. the' average errol" is 3 w tbq~~nndths ,on tlle' dlSf.a;O(1~: "from side' ~eo ~i,a!e, i[~,~ ,and 20' b~'~, '~miSc hiS been cut: bl.~r~, 'tTo'~flblyby th~ R.am~s:s.ide lImT~m;e~" ,M it i~ ,nat :sme~~t~d'l'vitn, (iu~d:ftl;"gthe err.,o:rs: ,o-r fo(r,ming the: p]i;U')!~$ja~nd, (ii;f th~;ii' pL~s[er.'Hk~ the; €lla:mber~ ,ltJl.d. is 'oom 'w,ith, a ~iGk IO~" ,pa;rilU~]i~ru., But even titis, is nne ,yorrk;on, stIlc'n a T,hce, iiE1:sidle' i~ ~];SlO 'V,erf .!~ur,a:JJ.e:l; tlie'ov,[dKh, ,alt ~hisel J ~~I"""itlef 'W heIN'S the_ p,~r3Jll~cl &ewef'~s pic~ was sta,l,e.., . J$ ins:l~ l7Vt~~ 3~d, :Ei[1I(;l;,c;:h. f'@:u;uld~f;;, th~ N. being :z6'" $42 and, ~t ~,b,C§: . 20 ~5 ,~~ Or on:ly al S 'To ]?et~u:nto the'~ra:\nit~ s.ep1ll1due~ The' BOO/I"is ;0'1' Iooth a,r :illWll, ]neh s~n't'. T~,~ lG:Hl;vature ,of t"ihe' :plr!n~g gran [toe; and, whecre tie .(ItO or :s~U ,hars' b'G~lti] broKen l~ ,aJ:m,~st. otll;~n;g'il~r ~ tbe leng~h of 8,~,~ndl~~' tbe :~~:v'aY~I~' ed ,Q't rel~, s:®.n~ beilc~n '~~ g:(a;nite and E. s;lde h6Ua~¥illg S', 'and 'Mle, Wi $ld~ 'b1[]'lgb1g ~ b t..h~c ,rock eatiIJ 'he ,e'Gtt. The ceUm~g is .ot g,ra'm:t~; itbnll~a,nd;d'1Js;ia diKererr0e 'w,~Ich :~ 'prQ-bablr oovet'"ed s']epi:ng bloc:L(s. ~b~tt oo~ ~~i'n~t ~tfie~er~ ,~nd, lVe' eut, '11;1h~ ~rr~Ji"S iOf meas.ul'1f:~e~t,j,e'l\i:m.g fi~' a SligItt tilt 3 t out b~'lte,a:1th, iJI~Q a ch~ulu elil11.re-.rlV']iicb. 'ri~~s ¢ ~ at the; s~ro0ph~l!J~ sid.ewa:,yJ$, The, e:FiIJds.e~n l!.Lot 'be 8 "iit'h a w~dtJJ. of ::t23 • ,3", The ;jll:1(ppe.r sides~ '["be lb'}oc;ll~ oc~u:ra~l~t ~,e6ttn~d by p,lumb Hn~ O\;ving 't@ ,the 0[' :iitre t~fl 'j!OuiJ:1ll, lmwn ~,[iL~, snaia:h~~, i,his ~o:tlstru..ct:k)(ll, .gMa:t 'tilt en(l"~a.¥s. 1"'e si,e~w'of t'b~: 'pl~nle9, ,al the is ~;lili, ]ike til.art ~f. 1ibe Slepll~th:~ of M,~~k~ ;It, j:figOCill.e :is, ~ :iil,oll'59:!rJldehs ~(Dl 'the \1/., and, ? tnG'~'SandtTh~~ r'·~,'IJ... ·TI~.:i!" ·Iii,.,,c;,iotit'h-·i!'r "",,'1 ,;.-;{~-+'ik.~ U vrwa:.y ~1'· ,iO''II' ·':9': .' 'th-· e'.. W;aL ~ll'l 0\1'1 'the E~! Ul1:Z~.l' . S I,. whl~h ,3Jgain, ml;t,y b-~ c,anr'6'undI~dl, '}j-f' the hWc 'h ,', "1-4'i' .i7i11i .. 0' ..... W' .. r ':.' - 'i"7 C ,. ,t'~~ , /',.:1.,.:11:., l~ 12 '1oJ ' [g.. t'JJ.1I .Ii.:~"', r.:;, Ji'j",. 1,1 f ,!oJ\!- ~ .!1W m~,U;UJl.'e. slight tUt Qr th'e w'n,Qle r~~de\v~y.s 1>~1t It ~s,aIm ta9t ,;, :G, ~ 'b11 ., 151 ::l :I~ ,.:~,hig~, at E~~,I I ~:~ in midd~e~ 'I. '112"'0 at W" il.'lMa:pp.re~~a Jl~ 1H, any case. The ;IlOrt"h door :mB! S I:.'9 h;gh _fllt the sia~'S) ~n)i $~l· 6. ld, Las MYal aft.e.1' §trai::ght'n~s,i f[atii1l~cJ and. para]'leJtsm~ m:iddle~ l,~e .south, -d~1.' J~~: $t ~o ,llig,h.a;ft $~ae5, AU, t;be'f'e is- the. queSifull!!Jl,n ,of ,rat~9bet~~ee:n'tlli:e d:rm,e'J.1~iQtl£~~, the ,[!}00r:viays '~a\l'"e1JeveUe.d ed~ges., 'T&e ~ar'OOlpbagtis {)1(' ,~:o,rac'y ,o-f p:ro'p!D:rdO:l1l:5~, 'Th:os h~fax:mJQlt-e d@ff:ic;ulit~, S't~'fi,u:1s 10 "16 at S.".lO '100 i;l't N:~, rom, w. 'w,~]l; '~l1d a.:s~ it l!ecJiildr.e:!ii, an dl.G p:r~f.Q:!J!s a.c~utr.~u::i~~ 'and, iIa i ~ddJ:t[on "~~buly di v,]d,~~,$c~l~'~ and, ~]l irtemed,litbJ,e Q ~3'~ a,t E .. G· jcS~1: 'W'1J .r~m·S.. 'wart" "
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the Rame~~tde'w~'~me:ni' A]so 9De fr'igment 0'[ al~bMtelt:'~1;,pare'n'tlly ,th~ fl,a,iE brim of' a large ,clrc~l~:r a Q;',5!j '20~{§'~,j 2J'5~1 - "'008 ~es~]" 'W,~S fo~nd ~n the pa'SsiilC'e lleMin.g from. t'h~ . 'The O'tlm[d~ height is 36 ." ;~.f N le]]d~3~2 itt S. Um'~$tQ.l"e' c'bl[!mb~r to:1!1nd 'ID t'lJe ,s.eplUl],due This ~'6 end I lor 'th'e bO:li;tO'M 'u~ti,~S! from ,I'~ ~4 to' 9 "'04 ·:m p;a'S5~ge' was eh~'ked 'byfa,Us ~f ,th~ reo! i~ the Ni'W, fh [EknE:ss., ,angle of ~~t;'but 'thi'lugb, \V>e 'ma,v@d all 'fih~t Sltuff an~ These ~afi~tj,€lllS in s~le ia~t.w~ t'~e: '~~rls; ~3:re ~]eJn~d ,t~ 'p[~O~j 110 mo]!'€' I~f' 'this, alabaster v,¢s~e] 'Very small, Lu,m,p~ng to.g,eth~r 1,]1 t'ffill,E! m~S'\l'fflSJ and .;c~rulldb~ fQ'Ulld.. ]}Q.lI.:lbiless the Rilme!side '!i,"(;Mikme~ 't~~iR!g the :8bve;rage pa'hn~ :~,t cernes ~\il.U ~ 9400~ or ~j;ad l:ar~ied ~ff 'the a"~~dla\ste:;r sBel~ tlto,ug'h, the. tabl.'~ ~ cw.b~t 2Q. "62'2. Thil;Ul \ryvie:(&n j],f:[uil, "!i¥,'ha:f: €~~l1.dimen,e,f j,)tieAtI,gs ,~a'S tqo 'bu]k.y fOI 't'lr~m to' 'pUfer. i:toc, sion ~bou]l(:l 'h~:ve'been. OIl a m,C0,'[lseale, ~ewn in th~ n r, Q~b;rd~ ef th,~ pyr.~n[lcl. (I; shrine ,audjloioed. ,E't O~ Jast eohn,Nll '1?1llt one, and the esrers ,O'$'[ohe ,S'arc~pba.grns t'l1J.te Jeast T,h:is :baa been aU de:!rtroyed by Ramessu I.I ;. $id~s; are gi~~fI.In thG las:t co.lu mn, 'Tli'~s, the ment:i a~iJ. th~rgr6u;m(J w'®.rs GlO''Viefletl. 1!i\"'i:th some" f~e't ,ij;e~pth ot error :f:r'O~ a true sca]e ,a'\;re:rages only :28 t!n!oillsa'i:1d~'~s lGh[ p,s. ~cj'], tu:rnlfig Gv,e~ d~, tll]S< stu:~ we recovered ,Dr an ineh oa I~ne ,dj''['ltru€lr:ms;ioll ; ar '],ass 'tl111l dme zoooth many' :ej~e~c lat SCll[pt1!l'p;. i s~m·le gilii:fl!J tl~e' n ~m.'e:$fjf cif ~lte; :~en;gt:hs; fh~f is 'm ~~y~the seale, bF which tbe U"~e~~~n II, ,m~n4~[_he]j's, sbe\\i!ing tbe'V,a~io\ts ~[j'nigs, Idj In.e.nsians were l~'[d ou~ a-rJd ~~l~S o:f w'()fkman= ,¥~dl '~I'f:dih the wa:Us of th~; ~apel :h~s ooe,n ador.ned" .SiMiP; of ~[~~,'~og~th~r.de n~~ le~(:·eed a h'Hn.dred;th of ali. 'The war'~ 'Was 'b eauJfifullly oolta~m; aUld tlle eQlwr~ 'ill. iIiot.., ~:k "~l-. ~ J IlC~l ontne cu b" 1 ::.:o~teJJglL~i. "'1"''IL • ~' ~..iiI1 ...:jl a ulllL ,[i~l'n.1Io al'e ~ '~rigbt. as 'vh~ro first ~a,,[;~ ell, The l~rg,e'!l;t.slab ~<cU,lfS ss UluOO!l.!.l! ,8 i'[~C~ I~r s~iU in such an 1illlll;t:mct~ible m~b~~~at r~ Vf])'etiill here '~l!j!'.~t'~ '(.aJ;rt'01)JW,e wf (T,seTt!l.'!:SeIlI' ]S ~O\1V' $,t 'h.! 'b "'!I!.,.. L· ,Ai \1IT~1j;liLu. ,.e :.J ~ b~l to '~ 1- 'wp ,t~~ sa:r!oopuJgU5il, ~nu ue$lr:a, ~,ec " ~~\ Gltm~~h.. 'it ',_" ~'1-" '~iil.'..l,' ,l-' e £l11 the narth ~,"d \vest smtie,g '~h,~:hiUros~ ~~ r~ .tuen ,m,easure ~. ,m~.,.re ,"I~' y ..J!,J\~P the_ FtaPe5 ~~ -' as n.eari]" veItIG~~ as may b:e~,;~for dotw;bH.~:ss Slo:m~ the kll'~U,0,11 'ltVhk~'h th~ p·¥l1lmId. 'W'a'S hi:n:ri tt.. I m'eli'~ i~~ l~:adb~'[ ,cld' ,a:Wl;Yl $ClI' M to ·te~n a ';elea:r- i5;p~~' areuad Jel'f'~' ha.·,'We' I~o;me j:n 'the' ~urse ,of' :mlu'ai1r~nK it ;bt i:t:l1!: pl'esen;t 5'~a;nUng :po~itioDi t'h,e :p,'y.r,~m.'md. T,~e, face' 0:( thi'~ 'r~~k; ;scfj'rp; i~ j3:G've'md A :f:l~w' ,~d1jiti():n~l mi6'aSU!l1lGrnlJe[1J!ts ,m~' 'be' noted here. ~~j;~ a. tlU6H l~aU CJ£ mud bilc~ 'w"ldch still rises to The: d~pth of the Hp arennd is S i'ftl,7 '\viW, ,~ 'alle~n t'tWient:y (~'~t :high a;~ the N"W., CQlner j oii~glrutlJyt ,~t erro:r af. 2'2 tb,0'lIsantl,tE:is., The :~El' aU 6.eveU~[I lV'1l~ p([~'baJJ;ty' mu~h mifu',e'~, ~1]d r,f!ttiilmed a 'ba:n,k qf' elf to ,~\nd'th of ~2:"1 'to .,3,0 ~f ,WIlli, inch, T.fu:ts b~vfdUng !dti:ps behiAd 'mt. B~~s.id;es tlr~s ,se~_r,p, ,~n '~bef:e: ~v,as;a, w is-'ve!1f 11ie~t]y diO[IJe'~,,ij,'ncl. 'the p~311es ~f be~e(I, :ai.~,~ m.'e,et bl1 [It 'lrraU a~ol~~" 'theJ ~~t ~de of ~e p~1i',~Mh~)\JQf ,vlii".h. :t;rIl1y' il~ '~hf.tee..sidoo 'iP~rnmid. att t-b~ corn!ers. a the. rook U~.e'~. of 'U1~ fmund;atioTI f\e~ma~l:ls;: aJS'o i!l!nd iO,. In ft,ont of t'he' ,f~d .grall:ire S~llC~p'h~~~ ID~-y'fbe a, \~U ;al~lllgthe :sg~t'h" ',,~ih'ie'~ served a:t, a ,I'\eta:rnjn~g 1. h ]M1i~e'wd:h 'c:JJJ:lP15!, SQ .:i~,n.IK(:n .-, ':11.. " wh~te a1alba:s'~tr' Ita'b'Je, Q.f :Ciflsr~ng$' fO$' Uaerk.scn .fr \Va,u11'[~ uf,1ng 'L.. 1.. A 'u,P I!J0wtg t,~,. "'~;i] (Ie'.L. 11m). 'Th:rus is Gf' the 14~1),]a]. style Qf tb.e ,XIlth ,M lo :f~['m ~ le~lel'p:bL\1dr~rm. rou fJfd 'ItJl~ prmmid., a '[2'~ 'T]je:$~ J,'V',aUs lyere ~t'JJ'tef"'R]pmcf at 'the N ..E, oorn.er df]]3sty a.1t~3~,;i3J,'I'lid. 'not like t'!l,e ,e];a:'lJdrate: ;a:rt,iitY' 00 the. iLlta,r ~r Pt~h~e:ft1u (J'~ K~h'UntFL,. 'V) ~ nO.]" ait'1fl: ~f' the a;t~f~,arn,,a] t~tmded Qll:twatd t~ iWJ;lud~' ~,~m~_n :the '~egs gir' the ,mi:q':laJii!i missing' her~~, s they ~,f'e Gill 'n:r:1i'ir,rld w.h~ch st~od '~lte;re.,. Thj'~ :P\Jil:ram'~d w~, 'of a t:h~ aJitafi. ~nd .0'0, ,th.~ f~!.uje~a]. ~ifases~ P\~hnefro ,~'Dd .m~ll~ in, 'llie lbw.,er pa:1f'~ Uk!e 'tll~ l~~g:e. Pfta;[l1:]b:1 ;: ~'Bd 10f: A'm;erMe:~'bflt III., Tffilli,e in~c:ri~d(Ml, is, ~Tfirt,.t;qJ,a'[]J~iIGf awQ, like \tham,,~ 'fh~ dtm:n her ,is; \Mi"t'hrun. '~~he ~~~i" '~he '~su,aJ. ,fur,mula, It j;s beauijfu]1:y ,sl'1~T.ply tU:t~,a;lld 'withOj~t a:ny' ~pen, cutting aborV1e It. "The b:r.ffick 'pm ,o:f ~ P~ilJlJijd '~as aU dlsa.,p,p'e:ar~d.;: a11,d uiI'hen I llVa).t q'U[~.e ll~rfe~et and \keslt. 10f eOUl"$,e it ,~'snow i'll tbe IQh~ah musemm,,'_ aleag with fbe; nn.est of the otbm' ,tg lInah~n ihe1fle w~~;.00' t~b~' ~f the' Prr~n1Jlld m b~' t'~1:1~1 that I fo~nd., It: ~v,as; st~,nrdif.tg, tm:rn,ed. '~p mn se~ut, B'lJiIt dUl",l!r'lJ!Ig; ~ca"ilati.ons '~V~ :hi:t:Qrll the ~~j([eaf
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/t ,,~'ifi-'rl'~'.'':'~' adI, empfti;ed. ,a:ncietruUyJand (()(t~~ ~t the sicle l~Of\~a;[!\dthe .. ~~1! " ," ':I;- ,I .Il~~ pr~ram~cl,. Tlloug(h, these d,epos~ts ,~re :tude~ and, eDf eX1s-fed on thie no,rth sjde ~f ~'t~ we, iO'lMJnd a~d. fragments; of fb.e pain~ecl \van, lr~~JhDSle,~m:til,eu sh:r,[~,ea'od, ,~ftb~ 'in~~ VD:~U~ b~:Qnd, ibe ff®:tm~"pi t'he 'v,~~e,s;:ret ~b'e'y ti;1"e j'ro pfJ~€I;p:Je, ,~ ~\re. ilid, n~t knmlil \ temple of' Useth~~I:1I. Also a fial'rwl.'~ffi:I~ran ,il1l'~af' of 'V\ery' m;~s;d:ng j ~~~g'-'$ of' bl'~~'l\E',gnron~e:,'bUt 1illJ~l'di~nft],1jlllatelf1l:0 itl,~net ibef.Qre 'of a_ny r€J~llda)tiQD deposi't.s belong assoeia ted.
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th~ '['i,i.f:Ille (':X.llj 6l, met.l1ti0'm.iag a ~~, p:til:~j;CeM o( bod'll, la'nt[~:J' Mnl:w .. '. a's otiJer pd:nu$Ci:S ot· thi,$ dynasty ha;v,e' t'e names Gif g.,()d~1~~m:p~:L1rA,ded, ,riti ~$ehi#j,1$~h~'k-_fJ}ei!tll:1' 'P~UlroJ~fm~, tih:isl 'pri:UD~S& &:o..J
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nut~ 'fu~ ,pr:0.visii~(J]$Ii~]:y~®!'~~~ Aj;m~.n~fru~ l '1t:fied halld 'to, fi:ftd 't~e entrance ·toe dle pyramid ~ n~,)t'O:rdy was ;ilU 't~he tQJ;J irnP: ;edgce',~( tlH! ,roGk~,~<).~e ~Mam'!ned~, ]I :aisQJ 'but clieMed the :OO~~ be~, (!)Jj' the pavement wan a;ro111nd, the' '1i~h~Iepyr,ami'~~ for atrQwf \t\~ty' feet Qn!IDt from. the '~~~'} 'but witl'iout bilfting on lh'e passage" :P',oo;b~b~y thek'~ ru:!J, .3" ''Well ,[t~ sam~ d:i$~!ITII:(;~ (I,''W'a:'y'[ront.l the :pyar~mijd~ as in ,tt:re: pytamid ,~f 'UsevteSleft,. The' ~¥!J~k base ]8 e'igltty feet aq'Ul~re; ~nl~ IJ'h..e'[;~'fd~g' wbie'h 'm~u1l!~g the ~xtef;!( of 'the ~:aSijng,;is disu"jl't ffJom the lIoc,k fto,m, 75 b8 ,8~1,~~EJ:tes. The 'rD~k C'e:1& is" d:ist~!Wi.f;; frern th~

L:a;s,t )1\~at oJ.lJ1.y ;;l small ~tt, ~f fbe :il':Ia.:r:rn Kahum, 0'£ Wa:~i ':PQbli~fi.ecl~, <m,erf'l,y' 'fi.ve stcJ.feet!l ,of th~·1'\~~lIrk m,em".s: q~a;ft~K Ihrt n,9"" we 'ba:v~''bel.o,~e Us a oomIl]«e, plalil, (OCt the woole '~,i~nt ~tj!:trt of' the tQWtw" .co;'Ilri:~fi$~ing; mo~e '01m th,ree qU3fte,[:,5 of all the :rooms that e~u~:r' .~~tsm:d.thar~) s~far a$ ly:e ~au jUtig;e-., A~ '~hisi~: the f first Ume t:ba.t ,tht complete plaa of an ,E,gypua:n t@lWlfl,
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'wan 296~ frum the pp 'thi fw~st. it~~',~ af),d, 'r~l~t· pJa'D. fr,s.m th,€; eC1fg:~ i~f tl:u~~pa;vem,e:n1G_ho]1,ow Oft 1'he' lyest 18[6 Q:n'J, £fest looking at: -the pl~n ~PL.,Xl V) it DS seen '~~I.9~.. AU d this br,eld:th f;v,lS; ',eiX'&'mlnw" 'Th.~on]Y' ~ha.t the t'm~-n ,~s: lf 't~f9 ,pal't5; the ~s,t~!r~ ,~art ID~,a:1h~ p , iIi~SUl't of the ,n;:;b:!'~·H:-1$:fllC€ was IDa 'find, ~e\1l\et9-1p.~sr IC'Ut :[]:J ~ l'M:g as :it is ,~,~d,e,!lnd 'tlt,e west~m, part '\vhJ~h 1~ i the' ·f6Ck beneath the ~iil'Sil"Ji.g~"0Mt~inltJg ~a:und.atio(ll buH t IOU mi.dJ!@i fil,@: thick 'WaIU, and l~hi(;'h '~s ,iit $tdp of
,~]csw.lvn'alCi:,e~ w,O'[-:~m~rl',! henses. The '~l'iesf1.AaJrt is 'r--;.- =IJ Here ,\,,,,,~'~' ~;~, ~.,!!.I;""'''!AI'""",, ~'VtI,,Ii~~r ,'~';::LA ,', - :-_~i' .~ ir :bow~ver Qi Wl~ly the same d~t.e'as. 'Ute either ...a·s,such •. __ ,~ '~f:11~'~'!lJ"',.;r;. h" J ... W'~f!"L"JIcl ii:'\"""i"Ii'IJ£!i-~ W~"":t' -.. q,,";n,'~P;~'" ~ HiLSl. 1,"rIl. OJl! N ~,side: and I,3,E~ !j( K Si,hj~ of th~ rodlt com. Tbe: ,a :ba~rrgkw'O'tl]d. ~r :hra:v,e b~ \ft'~\ted here except her]e: \W,~ 3,($,sq'l'JJa~~ a11: wp, t'O re~eh7,~;g ~l,~bof si!:OfJ],e ,[\Orrhe pyr-am-td blld~a€rs! and ]it.s: bC,D~ln,dar.y \Vii).U ~s t 7' .inches ~b:t~~j ]j:e'fui~¥ that :~f ''''Mis, ~,B sql1a~~~:Cow a I~icl D~~rtto :Iit the :Ii.~e ,ot the, t~m,pJ~,r'ion~~, Th~ depldl ,01 00 inehes, eTlds, 'W. filled wid], clean .s;~]1t't g!e0:~p~,y af ,th~ place f;!;x;,l,ains Us ,oI[BHine; 'Ihe: and n~a'm'th~ btJ~tm'm l~y f'r~g',~~b I~f twlliU1Y w,eS'",afi!d 'Nil~ ~vall~y edie ftlb~ fro'm Si W:. to. N.:E" ,i.l~g ~e $aJ!~I~~r~ CFl.. ]l0 ~ t~ i§,. 9~ tt\, I4):)" 'wIth - a. ~mQd~l '~,d~d~' 'bott'(DW edgB i©lf tBe W'W-D" The blUUd]]]g.s.af,e ~u.~~,~ ~f mud, (F,3)~, fe:w' "gtreen. gl~zoo bead,s C[2~'jand 'b~m,es; sUght. ,bo:[l'011:V),bCfUJuJed b, a:-iri~-e:Q'fI. tdte: w,~stjj ru:~n~mng ~, ' @:f ,~ Qlf ~~ri:fi~-4.. ,Of co"U:r~e' ,OUr. ,~opes h~h, from, 't.he t~mp[e ;iiU~:rQS~ 'toO, iih,e ac~n~Q]i:s, a.nd a, t"i:s'e, Ith-a t l:v,e; had :a.t l~~JDu~d, th~ '~fI!t:f,ialm~ th~ fyf,~:mj:d~ '0:11. the :rJJQirth en 'whi'~h ,the no~th wa.n ]5 'btli ~t. The to c\n 'rem,ov,iQg dlltS ~;a..b and 'nndin;gr s~'rJ,dfiUll't:lg" b~'],ID!'~ Idg;hest llan of all die gt,t}Dlld ,aXGiund. ['I; me aero.poH:;~ I,t;:'~Iut the bott~m ICliflhe' hOle Wca~ aU ·so~w,O~k A;,t ann )t:be tQ'~Y,~ is p~ac~d l1ljf]th ~js ,~ tilc;l: l~ad.lng point. ( ,the N.'Wi fPo:rfl,;al:' at1(fth.er '~,olewas :firMll:EItd~ 'very ~lmnac T-he gt:'_n~:l d'[v[s_ito:l'll~ of t':he to'1l.YIl are;, The ~crnpo:Us ,;tncl 'llie' gual2d j],filll!le. to· ~]s: th~' tnruer~tjlet':irs 1:6 W. (1'f: lV" .... .sid~i ~n.cl.!"l S. ;11' of' '~[ Sii!de~ ·drors npJt lyiqg in th~ cllagonal. Tn, dleprlt l"1ol"JJe'd "'fiVlf ~g.r'G'at ~.Q,];-threr:n tm,au:ses on, '~JQ:~ p];~Jl~ ,~nd. '~~ ,? ia€'hes cL'rld S,3i bel(nv' ['bat;: arJJd it .~s:3,; sq.ua_re one !{)theF.:~,,along 't11~ ~loif'thwan. 'The tktt"~egre:at :so~~th~l']], no:rnSlE:S on e:n~pliln, a'ibO'litB :an.d 30 b~]ol\v., Ad~t~~,rf'O~k j)U ,V,as fO'q-lId- :at t:he' -dweiU~g h()llS~ !Gm~ng the w~t \\f,~U. 100 m l~i.E.()f tJle s1d~,. nd 166 tD i>§tO' N~ ~:rthe a 'The ,s.t@re:rooms ':b.ehjjl d. dle g:J~~at sou:t'h bGtus'e's. N~"s~de', T,fds ~:orJJta~ned Hot'm:nrg b~t ;sand. And ~
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Th~ '.v,e' W'OF kme:n1. s .sti',eeif.s OJ] Jtbe east Tile' e[~eJn wt!Jdtmenjs sueetsr ·h:'b: tlhe:· sepra:r;a;~e
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Th~ alC];nrpo']:i~ ,h~ ;m~t, unforb na;t~l,..~n f~t (]')f 'IIlihidl 1 f¢.tl!;lt'.IJ4 a pi~ee lying :in ene ~n;fran'c"~" T~ m.O,Jf~ destro'f~d by de~,'udat:loo than ~ny'll'?Jthe:t:' r,-e-~on~, clcQikeepers 'room faoed tl~e dADQf~ On ihe left ~and, as :nra~e;ura] ~~ons~~efi'~e of its, '~[eva;tien~ On ~th0r. we J~QS8 aJGng ~ .pa'Ss,a~e l~,adi~ng; ,tID ll,iii1e'sJ guesl U"'es,t the g;rnu.nd fat.Us: ~lltl, ~wlly; oa]l the :I:bo.tth ~it 'tl,!ambm~l and til2J t'he 'OOs&ness, FbG!m~ of dl~ ma,'Ste:r falls it'J5eildady i ia'fi!dl. ,00 the east '~;Ild. south s~des it ,~p,paifenr1y~ Eeb.i~Ja th~~J.' ,lH, the centre ()f the b01JlS~ has been ;sq;tped ~'' ' va.:y, and falt@d \~dth a 'massive is: gWlOU,p of' 'pdwa;~ reoms open11lc'gcn)l ,l ,h~Uwi th; ~p~t ~11: n ll..,' ...11 thi ',.".~ 'I. '" h r~t~~:lnmg w.aU l¥hiCh .rorm~, ·,the side of 'bailbd.-,MtJ pH~~l·~. Dthd nlU '. .[S, ag1l!.~n lSi a lL.al'ge S,pl,ce 'WL1~€_:_ w,~~ J p!a:t~)o:r:'In em, w,b:i;ch th~ bmi].d,~n~gs ::stoQ,d. T.b:;u_~ t1le p:~rjba.b]y epell to' the siky ~l]Oilll~ :®ke :nartherl' pUfi: fP'~lld 'g;llt~tte:fS were 'well above '~h¢nlofs of ~n th~ w,!tl1 a roIQ,nn:ilid,e ",aJ,'~RgtM 80~n~ ~.id~:to, ~gjVe a ~rOOd
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~rec~':p'd0n=han roc I"OOU~ rn fi~r5t seen 10'n; tb~ :r~ghtb~nd} thm .i.1Ii. ~~u~oo :5 trangers. The~e t\j.as alse ,3, d,[t€.et; aooe5~, to' l'lll-S :a:. i'" 'I, '·."",L """,.., T~' m~e:r mmUU"Jt~l 'by I long ,~iIl~S'tr~dght ',{j ~nUYiJ OU~ Ot W.L:lilfui 'w~ S:l:au:"wa;ys~r.p5~. .i,jJ~ £~~m the entr:an(l~· slainvay: on tl:..te: e~s't (PIJ."XVI, :~g~ :h.ada :sepa.~,a.t~· Be:s~destb.lS; l~flg p~sa:g~' theJ:~'~5 8_11.,tsther tide by s;ide m:)r ..~ lOt ~ 'I!.' L.!I - ~ ~! ...... .11 l£~t[o:n ~(~n n"J~I~. dQar to ~t~ WM tJre ff;o~t ,~:tl,ltne.e~, ']ea.<Umg' ,Fm~,bjy w,mll,.U l .:.$UC!IIJ a d up; 1" ~ ~ 'W1MliLi;J. no,t ,1L'lave .["" a:OO .. . ..!I' eor DiG fIo'~31:' ~wng!, any1' ,~, ;jihe seeona :fa,$s.e Oi~eM 011 l!o: I to 'f'-OO:~S. ~doP;kJng ,th,~~wn eastwards ; whU~ the ~ • 't~N'\O: lesser ,~bl.i:~1Vay;s:PL. X-Vt :Bg~, ) p(ro'll~bl'y led ·t,~ several sm,aJ] rooms" ( ~ 'Ur;[Oru,a S~.Pl..r'lt.e H!'llU 'w,~h,c'O~u"!11nS; "the batk :roo~s., Tlte: whille Icrepo.ilJ1£li was a,· u pled .tt ,~s,p,te:tlty ~'v,iJclelT~that tJhis w~ too 'WQ,mietlt~ sidle ~f n4tb one' ,grea'~hOill.l.tS~" ;;JS jt~ :s:p.a~e':i.& '~acUY' t'~ s a:me the house. It hifl:.d ~~ady access ~~ 6::re £r'Q111t doo:r1.! a p as fhat ef the ot!J~r l;reat houses :bw '~e same l]net ~p:riva:~.e Msa,g'~ of its! i0'!f.vn, a" hall, and dirce1: aecess - Pl\..';....~.Il!WI.j,;,;'f 'lIl..'·-HO"IIl.,J!,;~ .. r'~ en en ili.!LtJ.'LIiO '0/111'"1 ~h' ri,..l tu tile 1ft~billft1.. T'M= Jrooms om the bWer 5iid~ Qf 'fhe: ~ '~',a~"" n.o:!il'·'ifi!i.t-·i6..:1..:!1' ... .;,~' ~r~~!'nl~y ....1'''''' ]l)QiULuJ!i,J. Many here, in the' reams ~vith stone bases of eGrllu:f1lEl;s, house s~~m to ,hafv~' b~~[l~aJSiOFIv,~te.ll.as Hl~¥ 'OPElIl 6,111y f1f1901 the, "1i2,mzJ~f'A T,hey m~y h~l!rVl~ 'bf!eI?IJ tbe T,h,cnl'lgiW the :~Q'V,tfr p~rt of ~h:le.sC[l"p~:qg is'' kISW'Fl in, the ,bis soUd ,~l1C']f" :ret: n, is all :raQed 'wi!fh brl~~~1I'iOrk),pl~.t~we.di R'rivta~ ,chamb~fs of 'tm"fJ' muter. RTIJa iimJfy j ~Ild . 'Over j,... and ev:en the ste;ns "3rft of bddJ,r;) and so V,~iiV' "Co~ta.i:mhlgthe be~t };Ud]l' w·ith a ta.rl~ SlU',rQIl nded by -r_ iII';J!'" .li:'ttll~;'i\I'"~irn away fnat '~hey' SMW' ,th:e. phu:e:, not 't~ 11~V:~ I~un'[n~~ Hlis "'&:$ 'not: Ul ~tl.i:ke]1. l~ tl"Jrf !F~u.];'tl\ house 1b,eelll1,' cc:cup],erl rG~ lomg'. Tile~~, ,~tbirw;ay-s, w,~re' aU tll~..9.e plIiv1Il\tg :~tOOJiW~S W~Ir'~ 'Gut ,oft ~n-a joined to ltliLe: £ I[·I..... ...:!II "A-L r: U . ]'n d were qu ., "',... . t, ,"!!;vomen,~sitpa:rctmeDlt:s o,f 'fi'lle thlrd boose, The roores rn::JI: up \Y.lull, ,1!..~lJ;G'j} 'wa 1L5, w._ ; ~te lJrulst:U:'J\gtu"Su,abJ, sm,~othe~.· ~VG'~ !~th~ mqpe Qt 'the i'aJU 'UiitU, 'W'e alLQn,g the ndi"th wall w,e}',e p'~Qb~lb:[yl,oog g~.Qre ~IDS . .lI " exea v~t,~d.,th~m: :&tb~ut ten feet ,of mIt:nblsh '~ad '~O' 'be ann ,gra]]atl[~.
was by Olle en:fr.allCe ait the S.R.; har'€: t'he doO'r~e:e;petS' is
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1'~ylKUiJ,,,," tlll~.MO'!"as-la; q,r 9 fe€t"S8em~ t-a 'ha.v'l· b'ee~. th~,leng:est 1 ~ ~'iI' th,!!' to,'w~! lv-hen :iJl1~pe€ting the :PiiiO,g:reSS 0:£ hi~1p(y,ra~m_id roofing' b~a.m. Th~Be' C61UtriUi 'lnt,e ~sual]y 0.£ \vcod" cl,iam~rer. Qf t'he :m,~J'ks~n 'fhe, alld b::m,pl~; amd he: '~~lmJ~ re~l in ~the a'Cropon~ 'to Ju~g:e' 'b¥ the l~e 'b~:: ,a"nd 't,@,e]olwe;r part o:f Ol'lJf eolU'mn~ '\~h~€h smoo w'bUe.' ,bis guard wo'tl~d :~l.a:\if,e~ lq;ttar.Jtt'J"$ 'be:twe fbe door., k~ 'b~1t ~,n),1 \V,iil'S ii;],ese,]'teu eatJLf' UDJ!Uie ,~i~t,Gjr.y 0:,: t~ .... ri.~t ntf~ :io, the :Ii]\th lIol1se ,au ]t'S st~Jl~ 'bu~ wu a:n. "[..!11'. A' .~' '~" ","'t.., '11.." r .. L 'T il~5, .
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'IllUS, there 'W~ tfh~ w,~,g 00 etiLt~.rlQ~ ,j7 to ,too 'I,'eimov"~d fit\~m,,the~d~~per.' pa:.rb3~, aD, '{he !l1011.th of 'Ute. acl-,¢PSUS "w,a~ :a,n "$pen j;,p~C'e leR fa t"11e 'men,~s~rvaJU.'ts:!<:r'0O:tWt, 0mce~",a;n.d ~""$j]l'e~S Df g;l'O!Uld ,~;t: 'the foot of' its 'grea,t :~e-eahl~ng' all. I~ 1'lIDO"'S"; , or ~,t:it"aio.,ibr. tmauO-:h to. th~ W'io.n,J~r,a" ...... w ,~oLl!' w~ '._-" tddsl ;g'rol]Jl..d, iSr all i!&Olliit~rl l;n.u~di'ilg, whlcl']J, Ere'ffi it.s thlml,y~ctil) the :r.tght" tm' ~e 'w'G,me.n ~Si: ,~ms.. place '1}e.{o:miE:·U~.e J!]llr:a;noe~. lV'U pmba\bly ~ gU'a'taJ The: hli.l:g~ :tiC)olus aU ~i'equJr::ed e~]nm~, t('l ,SfIlHPGififi;
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p'[a(:~.. as i~ 'wars :~Ued. up: 'widl 'tll~ bm,~e[W pottery' ,af the Xll'lli, ~ynMtyj th:rown a\lJ¥ay b:~ lll.es:e who dw,elt :ru'n. ttu~~re-St ,~f 't]jl~'.,t-O'I/¥]l. T"hills a.i1i.'~~5, Eb,t~ 'befilg~D .offi cial d.we'l H~g~'Djot n~ed~d afle~tbe\P,yr~mid ,:vas, bJtdlt. T,h~ ·i1lJ1_e ;gJ'iea:t hotU:5l~s,,a]iQ~g' t':he. no,db ar-e
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'~ct~~maru, ~:ro~ Qf 'WGGtd, (~tffe' PIt. VI'; Sg. !~)" Th,~ ~to[lre b~-s 'l!f~ v~ry wid'e' and. :il~t.i11ike ,fth'Q.,S1~·'canli~d. ]:rr the reck "a:t :Oeni <I-]a!iaj:]~ flit .1ike th,e :mode'l O}l~mn:
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pl~~) '\with su¢b very~light m~difi~at]Q}!1s. that \\fe llli;y :~poli1e'~m", FOll:mr 0$ these lliPu1;e~,j'o,in In B, 1 m'lo\cv;then t'~~-e is a liLarf,'Qr~ye:~'house '0:f differrel1.'t P.]u-, an.d· ~~tly one miO(re ~il\re' ~e fG~f otbers.. Too enb~~;nce is, fro,m tlt~ s,treet ~O'fi the so-uth ,; :ii. mQd:~,te .s~~ed cloolr.\v;ay~ ~w41i:cllh~ a" half ro~'lld ]i~te'Th0:[' s~n~j :

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palm [~~f m th~ XIIth d.fitaSity ,]S ~~iVD, b,· 'tire a~ ·iljea.ttd ~n ~ pala le~;r "ca,piul I(8)~camd in hrOtyl now' ~t G,hl't~J ,and, datlad to' Amen.~m.h~t. [I b,y,~ ~y]1ndJrar' fcnJn!d,~ith it 'The'
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'Ie[tl~:el' ptai'Q aba:ci. (~l ~r bmti~~ti ,{ j 1 iI~rm (?~ 8); '~£(t toe liiltter 'was, ,k:nowR
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thee' 'cd,~umns t' :) ~ h~ "-bb d we:f0 0C 800- ,i,')~ ~-. na 1 '_PL '.,'V~ fi m , e:~g. t H" ·e. .. :nJe~ .. '., _g., (fig. i:n) 'CKt!iKe~~ll firum~oo,(fig: 15)., The c-a,p}:tiJs WEWe
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pri~te, ~O~j;tJ I\ad a tank of st@ne in 't;h;e mmd]e ,of !he- f.lao:r:; this '[a'flk was; a'~~uf ug bJches Siqyare1i~ ,~t'ld ~ljfont as 'd~" bl tb'~ middle of:a ~q:uafe 'b~ock,i,~ft. 3, b]$~, 11 '~~1 $ili,e {3, 0 c:ublt~}~ tar.! k a'[1hcl. :its ~wmen't be[u.g' till one S'~on!e', ~ ,&imJla.r :p.];ace~ are (o:urr(\ ill pcrore;r reems, \vlth the tank a St~p:arate bQi~:c;r,~mlll~j ,Md ~]ab~. "llaLl~d,azound

o esfroftkm ,il1 e,l~b ho~eriih~' mastef;~

or $00']'1.1:,:v-o~iJ OI'ID~ of 'whlch was still ~y]n~[in P~Q~a.. Th,e b~;rge:d 'ifibese cellars, lvith two [n'! eh~bers" ~5, ~~~cl ~n the la;:re XJK.tb~ fiX' X Xt~1 d:f.rnlasty as a; r~tnlbl'tomb., T,he. "6nJy name rQund in it ·~.V;ii:~itt'ha;t ,~~' t~ lady M ~,ket;: and hence this i:li 'byla;,El
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~!1theritL m~LlI,~))fJj~! 'wer~ p:ro'b~b[y' store-reoms, They are on a repe~!tec1lp]an 'hut joined tDgieUler so th a t Q(f[U~ dioor S'tdji_re~ 'twentr--'inr,ee roems, l'V'Qflild be ,~ wid,e ~pa.ce aG.1'O-$ th~ tankl, 't.]ia;;t U"ll~ B~hbr.d 'the oth~f ,s~utl~,manSions '~J"~ some \Vor k= mlddllie of t11~haU was Q.P'rul ,: 'th.~s; tlThllie'a.r1!i,a;n~ge'mel1't ,m~:I\~'S' stmet.~" 'Tbe separate houses haveabD'ut 5!~\l~1' '\\foulcl 'b~ ,somlewbat Uk~, an, "'f~n su"p~~·t'ed by s,rn'Jian rooms eaeh., E:llt hu tWiO of'i'tl1:ei,Se b,au$es seme .e~[u:mllS. fPt. 3;';) ttll:,~ou~ \\\faU ,pai~'t • • jj~~llUfn., In. tlne bl'QCk beh)md

;pla,~es £~~rn, C'tI:riou~,]y ~'re gr:an~'d~ of t'~ln Nri,cli::w@ll'k, Sorne o:~ the ~~1:' were found like: Muslim af.:r.:lTIg~ementsi ae'",ll.vasrung and ab- papp,i of the ;XI'!tb, and .XIllfh, dyua~ti~~i, fot th~ :m.ld~.le:'bloc'~ ~f ,tllil~~ buUdin.gs.. '~ui~io.tI~ 'bftfo,(e' p!",aye1,s~ possibly' the custom 115 a;,[]~imt" Onler 'Sets 'Of' d},a-m'h~m" to, the ·SCtut[1. ~f th~ f rst an.d, th'eJ E,~,tilDiS may have '~~ootli]G'~e; tanks for~~j~

it~sld}p:ing bJ~v.ar)c,~1:sif. Th~~

'Ma;ke~tomb~ and the ;tCQ,[')tents, ale described as ,su~l'ru,in Cb,p. V., The ,~alrgei;b:~l~~ ~~h.i~ h ldlSitrkt

(:e'.teEnIfllWi.i~l 3'blutiio;n.~ and ~t(lQd am the' !B~iI1e'sl~bs. A:l13D·nndtheo~nkm~,t~ru~, Wel:'e' ,twelve 001 noons :$lup,poKin,g ..... ~l,·•. ,~" t':t.fi .~~"" _ IM'-I" - " t~'t.. roo,r 'aN,. 1", seems ~~:ry- .llK~lynJ;lJ,....:u:~n;:-~\i ~ and ,~*' ~ ,"~-,-,: as 'I1!.·~1~~
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~,"", ,~, eaeh house '~s, I~l.8' 'rh:~ m,i,..iI1d' le mansioa o"';,1fl ,~ wall 'n.'fI''''"'i~t''A:..l p,'H.[rIi!i. ,,~, G,u !!;,._~ ~ _. _u" ,... ua~,lIIt"""!LI, , (e~t 'by ilgB F~ejt~ a~d, th:~ ar:e-$ ~qat~'fnet1 ,ilMrtll;' 70, th~ pl~t[Jj:lis; a ,~~]',~ous subj eel: ~b~IDed in .Ited~y-eno'\l" .W,1cpoms ,~ndpa~~a;gts. The beSlt ban Is ~~, f~t square, ,a:nclf whitf" 'In\r:jlll.aome, ,~tn,qu~t ~,f 1)]ae'k .'fi][]ll,g m;, ,01,[ and 'the WtlM~tfIA is, 6] feet :~,()(I]g~.Tfl.\t$ ,th,e~t;r g;;re~t. rhe, smo~tl1:, mud plaster;, (P.L~ X.VM~ ,,c;~) m t shews 'fig,. I maA~Jls, '\'v~re',h;'y no 'm,e~ns SC~lIDt¥:f:lfIDI~l~ ,ti~~~ Jo:t' h~~h a blt:g,~ llou~e~ lV'lt1i a vl\ew '~f ,the ,~ps$d~' on elf le"IJ'~ 'Qmclal~~nd nob]e:s who had ,dla:rg,~ ,of tbe :myal 'wOf'koS; 'a'b()v~ th~ o1D.l,bld~';I' a c~;Itlve'nf;i;on tUll,a:~1VIl i]jJ1 1~th~r Egyplt~au p~1.n't~ngs~ Tnc for,m of the b~nd~,rtg in.ruS 1 S'" ' '!{,Ni'€j :m!Xt turn to tbe ,tlulee,gttrut ,s~utnemh,Q"lblJseS., t 'The$.t' ~~ d ~Jl~tI:y '~1l~ lam~ sLZle as tb~~ :nQ'r:th~lTo. ~~fe~tifl§" '1 t apFte.~f::iii ,~ ha,¥e b.~~n a, s'C:ri~~ of :~n:'(i'l'ru.(ld :t(lMW,~ but .q1l.d.t~ dl1i~t:e~:t1y arranged., Thl@' eatrance cl~atlll~ers; much :Hke ~me In 'fhi~ 'ta,lI"io" \¥'hlCh 'W~:ffI~ optns :~n:tQ-a ~,e$W~brld; ~vi'th. eeiumn, 'lllrent:e at ShOl'it ~~'Viejred by a \vid~ 'V,aultl'illg ,oF bl'icl1r~, The ,e]]d~ of a p~5\Sage leads im:m,ed:iaSt@ty inbJl th~' ooo~ln:& ~f tl1,e tlll~~ c;hatqtlars: ~~~"'e \<ViJn~[]up i"n the tQ'w.~r. .p;llJ~t" a~ld cJo~ ,\~&th"~ lat1t[ce of wooden bars ~.bpve. The nfimllSe ~ '\whUe a" ~b~g p:!cSSiil§e .h~:adl& awe,y to tlJJe bMk p,remi~e~. Atto$~,t lo~,pis$ng,~,'1~C1, a\iOA]~g tl\e 'iO!pl';a~, 1:ar,ge1" space :m-ay' pel'hap:s re;pr:ese:n:it 'the e;uJ1, of a
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s[te,_ ;;ige Of 'tile' h('fnlse-~from th~:m.iddJe 'Of '[be h.ou~-e ta'

l~ng,erc gaUery; \vhtch QPP:r!oo'¢ll,edt tbi!i' sp.e(;~,'t01r ~~a'rel;

tbe rs'~'e~ro~m s at, e[tl1l-er end, An,d ~,a:i:nsl~ the street 'W~ll W3;$;ii, CQ'nlpaLCt m~s of 'fdne. S'.t~[-:ro€!'ltlI!1 formi[g g .a. Sqll~[Je 'b'ig~"k~hree iUl:l Wtaty.. T,h~p'~an:$ tbes~ t of
nGlli"ESe-S

'~~n th.~ others,

In the "¥~¥" {of tlU,:!i ~m.t~]Olr tb,er~'is tiie 'u~ua[ :gl:!Ou,p ~, :s~¥'Vant offering. l" his 'ma;stex!, of

and ~V,;;;f;a.q:JUlS' ~r.a p'l~, j u.p-~~. l~nllien s:tands. The h:fi;,v,e been so. mum, al~er,etlby b~~~g ~:HvJdecl pUes of ;rG'ItlJEld Qbj'reet$ mac:?, re~U:rir~p~;9~nt a row,ot

't:et1e.ments~ ~nd ~~v f~h;~~r\v,~s m(lcked t'hilt'~!A,~l1" lI:akes ()"r:!, ~ t:~td~~ :b.er.e d;;raWfi ·aiJI~ I;I1bpv~ h~o,1!;lre:f U'ke k tllat It is, di.ffi:eJ1,\llt tQ .tl,l~~ the fun details j.n. tbeffir '~he:pfl~ ~'Q'llJectsan ,~t~,b[f of offi:rjn;g~. Th:elrllltc j pre-im1t de§de:nt sta:t~" 'We '\~r]ll ne~t nG;t;[c!e t_he ,s,p~,oe',Oil the' lert is ind~s.truact i~,'tllie ,p'a[r~rth~(g but, it buUc1Ji~lg~,Ji'd'tlt an ~t:rcooa,G!1:oQnv,a,y l 4twe']li~g;s ~ stQil:es '~ tl]~ so~,t.k of tlfrie H!ct~pdU~ fro:~~bly is ,atl!~thr~~ttc 'b~£k:tllg ag~iElis;tfh.e 'Ui~dk'win. 'Th~e blo~~ ar~ ~,~ .i[i,aJt 'b~hi[]d 'tb.e mas~er:. I n, ~,n6~hef ro.om, ~J], t~e iD,n,e :FAI!:pea\b::d. piia;tJJ., The, ;sle:t of' C~pp0:r ic~j~_e_[~ ,and '~to:~' 'Of bl]i[fUDg se)uth oI' the e:a-S:t m,~tu~kmj m ~[fkred is
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'To t'~: e:JSt of ~lte $oU'~h~r.n nlaQ~iQn~ 'ate Sl~V~J;a~ bd~kwQdt \V,~S thWWll ,a,c.r:oss, the '\vhmle ~mdm, T,~ streets or '~cI'otkmenl's houses, Tfwese 'wCr.·~verysrn ~u. uprp~l'" .ptl]':t ·i~ so ren.er,aUy deg,too'fed ,that 'we' eannet l-!i.'!ir' ·Iif.~;oi:c"'" 1:JH ''''Il;J¥i.b. ,.',and, po~r;" 1~l!l[}talil'Winl 0.]]:1,)" -foof.' rooms ~~h. I ~ "tI~e oEmEl- find - anw "",If[ ,,,,LiI!> roof ,I 'it;--uf ---iT WI!;' v..... 1I!o!!:q;;, a:,t::e,,'"" s~Q~d. ij].Q~k at !~ XW1~1~ 0[1, tE1~ pJa.n (P.L~ XIV)~ 'western, :P-rfut, ~f th~, f.OW:tt ia.nd some ,ot the tQO;nl:5l ttf were 'fO'~n~ 'tlJII'0 bodies buried '\1if,ith. three small bL]'t 'fhe ru"51 nort'[tt manslon {lvhe:re tlle \va]! '\1N"a.s p:reOOif~a. btiU[®ll'~ scarabs ot tb:e XVIMm~h d:Y;llast,~~.. Tl~N:: ,a1gai~rLslt the !a€J~polis)",Sih:ew US' the: ·btkk vaultiog, ,s~tbet:[\ ends of aU these ~tfee~have been wadled. Th~:r~ is DLD Efv,~d,en,ce all;lottt cr~[ttet.tng b~[!ng used 'tQ' 3,1i,ay Je'adr'~~" by deAu.d{(.t'~on; .and ham! of tb;~ p-art- build the: ~~iUldtIon; and p:to'babJ~ 'w'h~~ wood 'wag so EgyPl[J it '~Y'eild(l 'be ~ betteJf Mid ":Sfmp]~F:' that ~s p]a;[1jnoo here is !0nl" ,~ few inrch~s de~p,. jus't: S1cU:oe as ,~Wl, enoJ1lWgk ~fil tl"aJoe the p~3[J by. At, till€: east lV:a)], ,is ;81" plan to. :6Il the c;bamb ~r '\y,ft_b.saj]}d'~ltan~l :~ay the ~Iri'€k$ " ,ga.teltt/',a,Y!I 'Wr,1;tb D, poIt-er,"s .:r.otlm 'by :~~. It: sam:!J, ,sitl",~j],g.e on the sand '~n't:il th.~ ~rch was oomp]etecl~ emptying " tlla:t, '~hJey,shOwld hl;v,e fF€nlb]~d tb, ma]ie a ga.t.e here, Ute J~,:hanibex by ·tIle' do.m\¥~y" AlE of the tLoo~w,a;y~ If tb~ OOIWiWll l~ o:pen to, th@ south, And. U WQ~'[d also so fat TiS, Uley tu~e 'pre'Sle~dj; ~r~ ,~\r:cb~ldl~1Ii!'~( li~.i:th semiei ffl ulae ~rClie~;1 'biVO' OOUrse:s, deep ,!Wf brick en, sCi'Ee:m ,S~J"3,'n~ jI ,s1LlJcha, stout ~flJtlosure '!)Ira],1 sbouJd have ~flIJ b'1l,lUt for :L1JQ :P~fJP~,ie.._ I am ~r~fClre '~n- I~dg'e'. Tb~ s,paJ:;:~ngIbf' th~ bd)~'k~ell, 'tll~-outer ,6clg,~, fo' gi~~'lh,0' veusselr farJl~~ 1d.on!~by ~&i,p'~ O'f .Hlll,esto:~~, is ,c~iied t~ suppese th~t ~lthc'1Jlg'h there is [I,'~Ji tr,9!J~~ now l ef it "v;a.'l]on the south $Jd~J thl't m!~e:rthe]~-$ t:~~ 'MVl1 '~w~g:ed ]]1., Ra~s,"fe1'~~.i:S ,g,ooa:f ,a, pllglll,e i.ll the' }l I Md:..., d'ym~~ '~,I~!Qrlg.i81dly- ,~~,anedla.U a:r.'~t:!J;D.d~ .nd tll!.3't' t'b,e \&Quth a as: the,' are ,it p:l1·ecsent~a EgYP.:ti Neai'~~ e\\l"'e~,¥r,Oflm \lI'llli and hl:[f' of thr~ raM't have been deniud~d, :8Lil~a~('as has its, 'CGi'lrf.U:~lS, tUDneUed. by ~h~ ram i, and tb.~ b~1e,s, co:mptet~~y' as tb~ sftMltlw, iln1tiL-s, the streets .. of AU ,t~~ ~tf~t$, a:ppeil!l' '001 .ha:v€:h2td a chan.md. ,o;f ,S.,re 'stu~dJ ~P' l¥:i:t1I ~~~]1)~$ ,~n_arn,bh~sb to k:eep' ,tn.¢;[[m,
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he' call .~ood,. l~, Ih:rt when W~ I~om~ tooonsider t,he. ,Ig;'e' of these t'he,rf lS ~rea:t dtfrlGul:ty. 'The ~tem~l, ',c£i,/idefl"le se@m~ . radishes so '\VreU kn~¥v~n sHU in Epwrt. T,h;~· spaces ,1rJillJcl,ea::r en'i':H;JSJ~3' and :S!(llm~'. V'e~ S'tt,?~g proofs will be ."..n.'.;...JI~.A1 c·"""",,'i-,[- ~':;7'''' ~.t. ~l'li'i':!!' '11\.. .. h' ,Il.l""I~,IlJ~U I!,\~' . dAJ. .....:.,L ,~,. . .1.- ,II."': ,~y~ U[.;iU ,nea.ps W .ere: (<<lnt are ror :p:t~~ldflgut the~drjnl< i0ff'erl'ng~. a or :gl~,z(!d pGttef1' t'he~?~~ at lime 'vase' rxnr, ;~~)1' )t;H]S( ]potre.tf' was fQl1:f1d a~ ~fleIrl~]y of Jili:E' J{'lUh. w;llth ,3 j]J3t~\itO;rk pattel!.l1 h:~, purple .:on ,iFl! ,rich b~'lUle dyn~~~l~-N'ot ~'ll'[Y G~r,. pie~~ of potteZY't'V'hJch, I l~l~ound," L'IhJ~jwa;s: :f~;)nndill oue gf ~e ]l~n;g;pa.~~ ~,atv'th~~, is ,~e~tly I~fth~t ~,~ lbi{rt fl~~, theJr posn~Ocn ft)f t.h,~ s~u'th.J ,m,~:~;t~ie'll!;, Th'i2:Jr'e' is ,als;o p~rt of a bb;a;e: fJ;Q l~t,e;r P'~op],~:'\J1U'(ndd, Jl;ijl;.V~ ,~Otl;Ull.ul~iti,(itd t~'e' heaFJ~ ~]azed ~cu Uke ~bG5Q found. beffnre (.Xl EJ1[~ 2io)~ The The 't~fwn ,of Kibun ~v,~ '~uUf b,~ toe: ,ar-ch~t~l :for '~e pyr~mjd \~rkmeJl i tn.(l \~h.e:f:1JJ fh,e p,yriumicl anH \fan~¥ b e~s.:1:te alsa J:u'dQUS ""M ~I ~ 14~, I 5:;. .1$,,'1 ~~.. rl. Tb'Gi most :rmp~r.tilnt ~ott~zy Es that on PL. I., 'rempill,~ w~r,e ,nnishecl 'the W"'Il w.a.~ mostly' d~s~rtedl' Thj:S is caned A~.gle~ 11'iL,ge~I@:["a~j l~~thQJUt Ille~rru'ng' ,~Hd tine p~~p'1e ®f '~be ,XIlthr arnd ,XmmIln, d'ynasti~s hea,pe:a. 'up ,theftr mb~i$h ,i[]. 'fh~· d,~.~\f.uted.;IQOfflS. .A f th;af ~lIer1 rH~6e ~s ]),~~s~~ti~,yfJo.m the: Aegc~n i but ',,, ,'. p,·,:,·t ,nifft &of.\o;." ".,.... ~·h:·n'll. w~ G»ea,f€ d.' ]" '). .... u.... W.. ]I:u, '.~ the m~lCl['ity a~ SOl to' j'ucl1ge b¥ rhe[r rna t~,ial and 1~rg,:e.;aT, deeamtioo., Tme t€lrrn A,ege~n I~ u~ to r~lpr¥ th~ fined up 'with 'b'~~l~en:p~ts'b.er-dfs',~.rrf1, lr~'bbish., \Vh.~il 'G1iI~tk. lS]fli.i;l d~ ,~:~([it!:lie; tCCiii.'5Jts -p:[ l'e1~pon:nesg~s'~'L1d tllereiQre 'nibhisti, oo~]d' be shot j'nside OIf the town 5(1 Asia, MJnoll"~'l\\p,ttl1eut t]~e lJmlfifiHotl'$ ,~{ p]~~e a:rrd ,8l§'~' reat\1HY:t 'tw.h,o W,QuJd. ,~a,ve't~'ken tll'c titll[.mbl~ to< carry it :~m7p'lied in the m3lli)!~ Gtrete\k~ . ~ut5ide Tbe ~xt~rnal rubbfs'll ,h~a.ps,must: hdo,ng 'to. a, 'Um,e 'wnel1 lh~ tOlliVO ,lras; fu]1. An:d tbeir' COD'tc~,t~, We 'will b¢gi'n "with th,6s~ :~i~ms ~i~h, are filistin;cHy ~ . ~ ;iil;gle.BijJt ,this ,Aegean p~"ery 1~ fo.rci,ID" (]:) "s, a blade w',ar-elfIDwugoo1l.1.t" wiUl a S~l,oo~h ,~Ifgr,ee''00' tbat e~iL':l'y ,st!jd1l!~e' e,n th~t: ,a,V,f 'furi~ht 7"'''''''' A"m'IJLO''ik\t 'I ,' .. , iilnHl n,.n~~ :mred ~fwf:IJJd;if} altEi ~~lde;r~tll..eie:iJlbbj:~h iJeap$,t ~!J!d t'll,er~F~r,e U' t ,pa."Ue:f'ns. Att the 'top ,is the ,drd~of iilots, and, l:ir.N~'s the' ,evidence unmi$jta~a;J:dy ~h~\t;,:s.hat i'tm Q;SiI:: he of in 1I,iVhit.e ,;:if 1i:h.'~n yelioll:V 'Holes with rn~l across them, ~ the t~m.e 0;[' "fJs~rtles~n 1IIM., That IQ1"leignex5, Were Hv.rErg then discs Nueounded \v[th ,dQJts~ tble t'eg,u]ar Aett~['n hej;~ alt; tba:K tlfme' I:s, impfltd '1~y th~ f_~ that 'the desJp! in ~~]lli'w'; and bdow 'tI~l.~,t ycllo1w' Un'~swith g~e~mr ,weart'0;[' the 'weights/. and. tWQ 0.£ t'h~ 'fllree f'~d a~T~SS. 'TIJlJ0 OQ']OIUting i,s; ve~~ bdgbt1 'w:itllou~ m~'a$UFes" f~hlJ:n;cl he~~' are f\Q(m~g;nweiigb.'ts, and. m,I~~~,u~iIE:~ 'inueh ~~n.~~ ~dJ easily' ,mbbed. ~ff~- ,It is !~l'u~:te· of P,hO~.ndcja,and Asia ltfiTI!ekf.. And ,hrs,'ti9r:icaUy ~\JTe [p~j,
j

fa]i,~:D for holding' d~' food (in a ra'ise~ di:sih ~rv~ 1S)" ·a:o{[ also for h.d]([hl~ the POClljlJlS w,after j:~tSf. P.m-, b~bl.'y th~ jar'S oQlzed mere qJ1lJic'kly than the su]"la,c.e e:~ap.· fjr.mt~d. .as J~'~ y.... u'V -r:c..,J:.t1i; .r n Fmx41'iiil:-~' ""'iMI'd' ... pmn, -...,,_. I )',""~'0;;1 &~~ ,F.IL;" "was- meetil.e,cl JIDo le:aJ:ih. th;e:fi 1t~lroo'\l~~'tm" 'Wllith I~~.une' t[lfUU;gh. These stands (IV" r 5~i1.9) '~\f~th,ings set ~n r t'ihlem'1!ivotdd serv.e this i>urpb.$~'. Oi.[1ilil:" pru~lOe ,of ~ft'0'ry ll~ 3" :fine sm"!~Qdw faee AppJied -tQ, it, and clo'Uldjed with 1;Jbllck ~in~~r,rdoJl~Uy' j mjt~te~ ma.:iible 011" serpentine, te. Y;]],e pt)t[~l:'r 'uaf& of al'e1iir:ag'51 Ita:ve: been ~~aJn :f,;6([]lId 'IV; 2Q1 2:g} ,;. '~flJd t]~, Iatbar One' i19 uDus,1lJ]aJLy €~m,pietC2:. Tl1.e ~ildl IS, neatlc;[. ,at 'the topi' 'the ,bJ!IICi" t:oo ]UIt1~~t'W, and lJle' h¥'Q' ja,.ili fmr whl.'e are idmtlnlZ.-t; "ii\"'hl[e, '~~1'0;w'ama v,at~o1l'8 flQ,t; and, 'cDnl~a[ ,ci~e:~j 81]11'the !a:~
'i'li,.... "'~
.,I!iII.

...... _!!l',IJ_ .•~ .... " fr-bm ~ m'1!lIC-h earner p:eriM. Th:i's ~co~p see t~,;;"!' 'IJ~]], = '~"'~IIi"iIWfi. \\f'Bf\!"e 'r!'~t,~r,,,,,.1' I"":il" 'iI"'L,,F;, ,1\ 'vas found broken In '[he ~.bhi~'h heQ:p~ the XII tb, 1t,:r'hi,cb is; tl'D'kllQlWn ~nr Egypt.ian 'pgU~J)!.:. ~} is? a 01' .tirJ:l)a~,t1:t ll@,dh, ~,rllne 'Ww:n~. Iil h~ beelJP~dry J~nu~n.t Gf Fe,gu'ta:r'"A~~g-ean p~st~ "tlli:I1E:, ,s:m~Dt.b :hard, ~~~ij whJ]~ yet U$¢d., as a lia~dbi:'.~s miss;j:rngr. :(:f~m br@-wn" \If.I'Ul 8" 'blatt iron g:lQ~e, a;1"JJ~, lJ.,ppUei ~i'o~s,IQf 'the top) and cae hole ha~ been eho~ed liV,ffit'h p,bu~t-er ~~d b~lfJl and. w&iie., (s} 'ws d~~red. wUh "'vh]b~ en in S:Q:[ue' ;repa'i:r.s mit. smOotn rOO PO!ttsr;Y,]ik~ (3,) I it @,illsjj, 1l,ppears to be $e'~TaJ pgttej;" r;;.ta1.1!O!) were (Ou'fJJd:. 'b0tb. 0f' tfJ!~ fdr;~igll. ,t~ ba~ 't'h~ ~'e,gul~r,W'Of] g]a2i,~.Off the' Ae-.geu
,Wi'; ~,~~ .. ~ ,~_ ..
,£,<" ,~_ .,~

mar 'perha~, have been the 'custom for; dnd·~ ,i!;]],d the ,p~treni" ,are also R.~1li:m un-Egyptman..

eggs

In {'a) \y,e'
S~&",",QUI

'!).\~

I!;..;utt:;

''';'-~'''i'iIf[Il.

1,

wIth.

,a; spli~~~] hlCJckecl,

;aa.lI:

line ,of .~Qft: from a d.ish; :l'.aJl1ted. ~1f!:"]Llthl¥lur'ite (JIn an ,~ro.n g1;±itZ,e:" CSJ ,~s'red pot;b~o/' $'t;am.'p~ in r~'U:,~~ paD 'ted. \l'lhl't~ and anJd ]'~d., (I,a) is, aabtltett pie~ IQ:f ,A(:g:~i3!np~.t~ ll"i:'rh 'b~lf~¢:-.k D;ro~,g:[~.'~e, M~, g,ppUed 'w'hite.. (ta:' is a si~mUalf'
,,r' .

b~cP',i3l whlt~ g.h'}und, iI,f,l,d ',a b~~ghtred ,applied", (1'J :is a. sbtl(l't ,~pbut
'CfitlJt

'nQ,"'"""aoifi'clT

~:r:" "'!LJ"''''J ,~, lL"'''''''-

{!o,

if/I;:lI' .... 1

"!io If.!l.

1t7"·.... ...,wl'~Ii\,i;

li ~:"'!i""

~~,.56, 1f.'~"'"

,.,j.t_' 'Il.:,.n; ,. '~n I[Wru:rnli1!;

,,Ij.

:llIbl]f

"

..

,~Jf;;.

'I..

..;, 'atl!'

Up:r a, r,'Qund hole 'beiq~ :c'lff: fat the moutb 'l~it11;Qllt ~""c~n 3, UJ~O'kefl mg of the miil'tedal ,at ,t.he' edge.. A,]] of tl]cse i

:pieoe5 ue flnrJl,~E,g.l'pt:iatill ~nd ,~U were JaullI.d ~

r.u.ibbisb, m}e~;'pspf 'the ,Xlrtl~, d1n;asly"

];0. tThID.e

So far 'we ,shan

'if'.,..

U,.JJ:U'~

'iIi"~.,:iJ!..1..'!;:;"l.

1Ii,

..,IFiJ"iJ~filo ,;Il'UIOUJO

'tll'~rNe

,~I

;I'

ii1

..:ti; ..

'ft;U'~;~f,-

....

1iiWh'e_~oe i:EJ], <161:8;:1'$, t~ d\~c~,p:~ plal~, the loliUie1"i!; i'l!'i ~I~

;t.

Ililli[t"er.s, flDm

~~

OO]n.~llITng 'GH. ~he

,

l\it.no,w·tha.t the

Eiarn~bu

,~l'

''''lQii'ds

rert~jll'~y' mlb,(~rarJl·IG{rOOb

in

or tll~

~.O:Edl~!~'Wh;t,)

'~h;\9' ']atelf

manu,m,euts;"

\.ll'ere

'UN[VERS~'TATS~ , .' BIJ)UOTI-I liK

h tt P: J l dig i ubi rJ n 'j - In ei: del be rg del dig I it I pet ri!e 18,91/0017'
I, I

HE] DELIM:.l\G

© Universita,ts,bi bliothek Heidelbe.rg

!a~od,f kn.'O\l~l'l~ ,tlle ~gy.pt]iallS., 'T~ questioa ,then to :tr,t}sJts ·tb~s, ::' 'rth@ ex;~~rFl,a:~l. vide!Jl(j~ :ruSi 'C'~i!IJ·'fp,r the, e da;thl,g .o.f tlis PQtt~ ,t~ the' )(]tEh d.yna~ty ,j, tb.~ foreigners of ,tb,e' Med~i&ef~.aif1eiltl\V'E:i?e already' knawn. '~;QI fh~ $:gypDgS~ and were ,~itl~J~y' livhj~' it] tlJis '~Olvn;:Ia]ld ,tJd~ p@:ttciy i~ d ~s,tfn~tty [on;etgn ,~ Aegean. The en [Y' dinculo/ ]ies in 'Gn:~k a]'~haeQlogisttj Q~j~~fifig tal any s~c\l, leJL'rl;r ~g,e fQt s:uci'J], :p:Qlt't~~, W ~ ,vj U rc-tu:t:[l to the 'C]'Uiest;~M of ,9Jge ar:~eT 0e(n'" $id!~ir.ing' tl1e cth,~r 'V:lri,efz;i;~,

Y-,~ dat, k ba_m_ d s ~re bl kisl 11., bl ~.e1 d',;ue -I;ru , .. __ . ",a,(;"" ~ _ all thiek befl¥' ,OiJ'I'fllUtS like ami'[['be Qf.hers.~lruJcl on if :mM-S]W eearse red potmry'., F:aJ't faf the ~a::lllil,e w~sscd. was (,O'lUld En the Xl Ith ntbbrisli ];me:;:tp'. The pattern :te'mJinds ~rS ,mM~ 1rllaJ.t, Gtlt 'the, ,~a.r:ly to!mrb ~e:l~H:n~~ IGf h't :bnj'bltiO\rt [o~' l~(V~ ~t:l.:lffs. No. su:~h pqtte-f_f is bo,wl). ;D a,'ll), ]ate;r a,ge. (9} ~Sl a bit· [of an E~pt]an 'CMTl of X,,>',"I lth (:lutias,iry!l' lV~th b~~'r'k..<'Ci"ffl':,...., oi!Ir -t~~ ~ 111011 '~i .....,JI~. 'u ~r~ ... ~c""" 1Ii!I\1L~1l'li. " ~ -r - --.! - -- -""tl~! -- - - ,a\nd W'hrn~~ (I~l):is d-u~ s11JJQ:ulder ott: a 'Vase Hke (~:6l. ( I: a) ~sii:!l! smlGl,6'tb lI~O"II~Jl pot, Iipless, '~i th a 'lIlL~c'kd~~le j.(l!bli.ng ~ 'blaJic'k 'bJa$te and bla~lt ~jde U-J])~~I ,pn ,~udiJ:e:1: )$id~. and, -twa t.;-edl lin!es d~'ivn lb.!)"~th,€ handle, It h: Iq_uit,e" u:'n=Ert:1',ptja'rJ~ "All 'ij)f 'tfhe ;a,bav,e: were foultd ~:n
t!.. d 'JGWl'a,Uailill., .. ' -' . -J"

N~o.(~} isp.reba~bjy Ecg1:'pt~a:n~ is :of 'V"ery cuneus bu~

.
I
J" -' J!l ,

I"

,-

~'-'

".

-','

,-.

,IS f0~n)~ tu~bism, mf the X!lth dyna:sty, in (:2) Jna€'~ ]liUl:n pO'tfery 'f~ ~uhd ~ntb~ t.01j,rfl"] of th~ XII~mml dytlJ"slty"~ ~~ ~f:lgr,arv~5 a'l:;Kha.tanleh. (3) Q t~~r fopeign, po:tre:ry is fou:miI. in fthe£o"!.,\r:n, th.e th: clym;flcSty, 2,.1',. Neg,a,;thle evi;~~J]}C:~' in fh~, mat~r ics im:f'Ort.t1:Vl!t. 'TJh~ :p~t:te!r.yof 'Hle }{VllIt'h I&: XIXih clynuty' is w'e'U kin o"lf.1f} i1,o~it,~t [Gu]"',ao in ttlds same di>Sitdct. Poft~lr,1 ~f ~b:e ~X.XJJrmdtG ~X'x."''t'b fs lirla',wrl ill dl:0 ,IUalmjJ ,~,r:a. \l'es., Ir,otm:ry iGJ!f the X:x.'VI1'h is exhausti:ve~y kn~vI1, ,att, plelen:m):~h. And thra.t e,i; thie Gr-eek alta Rnma'rI per,i~ds; a! lSr1Ullq~"t]S and T'im is. AFt th,egl~ S,MJ~eess.i:y,e period-s are well known 0' 'tlS 1]1 tlheJ~' ma:nuf1JlJct'lllre~. ll'ut '1~"t Mt' 'Piet~, iJ? thd..s.ll' "'flI_(ii(J,7

.or

xn

,~,~~. -.;fl/, ),"" ,tii'i'Jil' -_ ....... ' v~~_ 1., ",.a'i """'!1r.ur~'/"eoiJ! l~ ~~~.r:'

.I{,!~V.

:G~~1il,'fJ.e:t vr=

,in

tl-11i3J! - .~

,j...~

jllt,..,,;,..,,,,-, r'- ,. ~ iilti'Y'l,'od''''

~!JIiWl..!I.....

u~~

th~'
,,ai

strcOJ!1IJ§' ,cer.tifi,(:~te' of ag@:.

~2U. Turn
ing

XI'Itk dynuty :ru.bbislr :bJeJ!~si; and, hav''e tll:e;rftfo,re

nCf\'V't;(j @th,,>et potter:r found

i~ t'he '~\rl1 we n,it')t1~; t]}~ :cuflbl~i ~ssel , (:0]'4,1 T ,S~ ft is: HpJ!es~J lv!,th mer'e]! a ~[l~:ftd b'e~~ f~~',~ m~,tb" ]lke CI2 at I3l~ ;c.._ 0..:11"1 ~ '~"'k .... - 11i.'Ji·, ~, I!, i ,~,n,,,,,, t~~ p~t'efo' ~:S 'k, ft ~ Ah""" t . J.. .u,[e .u;anU.J!t .l:S, u ewa.;t e:vidft11:tl;r aeriVle{i, r:t@m. '~ha:t 'Q;f' b~$:t~t-w~~'k. I tWg :fco:nd ht a e'hiii1l1ber a'WOJl;~iijdle or pottery j;j:f 'the "X-II~b, ,dytu;ist¥,. ~U~~) a \¥pc: nf ~(t$e;wh['~'~ ~s ~Q·t i~ ~llf;lG6mm~1l :her~.;. (~9) 'be]oIRg]'r3,g :t'G tt:'&e' ~ame~ ,('LJ],d ~he-wh~g:'t'M p:i'neh,edl ~p ont be)tter; (I];) S:b~'tv,s,t'h.~ dbubl,e ])4jutdle- ~f t'h~~e v.ess.els; ,,[ 8j .is s.imUat~y ~~rmed ; a~d ,(If) tht¥u,~h. dW:f[~1.,entm~~:e~!a[ has t'h~ $~m~ .hr~~d~~,. Th'ls t.rpe. ~(r (I ,I~, I.6:~,.I~J fs "!w'hoUy uo'k'n,~tvn, in ,~ny ,~ate~r' ~ge '[n Egypt. (18) '\11l',a5 fG¥~nd ,a]o(fl,gside of pottery of' '~b~XIlth dy~lasty in ,a d~'e;p ·e:ham ber:. ,LasrUy ther[e [S' th:e bl~,ck ,pOttay (l1~ 4]' w, th.e la.tt~r piG~' '~sJID1g whiten-eld by con,cr,etion's. TJl~S PGtb~l.Y l~ Il,Si{YI{Rlu'M)11 ~t K~hun.p m:al[}f 'p:i'~~ hali".]n,g b~ern found l~~ -,J '~iI','e;a;Ir' (: I(ah, 'u1l![- XXVI [':l :g>flri~ m '-20"7\ , _. - -'. -- ':;;1:1' M,t \/I,f,U fCnll'iJ.dL aJso i:Jy ltI. N'a'\l'".j ~ ~lo:D_g 1!Ild:t!h, ,~calf'~b~ n (].f the XIId~ &; xlI Mth d,YBas~f at Kh~fl:aneh~, d1eep' cl.o;\;\~n· ~ bur,ia~s, \~!hi¢h,could, Dot baw '~een latet dIs i tnrbe:df.. I13.e d'te'n::fowis ~Bms: well as::~ufed~ JIlHd it ,(;lQS)e~y rers>e'rtlblie3 ,in COWI1:r, fof.ro; a:ndl d~;.cQirndon -~he ,eilll;'~)li~l lt~Ha'~ black p(ilttcry. We $t]m:IUL:;u;~£i~ t~eliefare ~ait (I) Ae,~n ,p,QttefY
,,¥,,:b_ -I -' ",",~m

nor loof1v--ern.~[v' 14~ all1]{ :po:t,t;.e.:ry' ~f the la~~~ ag-es been found in dlC" ,['~bbis'b b;eap~of 'the A ill It);] dyn~t)r. Tl&lLe.:'m,aJll ,alil"1;gun1!etJJ't fOt So l~t;e.r date '£Qif this Aeg~~n potteq is ,Ul!e: filll~nes~ of the ]lllls:teJ, and the h:igK po1isb ~t~~: S11U-[:a'OO.. N',o d:0U~ thre:~e !d,et~is appe~:rt '~ih th~se (jif fa ret ti:m~s'j But there 1'5 in~;rn;a;] e~jd@:n'(';e ~~ntta~iGti]l:[, la:~ date llor t.he-se 'piet::es. No,n~ are ~ :fillBIr or 'tb[tuier t\l.~[Dj,{~: 2: &, 1;4;. N ow th~8~ Beh)n,~r to' a" class €)f 1V'0-S:se-] 'wbi,ch ~s. '3dl,oHy U.DlRn.'Cio\-vn '~ :m;yae] C @~.'to otlre~ stud en ts M whom, I ha v~·:fe.f"e:(~"d~, as eVel~ba:vi'rnr <1Zteen fr!fllnd in. h'j~'tod~ P!i1t.te~y" Tlm mouth [S, [~ ~mple hole witb~u:fi: a,. .np~[;]k'e' a hQle '~I!,d iE. a g;~iUrd.. illf lS.Jlth. a 'ty~p:e- is 'Un]{oQWlIM in' Glt~~k p~t!er.r~ 'whe~~ [tftD 'l¥'[e 'm~tdh i:t!· '~l,l]y so, f3~' ~$ :E kn~ w. in. '[he vase :F~un.d in ~h~ ~1la\lrU1ll, p.y,r[:±t:mid
{illV~ .I 1') ;~:lid-hllh.e ea;.Tliesft ,A,1110ir.:itt' p~Uf::a;~y ~f :&:~Jt~a; The r:6. m ha',v,~.:fPUnt~d ~tin 't,'n.[e' lJ~'~~st 71ev~1s 1#. La,cnl:sb ,aboitlff; the 'bE'gh:'l!ningof the XV~ J] th d~~®l$t¥,.. D\OJubt1

1~~ .ffi:t 'may' 'lt~v~ e~dstecl, ~e:rQ~etil~.~~, Lac:bisll l~~ '£).~dy not yet. b1l1ilt; 'but n is ~ typ~ l!n~]~alQ\ll'n t~ l~~r a"ge_s .. T~is evlfl!l?.fJj,'C~'!,her,ero(fe' :shews f'h~'t :it :nn:u~t~ e;a~di~J" 'I1lhra~-j, h,~ Mykena"e, ,pQtt,ery of' Gt1~Qb" and 'mat .ht1!;t:,,l" t
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:~:I ~o~.d s9~:ce~d the 'Mf'ken~ J9otte:f¥ :lS ]~ill :m,eiI['~i:O:t1,e.~, het'f:: {;t, l~,aJaJtad m IAm~r.I~m.1iJ;,a'f 1.1 'bY' a, m~6,t. eases ,m,pp'~~eflL'tly:lm'!PO:BsibJ,e 1n lts, 'V~ry ua~U$,e., cyUtlder fO~:ll!d, lvidl. ft in ,i;l( b~da'ill!;it ~S< C'£' the :fi~eS1t 51ulrtih p:[~ees a:s (I ~ :s~,m;'2 ~ LtJ' are all ef st:yles\ \v:bI'eh. :namraJbtie ~v'ortjo sh:e\\'f'h1lg all the' Cl1,ti'~.tIi~l,pj1i1ek~~..s of dQ :Ro,t, ~1 J:I],1W-O any :pll~ in, 'fh~'bistork d.~V~]Qp-m.:ent t~ r:a,(D~:, ~ndthe' ha\U~harnan itl,teUigel1~~'of t'h~: ,. 1.• IV,W rol!.Jl'rse' '.,' ]:5 :niOW' at: G' 'h"' 'I... if"i;!" ' ;a]IJn:na. It; .. .., :]'zen.,·· A"·II'..· ]]iIl)'t~'I.er' m 1:" 1Dot'te.ry from Myke:nae dGWI1\vc.al."ldsJj~,n'dl$et. ''If'hi~ -¥ lh~~¥l wIlh rams' h;e~s: wfi,s fQ'~nGl" Hk~ that 1:n 'P! Kall'J1!J]JD. ~~, 'mQ~t ee.'t~in],t .eame frotti, Gt'OOCliEH.):rl"ta'[~i' j"~nany, en th:~ ~ne ~i'J);tu.1. ~e '~~ve it Pl~05~~'S~IDri' (ViE 31) bu,1;: I,atbe.r ~m,aUer, and ]];~t qutte ~p ''''feU It tQ deal \vitJn 35 to. \vhat i's ]1li:dy ~n a :perlo~d, ,as" ¥~t ,~ked., Tb~ ha:\'V'k~s, ~ead: i"n wood (Vj[II~ 7) has gart;lit '~~ i]]:Sier~d.; 'l~·]jj~!;ttb~ ~~ cif tb~ <~:s ~Si, total1y 'ITnk~l!il'w~n" ~e pr,e""= Myk~n.!u~aWl' ~'" ,P,:rre(:pos~e:ssmQfiS are f)'fte;u,'vaJua.h].e~ but ve:ry' risky '""v'bell 'iIl.ln~ert"ai~n. The a;i wHat 1ila'wk~~:l1~di:n bronse (VI I.I" de~l,mg ~ith the TrV'hoUy unkrucro.rtt., On "dte (;l,e he r' 8) has ,®! :l"ee'tatl],fp:f]ar oote thh?Jugh fbtnn hW\eil;~~t'Q b~c'k'~, haad \,\re ha".e tile e:.,~:[e,rnaJ, evldet!JJ!.1e ,g:f the. 'early age as jf to fit en 't,o some obj,~~t~ T,llil,e; iijtaS~S '9' both, the~~ ef tbi s, p~lazy In fhe; KIl-XI II ~fn~stj~S' ;,and. '~ ~~~~e~ al~' 'quillt~ fl"t and, ~~1;,ooth, They mi:ght pesslb[y' iHII2~ad ~V'£~~:fl~~ of lexiut:;m1iSry; :.e~rl:y [~~t~t"~s b:lJ tt~, be ~ome p~ec~:s for' a ,gam€:'~, Am!Qng gla~d, o!b~ttts an,Qj! Cit such _,[H~VCU' Gf.itng' wu'od. ll1 ]a;.mr ag~~jl;a;ncl it;- ,,,~ j];ot~ce t~e st'Rr (VlIIOl :.4) the: ,d:r~g;Qn 'By (I J)J the, riot (aJ}ing ,hl,bi) ,a~Jl;par~ of ,tb® ,h~s~~u~i;c: series of ,eowry ,~,J;S) 'nd dleeODl'~ sheH·(I9) all of blue O\fg«Cjl ~ known PQ\tt,ery.., F~ 'the, pre®ent 1 fe:el ,dampened tG gbl:~, 215~ W~' t.u:rw' p~s en to the 'IDo(nl]S ;a,n,d ,iittillg~'. The 'concltIJd~'that,,~ ]t~v~here the pracl,u,et8 'P.'f dle earJ:i~s,t in L.t~YO,;d(i~€k clvil1zadon 'iO:f the A~~e~m. amd Ital;y ~t lVGQ:(Ien b~o!:'l~r$ '\y'hi(C:h the dOD.ir..bolts :s'~idhave' been t ]~t about "z.5iQQ B.~ Many fflQ_~ JO[ the str.,an;~ ,srjgn;s .f~]ltfLdand ~deo~tm~d,::hey \~e!r~ in WI the door ~[IJ~~1" ;~Fld,fljXled. '\y~tha,pin in the edge : se:r,~tebed nn '~~rb::1W' ha~1':~ b~~n 'EQ:l:tQd;bu.'t: "as;, ,~ h~w€ the e4.~ tty reQon~ d.0~1:: 't'n~~ bo,1t sUd tbr0U:gb. one such brock aNd, ,ne'i tdm:e to ~l'E:;p3~e. O,pIes e them aJ~;!I giv,e a \l'l,an,d of lf~'tq ·the, \VaHl .if;~ sf[]g[~ ctOQr, Qr tl;unug;h the: two ']I~tof the '-prms (P~I..f'V1 f~,r.',urp'b~~s .of ~thd.'y. '~;kl~,§ c@[i tb~, edges ~f a dQ'IlblJ~ dQQI'", 'This: do~bte' ,2,3, ~'r sto.ue:li¥0rk some clll'":[O:W:S fig:r.ll'ff'8 ba.y~ been "3" :ii~ll1);d.. The d~varf suplP~~mg III djs~h (Vt~ 9) is do.Qr.~'W~'tfu, :holt, shot, 'm eftea seen ,IOU re:p'Mser:ltat~o:m5 ...... ,f'; I~ '~l A~· C".a"i"''''' ~ '.~ 1?~, y, Y: I~? ~m,~rk~'ble!. ~at5 11W~ haw no, clJJj~ to' the m~atllbJ;g' of a, Uo:lU!,.vI' '!;;se.v " .a..... lTil nog';YP!I;'.!' .... ....., ¥ ii, 'lf1. J ~ h .. ~m. 'Lm" S]:$'. 0:n~~, l·,e,:]s.l"1S"ta:[[L~!;!\iI and a twit 'shot t]u:,olU_gb two blocks ,i:s: '~be r:egt11ar ~'··tll _d" 'I . d' ,$.11£· ftg_.'ures .... Egy' . pt. .: ~h" ·h' ,~ :n '~,~n]· - 'il;i. ~ ~. ~ ~,.~ . 'k! -'IL. '\v .],e . are ~'~iTlIe:rali:r :stm:.,; e eO,~,!l.!lmfll,s,; a'rl d ''\'!/mCIlJii ,'. hie:rog1y;ph ". A, set ~{t~it1lt; pB~ ~v-alS :fou[iid" cut lvwt'h, m wb~n~er the, aj'~. £oyn~ C:bltr~4< ,M'Vie~ a of· h~~d~ oa:nd,· '~,dd:t 'th~ ,ellds' ~f p\~~ wpe ,s:tUI a~olnld, ~1 1,.'1,.' .j.,'k ,~11· "1:... 'r IIO.JQu;g'rlt Sct:il~1K U] J;)~e' ~.d,:sI[Ji. ,d, Sieem;Sr,:ea:50D:a~]C2' to tben~" The 'nfie $tj.ck~ fp,~'d.dlU.l1,g :fireha:v'~ been ,agal:n s: , .. ~ bO. 1]l.iU: .... 1...... "'FfI,tI, '1,&,' ,ib:J!. ., S~ppOS~ dm~they' ~Fe stands for~bO~s,e[y0Jd. :ledn~ o J'O~]ln.l[ill" . ··t1c ,t;'~6, J!6I''k'r"""r n~.rn,"'6b IV, . ·11 riS' ~~ .t"". ,;a",IIi!l1 ,:1,13111 l!;iI!l~ oJ daily :b~~d. A-arQ,tJjei" s~€h ,!lUntd I( I!) ]~ 0.£ nn:l~r. up:Ffet ,rotaHng. 'fieee (24). One. bJ~.:idk:(~~ ,i~,[[,~t:' :l. 'k 11 li ..!!. "J'[ 'typtei but. ~~re-£'LllU¥cut: ~ut m[1 p~erce~, W'(j,d'M'. The 'h\r:QI IUljrnt. ,~n 'h1ie' J,iI~~es! ''''_ iI:. ~s 'very U,eeplY un. ed :it ~lth .~' ...; ~. fit~Q:rts b~uQk to b~~].r. rec~U ltMtbGr. 'fud~ 'stand ,tJtffil su~S't~ tb.t(t, ~tl; 'was a, tr¢~[ bl,~2k- :for ~. ,J'eat.ner~ lIlU'hp h~Gr'ngu1"e's found l~Sit ~l!., A~bdl,e[' 1lI11Hllsu!nl 6g1t1i.e 'h~ ]'I;rDt y~t att~itn:~; tkG ~'k of ~lre~M~l,~ii1Lg.TITh,e Ml ~ a to:t'S~ (Jf a gild euved inl ,ia, :rQugll 8:fIJd. gross style otlmr (2:,) '~s.w~u u.sed, :aIJ tb~ h~]~ bd'll,g u'uJrrred to; blit l$~]clf :n~t~r~Hs~k; ,i~d ~j'thD.~t 3":l1r '~'e of 'the' a. g,l~_j' cjllal'!oo~[faQ€; t;",IlV'O" p,[aoes; n:a:'ilBbeen 'n.9tch,OO, ''ilri:'' '" ,." ~ ~" "~ ~wpt:~~n ca,nmn-; ~,t1;5 ,p~H]'ted red~aBO be.aF,S m'u,~s '&rut .not yet. c.rjJb::d. Tbe uppc:r s,t[ek (2+4) :is qui"~~ a:f it. bla.c~ 'wrr,ea,th a;r~fI!]~nd, ,\~~·t$t., Ani0t:herr :&g~~r'~',~'ha;rrecl. at \fube !o",v,e~ e]}:[ill1acrid g.l"olillIlIJd do\wmJl,'with a th~ of .a,:Iftfl"e' ~rurd p]a~1".[fJg; :b'ar.p" sm~[h ~tl!d, wld~r~'t a. \WS~ ~¢'ha"r:~ct:ed8iics;hpJ~ 1;cler pr'e.J;(:ilJlceqj. h.y' -t1:b;ffdcUcn,. It £' :::iI.' '. i"""II!...,:" 'l. A :i'~~~~ 'I "",'t. j.3;r-g~e ] r,a~~~W.c)UllU ~'nu ,I s now at till].nz~u~ ~. ,rs; Gf the XVrrlt'f:l 4Yl~U~yjt CO,lllt],dwith '2, s~-rQ'b Qif figure ~f T,11l.1ri wM f'~llnd, as ,~]~O a, sOl aili ·,~.ne :la~~ Ametil,'hot,ep' IIl~llow te~se n:D'ed:rill$ ""V'~iF~ rota,red yeu~ sl1~V'iflg fha,t hex;' fQrm W~g ;]lrf:ady tr~e~l ,at we' ~n gtless ,~n seei:~g 'Ui,e 00111:mdn 'igure:s of ddU this p~ii~d., ,And ~a g,o))!}:j ~'t~:m~of it m~n deamGJ 'b~~'fS; e~, 'th~. .sculptul"t;s ~ s~ch a too[ ootdd, ,DDt be cross-le~@:d.j caJ'I:1J'e,d .in Um,estoRe:~, b'l1:t without iG1 ~familmf' 'lviitb~uJt 'bei'l~g 'used fut the :Rle-driUb,g. if:IJ!tiC1r1 pctioD. Tnt: jDscril!Ded !j'ta~eij win be nQtic~;tW Th~'"OO,e'x~m.pil,e5 'Of drin bows wea"e fo.U'lIiId", one ',~r '~nd~f:' '~fi~~riptlc[uh wh~d) i;s,fig~ted '~eJj,e'{a2) a.]]d ,~looap, urJ~inislJie~ drHl .Z+. 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rooe~t, at.!raJyscB by' Dr,. .IG]ad!$tan~j .F~,R"'~'j .0£' the "'!No:["'t::me[!l:'~ ,vf!:Sj;efm ,q:~!iut:rlfie.[., Th~' d.~te ,or.'th~ those, r,uifld last y~;'iU· ,have ~$"tab~i:~hetE 'tMt ,th~:t,ool~, gr~up' ~s :l1U,t weU fixed; 'bul tbe ·flint: and, bopp,er' lof til e ,X,~ J[."tlll dy Inlasty aFie c0'P,per,~ :arn~ tlilose ,QC "the: im",t£HD!e:nts, ,a;iB d. the (o!U,'OO;$of tffue atab~9te.f' 'v,a~~~jsttelV ; XV~II-XlX!h :af:,e, blf1d~.. F.r~s; a'rJia~yses, a:fe ,~, t~~ It 'be[Qng's to ,tb~ *mItb ~r' Xl.II~~'), drHMty. 'Tb~e; m,b,fiQr ·,8) is firre' yenow'meta], and ~'tUl bdght a.rod fOUd'lV' (~e ,S·~c., Bl~~Ar~l~"18goj'~ :el~atl, eIl/ougb to rf'leet fromtbe g;'fleater pan of it ,;'

usual ;' arB,d,alse S9,m~ ~f 'th.~ n~tur,ruhoes, :[o.F,mad . a be tate ,m[:x;t~'f@-~ ~u,eb IB ther 1 :pet cent. ~r fcnr]{,etl ~r.ariCi::b, trim.m,ed. lro,~ofo[".. (2S'~ T1fue~ ,M'ha:v'e X,V'MIrth df~~tt,. Th~~l,etaJ dn. h~cl,b:e~ :not seen in Egyp,t before~J 'Dor on tbe SiCUJptUte'5 i mey '·,afld W,!aS l~1:\O"wD at t'hat lilltel" tinl~J as, ,I $a'!ln~ a pur'E' are the rnde:~t ptdfo~pes f)t both th~' ho~ :and, tit'e 'tin rirng 'with {gJa=:i:S 'headS' mf the €,nd. ,6:~ the ,X,VI1Mlih ~d~Jf:', T1IG' l~ge' pmn~ed .imJq]eM~;t (~g, s'l!em:s to be dyn;llsty at: JGiif6b" En ~bdtl;"" ,oo;ppeJ" :Iod. £I1i:t'l!iIt ran -tlleIr '€O~J,se si~e b-y slde, ,eq,u~]y mn~So~j d~wn to ~he, ,~p]~u,gh€:O'llllmr" o.f d ~;n5..ATh~threr :flbrt skk]!e has been [0und. (z,) latet ~.rno:$~ th~: mjcicUe kln gdom j, ,and ,:wl1J,$,iai'~ Ell1Jp~:rel i~1]j d ev'eJopmernt than tha 1];; 0:£' ],l:st ..sOOSQ~ K;~h un," a;rosce: in, th~' X. VI ~Ith dJ:n;Slsty ~m[nthad al most ,~~"Std I~X:~ an d dated '~O fhe XVII JHh dynasty by a pi~~e to be '''vojr~eJ(']j~, b~'\Otnze :!2.)r~ and had liepl aced ,~op~em~,,, o,f ~o-tt'erY' th ~,t. This 'r,et~dlfs thfee' of the, {O'~r tHDit Th~ 'co:pper h;flM;,~t: I~L19) ~nd ·ad"Zl~J..l~8) \ver,e' sa;,Ws In PO$itiIOfl~: ,!;'e-thl ~ gw.tNe the "'Wot)'Gt 'lbf blacle fOrllnd tog1ether" T~e: :ba:t~~~tis bound ,aJO'~n,d w~l~ :cemen:t,. probably of Nile' ~l1'lI;lIlld and ~0m~ sticky a..relld,l ;8i.n,~ sealed twi:ce \v~th, a ,pifi'lla:t~~;a m!c" bn .. f .sl!!lbs~a'WlJce. T,):re tlp Qr dds slekl,le is blrollten ~«i and pressed '~n N'HI3 IllIJU"d : w'ha;~the, ~r,t&a:s:onbr: 'c_b[s :saiUng the. ba;rlfd~e ,instead. ,~f~i;ng carved 1n: O~ll~ pi~i as: ~~y Jua,;ll'e bem~ il'R d,~!t iH~t kl'lo,·cV')' ~,t "¥Y'~ tl,'~t a r; J' ~!. :I,;,'k 'L.. 'DL "', .'. 'II... fn,:it,l!!;er s mar.:tr\1. ,~.s ·1!.4:ll~'.u:a£U]J~t J s worn;, lll;ilUIli ,Il m,a.y ~1,8i.V~ befofe'l: ,~sa tbl'Ch,oo '\\Vrufb pegs. 'We ltUIYW'see 'h0W IDllth, the@e sickk~ !~Erx:pl,lj'n. of 't'M 'use raf the ooQ:Yt~ed, liJifi~ been. sea]~d as ia matter.' of ,2 Ieg:kcy, crt d.ffis,pu1b!:,d_ both ,of Egypt ail,d, SY'f"a; the maJodty' of su.ch :HIats: F(~pertr,IDt' to' prevetu: an.y pet$o~ usin.,g.if.. T,h~ are Just. s~~i't:edw t'hese :im,phl'Me;:mts, ,an/a ,s'h~\v ',signs ,o,t !oo,p'pe'Jr knife (~) is, '0'[ 3~, ~'~'usua] ,sh~pe~ OtOOF :smail were' {ouniclJ, lUre' thas~' 'In, ",~KiIltllH ~,XVJ th~ 'wear rUl.t exl;end.~ng beYG'll!dl the' ledg~~, .~ '~ro:ly knj~ f ,m, :8",,2C),"'" " sO:l:n~ 'with the shank' rolled uo (,'"1\: '""i~~r'"f:' 'iti~e ili'l1;t: was lfillGlt embedded in the, €lemf:ll,1; _. ~ ') J ood '',It"''. I';, settJnl' (.;j.. Several I~nt tools 'wtji,~, :fe!Ifni2),:, 'bot: as; ~ rllll.d~ f~m ,~f' Th-ruandU:n:§ l't, ~\'Y'(Jl 1r''OlJlnd ~'bj:.iels (2"! J th~~ ,"fil! 00 cle~trrb~tillb¥ :lI.lr., 5punle]'[ (Chap. K I) aad ma;ny :fishlb()d~~,twe~ZeJ~ (Vi I I'~is)ll; n~~n1eBf iJ1fidl ~ ' I need ~fdy' here notlee the '~~a.S5~S. {Vrl~m:} Is iUl, a ~e!tHng' needle' (VlI M~ gl)~ 'were aJSl~ £O~l)d ,; b~~itde t:lJa~ze-;. (.:2) ill .scm'P~r; (3) iit hOWflrs~;IDID.~ aX:'~J airEd (4.) a, mo~~' l~f tb~ :pl.[tl.'2J.;b:_~ khiv0-s <Vf~lj ~ ~) with, ~, fflUnl. ax\e ;- {S'I .5 ;it) a~ "the C:'G!\r'[)~£ t1ints af ~ar,~-e sicklef; ~ifl;gi'l'Fr ~a:cl~, ,p,i.e~~r'wbi~h, thJ~)'Ulgh prI1~\dotlS]Y' lon1y:.;t3.) ~6) a HW' H]ut; (7'1' ~~) ~:nivoes ,;, '(9) is half ~,:f 3: :shii:rp'" k~®i~¥n in the XV'IIlt'~ dynasty ('~&:ahufi;,JI t:dgc~lint~ of a, type u/O'tseen im G~hef5l ,of the ,Xrlth, are D'Mlf tet! nd "'t~ be!oD~ 'to me' XI lth ~Vfl,~ty. ha YWI' dy,na;st!'~ ~nd at a d [:ffref'~nt q~~rlitJ' ;it ,~s t·b~1refQre- h~~n fOO~rJfdin tJie r'1t1.bb~~,:hl~a:@~. Am,lQng: other tools In:JI'\O~a.b1y of tb~ a;~ o( SlOO1,e scarabs fQund l:vith it- may 'be: named ,$~'W:~~~J p,bj,mm~t~ of dille tYF found u,--'h " ··i,\" .,;.1.. 'b . - -.. !I" ':' ill the X,VI,rl'~b,dyn;a.sty. (I~, ,~~ l:,S, ltV, ;W[~ S~fa,peTS j: ,ast ,yea.r. nJ .lX..~ 1!l[ll,~, V"'[1JfI J ]',~4~' anetner- ~D'~ ill :!!000p-. (}f., V IIl~ ~l1f:) ; and, two ,~maU she] ~ (.P r, V11I, 'I ~~ .sf:t s ',I][ rt:lnd, ,1,4J :ffi)'mJb"a@~f knivle~, A n.~.ma;rka,M(f Hir.i't knife, ~s d~!tt in. ,~, :~~tg!'to/ftnA '6:~~XHtJl dynastY" (X~II,~, 6)1' .iW) reed aand]e8 ,:tfuepurpoge ~f wh~:this q;ldt@ 'unktlo~vn", of 2 it, 'Tb~ ,gto1up No~ w.as 'the OlOStt tltl,t01erolu~lo'U,na havtl]~g :re'marns of bindh"J§ wIth, {film ~f!cl.a~,~rlI0n 'tIle ht U:1ih~!q (s:e.e ]?',k 2,JII,r 1,~I$~, .JllV'~~'in i.l h~Uts,ra ~(f1j .btlu.dle:: :a,i'fit .a~:k~(4" ,5) l/W'ere a'[~'CI~~blU]Jd~~wi~]j it., '2/1,. The co.'P~er to~l~ 'have agahil been f(nmnd 'her~;; tbe. wutiru !SIde '9f' t~h.e 'second, str~f. Cro'm tbe, r.o,1' ,iII

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Fbnlt iis the. 'a:]abM:t~r;, ill :ba~ ~~ej]j green paS'te HJit-S Q~ ~ neeklaee of the Jta~:tl'ru, dynastlt" ()it :t~[s~, therc: is the !H i nt 1~'[Iife w~tfu, biintUml:g r,ern'laJn~ng Q[l the band le made o( :fi'bre la~di.~d round 'wi-t'ih 'Q~rd.:. when 'first ihllnd this '~f'j_iJJsvell"' tendfft~:bflj!:~by 'Ii,wrapp1i"rJ',g .itt I~ l?:aper f ooe:.k i't bllm~ ~:rel"1 and then tcgasiDng:' i~ Imvel .a ;s,w'V~ I d r'opped melted 'W~X om unt.ilrui: w,~;s , '. r' . l,~ "_" ~s ,. "l' "-,', ' :sat~!;lJ"I!o.~U, "ilt:l!lIlS du::~ bind' mg ..,: ,DQ<!IfUt!La~ter,~U'.e. "T"'Jh'.~ '" 11.. ~,i5
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adds( ~WI~:Jther 'to ·ttjU),rUSI Q.:fr:01~[ ~ffi~~a]Si; but it ]S~ ennOlls t:h~t·;a, blank i-®= ~€,;f.t at th~ beg~D'l\illlg ,~fthe lase nn~~, :if' it had 'been, int'emllded t:(), 1]1], itl, the fa,t~t;S ,:IS ~.c_ t- JJI(d, 3J w .... luWl.D.lili ]U_' ;3L ,tlie~h,t!!.;e:r- 'b, ," ~'~, -,,,,,,_, I ,-II '~, 1:, ,,,"'b name ~ :as Jlt i$~ the t»()the~:I':s ame N,e:bl=tei,":i: ]8J.;dy 01 n ,,m ,..:~ .,;;11 IliIli.Ln" ua.t'(e.s: 4,~, :re 1I;;I\S:;e;, -along' with some in.U,t,s and :sam~ ~roQ,ti,'t'fte ,pj~e Q,f Ithe' f~the.rt ,Q_cM 't'lhe ,grandmotbet1 s ~ame Pre pi", iitfie '\vtlod of llliIJknO'\,",\Di~ :iP'Urpbse', lQ:n,e CO.p~~t'PJfG're(Eu· U ,~J~ given., ,A am~dl rou.nd=~op,ped limestoIlie t~blet beam itp,dj ~he spoon aJietra.dy' cl,f:sc'ribM,. T.'l'mer.,e-\v;'!lS ~15Q' a" (he 1J.,rn~'of Mej~~®;.nkb (2); it $eems as jf it had. fu\1;.i~m broken p'iece- of It ,Hir.lrt ,k:n£{~l am::I. ,a, small ,v1b~b1;o.fje p~i1t in a, lllffllH 3$ a; b~U'llld:ar:y ma;.rrllr..The s'e~.a t'5) is " I( I€i)\. r'be: .copper ~u!,~ ilJre the Ezuge kHi:Fe' (:r7)~: two 'V'ery' .r:ll,Qel:~r tilt, .;:lnd tm,~names ,3;.T.e ,0\[' curious rsrn:ml-' smaU ,chil3e]s. (ijr h6Jw,e1!"S' ~~f ~f[ ll:~'~·~.u~dleH h~n;cl]es (rot, (6) ,j ,pH e it," ; A~ son oJ 'H,ote:p'~ bei:ngtl.e pe!,soo ':;:ii!l!nce.tned. a ta fJeFittg pwettce.r 'I: 2) 'Set .i:n. a. nut :~~a~dl~ j t:\V·~otb~~' A seated fig~f<e hi :llaroJ~to'wn lirnestene _[~as been a pi:e~r:s >( I I~ I a;) w:i:~'iJ,t: handle,;; 1 'illed the snmJJ m~~h. kl1i;od~ed,abou:t_; 'the lJlppefc"p~ll.it i~ n\jMhl'~l' ~)d brnt:eM' In, tbree ,,~~ees.T.b.'e :[pjC2:l~e~r(I5,) [6.;lu:wd ~"n. ~b~ 'oo~ There was 3.1 so a the; 'libr~n~' i5eat k~s'b,~en smlll \~~odJe:Jllbox, AIL i)'f f1'!1:u~s;e]. ,r.-, the. metal 'of j'n'Scrip'tion .~s. ,ro,ugldy Cll[ (41" and th;€ names ,afif: fl'X\~~,t f'Ot.' the :tl~jr!iQtr and ,t'be: l~~I1:,e r~( w~r.~ 'lin one· c'!l;amb~r; mFdly' le,gjh~e ,j J1r.~sh'f1reb i'~ $~3,~r¢~ly ,run'~e']l~g,i:~lle kl'lJ'i bJjjJ!the mil'n'A1[' r.mndJe .,s:he"ilv'edl SlQ, phdnly the· marl\E lOr dl'~ :mQ'D~:S.llam'c;;; ~!ld h~, m(l'~ber~$, ls even worse, .tbi :m'br'Q~ .'t~ll~j.ru:ba'f m:: lfJad ,2 s~~l~ch fo,f; ~threr~m.a!h:ilrd~'r, :rn?egib~f Sebe(~d:es '" - !l!!J1til A small palnted 6!rebr ($) the base ~o-f a; .'im ill :antlJ dl~' :m:h('r:~'J(:' i'ts~1:f ~pcl l~rge ~nifre "¥~r~ ~ll Jt:be n~e-XJ'1t: :re~Gf."-ds H eke~ntft,. A 'part
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'~b.~ '~n:sG-tjpcldn~or A lltef~k~r (X,II~, :)is Wl' the ~ l,iil'p of.a. ~sSi-[~gged fi~~~' in hard billa(;k ;serpe;D!d-u,e ; unfo,:rtu1rnJa,teiy~ t1.h~lilRp'~r part, OIl' too fi-\gu:r~ is~os1r. I~

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'M~~tjfu,l sea te~ sfatUie 0'[' bJ ~ck ba.:sa[~ ~e.p:r:e.seotJng a .re,y~[ 1''e1~tio[\ .st:~be'k, 'born. O:~ the :[ady of
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'l~suaJ .ins~.dpoon~ ~ pd~~t Ame]lts~~bJ iUld ~~~dy fer: xo£ 'Utre' hours-e Mm-n't·Il" T.b~,p.~rt.of,a; sl1:ela of Anpi ,~:m.,[)'j;s ,~n.'~:t]wr:Pl~ 9,r tbe' 'sicl;'e ,~f' ,a ,st-ela f:arnnd l~st 'year {~K--a:I:U.:Ml1~;n, K][~;[ ol~ Tb,e pruec~5 of tIle ~hl:iEle and ,~J[a:~' of' AIt:m1l.l,=,rudfe:;rl1!.1 (6;, ,7~; .8) :hatv,e been a~.]'lei'dy ,..:~.'.a' "'L" t,.,. ~..]I T]... =. pj,e-ce J:.1';;,~ ·,[]l,elrJlb~rneu H'l ,i.lJ;e-~)(!;n,glng· pyr~m1l~" Jlj,~t ,,!UIIW ~l is 'a, paft af' th~ Uat rOf' 'OI*~,~rJn~lS:0 fn~ ttrnp]e ,o'r ] 'tI~lel,sD; ~~m~~d.~ :aQd ,1,I~rt in the 'to~\II'n, ,~n ear.~Jr ~t time. 'The :$mmJ:ll of U1JJJec$OOne' ~1,5) i~ 'v~ry' .rud,e~y'c:ut, and: iUegible at pl'lBse:Q!t The w1ooi:ten, stamp' (~6) ~s~ f~m:ark~b],e~, ~t !l-eems,pruba1}],y to beJ'iOng to the -as ,fIll~k~~5peri~dI, by th,e name" :if 1n.d.~ed, -it .is llO''t 'lm'" te'n:ded for' the' HyklS[)B, ldmlg' Apep~, himself. Tl-m n~'m~ ,oe:C!lLl.~ hO'\'~"iGVl~f ~ady ,~ tl.1l.eXIii], ICI(r :X.Ilt'h d.YI~~Sty· ,a:s at ,A~~~n S'e31son In .Egypt!,!) ius€r. 219~\. SQJI1Le: 'frn.;g;m,e~t~ of w,f.iti,~~ ~a.b[ets 'W~f~' f<tU.D,0!; ,t'hey' ,are 'bearut!:fuU" :madJe of '\~rOO~:Ji fa~~d 'with ~ p~ti.e-d .s;tu:f~ce ,g;f' sittu;Coo~~, lillie Iha,t hJk win nOlt soak into wt :su rO ,sta.in i~,'but: may b~ wa.s,~~rl off q,[Ejle ,~~eall,
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4'9~ l.'illfi¢e5i~:ne; these ,sea.'[ings ~m picked up f~ 'tWOI or three 'r(J-():tTI.~: 4930' Li~l're' IQf the '~·own; br qt'be .smaU ~n~ys. f ,tl~ev,i.n~ge'W]lIQ ~~SJct~ 491S" $"~_rlia:c~ ,gr. o W bu:o t oo.1{:t 'f.,he" d:us! and earth, after the '~\fc:14emen. 4951 :['im~tami: h 00 cl~a~ ~a :('0000; 'they s(}meU:mes dl~S JOtl]1,d, Diil;tt~lm~ 4~J_2 ] l'cd,1!: th;i I]~gs \l'~ldch lVlewe' nlOt n;of:~ood. WIifl th~']ra~GT 49~~9' 'Hdm_;es'~:Qn:e' '\vG<rk, ,(if d,]ggi~g. A, ,m~t €Ud~U;5 ~F'ti!lile aJn~ the 493J" '_~tli 'k..

day,s6j1,ls fnun,rll] dq,no~a~U fOr ~ ~:rg.r pa.~'tih~ll~a:r.' :[[Illtm@e·. '':'j':,hA'U' $'~W 'well "t~e s;tw'lC2:' ,'Or ~-.F J s~ch thln~s .i:nih,e, :XIltb clyr.asty. In ~I'ille' ease i's an cnig"la.ti~)l n iiJliJ@: (V r:n I~ ,3'q)~'~fl"ih::h, jis Dot ,Fet kno"'ll~rlJ in, th~ 'royal lists, Tble ,da:y sealing's (P'LS. belo['],i ::alruQS!1: eh~HgJy ,t~ 'tile S!f£;I!Un~ of 'b~\KeSJ vu~~ l;tnd b;,i!;g.5 = they' "ilea r t'hem Irk or t'~, ~eiJ} ;3::1100'Qf the cord \\f'bi~Gh b~il:IDn.d rut~ on, their iMlnd~( $ffid,~s~ $~On:l!fa grai~s Q! W~W~ found "i\fID:m them, make it ]i~el, that so,me of :th.e.' ,~!~~I]lfj'.es eon ta'i [!Jed resin, N €~r'[v all litJif Ir""""5, f1
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-mreas~~'SSJ!t~~ caily 'h-[~OOify of it is parr~icu.hl~rly j~,ii' that r tJ1:ink s ]~ rul i~{ter~tt;dfuiUJtioil; and,t'hrEl't: :iit 'wa~ -teFesn'lli"t pr,oba'hly~ ·an A~syr!atli. Il@1f mi1!a,~,lUl.de:r- ~l{ltich ~ ha:ve' 312• 'T.OIe weig.hfs ei' lSla:hulD, a~e here aU stat'cd . '1Q,g:etl~,et:';. inel~din,g tho.s~ of la'S,t yoor (n!Lu'£ber~d {lUm atSQ' en t~re~,it, 4-9~2: "ad. 4948 ~~ 'bath :marked. nn, ,a,n.d,divirled D:f 20 'f;lruey Jfi~W do~bl~ @if th0 P,fu,'r:Jetlic:i:.uil. 49tJD' to 49ta~l'., :Sh~l{f:l.! lwh~cll. m1mst ,b.;:;;ve '~een the 'unit rec.kp.rled~ if,i"'-'n'o-la:m. i~) I ro W I afl~ 'V,ery'tQ!Qgh~y' :r_~" ~I: ,~. !iHft~l'i31 X Ui!![~ "I~bc Iht1J[eSit6m~ oone~ 4~rl~ -i-;9i2I Mm~toae' !! [3$"1 ~~, ~76';2" ~~ ~ ,~fui:ppe(l" ~t1i1 1 was d.~ubtful If t~ey [;o~ld be '~~,~hts.;. 4,~;tz L]m~lll)1i~ 1~,5 ~tlI{g· I •• , ,~'9 Its .'~ but the ~laJ.iUu;~:r tn ,lih[ch th~y" ,al'e ID1IJ.;tJfj p~es ~tf '():n~' i[~. I~·S1'9 ] ~.J9'"'4 ~~ '~~l Li:tri'tS lIMte J: 20 l~j:" .;. a.fliotli,eE ,~s r~'r r~c> U'tdik~ly:' to be P1~m d1~'tl.ae;and ,SQ, ~'~~"3S!indt_~ bt. 44J.t~i5 .'.'

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,AUQfbe lI':' sunk :P1:U;l!.zoJt[~]a:n VJ!iSe '~\f.3_S ,fOl~~.d with mQ~t of them '1:I?.pe~l"'as 100f th~ Att~c ~lNtihtn~ SiQnH~t a,ttr,tllnYtipliIis malY Jb,e ~a tliu~r b~iOirnd d],e l'~lIJ!'];g,e 'Of tl1e ,sG.'\i"ef,:~l ],a:J'ge 'baUs t'llll'"e,a[i, a:na some h~llksJ' ~rr;~Pfef1, ~HJl.:da~ds 'be'£If;~'ootare' ~uell,edl .f:Of bY' simi1;ar 'W)0ig,b:tsr~ ~p ~n, dot~~,~~f:1;mp~;flied bry' a ~citI,a:b of Am~rv= 49JJ: eannot be s€pa'f.i,ted fl,om ,4St~lOj.;lliIJ0T ,49~~ ,frpf(11). l~Qt~p III. ~ so the :~e: ,of tbJs p;aU:ery is 'Wl~dl, eon-

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Here w:en~: :f~:U11<cd1t{il{t,et-her a

1.

Q,]d,'a]a'ba:gt~1" :~a:hl vfie ~.f ,XI I df~n~ tlH~ee.·iad" The gtoup Qf t,G~]~ on, ~L~ ,XIII (~l'_'JJ') 1¥,~~ :f~H;jf:}d, ''I,bree ~ther die,l?6~i,ts '\\f hLcl_1, are p~Q'bably of' tl~is ,ffi~l,a heuse '~At the' e.asl::- end g~' fr.'h~ f~uirth street €!f the ,a'r,e 'weif,edlroo SJooaU fiue ,gf,~en ~ca,ra'~s:€6:und 'w,lith, a w~'s~m q'I;IJ!!I;rrte~t m9.:it'1.~ed tl {[1 ,the' 'pla;I~", Itts, di!,te~, bttr,[il ih th~' S.lE,:s~n~eit,$i' lIbiuria] i-n 'the ,~i,xth,:n~rh~ ,'by apap~rms oir ,A'IU~rn:lli~tep II L l-\fhl~'h 'was 'w]",~pp~d mansion wIth. heads\!' ]8es, pend,~n:~iSli etcOj of' the mid,

'm,p'~ni~]CJ'l~l~ d plaeed "~nthe p~t't~rY' coae an ill II, ~,$.), Tht~ ~G~nG W~~ ~et]JiG!k 'b, ~Mlepi~J\rl, a;od 'bro~~jjj Jiit,aro.sS; sever.,ing ;~lts~tllle ck~~h P~P'Yr:I1s, 'lj;\ihijcb, "IM'a5, im~lre~ and ov,er hTJ.a ve:.ry brh:tle sta:~~., By G3mJuJ l!l'an,~Uitig I su"oo~~d in g,tU.i ng it '~~H}mr$ ~~d. U[1;~(jU hrg ~t~ w~~ltl~ €):oJy t1~~ loss ,~fG'J]fe~r 'hVEl small ,~h~ps.· The bronze ,tQ~~IS, are r.ema~r~ab:[efo~bemg' 'birGki,e[] ~ft~nt[n~a][:y:; , ~ :ha"tc]l;et (22) is fmly U1iaU~ here I tke, .kniiVeS (.~J. ,2j~ awe hoth br~k~:I~aad the' h!ii:Tldl,~ ~f eae '~-ent ~~e"r.·; 'tifhe larH'~~ bead (.2'6) ls lu'O:k:~n~and seve(rai. piece-s, t)f :Cut '~f brm~.2'j . 'w.~ire ~fO~l1d ~~o,' 'The ~nt1' cOJnpldle, ~,f(UflZe is the !:l1j8~1 in a w'Q@d!elJ) ha!]],dll~ (~.7), ()of w,ooti '~ber& 1;\1\~re th~"I~e bfJ~ bmadllSS'(2'~)j ~ tl;iNl. ba;nril.~'ej

ex

lnrm] Ith dymlasty; and '"~ 'baiSket 'with. beads aru:ffi ,~ Jbr~t.lrze,:r iJjg~ ~~ tan beJIQ'VGd. qf Maj;l\' {bun cl irl ,t1~ J: ~ft P (]l,o.:r.thmo~it) lin~ of h(Jll$e$~h'DJ -Hl'e lY't'~fe:rn quarter" An~itb.e;Eburial ef t~e ~VI IIt'h iI,roast.1 was, described

in ,~~ . - -~~, ,'~ 1T:"]iL'O'f"! KJdl,u.r:JJ ~ ,:o;;:."'

~.?I)I\

MYEniN:~,r1U" 'H;.t~,O.B.,

a :ll\ran~t,(23,~}a b~tlt pri~~', arn,d

meJltaUy (nirl. '~3!~b ,slde., A la:rge stOl11i:!:: f.ingRst~nd, ~~lr' I ha:n.d~d Guro':~ O~21' to' Mr. 1;1 ughe.$·"'Xiughes~ 'who a Jar," W,;a;s, nDt 'br~u;ght ,~'(vay~ T'lim Egypdan, :pQ't~, '~',~S" ,b~f(: ,in Egypt l\V[th. :me.. 'ThiS' 'work ifl.'efJ. 'Was

~,

,~td~ 'Jr~9b~d o"~,na'bou'l~ of'

~~!

:pa'rt· of this, ~E'te ha,d: been tQuiC'ihu,ed; but; t'[·.d~se'OG,]1.~'slll'o(r.ll::: bas n~rly' e;d:Jiaustte-d, ~t A~] ~\;jaiS fitUy ~:npied 'With. Kttillw;lll,~,
prevJOU;S stlJl(S!!B
B

3:*. ll1 t'h~'

anI,

w,~re fo:u~d ar 'coo:r.s~ brO:w~

'Y,il.re;~ ,it pU,gri'm

tinder' nJs'

s:mooth p~]ish~d! d,:rab t:2g)~,and. a Pho~~i,~iatTh 'vase (11') 0:£ 43;'rk brown ,V'(ili w,bire ~t~d.'p$, 'Th[s l~st ~~yc v,alujtbl~ ;;r$c ;l'lviirng us a dated, e}.'nLmp~~. The ]leele' a;m~J.et (2 8.) fQund '\'1l:th th~sel ~S~r~(romrnts '~'Gkj'lllr ud a wodt, :dc~.btle;f!i~fIr the SlI~J=::~,~e"
1

the 1:-ema:l~G~ttef ,th~ 'wrk 'was (l"rat;~I ha.rl '~o OOSiPOlflS[bjHty '~bou t i~~. \\f.h[le aJt lVQ.rk
it\r.i'~Jl.. :m~king ,a,pt~i.'n 01'

,ca;r:e; ,an.d.bel'OIDd she'wdng;, him.

'tb-a ,ground~

he f~tlJnd
if):t

,dIQSlll'"e; ]biu.liu:r(JjJlJ!tunatd:f' l

the waU~ of the ]]!ol'th:erb.~ 'tem,p:te.--,en,t:1ML[~rz \V,~ru:'~ not tiraf.COO ,thtQ~ghOJ~t

t'ne

lo:ng

'~I-~US

01

tne: ,sou;t'her.l[J!

:]D'l)Jjer e·n:-;,

UN'IVERS1TATS~
SlBUQTI1EK.

http:// d igi.U b.,unil-heidel berg. del d:~g petrie 1891/,OQ2 3: lit/

@

H E[D'ELBER.O

Un iversitats bibl iothek Heidel be,rg

L~byrJ:nth. A~ 'W"~' k:f1J{iw't~,t Kam~~su II' carrieii, a;,.v~,y' t'h"e ~Yf,am'i;dl~~~i:ng ,i1!lJcl tem:p~~,e~. Illahnn t~ 6f U~Q~J"ta!,hiil. The eol um ns ase marked !oe~rt,aJn th~t lILbis archby' anaJ.'ogy from ~i.},r bases, fQ1;],nd hl my' fi1"'.5t ,i~as~;n~s A bfin JQlf :ma,t:efI$]s, It i'~ pte~~,l( ''ij,fP~','&'~ \~firic'h are :maf~d soUd 'bl~,k. Tbe O\ut:er :pll~nd~ref' swept:a \1Jiay the tem pl~ Ql 'Talrlltn1Jec~ I II
dUriflg" tl~~ 'w''OIt'ir"
,3mld

the

l\N!~S'teIj]: end of

:i't liS ,\jI',ery he re In ,'O'iiJittH:rm

squirm wal ~ \T!,I~~ ,~1:s9 '~ra~d and

seUOIl.

Sililnr~,ed ,~:f.lJl the first

in the Safnn:: s!.tnlme [essr manner.,

P:mbab[l 'befcrl;e litis

tr:m,e d \v'!e~H'[~gs,~rarli'nv~.d,ed 'fhe temp]c ~m.clas.uFe ; ,3Jna' : as Ulie tem:ple: "vaS, re.ItlliO'yed the poopae 8®~i1l 'The des~go, or. the p:ia'll (lRL., X,XV) evi,let'lt'~.¥ '~v.~s, 10\ ~n a te wfil:e In an 'ooc[OS,hi:lg" 'w-al L; SllID:tfOlln.dw 'ey 3\ 'great :fiUed, ~he ~pia.£e "!trVi:diru mass, of bQ~s~, A~ .we have' square -,et~elloSu:~, \1ih'i'!i;b also !~mprl'secl. ,a:oi1therr: space befc,tie n,0d~:edJ foe trt~'fn llf,~' l1l.hl~tw ~nd d.~$e~~M, Jl:Hld~r MereHptal~.a' the m'l'age' oJ ]dn,§i5~' liHU~]Je5 on, si.'ffi n~u·'w tl1l~ t~m,,~Je. :a:re'~1 ;!Siffid~ by ~t~e''lkvith tb:a:t The el~lf dImrensi:om wl'lli~ch, apReJlt to be l~ld out 1-0, ~1iI1ruliei~ cqmlAgs,uj,cl~;]l]Y tp:an I'ri4! 1d:Q:1!id!i1iJ,e~s 'tn, ':t]t€ S ~ fQtlnd numbers are dl.e 'bfle~,tb of the tempi~ area, e~prllJ15jQn p£ llhe $QreJg,n ~tfRa,bU;~llt;5in the :r~jbyarJ 'll"litrndh, is ~: 0 c~lbit~·of :~~~" ~jl~hre'S.. and dleJ ,~~rn.g'tll of \'l.~r.~ 0 Bnut some s'Ug;l1:t. OQl€1l~patj'Ofl ~.l:J~~~d, 'U'mQ~f' 1:'h.s' fore:um,rt, af tllS te:nlp1e '\v'h~th '1'~5 tite same as Ra.m~$tl I I I, ks, hi~ name 11~,'b.e~-Jl, ft;ll:md i'n tll.VO' oM
~I

the breadth",
in t'~~

'Proibably other

fgl\l''S

te[]t:~le, bs.5itde 't'~oJSe:m3r.~led he~~ ~ but IllilS,

m ~ol~'mJl51 st:e.od·

noOt ,exh:;[l]Sltively turned 0Ve'l!; ,mund as those] ']iit1€S nl~ r ked .are ,~,e'p@n:demt Onl ani)' tw,p bases Egypt, hill :m:[l1llf' instances tbe :RoQi.' room has Af' 6....-L ,fv'tV 'L. ~., ~ - :irGUn~~ 1,J''\\','';,1 Y "~1-£11,}fJl.t:3;,1I.. -..... '6'" ·' -- 't'T...· v,' [je~:n~ t. - -..!II I rae .... b~ bl)e:1l ~p I: ;~ bole ~bo~t tw,o fk1:: ~~fflm and a ,\~tlld '~:~~fl Qf ,other, ']i'Il,es;. Tille' aK.ls' ]:S ma~'k'I~ by :foot d~e.pl"vas dug fn tb~ ~r~lm,dC& A ]ar1te '~,1nl!ldty the' middle bet\\ree:A the 'waJ~s'; but j't i~oincid:es exa,~t]y of dj5~il'~;Je['ly'pe~iSQ'na'[ Jif!~T-trJ suc'b as '~]f~h~llg;~ a \dfh the' daonlla:y; T,b~ $QutheM erlJcl.OSQJ~ ma,. hav~' s!tofDl, a ·m:irro.t~ Fu:~ck:l~~s, (·obl tubes, o~nd taiLe:t vases ] b~d other !dJsO'fflaySj b:1L1't ~~ ~~.Y'tnGtse ,m,a:~¥[€d. 'weTe: Q'f' s.t~n.e iIl.'rld :ppitJfre.W~ wlerl~ t'bfO;'V~ ,in; and tlhl~n· ll a ob~~n;\ed. N'~a.:dy aU 'the d\~elli'Dgs ot ,t]:lt 'to~¥n _8',e bU:flElt in ~he boI,e'. The: fi,r~ W,~S; ~mo®l:alen~d fu.¥ pe~T restrLlcteti h) ~bes:e,tw~ ,lnnler eneta~lJlreS';' and most ef S~I~U.1s laid fi:at O~'er. 'it ';1 an d, :~a~~.ly ~.wr I\~$ r,e~~Jd~ the the squJ®J,te ·~u~~id~of them ~s~lare s:a]l.a~ il;v:,~tb STily 6,~tb war:s; 'fhc:; :alf'r''ng''ff~I~:nt: Qf I~tlfe ]n~1:atu:f~ hi~lf ~ 'I;\~ OO~~!ij,on~l '1rndlrli~. It \"nt be. 'rlod~e~l ho\v' ,the eN:a.mru:ned in, d,etaU; and Stmcim is'' lndi!€ated !by tIDe fI,yke~ whi,cl1 :pr6t~t$ thl~ '~vun1~ ]()i:f:r~-tbe desert ~at.e dr the thints ,Ln oU';H~r fiindl, :3n(1 th:~ ti:ccQJD!n'~'; odlg,e almost in a" lirw~' lfllJt.h 'the .~]i~is~" tl~.e'~~mp~'~'j , an.i gh'~l1 ibty Hr~ Ji~ogJl,'e~R:ngh~, and 'b¥ tha natjv:e drug~f'~ It :i$ ,ev,Ld~nt '~h,at t~~,·obi~cts: 'buertoo ,~1e the 1e!ml'h~lal:1Q$',. :mJ~]]bdo€'S'S;the temple lW~S placed f,atein;~ the ~I;;))da;{ ,tbe dylte, ;. a;[iIDd a. ,sHght d isp'l~e'm~llt Dr t'~~~ ,s,urn as ])~l,Qi)gtt) an. ~HdiVlitJiL1~l pel~G;)n~ny" :a:afd ])dif 'b:a~J.~~Y' :r'e-,HllItiug Uj; ~iOOOlU1:tS, fQif th~ IGlj ffere.u..ee. Th~ t-o a 'h~~1UJsebQ\ld, NOi banes 'wfi:f'e '~lreF $olj;nd wir;lt} ib~ b bQrnt !deip,osii~s. These w,erre nat, 'thefefbre :fu:l1'e'le~:d lend of iii! has been £].u::th.0:r divef~ 'tl~ ~h.e sou th In la;recr lhnes JY:r~:sIo' Yet 'live ea:llDOt' im3:gl'ne a ge'rJfe'l~l C<llsttom, cf ,33. So far ,ilS 'the bis.'[,oD' o,l t_h.e pla,ceca:o be. tr:a;o~dil burn ifl~ anid btllI:]t1:[lg valuable p,tJ'IGpUrYl ~c~Pt Io'n it is velY 11:~arly' '\\r'h:ri;t I had sUffiosed, :[a;s:t s'eas1on i thj~ d~~th, of tl1J~' 'O'\V:IfI:e,r. '][ COflC!.bLld"c' it1l!~l"\e50,~ that b~t 'we 1~l,mnlfi)'\V b~ :wa-tl'ler :mo~ d~'Rn~:~. :rhe "temple litier~ 'wil!$ a !cllst~m, ammni t:he: f~(feign resirl:ent.s· of l\raS tbunded b,Y 'T~bu;tm©,$ 'mIl; -and imotl11ng' \v'hat,bl1l~rJt~ng th,~ 'body ,i'~,the -Kgy pJUau 'f~shjonleSIFJeej:an" ·' ] ·',Ii'l;.''''~'l..~'I·~~'''ll ii,,-....-~i""'e inJ d]p !t:;~l:u~te~-v _u~ 8~,-;1, a;,r..l 1l' ~:,.iD·-·-d- , JL.t ,.tI,!L u~ iIIy_m [~ 1Io!I~ :f:.!" e:·~.rer e~OC'Ue-J; k~!ngs ha!5 ilefll,[ :f~und Th].e'~, So :far ~ ot 6 1J.l'eICIU], j l1uj~eJ ilIlU 'the 'th.~e-e et.u:l,q;s~:re:5l belbflg t~ hi~ tbat di.e ,ilet~~na.l :prop~(f.t.Y whicll ~lI"QnJdl'lia:W' 'bee'a 'time., Wldf~n lO(f'ty or _fifty y~a~-$~t thisl, ~t moot, pn.oo ItOn ~be r~n~a] pytr.€ ,in till! :Miedi1i¢rri3l,'rlfean lUj)me tt11ete~se'\~jdell~e: ~f 'fh~ fo~lg~~'S beibli her.e~ Aeg,e®Jn 'Of tbfi. Ak'llaJan-s.~, 'tla/s, here saeri:noodl wn da.e" hQ't1s~e~, ,n~ a p(J~t~r.ybei'ng FOJU11GU I1de~' ~nu~n[,(j!b~]?J lII. KJ1;t:I:e~a-, Sit) ~,:ifQ~t'oI sigh:t. 1.m :mo-st. j ~tane~$A:ege-an, p~t,rer)r ten cut out the '~aIDe"cf Am.en In. H]e t'eOlplle. P'ro'b{ilj,'bEy' "'~'8,S tou rnd, ilfl tbe~e d~po:~d.'~" '@vidence 'o,r threlf' 'am

,grouwd
~i!IL£]],

'w:as

three ht~t~fi1res. '36. A v'ery' rema ~~ka'ble IJ;Sltom le;x:i:stedi iF] ,this '~~W~j' C whi~c'b I 'bu~'lie}\~e 'n~,:kftqwnas rei e[sewhe.~ ,rnfil anci',enlt ,is,

or~

~:iIJ,lb

• b.

1L K!!U;',

'I-

,IIiJlV

." ..... 'iII..

-- ~

.Q'lE>,

1li;i9>

__

....

Ii! II!

,~,. 'vVe ,\:wt]l 11:~'~:Vl.'Gi)'ti!be such g,Wll ps of Ith~se m f,oJi~igii:1et5 w~re :here:. Tben 'illFle' :60d the 't'emp'l~ J,lJjeaJJ:~,~ burnt. rl~md:i'[l:S:as beat a d~te., On. ,t~e~u,pp~j"' pa\lrt I~f ,~Uc~nrdeil,'b~,d:i:~y' 3w,a;~~1' h~dlr R[[}" pf' d:w stO'ne.s ,~,j:"e FL.,XjfII is a g~roM,p' 6t flll,e tlme ,of Atne:nhqtep ltll' ;1 ~ le:IlJ a.nd no, '~brups to ~,e'il!l:ef ~ :rt '\ValS l).'ot, t]:l.€r~£bre it ~51: da',ted, by it, 'kQ'hd tub,e (20) with. ,f:8)',t, ~f 111,5 Ca.,fcult to ploce.s by ,SIDaU wor~ej'g for :m[$t~n:a;nedU:!1i, to,:u.cil" ~ .' flUI neb1 and that 00£'a da'ilillg'h;t'g'Tx of :h:i:s H'en::t;=. ,s.~tb:~e,;~ there w,mdd B~~ 01" :sf[t:a:t~ Ia-f (r,agmenls a,S,~;titJ1~ tit ~1i-n1i~b~ 'w'h~, ,is btlllGtwise ur.dltDJow,n" The ,signs. arre :

Tu'tal1Jkh~:men wM tb~ king, '~;vho ,~i-elusl~deJ;l tb~ ,nam~' of the T'beban d~ity., ,StiU the 'f€}mpl~ sl'Ded~ a:rn.d, tbe

b~loblwg' to fhie fQ1"ej;gflt';~"

'UN]VERSITATS_,.
gUlUOTHEK

htt p :, l dig iii. u b Un i-In e id e~be rg .'del dig lit J Ipet lri e LII 911 0 02: 4 I I
ii

H E[ DELBEJ\O

© Un iver,sitat's,bibl iothek Heidel berg

iDla::i~d in t'he v:[pt.~ g'~a:ZJe, ~n 'the '£~h:i!)n pe(;.ld~aw'to

lR'hiS)~~g;.i:l ,; ,~t! fr,rnm the ooJ·0i1llJrand man u'f~u::tl1:re, ,U \vell as pi:ut o;{ tj;ie :~in;its m1ame~ lWm;lld, 'be illJp@ssj:bl'e 'i~ 'f,(i;, assign ~t b~ ,toe dan ghte4"' of Xi!H,ill~SSU II" 'IO>r a'nry :[a>ter' prhT.CeSlS, !Qf ~e i''iJi3,'lne;, Of ~ott~y 'tbeiife a;r~'

'bhuik ,ground j, anrl paxt: of' ,a, con~c_aJ bottle (31'1 \vit:(lJ! y~UO'iW and ,V!h[oo 'W,ehl:;;,. n a li;gh t gr,een ·gf,'o~nd~ Tbe;' o skiU ~[£th~~,g~~ss-,m~:k:inJlri~,~lt]rprjsit:ig. 'T.h,e ~eins a:ro'

ccawp],et'€:l~' :im,beddled. and th~ Srul r(a~,e is as ~dgbl ,and ..smtlc,th u if' pQ:Usrnled~1 en:tl:rely by ,sem:i...£~s~onp.,\ltU'h~ut ,~~~] tyj'l'es of Rgy:@tli~n m:~ke (W 2,~1 5) i ,~ud ,(jOe "colfrfe,undlllg a~~f" Q;f' tl~e. :fille,st filaments: gf colQlIlr~ F both in for-ro, ,~ftt1 g:ij;p'ficat]jJ[(b1f wJd!!f.lM:r l'11ifruuent~d Hffir~:$ru.ds,(!4) ·~d ea;rr.irogs' ,~f shell (~,2J,.~[[d,j~Jtet; 'from Syrrua ~~}. There we're 'five' le~~un,F4ecS, ,~( :the Url)' we;r£:' h~t,~;; as, lvell ~ s~:y~taJ s'km;0; fil:r;g¢-,dro~~, fai'~-~,e€ked. v£se$J !pl Aegteart Wafe t3"~vi:'th if~jJ ,gl~:eE ef ·wll&te ftl$p:all' (3~~ ;]J11; ,t'~J:Ih~Hafiawxd, h~e.IDatrt~ (,3:8:)" bands ~ :itU of them, ot{ 'this t~U ,g:IQb1J]lg~F typ~. The_; The '8.']aJlblas.t~~' dis'Fl (41) of .~ jish. form 'lr:Y9L5l~u!t",[1kt to ~I'u:e gln~ad. W~N has ~ft~ th~ ~a.ttern b:ut' f~:n!b~ Ume :;, t:h~ '\Y,aS':also :~ b-9ttle' (42); ~n.cl, ,a :~mau. \, • r. ma:rkQe], (j(jO ,8, I r", '~t2),;t bu.~ s~me,tjmes it is "Viery,cleaJ:r, ~U" ,",,3 -I,., T- 'L li...oJ Ji,e neacs '~VeFe: 1~ g~!I. ~ num be. e~;S'i'''~~; h·' 'I ~ 'W~ -i~[11 ~ud, thhl=Hn,ed~ as in the l~ii1g.r1mbGU'h~1lvlth ,~,"ivl~ged, all the t]tP€'s are ~e~lfll here ;;the Uttlt ~gu:r~,p~ii1.dants BleB;(9)~ a' d ,tb~ mbu[aT v~ce$, t13~ ~~) "fhG'mbe' (14) (~~).'~n ldu~. 'f1w flat ribbed eone beads (2~ ()fJt~d, ~. q~it~ .pl~i~I' l[;he rm,g (:~6) ~1Jasan eye fQr fih,e' 1b ezel, glaze, and the am~!l/t~tbeads !~f J>~~~ g~l€ll~~(2.")~ This Of ci(]ab.te[G' there 'l\f,er,eJ frag,i:'1ltemts oJ some tiiislie!5, set '~s now' 'l~lJ! t]1e: gl~s de:pa.~rtme:nt sf ~ Eddsl'll Iike (4 ~),,; and. tlie' €Qmp'[~:te v~e' and, si:u.0'er (~ 10) ;, Mll:s:em:m~ Th.e.. ~ne,"{f.\: group is at Ramessu n (Pl.,. xvr rn, X also e.~r~'9tuds ~I13". Th~ t'WQ brense tt?Ql!s (1 )jl l:g) (11 .arG· iC~St-a,fldy' £01JOcl ,]in these bHtjeld gr:g'!J]p~ ~ ,~dm'O·S't: dI,~ted·by ~ kohl "ttlb~ '\YUh his ,cartou,elie$ 0(6). From a]wttys @he h~ ~;trcl :ll1eVler' a:ny dllLlpUcares.. Dots are tHe s,i:mi [~,dty ·the g~~sto tll at of Tutankhamen'J ~t ,of here put a;r,@~Hd the 'cuu~:ng eclge-s. Whet'ffil,er j;'hq' is probable d'tat this b~lo'1igs to the oof'Her;'.part of '[he '\'V"ff1et_l;sed 'f~J: fe:edhj;g~,for alt~endm,g iW' tl'lie- pe:f!tcan Gir. ~eigll 0.£ Ramessu, Tb~ p:o'tte;ry '~~ mo~tly o,pen p~~&hI:y,wt), the pro~$5 Qf e'n:.ilb,iiilm_[ng~ we t~nno,t 'y,~t s~uq~r-s (J~,. !f)J Ii)J. lo:f\vhi~h theil:l'e: 'w~re stev,evm. Th~ ~ dGrefmin~+ m'n QIl-e ease (Xym II" 3) It'hey \\;ve:~' '~fed bh.te, g[a~ed l~~U;-e is eoarser 'than 1D e[G:t'e (2", 4,1' 5.'J 6, 8~,
l

t,oge~'r" 'w,itb a, needle, by tihl'"ead, b()lI[iJ[d. tpJ1L]nd, diem. The gr,arluaJ ~~gf'. in llie' :fGJr~ Df iliff lGiw'e'T. e:1Qrl Q£

1:(\ r;z)jJ and ,lnfe~IQr En '~(l~OUr; the ~o;dfa,ftla:[l shell (~2)

ja!fpe't,

nO-\ll DUl:9i!I::1 (:Z35lo ,24!~; 'ilfh@, Girl,gi:t)al ~J;der ls ame'tbyst gl2iss hda,]o ~vI~h y~J.[~1W' ~nd. wl~j;b~~; the u,nrertaIn as· 'Ule t!bread wu b~m.tJ but })~ '~he:g.ra~sl"" .fiat 'QottIe: (I 2) W~ lar bluf!'=h]ack" 'will], yeUcw' V~hl5 ,j hmppe~s,.are7 p~e:tJ3ed m,th b~,Q :hpte'$1' ,I"th)ub~e,th~e~'Hng: 'ro,~'C.\\"0' little' botif'te$' ,a\:r~ a.f :gree1iL ,[n]ajd, 'wUj~ ¥e~lQul1! , is' s~g-g:e::s,t:td. 'ThIs sm: js no,w' 1'0 ,t'he A S1:bimQ]etit:Fl~ at u'h~tej ani~Jl b~~l~. T~re .i~ :also a bea.n of' v:i.oJ,c~ gras~ (:2fij,. TJle raJabas.'telt jfj of 't~e types! ~~n e:~Tli~ifr ()xJf1Lrd. Tb~ llex,t ,graup rus claJbdtq t~l~ankh~_m~l1 by r(;Z2 ~2S\! .2 ;,),,: Tbe 'b~ad.s ~'l~ wJ of srot1J~:" j.~pet o~[~ the ,deUrnte little blue ·perud,[f(!lds (2,9) fotlncl, ~rjth it.,. ~a:llleHa_nj b~t ,d~:msy it'll ~;Qlm, ]'1'iL~' :l:1JSXit gn)~~,p ,il;.l:~to· Ram,!e&S:u Ill. but prtiba'bly ~s( 9f T'I]JfcJ poUery ]:$ fordgn:;, a p[]grim b9 Ule", p[!Qpa])~y I~YF1,e'"t~ (4Q}, a:nd ~v!etaI p']~Cel;; of fal~e -~,ecked '\13Se~ .of tbe end Qlf ·hi_g: ]Oilg Feig,rn, d~ted. by 'his ~r~:(JIULelle
j I

if it wm an the k:~ife (I~') -dlo~ld he fj,at,ed., He'oo it is O);!,l¥ f),ld hei:rl~c!f[n from ,Am~llhofi;e'p "I: ill M~ The ~I)hlnx '\-vide1"ie4 out, La:ttt"" u,nder' Ra.m~~~Q II, ,{t became· bowl (!,L., X:xj.jl 4) :~s,'W'ei.1f' '€Jl[;]ric'll's in U~ s:ty[~j'~ r~,a.1~ t.." ;!!.1.. ~~'L" ~p\reid intG -t\;\r~Q H~ng~s (XVII:[;j,J~,38). Lastjy~,'Hnd~~ ~~nt.n~~$i a:r:~ '''il'el'';Y:rare, tne mo,{e s6! WhJi "~"ifl~g5" ~h e ,. »: Sisti MIl' 1tbe fblJlg~S r,e~rV'e b~k"'Vli:[lcll, )jntt:D~ hUIPiI!I!kSi bowl (2) Wf~'[l tile' iIl,o~k:ey i~ anI in rej'ltastill,g' bit of (XIX~ 'E,s}. A ,;v'ba~t,ClW€ (1.2) i:~ :f9'~IDJdhu e:a~Ch roup. c:;il'ri.ca;;ttllEe' the ruijea .seems to H~ th:~t, tbe e~:ptiv~~ g ,; A l"!lrir(Or '\1\~~ fOJi!,fI'~ W~dl th~~,as l~h'fu; mOSiff 10'the:r' were, sc lO-1;v tbat th~y had b) dance t~ ~be monksys ~ro'U,~ ; 'but as, n@ d~sti.n~~lQn OOlild be tm~d '~~'i",~en of Egll'E~ ]n~mad of ·the fflorflkey a,mu~g 'th,e m~~. 'the fG,r:D;1s: duirrJig, tL1e: XVIII~X:rX 'dyn~sf~~s; dte)1J Se~rnJ bru,e "gla~:ed ::dn,gs""j'jeit!~ fOilLilnd, ~lne with m are not d:r,flwn here, All these mjrfflf;s were of the 'b~zel ~r B,es (~4)j the other 'with d'le lr,;arlouci:Jre' Jof ~~al ~Ib]a. arQfnmt:'~ 'W,rth ,a ts'ug a;n 'hi a~~ ~Q ,fit ,hleo JR~J;rnle&SU I I (2Q)~ The .gI~ss is ~fij:n,e Iq[u~n~y; fhe illi l~oeClen A~an~:l]e. T:he heads ·a;re ,aU df €a:r:neU~Jl Qr :H~t'balt]e ~'nd buw'] (.1,3~I 8) '~ll',e"of ahlU)str:raHsp~'~llt "' . .
ss

is however

of 'V~al~t g'la~e'" a'n'~>lobb"

'3:1. MJ is: paln't~d vrit:Th)

,("A m- 0',1; ,..m.:.~g'!.:;,ia!n

,,ti ~

:m.~t-j!i..".-;:y 1:210\ lL\"~"'" !I.i!,j:f.;r \- 'iIJ",

TI 'hI@:
1'.-

L]'U ....
1,;,11 _ .. -.;i

09';j; ..... ~...J ~.tra.i!>-~I1.::JI,

..,,- ":ii!ii \,~'f.\!l,f",",

~e,f,~(e~ Tl~re~ g~a$S vesse~:s, were found; 'one ft~t: ita/und, ~tm;d the 'Qj8~,ie ja~~ (5'); the tbre~~ha]ldJ!~d a hltde.r bo'ttU}; 1~3,S) w~tb r~HQi\V" 'vei,os '00 a p'~jitll.e; ~lUld i' 'vase !~"~)p.,,Pea,rs fQ:I' the H.rrst 'tim!e:, it n~i.~CUfB; :l~~rt of one ~~n~~l bottle' 'w]th y€l[m¥ vtaa~r$ 'M a hI u,e..., Set~ IM 'w,~th a ~h~,iternec'k ,(XIX, 1: ,]}, arJ;d ,stiJ!l,taller

'b.r:~~€!.r~lcm~rs~rj!

Unes

l~rl W~,~I and tll~t of qUloon. tttafiiJ, eo ar.Sel' 'artd, '~OO:ref';,

Nef~dali (.3;-~)," Tbe~tt-ery

:rna.ny ,err

[~

tbe

C1lUpSl:

(55) .fl!:'e

UN]VE ltS1TATS..
BlB'U O"fH EK

http~ll d ig ~~ b... n i-heide~1 uu berg .de/d ig Iit} petri,! 1891/002 5 ID Univers'i'ta,tsbibl iothelk Heidelberg

HE] DEL'BEItO

l't'l t'he- .]bQd'f~ u:f:'Jlde~''Rll'm:eS's'U VI (1"dl el ¥'@h:ud.iyYdi

the wid.,e jug$, of ,ea[~Uer times (XVlf, ~:J 6) have ];)-e€~iffie l1:rUTOW 3iE'id PGm:rlte~3l in Jlilc,m (5~) as; a.t Te·U. el Yeb.ud:i'yeh:; 'the cf!ler .pbtte~y (-tlJ~ 514) no,",," appE:a;r$ fQW the 'fi:lltt t~m\;,. The- £QJj~i'gp pQtmty '[IS bt ~he [a[s~1]f~l:;ked V~~ (S2)~ lalrg'e· eoarse, tJJf' EgYPJtl~t1JJ \~ia:.rel' ,at]d oevi<amt],. an ~m..i't3:tiM of tll)~ '~~l AegJ~an pottel)'":, Thee pilg:rtnl, botrles < S;S, 59)-h~ve d€l!vel~·ped.; and one: :is in di.rk greellfsh bh~ueJ g"]a;ile .'(1)" .A ·.......ar!m.3;u'w 'l~ror.l:Z_-- cd.ts£~ (5- -,) 'and '14, ... :ik.. t l~\ w,ere .m .!L'¥; '''"'~-' . -'n'" 11.1.~ iL- ~'L .,3 -__ u'll·""ltt,J~'. 'l,UV! . -_. fO'~lnd. b~rt~;, betb a:L~:bamn']:t.red to amarvellons th[~l-'·;c..L .:..1I1 -adl ". esd ness, W.I.iEJi:i. a 'iI;_UlCK.L.i:W6/U L l:]I(I:"J.m,.nun 'both :SHU y ·eorhJ2i:tll;,..... u-i.i~ , by the ,iiTIi're' and pre-s!;:l'I1'e,. 'Theee a:re also ma:ny :n.e~~nos .. ~,-". 1....... . · ; -,.~ .--, -. (.¥ 37Ij t~-eeaers ~3~ .3 S)~ p1JC~~1'~S 1.-.-.)'· ane hV~1 l~ -.'\ .. W --:--.; (l~ ~ rw.OO1!l, (44) of or.'O:rn;2)e. The :iI;~b~it~r .fcllow,s. the KV,
'I :~;) ~
j• ;L','l._' ~1__ •

glke(]].

w~re' Qet'U·ts~as the pilgrim bett]e

(I4JI" and.

the V'€:ry ,roars~l:¥ :~[ntoo ..bo};w:~. (a6)~ A1Qb~sre,~is '~f very cllJUlmsy :f(JrmsJ, l2~ 23l;; an·d. ;ill! 'beUeif (~ ;[Eg" 2,) t']l~ "type ~8 a mere de.~dat:lon~ Elu~ :fhi~er dfID .. p ;~f~ou~d! 21f(,~2~),;: .~QJd bea.~s, .a.t~ '~~t-y ~:.S~~ ( t~ gJ~~~
'~..l'''''_

and pot.~~ry; or Ja,ppa~Eltl.y 'dJ.d. descended neeklaces. " l', Il'I"'<L. 11"' 1 ..'II" '!I:.- ' ,. 'h 0'f j ilI)S]t;~r \ 24,.. '~":tl~' .dt~.I.eulSiliJJ. ~s ,c~,:.n'upll]jS~ t e S.h_LC:~ are r,'Gutlh1y .~B,graV'edw.ith 'Pta"h" 'fbe; kirn;g s;l~yi"ag . an leJ8:e;m',f' 'h~f-ore a god~ th,e 'iifJlamies: f SMi Ili!' am~t1, a o .scarElb ~etlie (23). !IS" We win. ·[101i.V 'IDrl~fly lOO'¢l\p:ltul~te 'fIlii!(!,'O[ls~~ut~ve' Jtebange~: In w:r];QUS' ;!D'b$~c;fs~ '~ha:~ n'lliny be learned flr.@.m .. these da;~!d,d~pa~it.s. And tlulugJl cit mii~1t t·e~ona:bLy he o:DjectfJd tb.~t OlN~ d,~,t~dclbj:~e~ nl~~h'~ ·e~sny .~a.$t .~'rnuse fo]'!·a 10'ngVt~me, M·d b~ bll;cl~. 'with. SU~~U€~.t f~r.mls of: t'!1e :pnUel'y (oti.3)~, ~~nld:[~,:~l!1i-Q' :made 111'l~ n,ttrnaids; y,et .:[:h~: .s~uilg"n~ that. can. be ,tt~t:~d :i~. 'I :i!':~"",'1 '1 '_1 :t '!il!i\ iIZ,_.:uJ m~f ngure: ve.s.f!c.st; ,~gn~ W.lI~jJ, a WI;~n~l \ :2/Q;i':Ii" ,~nua tlH;::5H~; de.PQhltB ~belv& good r~QJil .[~i"a&~I1mlr.llg· th~t (hiU~k'with JiViO'od.e'-Ja 'lltmgs, pa.in~edl (27)., Of ~'oClJd '~~ere smlill :things IMt.ed ~tn use ·f6.J," not .mBJl'\e· '1ihan a. ~s,~s~atcu;.etl~ f ,l queen (4~)1'tW'Q p<j,ll)hed tfayS! (49), ,gefl!~,ado~,~ as' j$' ~fli~a;t.u:r~ny case, The ~>eQ.~ ,of o t·in.e ·kAt..'1 ii':'l'iJ~.l1 '\~'&ll "" ed , :min iAn"!; b;;:OCii',J "Ii ~~~ r'lL~~I.\~Y/). t'\i"1n.-no '11_~'L..~ :~ . ·_,~\I-ii ... 19l~~I"JLZ~ ~.~IjJli ,~~;a;r~b$ he]':~' befQ:r~e'~ 'Tahutmes -Ill,. s:tU~~lll'~ ~he ~®Jlll1€'. plio (3i~) and ·tw'O,comb~,(on~ :m1iear~y' 'buri'it ~'V!lY) with a" In the necklaces- 'we ;m~ltrac~ .som.efh1:ile.s. the p~ttl-H~~d= horse :~h~bd·dng (4l6),. ,caned. 0:11 the 'b\~tc~~ Th~ YlS'u~l 'uIJ sees of Q.M'O ·o~tb~re~, e!ll.rU~t :P'~diOds.aU ~~,t t~g'~tn~r ;: Jasper earrings oc,cm~' ~2g)~and ,~~J~b~steJ~ srt~]d~· 41) ~ burt this is' not ,oom.mQnl.r tile ease, W·e_·ha,ve r.H~t'ti'C~,. ea:r.. { wrm of ·the' h~,rn~e ltl];:v~_ g-Fad~,[lny· 'tb't: be3!ds Me miOcsUy' af glas~,_ ~3Q)·~ tlilte ef:t beads of ~h~ changes h]' ·th~~ 'b:l~u:~:k-~ 'W:~ite~alnQ yeu.ow ·b.eln~· the ro.lllm~J1est, l"ihe wi.d~ni~~ ~U'lJ,d! 't:l'I:r.n:lil1Jg'. 'up a.t, Ute b1l1.t:f:, T.he... ·!5ea:ds '~re .~QG: .... .pel1lU!an ·t· ...>~!L ~ . _ -!i !litJl!... T..a__ \3, r) €UIl; =D OMi,iil)ne an ,A. -I' -.-II' - ,~!•. s ~'" 'B"~' nd _ urt· I .I ~r.u~I(~}r Am~_miootep 1111 tho~g;:h _. .~ ~.-...,. !""jk. - ... ,.- ~ i~re enti:re]y c;~.tl'h~Harn· blhle ig]aZ·ed.1 :fir~t ,:appear' h~:r-e'~: and. tll~t stylJe bls'tecl ~obab']¥ ,rib[et al1\"l bJa£k g] ass 1)~a;ds W~Te .~bt~t]r ,~tnvn'~qthe XXllnd d'ynas~¥~ 'The' carn~Han is cut ·mardl.e; they are of pottery: 1lIDde.r· Tu~'khia;m~n; ~f also into eoarse pendants SUtill as the P-I@!ftlPS (4~)' c~~msy $~~ne ,ea.Y]y.:i:fJf RaIL'rlBSSU. I fi; jjf:' gli!9.ss, ~11LQJ] il!.. ... -,.'. t..... IICO""' . 1j If Tne eye- Wl.""u ~~ .' ~ue (:;a,fl!;v~Ji9a.., -" 0 f' ~alil:Je:s~!J Ji..IIi .-~ iilU.'.Ui ~l)a!~~ g'!.~2e€l st'e~ej ']ate En :Ra~u. H ;, a;nd 1M V~l'y Nefertad '1:~) j;~. 'brokle~ ~Jld 'ltVO,rl1t" ~O. it ca.nnol :have' C~ilj.iSe rg:;ll~.!. all.a, :po·1tte,r,: ;g].a~d.,'!ulAile~1" Seti. n', 'The t b-e~n. , 'mew' w h~n. 'l:u:u'.tct1J! but th~' It]ng Tt:ign 'lCUf '~ltlJ.e gl~~ed vaSes, ;a'[~, d!~teri~r,;tre,,:h~ U~esare ,lillie R_arrH~5SU :r J[ "I;\f:otald gi:we lQiIlIlt'e ·ame 'cl::r:u::~Ug.pl {dr-' .iq; and. dllll ~nder Am:enb~tep III; ,e~a[s~buf g;Qorrill . , ,det~rlGrr,itio~, T~ l~~~ bl~:k' glass. 'll~ad~ l]lith CIl:il'~Qr U'md~1i''Tu:~a;[) ~men" .(~®l:'fSJ~ ~m]d' POiQ'T' ·CW'Q~:r:jl k tl~'h.i:te: and blu~' p:a,t~~}t]J (32) is remuk~ble;. Tbe' liL'lrUc'hl green". uniille.f. Ra_mie~S;u. 1m.,. )~tll!d.v~;ry' l.uril)e un.dey.~: as O:ld as~Ti[o]f)1J,].tm€:s 1II \~hetstDrilie' (!IP) cw:as .p.r-obably ·use\d. '~or ~tbe 'b.f,O:I1l~'~ Sel[ II, G]am bett~ k n~.e.,~ . 'JlI- (8~ we kn.ow f:ronn ath~m" sQurtes ~ h€.re. thW ~p'pe';~laf'l:t["Wde:r Tfue lMt d.a.t,ed grO'll"p j's ltInJder Set~ ml (F!]"~, XI.X),. T'umnldllmm:::lJ'and Iia:m.cs,S'lllI. ~fb~ p-o,t~'lifbeceme-s; d,a"ted 'by a Utt},e tFie,. ot ])~iIiI~ sreaJUc;e '\lri:'th 1I~~,i1am~", roaI'$-e:r~ :p~0~r::t and &rf ~a~er~ted. :r'o~m$,a, thn~ The' JlottGIlf' IS' jll~re d-~b~s~d]':and most ·Q)f it like tha:t g'O,~$; Oflt.. The fii!b~""n~rtked 'V~S Jean fl~~V be wen of fhe latter Ra~.,~s~dde~at 'Tell 61 Y elnldi~h.. T.hj'~ ·t1:.a~~e.d; 'beg[n r:dDg' in. a g~obtda'rfQ;rm; >o:f fine A'@i:ea-I]. 'b!indS- ~nlae1" Amenfiqtep nl ;, <'dOiS~ ¢!,"n~~t;kl.\l'a. Qf th::e p~!~te;ry ,bf ·the: Fa:yl1m and '~Jj,1-ll'\e, ,!VitO. 'ir,~n":g~a~;e Delta ,i~. if \I'3,:~.'uei ,s'het,ri'lFFlg th;a,t ·the &~l]ne~t,.[eSi1 in '@ ~s next :8a:tt~[!· hl r~wm dJ!,\:rfJ:n~hG ~d Q;f tb.a:t d.}l'[l,a51tl'~ t 16ID, ,e\~ry det:iiliL~ 'were pf~tder:iLt. ove~ ],aJi;gra- ;lIiI'~a,Si' It.t'lrd \vit·~ tUse~ SUl''JrUUIl!c]e~ by' d~ts, j ,tQ[~~b~Y' :im.itt'at~~· ·pr·:o'brab]y Q~er' th~ 'w;h,oh~ 00lln:b~y,~ ,itt Oli~ p~:ri,o,d, :il l~rg~ rncaIe' 'lufd:~t R.a.m.~u XI ; 'Mughl.yc!fb~[·~d :J;~ .. Th:e poUe~ry Is eoars-e bn,')l~rn (I,; J~5~,,6~(!, F.J Ii 2;! In" fJJa1::ive ,pottej:'~yu.ncl.'el' Set[ I( I' ,ilnd 0'1 'V'€l'Y .mrl~: style ~,la.y~[;]IDdel~e ]ate1t RaJnes.sidli!Si (TeU tG~ 1 ~ alod poliSh~d :red. f~~d (21' 4) 7'~.9~, I'Q) 1$),. "is. in .n~t~v,e. iii ~p'lar;e tl~'is il.iIlt]J'ig 'b-y a ~.enCury, eV1ery' of fO:~1gtO fo~mj sutb. as tihf!i fals~=~ec~e(l. VMe (]I 2) ¥el];1L]d.j", but (!if nativ~ 'Jl~l"e'iand <e;Iilident]y magd~, '])¥-, ~ fj:a:tte~ st~:e' of U~j:s hisro:r1 WO'l!l [d IllJ.i!:OO tOJ be' ~[te-r:ed~ Hie lV.b~, :~a[Jj. losf tb1e r~eHng ~f tne a.d,ghta,:l tfP~. Tbe' s~ uanr,qf?~s ,~u~'~e:p~'g'IJla!ir $'0 f~r as Hi1i1'P;t .is cQlloe.rnsd ~ :~a_me mil.y· 'be 5aid ,of 'th'e pi{lru"im bottle (117)~ Blue, 3'gQ '[f th'e ·~.P~· ea.~'f ,~oll~'n lto .~a:t~ tfnl~ .ih oth«
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~a:u:m:i oogetihe'f', :N 0'" .3 'wa'S ,(oun,d ,\,lritn SLIDtr.t~p@u~ery;, EgY'Pdan~ a:n.d A:e,g?iln of 1th:e g~~Ghu'la:to:rm Mtllill~4 .. r. 'li~n(ls; a blu~' ,gl~.ss battle, ~ t\,lfO ]f;@UelY moo,~~]~ ·of ttus~ fm;vls~ ).l,c. Tbe: d~~5ign., 'rh'e" best :CImwoJ of' ,res all ,tll1!-S~ gJ~zea bj~j~c.t§ i 'the ~.p·f~~g the g.id: as she ~r ,~m,~sth~ boat iAllong to m~_rke~1 '\,M'id~Hle- call:bil 14 is wen "1:e.I1Jd~~r,~d)and 't]W d8'hl~Y 1~llrn of the faJi;~ The ;po,wl .i~ 'n}Qlf 'fut~wn anC], b]J_,clI) bUJt was,. p~~abl:y v~o~~et
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with 'm~glG", i[: ~s po.~~~ble'th~t these wands 11l<ere £01' d~'r~moohd use. 'Th~, sttra:~g,eig,lut= (4,3) j~, from
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cvldently eopied from ~u~h ,~ figlll~; btd the head b~a~;s 1~Z'h~Uby~~n lock 'bf Jl.;~lr" It: ,aRpearrs therefQ1l:c' nrilb.g'o 'the malkJet to be a L]by~=G~ek ,p:r:Qa1!¥~tJ r~o:m 'th,~ time of t~e it number of 'birds, 00. the 'top ~ ,this i;S. 'O'f 'furrJ:g'llit l~a,r c invasl~ns 'e)fEgyp:t. by those ~eS1 j~~udy;and 'tl:u~.r,~fcu~ bn.u~~ 'lv:i:th darle blue ]lth~~$t l",a~her rullt, The g~zene (S) J of ~he a,g~ leff G.umb11 ,0;[' a H®;tle~~'~i'r.. h is ~.r~'wn ,vith ill d~~ almost b~aek~1:]jne~ja:nd. g.rea:;t ~b;abl:J r"iI').:,,1 L ,~u ~L- x'xrr lL ~\~ enree CUn~JlS, pieees \,E" 2 'jI\ m e g, ';"_ 4 ea like S1ilaJ~pj:me~ tbe sl~e ']('j~"k"S to, be the e~~:U~t: of :~~1 ~ tho$~ here, The :g1tOUP' lL. XX; " ,[l~ 'wa's l~rulll,d '~ho~c:fecund in ooe class lof Cypdot1e t!!Jimbs~, It bEl1, 'b€:~n. p1;'GPOSea jfrlla:t< 'Ehey were used b,Y be 1:!)Jg t[,ed 0'1'ru '~{lgetl-l~r! ~n,d, is of' ~hk: end QI th~. ,4"\1 ]]l,th dy,[]~ty ' . by' tb~ s~yla. 'T',,",,"ofi;~e Aeg~an VM~S (l";, 91,~~~~r to", one edge.: of 3" ga'l!m~:['it 'by the mid,d[;~, :~,G].e. and : pOt'M:lll (I,Sf, I~)! ,~ibth&$lt'ier Q31! JK i) :: ~~11 :I:1:lILt .gl~.s; then slipped tllr'lough ,~, small hole i:n the 'OWOSi~0' ·,2 ~1t'Ii~1' baek '~l~"'~----"f ....IiFlv!..' '~.' a w-albClL'l, ~ ",.ll~ b~,ttle (~1) Q1):r bjui~i ;g~ilU! ye],i a\v~ and w.hi,tb.;.. '~:v.ith, d,01~ .... ,~,-...;~,"""~-!!u ...lrawn u ~L" JIU!;i!;~ ,th. I lvel of tfu~~ 'hand-]~, and. ocig;inany job)~d to ano!theilf at "the g"Mitli.11l1 J tht~ seems the .l[IJ]}O~t l.ik~ly ~~pl~naUc([li The t :5id~: a ,to~l'taJ glass b-~tt]€ (]1;2jl lvith :~ren([i,W' v~jns en d~tt~ (~fhell). maJor be put be~VI~el:l 1],20·01 ,~nd '1400 ~''C.I .of briglJLt hl~~; ,il, ]~r~ze .~on_is~lvas~' (broken)) and, ,a [l~n,i :[bd;md ,itt GJlJiib~., 'The: [~it~g$ blu~' g:~a~d Ja,ttery (4). or 1~!f a],a'ba~'ter (~, ~~:e ~omethtlJes inbtid pair' 0'( ~in,les of brenze, \1!"h~chm.ter:h1;Gllr w'llem cl'~ed" wlth sm,a:~Ubits 'of j a;sFer:. 'Th,c ~ha;rmjng lt~,ad[ (5) ls b,}t a pan ~'0f cae '£iul~ j:om th~ tj,the:r MIl; so fh:tt f it pr-.ob~,bly' tl1~ dobr ooub.1 1']02t ble:" pw[sed upwat:111 ; tlrl:s ~s Jt!rJd t;'bre' carved alike on '~otth. $~d!l:s,I~f~a,ia'~ ~r[]ic;i:pte' of tb,e ]j[(l)'Cks on 'the ;ik~.QfSo:f' ~mod:~]:lf)_~'~e~, was the. handle of a tr~y,. The' ]j",ings .(9, ro are The 1!u~'),~t:e:ry'"vilEt this, ,ffillJd!\WtS 'of tlli~ ~p,es ,~~h'Un ~,I 'iQ,t.e1f,esUn_g; as ~h'e'l~~g that l~d. a;nd t[n "ver~ -,', ...... ,'t,·, s,,€'~ ~, t, A-,~ aE ';"1lII.'!.:;b~JH5 "",L, ~~r.y j ,,..:1.. ,,,, :t'·~ ,~.,-,- wa:s ~~ ~ ,....", '1 1JU~1ILlit$i ~Il l!Jlng . XX,; J l, liz,;' XXII ,59 ~ ,aLlld h~r:a' F'!... ,XIX 2, 4!, ~;~p.. AmongmiseeUaiUeo~s ,ID'~jects' (FL. XIX) tIl,ere: ,are .f{)uod with gla~s beads 'w.~ [,~ ,a!.l'e :pt'Ob~b'~y:r:JJot liftter or b;r~]]~e, 3;n ~d~~ 'Ji$) ,j: a" {i.pQ¢~n {~9J SM~,WI b~ tha:n the etJ;d, ,a[ 'tile, XVIlIt!h d.1ilUl~'ty ~ it bas been ~Ound a,t ¢i;u~ob, ,~nd W' it~ pa~<[natitJn ,~p~"1mll'f]y' 9fi,a_]y~e;d. by ~r, G]J~ds~e: 'w.ho, re,o;rts it 'fa ~e 'ptl.l!e (/if the; t~m,e' of t'be to-lvn, it is nrc:f: bn,ki'tanl burt .:flat tln, lMitbl9ut p~reeptlb]e ~UQfi The g,roup Qf j'~\lfene:ry' e[jd~cl~,a ~l1i(~ f,r:j)~bes~d~' o~lte:r' ]~~ on~s, elf (I I~ j[~~ 1,3":!41 'll,:as, fOll't'JJd t~:,~tb:et:~ tbe EtU~9PQ~~I:~:i.1l the. types: ~ K.~mQ '" XVl~, ~ .3 3.;, $0; .,a ':k~i(ewith ,{oo,~ (t 3) da,tes ~t.'~ about J-\meJlbotep II I; ,$.;0 th~' 'Slyi've} llack (~'l~bound tt1~]]d \vit:h tJne.~d ;: two lar.uce tdplG :ring 0.£ le1ectrum (J 1) sst \vlth ,h.aem,a't~fr.e (?),' ~'hJe ha~maHte (w) gC?1fli:b ,~[]: gQlcl ,seU,h~g(~'4J~ dlre ~Jd an~ beads 1(31~ 32) ; ,.:it, ,supp~ii m~Qf (:40)" l,l$h~eh it b~, 'b~en -s"Ugge$~:d>is for' ,s'll~inj]i:n,g 01" fi~1in,g~ jr~J],d~'e' ,e:~ wltb. B-a '~il it (:~2) ~n p~:ob{lbiy be]o,ng t,o tn is to 'b,Y th~ plaoe (If tltre: .edfe <~:OUM ar{JI:U!1Jd,he',rG) aJl~, ,a;geJ Of bron.~~ thel~ ~s,~ smaM €hi'~cl (1)~ ~ pin (8)" the cU,n"e ~o,['C'h,e hraBdle ,; aIm .~Il ~utliu~ '{Df a. ~'Ob"Se ~arr:.i'~g (E·jJ)~tish=book Cr ·\\l',e.~gh;t(I 7)"rnlaJl {W'S), ,and iI~ hrOIIJ~~ (:3,~1 w~,'t_h \®W()~ tags at 'the back: t'ii~ist,ed ri~et 'w~:tb t~l\(:) 'Was:~er.$ (,3/0'. Tbe cl,~JlLlg1}:t m1JE:n p@ttelcoy',a'$ aLso the bhl3le, p[aq-lAe 'tlogethfe'r., :per'~p.$ ,for ia.bli~n(L ,A, piil~~r :flli,i b~:st~~r (l9~,£IQ) ate 'Qf gh1lz~~ m V\essel~ 'ware foua,[I 'itU,~~r ~41,., ,42) Jape ''''j,lj;t~ ,iiiI:, o( [~i~(2,1)., The 1iU:p of iViO\~y,ca,ljViecl widl a V'ir.leyiut! s'€:ene~,lcut IcuN6~s:ly ftGtu_gh deslgrn· 'GIlf daRting g,e~t~1 ''i!,l!"hi€'h 0((1 ,~ waU {Z!) :[$ 'p[Q!bably part ·o,{:a, l~!rg~[ :fecaUs tIre- gtyle of G.ree:k: iIS[ant:il, ,gems., Al'llQ~he,r ~h:wu:o to a netting bO']l~, Th,e ~iv0f¥ ~Hp~ (22) has ;ab"b!ster V~S~ '~$ v,ery dum,s¥, 1~,16),. The naL~me~f be~fi ·t.mi]j;~ ill tbe ~efte~. 'Th.e sihu:1J ~6~1 formed { ~s; ThU 00~U-1fS (Jim a '~tWo:b ,~ bo;x, Ud (l8), lnIa:ild irtJ, oif Hmeston,e, f~ee:d,,o~r \\vJ:th a dis,~ of esb~ich, egg;: fo~ Ugbt ]j~~ 'CkH a dark bhl,~ g.~"Olund. The Htd~ 'pun,el :BULen ,!;lr:a5 '[lot UD,~m,lllo:nat tn[s, period. The head ':27)
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:p'iilms th,emf~fe; 'lbe'h~een ,the ouu (e~~l1ildin,:g1lh;e bu.tt p:i1M:.ell'hage ~,f Tniw t's .one' or'tfi"e most i:mpOir~'WJ,'t. ge]1~edd};are '.2 "9J~ 2" ~.8~ ,3 '·Ol~,$ "OOi 3:' 0'1 Jnt.bes~ wl~ne1b 1~e~ i~ E~pti!ail :];Uisj~Q'q",. In, ev@~yoijlef.' ~se tha~t l¥fmld. il1di(iliite a cti:b~:t of ~lo~~6 ~ ~,l' jJ tbe butt ~nd.lost w~" ta~, ~rOlVe" tn,e' q ween th.roug~ l,f'hom th~ ]',oyal lve'n! ~''t'h.e same l~ngth a'S 'ilia,:t 'r~~~ln]ng th~ tot~J deSlCJent eIl~,i]cad \'V.as .hers:e~ir af ;r,ny:al. .f~mj[f" E'lilt wo~ld be 10," 5'1'wbich [IS; lle~~-r Tth~ p,roba.1J:llft<y. N Q 'ThJj is st~t:Qd,to· haNe 'b~n 'the daugh~r or Jitfaa and ,a:coo~ra:te· 'V:alu~ C~ri be d1tth;I!~~dloom tb:i:s, tbe~Cole. T,aa.. B'e:l\{: hK)~\l1l'ever .she ,liS tfu~ sj:$t.e'I ,Q,t Am,en-~ 42., The 'l~,~;dights- ]01l!tnd Sit G'il!l!r~'~ U'0' h~oo stated :h6t:e.P ill II. I~lJeT' pMe~'ts, ·t~e'rerur~;W:ll1.d ltav~ 'been 1l1Qf!tg '!irV~th dliGS.e taund .last year (!IlU mhe"red. 4892 to l TMutm~'S· IV ,a:nd. ,AF,at A['ld she bi:l;_S1rue: 'ri1'[~ ,~f'in- 4912) so ~ 'to ,gtVle a, tGmp~~~e ·vie\~~ the met.fr~li5gy t' o,f her~t~tlJ,ee~ Ii" prjnceiSSf of 'boMl. .1:a!Jnds (~TI, ,a. GDlo!s.]1sl jot ~'he' p.[~e',. '''"[be ;a~ra.n~mJfarrt Qf, dl,i!&itabl'e is ~b,nila:r the gooo gsd
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~l'lluS sls~:r 'ts h~l' ,r~y,al 1iTh:u:s.ba1ld~as; \,\l"'eTe mMt of the ,some' j'n~a¥lng o:f boxes ;: (]:rn:)jJ5 on ,a, s,'epan~.tepiece G,t:n,e.r t}'llee:lliS,; I0't else these t[t]Jes of ,SJ,SiWil and "!f.prJa'of w'f.u!~d;,and (!i2~ 'S:31~w\f~e 'Q;D s:li:ps f~lllcl ~6g-e'thu). cess Qf both ]a~ds~ \vere :llure[Jl '{Gf:m,at n has '~e~~ :r;~f~f'ring tv the ~stefn and wesl;,e',f]l, house or (;;J.~im~i!ill~~ 'ib·:(trung fbr[:nal in ()'tb~t· C:i!':S)~'5" by,fu that 'is , ,~me$s~ ,III :i.n the' Fayum, an ,e~-pf..e~s~f!ln ''Il!ha'~ 'v,~j'y dG(l1.bH· ul; unless 1\1;ean 'be sh~,ri1 th.i!,t a queell1lJl. 'Hl'ight refer ta II ]a'b:g'f], afU.d IG~J.u:"4-bas 'bel]] I' 'Q;o, the. 'w~snot 'o;f the foya], ,s,Wc;::k:,'€ir :p098eSS.~"P.[1 'Of tlfletn is ~,PfoGIte' 'b~,llk!i Q,f 'tlli~ braaeh of the Nne" 0,0 PJ~~ot 'Of the' {CirflU1Uty ,pf' th~g~ 'tit'I~~. S~ ~t:r~fll' Of the scarabs and ru-,in~ (P,L" XXIII} tille1i'~ is :rnd dGies,'~h,eprinejp~.e; e.f female irnJ!1(:;I:itanee- of the ~'h:It@([N::: n~d ta 'Say :m:a;;ch. It is strange that a" scarab! ~f ~~m t~ 'n~ :01~h;;y' cnlt'ial '(:,ise~! t~ tli:e ~~dllSiQin of' in, P'epi ~·hoi]la. ttiJ!Ii"lt1 up ;a,;'t 'Gurob ~ H i$the only one, fi1~]~ 'b1l1er]:ta::nc~~ tltat thre' Pl"eSll1l'tp'f]OO is tha,t 'Thl~ there earUer tJ:ran the, fa1!:rnd.'er fJf the town 'Tab.u'(:me~ was reaJ1y 'the: s~ste!tt" of Amcfi_bo:rep as here, stated, .IIl~ 'itlld 'ft'~:is a'~h€e of th~ ear]j,~r kings Gif the The: slab ~ {l1(H'O (iU:I;l!)b(9) '\,(reb 'th~ Itt}; '1~,a m.~ of :f\m~XVIIIt'h d.ylD.utv h'leiden:taUy' shews :hQ'w SQ'QO scoat"',8i;:bs, :fu,!j,rtep IV ~Sl ~ 1I;i'fidan"t on du~, ]wl1f€Jm;~nfor,m:s; [11: seems : ~.]i~o.pped ,a~t ·~f '~s-.e 3ft~r 'the:y '\y-,er,e lin ade, No., a 1]\$ 'to .s.h~lV ~lta.t S'Q:m,'e Ja.r,ge 'bui]dlHls ,or fc'€'pa;fJ"'St~ the a ~enfV.ilr]~fy ii' bel~1f.ti, of.ll the :g~t:1Si,eI the: pa~3!(l)e,~' 'tem,pl~e l¥e~' ,ma;t1~ 'i~ his :thliJe. >S~O'mie ])uU(H~1~SO No.. 45 is e,a ,eN:rffi~ll:S dug l:vltb yOJ1!llng &ameS5il!.JJ seil\ted lVle~t G:O. ,i1l:ll. this (listir~t uader Khuoo,aten ~ as iu ,~ ,on, ,th~ 1J1J~. in re[ief '00, the be~d.. The lUU1:~meH tam:hc~t ][]laltMil a, b~ook: ,®If ~:ulp:~uf'B I(:~O)W~ found ,s~af,~'ht5i,are iiIl:rm~, ,d. as 'lteitt!i1' as san be J;;_.urd~.·,. in f:tlFedc'! VI! ~,' '~"llrc'hl f;eiF.i'F'4se~t,¢d ](llU~'D~:J:e.n j.tan,GiO~ 'with :r!i!, .... cl.,. ,, ,_.8. ,if"ioIc"'" - "'C?' - ~ Ul/air order ,~r da;t,e., '~lle, 'i[}a.me'S·.of A.t~ru) :fuoldIf'g his daughrt!er Anith;;,:scn .. 40. Th~ i~~c dp~~~llS-from Gut'Ob (fL. X X IV) :an=:~ .F'~-i8,,1te~~~'wbU~ ,~I~ pffe;rer in, fromt 'w,~rs~ips ~h~ disc, all 'm "t~be ~VI [It'h, clfIl)as~y., 'Th€,Y are Idra·wn, l'U!I'e, ~d~~ m figured, as "an A'siatie l,~tf~ 'with 'paDI~~nt en ~ lUliror.m ~iz'eof $[p j, lvhrule me. actuBjl Q:i:tnensio['ui] sh~eQ:meF:S, .;an.a \\1':,gu~d,,,soom IDO~ In p]bl~~ Qn, "a, Bab:l'~' ,!l)f ea.Ch 'piene' iare :sta.;ted In in,e:hie<s. "The ]a.:r~~ ]i~te[ ],0:11 l;an J11€lnllm~ent: thiiltl in Egy',p~., Thj'S 'b]~k is 'n~'V sill:a;b Tfih:u,Unes III is (rnQ,m the, t~m:pli~lk\dUcll he In tl~e 1Jn:~'W'~rs[['y ®f P'eonsyh~:a.Il:ia.. 'Th~ Htflle ta:,N~t bl.dlt ;;-,rund \v.bkh te Jud;e 'by 1:'11[$1 must have been. (~:m:) f'e-presenting a toy~[ scribe R~m.'~s",;nil=lpa,;iil"IDef]) "lleU flec~r,i'U~rl., Tb~ left hand .$,jd~ illf ~iti b~$I,dn,g oooong 'T'~h~u~m~'S11 is probab[,f ,of ij1[e, XVlllth 1 hi.erogly~hs, cead~ng: in lnb~ m'04-'G usnal d.ire~t~~I(I~ was dyfJIa:9,ty~ ~n, ,spit~·pf tbe Ra-mes :n1lbme,., dtb'.Ils· bya. rs:kiUed ~.culfPit~r.~ lddL~t'he ,~t!her balf W3S. ~ - 4;[, The ,tu'bit ']:2) is c·r l'W@cd~ inscribed all -aJ0rog; ctJip:ied by a ~u:pn '\~"h~ ~~.e~lI'$; ~ry jn:f~n()r a,bwUty in ~([[e. ~l'ld 'has b,een '~f,Dk~n:awaya;hOlJ;t I" 3 ]pch~ at a. 'b~~J~. ou.t.Ifrj·~,and dtJt€l!Us. 'Th~s, ,i~ fH)'\\1mo, :tlli~ Acll~ltdde ·kH~;t ,~n me ~~ood~ ~]ie i~s~f:"lpt1"n G~]"tta:imls. 't.ne fltices ,MllSW m. fih:e bE:ie~ "gr.a:nlite ,altar' ',[:5, l~f sp~~'~ of Tu.t=anih-!amen 4iln!il,his ~.u~en A Ilkh~men" The inter:~st. T,~ou:hr~,'L1th €lLrt it ~ems, t~ hav;e b~~ itHmet.i5~OnS ,g;f t'lle' ou,bi~ ~te "94 '~' '~6'3 ,[n~h" ",~Uh [1 ~ ~ lQng-ed to ,i), Icl~~ Qf fu,ID~a'f)" Qi"~tm~~ made f~(r. 'b~U~~ ,~dg,~as u$iu~l;; in th~ 'rema~'L'iljng: end ,is a ,A,~enko~tep III b, :his: t~le'b1.1li:t.ed 'qu~~fl ifldl, It --:rolllnd Ja,~le;· ,3,2 a,CID"OOS and ii!~d,ee~f.,\~-fitb bottom; Hat :f6110!!i.W t!hte '~sua] ~fa:rr.mlU to' t:)sJ,risJ. fQI.r.' tll~ 'r:oy:v~l. /t:{f, ~t; seemJ a;s if ,~frtendM tG llo[!=I, a, :sfud. 1:'0 gh;f~ ,am l'~e of Al:nre;ohot,ep ,1[[, dO\~D], each. :ddB; (l[Ni '~hen' ,a:.~OFlg :acC'u.ram 'ro~mil1al to tb:~ ~il!] hit 'Th~ di.v]Simn,$ iitl'l!' t'be bue k a UttE ,9t3;lth~g t'hal'f{. Th~ grrea,t ,roya] \v.ifc' ,rotIgblY'~~t~ beihg' a~ .(~nd) or 2".8crt 4" I~, Bi '7S~>8··~~ T,bli maJ;ds her :m'cm.~meJ:l~S ile'r brQti'iif~:r.jb~r I~r bel&¥-eQ:I! 10" oS,) 10.' ,'" {I'.r~ ,I4"lb.jo lJ!od 11 '>!,~l1,ln€ib~s.. TM.e
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AJSlQ the" ~n Z\er fishin;g ],~nc~ (4';~'a~d ijle eu,hlt,~ XVI.I~ ,M)' ~Yh[bh 'is the (X Si1GR :Egtypti~__n c.ub],t 17''''3 ittche,S:. ;co;f]'e~PQn~ng t(}ge'~~~' in ro1j:F~ as-here dra;wFil" ,A ]a.cr:~ nU01bG:r [)'f to Ig :bi!11e' pal:m;$J and flj~(t to' 6 sevmrh;$ g£" the :~gu:l.~:r ~U;blt df 20" 7. ,gr~efi xlbbe;d. be)(b'i~r(;n$)j wel::t tOJl.\;]:nd~,SQru,e- ,]o_~s-~~ SOD1f: ,4-5.. We' n0W see 'how ;a, tp,nl,b 'was loo(Ej.'unu.ou~,:ly. sed J u in ,~j:;[l". Th~ 'l¥~re 1.1fib~lter vases (X.XVIl 4,,, 5) ; and how 'the affet1'["]g:s le,t"t f(JI.f one inte:r.[lJ;l!eta.t we're' brolYfl s€rp€:nr~iR~: v,a~~ ,,~ 1,~ I 3) ~ il green paste o vase, (I.); tmt!! e¥,pde'~ p{t,grIm oJ)ttU:s, (J;2, 4:1) j, not ta'~~ ;a,~a'y~l~"lr,t ~:\"ej'e ~p'U;~ihed. n one: s;[dJe,~~, ma-].r~reem {or ~af~r ,coHin~. The 'q u'e:5:~~~11of 'tl11~ -age 'f'!i:V'o totJJg' SEJlIoolli red vas~, ~1~; 'mt'Qwf'l Phoenician of this ,toIDb ,is bn:partant as the' G~e:k and PJboco.1cla:jjJ 'VlilSe~(I1J ,; sm,ootb:b]a~k F.h:e~;l1itJa[j) v~ (.1~ lS ~i~l ~~:; ~d va('I0~~ ,ItlaU vas~st {sud! a'S :2 5: to 3.8~ p~tttli"Y was fa-l\[I~ill ~nit Tile 'bfQa~rlHm~t$ of ~ge ,a:t~ arid, X.XVI~,4.S}l" Also ~a,'b,r.o:n21~' 'k}nir~t ~,x'vr} 4:31}1 i ~") th~c. scarabs whi~h pro·yoe'tl\u~ car] [Ie~t c(jffio to be (2) T,he blue, glass, fwgl w.iicrldl w'he.'tstQ~@ ,;: and, twa :lumps a:f' ptUiliiQe. An aft~c 'T'a'hu['l:ne's lIt f,_h;ese I1tb~n,r.$ w~£e mb:l__gl~ ~~fjr p~ll=,m:eU" mix~!d ~; Pfoba.b~y Q;f' A:f:t]:enllotep' III or IV:. (;3) Tne g'~~~n with 'roitb~l1 iitld. 'br\0~~:e:n ks:k,etH'liv'~rk lIvbiclil. :had and black {!':lazed 'be«ds:! 'Pi1rtIcruJ'larly 'the: :ribbed 00(&1 es field. t)u~ ~allel" tbEm1g$~ ,~ncl. fb~-d cl()tb"e&, It 'wa-$ XXVl~, 16;t 'w,hlch 'w~re miNt m,a.d~ before' R amessu ~I an,~ th'e :rib'hilJl p[ which, !'dl:€ii;VS the ,'rsr. st~,~, 'of im,,~~~I:jtl~alb]~h~ 'Securt '~v'~ry.lil'nng' 'by '])aadJ '~m stD;cb Q:)r::J;fusion; ~nd th'~ smaller olarle'tts (X),rV'I-I!' I9;; the d!"p :rib!bh:i,g prevalent in 1ih,e' XXllnd dynasty "'t~ 2(3)" 'with a plaJo blue ,s~~a:b, 'f'~~ i~'\l'OJd,,~ft~J~~afd;s I(X %,IX~ 51). Th~~e helibng 'tv the t~mtt:f ef ¢QH5a13 b, ~~fiiOIthe dust Tb,e da:tk green j,as~er ,r'i~m~ ff)~ -4 fa 1; a;['JJ(;!c by th~.lru-g:@; quarl!tity, of tk~mj ~p~"l'llf t~ (I is, of 'Ve'' '.r W:Eli:e "1fro,tk, In, fbe,.S.B. C:0m,e1!' IDf tile 'f'oom, fiarViff been made :at 'tbe fhll,i~,~f th!lJise'. (4) There i~ no an was '1\1s;~ ~me1 p:[ftte~ lyi'ng a,D-out;, but most[y ]arg~ ,pott:eq here U].Rrtb~t @f toe xv~ Il~ll, d ~-a~ly,XI Xthj dyrutsry;: no trace ~£ 'b~:l1!e: pa'int, :[]O bud wl1ite fi~~,'(;'oo (.SJllU~']l I~$ XXVLt 40 to -~5 I).. Com'n. ~ reGn.t,~jnea at tHe IlDtth ~nl([,':;I,sm~U b~Sk~t, ,~,a-re,no e[~,ga;nt (.0'1"[[1115; but 'Din the ·,~ODlr',u.frhe r, .,~" -!I!., ,vl.tb. Hd inVt(t~d~ ~Oildjng ~ 'W~~~~[~ °}tbli], stjck;1 ~ .pdtrer;y h e;rcs ,. :l11.Qst1y Ur.lt'linmwl:'ru .litl u11[i()b tJiia~ ,.l,S" ~ ]5 =. p:l~qM (x.xvt 24); and scarabs '~,5J 2)[;). A,t tffillff down to 'fh~· 'Hme' !Of 'M:,ere,npt~]l. TEl,ese suceessi ~ "S@.Utb. 1C$'~ld,n,ba~l~elf'w,Lihrlfui~,~uldl 3, l:u:--ok:"e~, Eihlo'e'ni,ci:al!n e,,:1den,ces .'br,i:n,j dOWcb 'fh~ ~e 'of the bUifhth:;,> here ~:o v=:( (J,[M:'Jil1 lM~'ttyp~). bl tlie ~tt;mD 'was 'th.e Phoe .., 8\1l:lc--€i!;sit aft,ef' the' ~g'n. 'Qf ,R~ln~ssu, IIji' Ja;ft_~~' ];'2001 B.C. :u~.diilu va~~ ~U'~ for ~he e~'Uj}i!e$t Hm~t of p'os.irb]i~ ili!p; jN,0:W let1!lsra'k~ ,tEhe,evidence: J'~}f the lSl.te:r' U'~:r[tJ Cnftig 9 ~a,rd ~, s.oJid. "~'ttqden, he'ad irC's~ 6(1] th~ 'tD$" liIiVhl€h i:s ne:ce"SS:tl:r] 1;1' 't:n~gi!i,t[~e., (1) "fhrQl~ iffire l'llp I~f the ~QfBil. Six ba;(;He$;;we'l€' .in itJ ~rJid. ,~ ~,aill lttac$']*~l.wIth h~~ds.~XXVI JO)~,and ,!il; ,oCJ'w~:old (33); e~am:ples of ,the ,~eilll '[~ll!i;)ll'fm ,etter:y of '~11e' X,X'Vlth (z) Theffl' ',~re' no £ig~].]"e~ B~:3t and: other of amd th~·.A,~~e~lrnvil$ (XXVI(r 44) ~t i:he !;iQ.1l1th Gnltl. d:YP~1.' Qn At the llJo(rtb I~nd,a 12'rger 'basket w[th ~\f~~denk:Gb~, de~tles 'wll'~db.are :SOl €omrn .. h~ tlt~ adj:a,oont wirnibs dyna~ty (;p.T~. xx lfX) " pmt (~pg ,X XVIJ:~ 10( m)~ \wjod,~n :i'o,hj strne:k ; ~t6ne 1::,o'b1 ,af IUahun in the XXllrtd. (j) Tih~te a~e no ex:a'mpies o.f' the Hgltt gr~efl gJ~zes pot ~ame: type ,;tWQ 'din~ nuts @ an4, s~a.ri& (27)", -fIe ~o th~;rn€:ter,rs;t[~ I~f 't.b,e XXI ill l:a d dyn. (4J There ~ear.iilbs 2'8,2~~3,1~ ,]:2 attl~' abo froOm 'ithisl wffin", Collin 10 ~ figure .~h~pedl. i\hd. OH:[ltillLned a:f.I~ are IDO s~ne 0]" :sheJl ~ad;5 S~ cdim mo'n h'i {be X XI [mJG~ ..!!I' - -, '~6. -_t" .. "'lI9"~_ T: l!"iJ:rji~", gJyma'S~.'ht, . - ~n"y. $C:;BlfaIL,J!S ~JI, :Il"h- ,;;.q"L Q;::....... (,;,). ·"O,~ O!.r!'min E,i[ .... J;!I)lQ.~ ", '_' . ~ trody wifh ~ se~'rab (XKVI':t J43" . to C',a:ffif1 1;[ tn the dO-Q!f';w~¥~ was' of 'th~ :Pc)!treif~n iIllf: ,~softl'tre ~tr]~e ,or Iha.:t a·g;a~g[t~d. ,1thG; :b~g:i:mmling Qf the that '0:( An.~tnt~:r;;jhw ~~~ :aLt~n n ~-] X) 'l'lith :the (amr' XIXtn, dfIl~t.Y at Gu.rob l ,and ,~s q~it~ fHKe<fe'nt 'i n K :moth~~ a::n:d CO[Q'llt to tlh~~€: mf tOfl: XX-ill In.d d:y.ifiI,~~h'. ~n iru and a.cldr~ss~s 00 ,tbe ~tde8 ~ m-1,fr, if \W'aJ;;. OO'a:!rSfi],Y' ,doii,e a'nd the pla,c~s, f0:r the ll~mes wer,e ]eft h:[a:nk ~tl If::I'enoe' this t:o'mb l1'oJ~ld he ll~'a'l"er t~ the XIXth than
o j

Tb,ey' poo'ba.blf' belG1'JJgOO 'to tb~, pre~ditlg" '~rxterm'Jlts-, Illldj, 'we1e' sn.ufHed off dte' ~'offins wke-n {flesh 'Q()Ji~ls r,~re p]a-e.ecl, 'U,PCfJi the l@\\?Iel" QB~., The ,$~ra.b~, &c~ l1il:'th ls heap are in ,PIr.. X ,XV I, :t~, t() ZS. ,A \~Il~an wtrot1l~ bQ~ co:ata.il1Ied. t2:t JE'3(f. !4~ a ~eflli glass pilalri 'G~w:rQ~dset 10 gold;; and .seme ,af the ~nm.n~st beads (r 5) tlUtt :m fu;a:v,~ yet: seen ; as nun.. a -' 9J 'gs: ,to .a grain ~lI\~~g:bt Of g;1!"~~:n :!pJa'ste y '~bere am' the lj~]l~~ h~ds~ (I ,8)~, ~r form rung ~~e' e;o(i$ f or a tdUar' = a la,ge' Jfu~,ber df Had; b<eads~ ('l:7)'t ~,f gIleen and nf 'blue past~" ~CiU1i!~ ~r 'whicbll.~e:1"~' sitnck this> ,p~ri~d~

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$;caf:a{)s "",.".efie 'f~~)ill,]nrd\l! (xx.vm, j 5· t$1 421~, the

a'J-~I :Jel'I] ow 01'11 'Ik.I )11= ;e.rOUiI:l,.., ·Tl. - . 1 .' -'-, lJ..iI'J.:aCK. '0'-. ,,_-. .- ,d" nere Ji~a$, fJ~thinr in it but. 'booi~SJ . cpm~,tz- ~1so :Obllt~__n~d notll:ing b~sicle dre ij]ldJe.'3!' :~n t'h.e outer G'ham,~~t "'F,IlS ill g.'ood deal of ClC7J3,r:se p~ftcery ,ru,ying' ~bou'tj ,mlQ;~h of 1Et 'br~1llre[];. llJ tI1,f:' lalt'er Sijfitng alld sea1!:chh-1g ett ll'1lJ~dustJ: wlruich 'was all [j,irQllJght 1W;" and e~am'~ned i1l sunshhre, ,5~lme more beads .... ared
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'by the 'br,~n:ze what. :l~~er. han t

knife, XX·V1.~, 4,3 •.

'Th~s, 00 t'h~ OiEleltill~.d. \v,~: ,a,:m brought
L2:00

)t:rna t lddi!l!1g- ptac,~e ~ :fj,il'"$i armrn:g·ed;: \ihet[~.er ~e pTiesikll:;irn,,~s :had aJteady used lit" beIore 'oiiwngin:g, in tl1~:em;Uet m~ l~h S ;; who was ,,;cJlg'lnaHy
ltitrtlle
L'~'rI!'l"",;;,,~ ,tJlllII:~ "'""~

~.c. ; a t l~a.s~fHf ru]l wrment~, 4 to 7. 1~11i[e. 0 0 't'he other barn], '~e c;anru~E iOOtne· ,d~~vnta th'~ XXIInd
~lrWl'ils.trj
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he~fl!- "".liJil u-~,\Jt.!l1V _ ~ ,"",1.~r.j\"·~;""",,,,\"":I"e .......~

i"'ifIi n.r;,]"iI;"",~, ~~'HIt"'Y'_I!..'!o;oU

fI1l"Ai'W!i,""J·~:o\lib[lf:'re :•.,.,..._ ~"".!!M ~4_ _ _ _,

aJl tb"~se' qu!!:st;I~n'S' nThigb,t h~;ve

9WSf Ei.C. And varioua t:hing:s indka.k a c ~ose.r eoenectlon \\dtb 'too earlier' dl~JJl'tL·li\fjtb. the later'

been ,$Q]'VQd. if a.. lrC?c~I\d {Jf tlle ar:r.3.f!I,gern~:nt f the ·mme. ha~ 'bet~Clmade, ~

oemtlny to.iIi' the va;d:jJ]jal aocgD'lI..l!lliilll'tion ,of' th~~e ill an.):' buria:I,i~it seems mm»t Tea.so,r9i!Lb]~ to 1iI.:iJIj,t~.ti[~,~m tlef\voon
tlhi't is during the XX1h dyn~sty., .In any C~$~ j t j$ a ltturiotts fea tuxe U:hat; ·tb~ seara bs

As

,lite· $beuld

pM'biiblW 'a]'[o,\M' 'A~ftyyea.T.~ 01 a

t J. 50 and lIrO$O·n.C.,;

n.. LA.f..mlt

tN T~~~rI~ t'!NE;Nl'Y'~SJtt(H!"ll n?~ASTY .

or tbe ebjetts.. from the 'fomb d;eltends, ,of Sbeshen.l\: l~, o~X]Ind dY:Jla~tY'! Tb~ 1'e}l1sJta:tel. .G'ntil'f:ly on the ,eomplete. te~om of :lts IC~ tenJt'S~a]l·~ ·m.i@[t)'[ of (h"iQooulk)po]i~ b., U sa;rkon. Ii points b~1 an
T.I1~ \r~ue'

d,~sQl~lionat that &ate in the :XIXth dfill,~'S,t:y:!.3o tA\~'n ,tHP~a..r'S te ni!\V!e rrs~n into ,hnp,'Q'rtan~~somewhere in the cUitiV:a:[@ldJland. Kallun :~ild ~~en the town, of the g.reat dY'ke hfl t1:te K.~~th dyn~$:t:y·.; ~;f:ter th.~t fifU bad eoo'p-Sf' slDG~ th~ scarabs ""Vier€: made, EJr'he'r rYlIl"ob ]'oS'e~an~. ,ft$c th~' p'rln.dp~l p]:fi'ce lZty t'~e d~y,ke, d. then they l\- ....re hd'da:on~'~, t'JJJQtlg.h. U' ~ ;i,t .is :s:lralFjcg~ :fJ;~t ~t 'tl'he· s'Quth at it~:imte:ad. '!Dr the ·t!(iirtb ,e.f'ld; 'aJt:et t1wai'L{, neue of t-hJG ~CfJmmou 0iD1~ .o:f a~'m'~~l 11 ShOl!lJd, ·th~tfell 3'fu~it11Ier:'W\~n S1!l·~Qe~ded't~. ti"Jl~ :p_6sii:tron - o:ftb~ , 'be~mjxed ·\~tl~lltdlle m j 'Or else :tbley bad been d'Ug u~~' 'OOll~;rn ID:f t:he ]F,i!fyll.m dy ke, ~rnhably' tids 'wa$c at 'the' mL-a'bl1n~ often called in plu nde~-,imR"'bombs, ~od ,teliS'ed., Th.~ la::tter i1i mOJe present '\;'Ill~ge iI,]I,r nlti:.h_·lIlitj; o.r~ filrthl¢r' Hk~.],;. and ~ll"jS,\"Iould. ~ree ,ag,aill t~ t'be: da.~B of the simply L~h\ln by the llG~pt~'~ II lIt h,~d '~"~e];]J X'X tJ:a dynasty, as scarabs 'were seldom. m,~de t~e~ efrtbel;lrU:rbd. ,la.f4~ 'Would have'· b~~1l. ~it) ehe :ieG'jl~ IOcr ~lt1~sreln de~'e:f'~., ft~d sa no 'Donwm.po:mrF ~~)t~e:s w~ruld 1~!~Uke]y to be sandy If,[st: €tf AJausb;, and ;['j,f:Jt 00 t11~' , ~ "The [Lj~e df iCdes:c1"'fi; from ·tbe "fU!.,or~h 'end 9f ~h~ dyke m:i'x;ea lll'ith t:he'S-e. I {:then \'\Ii'e mM:>e I: IOD Re. as a m ldd]~ dm:t~fo~'the a;toFlg te the pyr,iAmid, 0(; mU;;!J!lulll. was filien r](bUf:j~'\:V'i:tb P]}.Ir!retJJffie,~:tUlpdue:ry} ,21!ul the A~gvan WS~; i.t lv:iU b~ t~mbiJ;>~'anl€ll the (],~d.ertomb sh~ftg, .s-millk: (I~:ef~ "in th~ l;-tea-SQiUlb,lte.. Thls c:Qnls:~:r-ts ·1I1M·,eU with the. dati:ng 5:'O~ roiE:k atIDlI;JrllLd. th~ ~y.l:'3.mtd't 'w·e;"r~~]c--af~d~~t ~n.d 'meus<ecl other Ae.g,eilrrJipottery, The ~t;Jies1t geo.met:n'IDcaJ false .. £br b:Ji!Jrj;a~sor ·th~s--deg,enet'a,te°1Eil1)~ N~tl:nl~u~¥' c~Hsthlict ~a.bblS- :1ix:1.hrl ag~ ,oft'!hiscem~te~y;. -It ~-er~~;"nly ,d:Qme.~· :n!SEw~. v·a~es ~l·@ ahQ:ut l400 ~.¢',c; ,t1'li~~ e..~'fJ:r Scty1e 3 lte;r the }C~,th d:¥~.~ty. It:u ·~rtr!l]j]Jy· eom~s, b~aprp~-tur~ to tire aut abeut .n~OO n~G.(,th'aJUgh no dOlLlbt Eu.'[ fe1oY' clIfEilIi1:s he1,p' ·tB Jl~ :i:'t €G6fl':iliC:[" ;:mj.tal;t~~fI.:5 may hal;v·~ been :u;n~clelater [Dllrn,e: ft1)~c the XX VlUt. The Ii~me:swhi~h iNd~c~t~·a. M,ate ,a:n:~' heme 'Glf such pn'dJi~~C~S);and th.e~e,f~ 'fh,e ear] i.e~1: m.rDre. precl~e],. 1{ah~l;ul~' XXV:~7) l~J;aUin~I.' S~men 'f]gltlJre pattcr:nj) ~iiJlch' M th1s tVYJ :may w·ei]. b~]oog to a N,etef=·~pepel:-'r:a. ~ut~:ry l:a't~]',~ Th~s vl$~ ls (J,r the S"alm~ :1]J'Jtanufa~t~re of the XXIst ~ ·Pjrnra·(It..X XV 13J 'fiec~nfl]gPiimni ,of as two .atbers thilt ",vere found ltl ~gypr'''\I'"[th -et]ttle.... fj~sh tb~' ,XXllntl: N~liht-b~st-ru (K. X,X'V, 14) pn~b~b'j,y~(f the XXMlIT'rtd': ~+nd .A:~IOfla:;:,dJu~ (:R:., X,*'/l) w:Mc1lJ ~\f.lllamleDt~tiQn.: 'th~y are ]arger ·than th'i~, 'but 0,1 the 5;fUI'lle ,00uUitil!~ (h:ss the hanfdlle)j, iHJn¢l ha:\7~ s['mUat bmn,ds: is [)~Babl,. of tb~ X~Vth dl.n~styi 'T]l~ fnq'Y~1]t and loopy· pa'U1tero a;~:he b.lp Hne ~>f)-ne ~s 'i::n·the·Aboott t f.iE1Ul$ of B~s.t pAlfnt !to tM X,KI m-III ~tt ilFn.as~YJ co] lect i.o~n a t :th:r~v·VQrk.~,bG ot11er .f~m Elm~nt j~ "~i:] w;nen ·her '\'\tQr~h:'ip'WjlS 9r~~~h:~l1t.j t 1~t1d 'It:he 0:01y 8car.~h di~ British. 1\1uselJJ M. '\v~th,~ ro:~al t1a.~~~ffi~,. llribeper~, (XX I ~,_.rl$} ~]dch[, ~~~

YhG la:teS't.is, of T.a111!.l:tm.~s III, or. 145~' nc, ,a-l1n Pl'Q;= bahty ~o:nte,m.p(p(f,~ry ''I£tfith rum, by' dIe style of iit:· \vhei!'e~ the ·C"li].af,~t.e:l· of the Dftad.s\!1 of the: :pottery, .and. 0fth.e €b:ffin ~lle'w tlurt t\\" I~r' tht~e iGanturl-s ·

must have lbool'ru lloQa.dy

~U o~d ones wh,e~. h'wr1ed .. 46.· A rbel' the

fan

>cofthe to,~

at· Gurob~ a~d the

an
r

the evidelriL'Oe w.ffil:kh CilI:tn \be ,Q;,lbt-awll,ecll ;as 11:.0. ''rhe~:t\' re.i~dve· att~ntirOfi 'm t1ti~ d]iS.'nj~t art that tim~;.. a:nd ifs.ee;rn$ pos[tiions and, .~~ 'Uro:[~appn:r,~ueh re'tt:ord~ j.1~,'m~t prapab]y t1\2\tC hee '[·e,ul~,:ted. the w:atIDr WQr~~i Q"nd e~~s,t fQf' :mD~ t~ban. ;a ~T-ery· :frew !&f'the hn:]'[iI,merab!le' fQu:n.,ded. t'he 'f'(~lWrJJ of ~U@ll.u~ en th~ d.yke. to a'tter.,c:;I 'fQI 'tom hs dl~t h:arve beem . .i~atu~at·k;ed Eg-fPt. A fI~9~ the- l,Qc·ks. In ~ny C'Me liVe .rnay 'w,~n,ta,We the IHah:c.lil ill.

'tile 'h'istozy' of th~: Deiii' el Eahri' dC.'Res:i.'t \~ol!11db~ve bee(]j olita:ined" .ffif ,~e kne\v wh~"t lY'El'.rC' tbe F dSitions of ,~Ulbc ,com.os and the .mirHii)f o~jeClt:&!, ALi
,~§
(.j!1l

Hgltl

~XII n·d tn Xll;,Vth, dynl8.sty ~i. .not a; sj ~i]e ,abJect dJf'the XXVJ[ tn g,Y1lMty l1as been :rbund' in t:b~ (HS:h~.[ct. In· oo[']wection w~~_h ;th~s pencil
·f'h_·e

·toml)s as bej o'g 9£

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r

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the -du®t, These' euly 'a:muJ~t,S

p,l'aII~!.3I:i~ ,aUt~g~~d tog·e~b~lr. A]q11_g,th'e 'tJ'JR and

botwln :a. iSlt;t('@;p, ·Q.f bj"o~'z~h~-$ passed: lC'Ci'und bj nl,e, tl1~ as ~f t~ ~(ifidthe cross baes Gin t@ Qtbe hilf:k-p.O',S't; thls ~~as pUI1.,e;:beicl, ·witb.. e tm·t,~_~€hif:$anfl tid.es ot U Ba,'rko'n W

·tm Em· ·~lwa:F.s ,co~rse ~~l1d .clu:msy-;: and. It j's not tin the X.XVJ~h to' th~ .K.X.X'fhdy~&ti,e·$.tba~t~e~Oi~v.e ,af . fUIT€f.'aJ.l .a~Oll11e)ts :r;~a~~cl. such. a. ii,j:·~cl'D. ,a;:( dewel,€pp>= ment'., The gr:a~l"id s~.lies of about t:21Q OD l:110l1lta (fiGl»"
:S)@~fi.t]

,~.r~he slde"WM

I~ and the ~wQad.;V,M ~thJlsso ,im.p\ii~sed, that ' ean be read. ~tho~gl~ b(lji))nZ0r. reJn.oved., '1n the .middle ,the ,¥a~

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lIl~l;"k

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.@er.haps-'fbe ]dghes~ r2l:IiL.ge ef tb€ p1r:~t:ioe" The 5c~rQU~;, this ,eribaf :ate: dUf{e1r.'Ci:rnt fr~m all ,o:f
,.,;m~_F
<4r,

~ :b.,~ ~~ed. S~eJl;~' fn.,d"itis s;qpu]3re 20 of fis~r"~:O'n ,offeiii;'btg to ..r_eiit ~Dd Horus .;,tbi~$has been

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c>J~~rXIm'~'" FO nji"'li .... _ o\'irCi'i:_;i!I' ~~~b'l'-.~ ~.~-..,~r~U"ir' motU

names

all ser,a;_pe4 ~·ltd ~ut ~JI'V·~Y'~' 1.5 t~, .~ ~a:rdl:r ~l"~oe~JJ~e. ~o Tb~ 409f ·tva;.'!) "ID"1er,~d.\~[th linea, and fOllu]JltCRy.rung· f[~t in a" chamber (if the f'Blllrtb. nQ.r~ll.:m.a;nsi~il1~;t ICahiiJil (s-~~ ]?la_llll, (~wooden. ~oo.r 1I~)", It H'lllM fb~d(l\e :bltv,e ~~ remeved :from some huoo]diBg' of U~arkeJJj .and t'ff.- ill-:- liJ'iLr ... ·1I u e .... l~ --~ a..... a"1. .i'Ji'~'V.inO'-h~· li.~;ra]. scene m ~'.;;!Jr'i J ~ - - i5 t rJIl'O!!il\a ~.~ v: ~.... ,.J' 1!i'I,.... v~ ..~ ~J' 'e~a'$~"" Henc:e some l~I~. Ibuildi~g .~f U$arkQ'H I P.ro;bJLD~y sWod Sl,iJIm.ewh~le· in 'thj:s_ d~st.rict. Tids cl,~G.r was ke:P 6 :~Orthe 'Ghiooh htusern mi 47'~'The ,~'~jects, fro,m t':~~etombfo on PL. XXIX are of about tIne. X.XII:ud dynas:ty ,j B:Jid :rtpIie3et.i;~ ~)j,:eJ[. the Gbarac:teriS"fuI'cs ,of '@hilt al·e. T.M p\f!eva1ent CQJorQ r .[S!. p$!h~·lfeH'awi~b .gtfen QJ!' '~jgb,tJ:Jllu~:;' dfue m~h b]~eSi or 'the XVrlm~. ~lM]1 XIXlh,dfW9,iPiS·t~j and tb~· ,fello<w~ ~~d:SJ~~d y,:ipl,~t~ th.,~ .~ne1. ~f tll~ XVI m HiI.] Jre Mlv~["e seen, }Sut 'fihe ~~m~S'at~lJif' ~u;a1it;:f· of the Eubfil!stite S~ho.lJ~.'\~im In nl,Qd~]Hir.lg ra$her !hra,'liIJn i eCii1~ilJit. Tl'l!~ ,~);~Mng~ ~a:ilJlgh ·tanlt~·and fi~·tin w;n;e .is very' :;k.rnfllUy a.pp]:i:,~d; ·the ,8;U.f:f:ii,ce ~~ j'nsfi: s.uffid.enfly (!.<Qa;t,eil" 'bu:t· Mi~ a,1:; aU :d~sgu~sed~ .®tn'li tli,e :0000[, minute det:n[SJ :afre oot lcholre,p. Th~ ~kln Qf mtdeUilllg ,is seen ttl the deELGate smootJi fi.gu:r~$ I~.?CXJX,~.I 1.+ t2\1},
1~'I;.I\J1

are scarce, and

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b'e.ads thflefllded elOBe']1'~ethet~, T'he la bt)lU~ of thus, p,r,tJd~c~p__g &n 'U~g:~'inlr :&'l·c,e: or' 8c®.i:t-ab rrnJS{ ha:.v'f:: b~ i:m:mt:rJse, and ·tbe taste of it 1. aSI de~~t]ve X X.I llind dy;fl~~y ifb,e il']~~ng'qf' funeF1e~l Imul¢ts Q;f] as~lle, ool'~urtflg;. ·Wh.en op e[]IJirnrg·to.mbs, Qf ·t;lds "age j[' -:bedy ·.see.m:sto h~ve, ar:.i~eJl,·t~the e-xC'hlstM 'Of: aU ahvay~ '~~E iI;j(f' drew t~J~eg;s~, lV'h~€h. fast.~med. "&~.coffiro f:1R '~in:t 'uijt~btis. In ,il blll]ria~.whi~h I £hOfU.td. aS~~.gL1 ]1d\\, IS g,ent1y u pooslb]e., ·Th,et'Jj.~lookiu:g l[r}" '1 'to t.h0 :X~I$t dyna.sty· (:see f~rtll~r ti~j ,5~t;.t.~) th~r~' the)'\e .~~'S ·~ny pa;:tt~,rn. ·B~i)JtI.'~vOl.rk'QD tilt bod.y, If' ,Me scambs, bmt.,no ~lIilllets~ mut on l~t,@!~ b~dies~ ~,'e. ~thel'\e 1i\l:~~, the comn was mO'~d '\withOlt't t'M ~i.ghte-9t as ,lilt 'the "~~tI! 'lif,e~ .r,otted], IQ'U~, ,mdJ the rOllQld some :~a:~ ,~~ars:e·~mil];le~s ,O:fli. QDl.e: 'w'~g a" llfa~:e ,shal~~~ ~ '~~d~ Jay :[o~~e,", I 'tb~n .r~tcllct:d ~ p~b9.[e~J:lE st(1ltle~. ~J,ajnherr]. ~C;ilJnb:Oll the bhestJ and a. '~a~&eInz:ul~ bead ,on the ,n,e£k ; ,and Jall .~]]'Sc~bed~oa:mb of lazltWH (3:U-t~lt ~U]J3t. P0't ,of 'W·~'X;: :m1e]ting' d]e wax;c' dU¥:l n .in. '~he tomb ]I then rs]o,.p-ed. 01llt s.p.oQDfl£l[S, Gil' it owr the bea,d:~. it~lW.~;~ and nV!o h-eadtests, of :hae'm~tlb~ &c.) (ifXIX
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utp.nl~hitirg;ly fi1]j~ (24)0 f~urJJd. in a eemefte~y of t~~ X'Xlln.a d,y'nillSty. a;~; ZU} w,e'~,e~ near Tania. Am.ui~e:hl¥~ aJS"Q'S~e b~ ,ilppe'~ring fQr fbe first timre'. 'Gn file ·blU·i~ ,di the X!Xth cl'rlJ~ty but UttJ,e ·{ts. O\H tlh~; odJ,:', pema:ps ~ rimg) @if ,a, ShIDgh~ :ngu];:e h whfth 'W~ 'vahtea i ~nd. :a,~~tjJEd. ~Jle ib-od.:f .may b~: ,I. ·WG'Qdie'fl. head·f!es.t~ used ~Il ~ife~ a.ka;I=Elgure,j ·t.wiO or three fQolEi,veS.5d·~. ia.:nd. som,(l:: nsh~.bds~Eu:t in tb~

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wtlj~h is ,some~im,@s' ·\W.fuell,:m;ade JJ:f:' ·p-atter.y the 1~-e:r beal£lJS ,:t!'~~ ,eom.m.o.~1r Simila:r' ,~~en.-''W'dtk ,dngs a:o/.~e' ·ribbe:~.~, t cut ill~' knQb~ all over~,(57). ~rh~ a sm.a:Ue:r
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.pdeit U,gh,t greetH:li :~tm:e~, The m'9~t m:al'~ point jn, them ~s ~e ~5e v'X' :-TlTV' 7 ~.,:JJ; ""t."'ifcJ! A~~ "T.,( ~ .~.... 21!! ..iII....!1. ..iIr·~· O"f l ....(('II,CI' ..,.,--"9' !l!'traili':J!1f"!- Ufilj""'~ /!I!'~ II;i,r.... ~ ... ""." A:' 5;,');: a:l1d ,the b:cmdt~ Ib)J,e;., wh['th g)"~ces ::a]1 the ead)r sea:ra1]5 is; ~rim.,etim~ '@t!ndtt,ea ,(ai In leX lXi' 4~ -~7,j '4~}. Seveita([ classes 'wh:~c'hare 'Ht'H known in .ge;ffe1~l eelleetions CM ~.e~v be ~~·~.edftQm th~ nhibuJ[ ex~a(ples ,~,ft'~e x~m!'nd. dynasty. Such are tfu$< mde ~quar,e ,J~ueg (X'XlX, I" 2~ 44) ~ the JD:n~y.:e·xa'mp:Les, :~nlnvfjj of ~[~ ·a;;i"e of dl:e XXIst ,a;nd ,X;x,,:(Iod ,e1ly[]~t~~~ J"he S!ola'w,'bark $ea'r:a~bs~ (Xl'] Xi .~I:~ .5r~) ~ tb~~F:la~ ,pe,t[e'o/"oV'ahw~d"lli. a pl~.h']b~k (49~, livn]eh h~~ been broiDem ~nclLglXl'lirnd cillmw.n 'an '~ L~tllge) ; the rude deep-ent firli~S~ ~g); and the g~ID"G'u.~s,of elrcles (~.~. (1~.~1] ftU a~ar' to chant€l~edg,e'the Bu ~;a$;d'te. tlrne, An~b,ef !1t~~~]:i;al$~J'is in. tJl~' laS!~ of S~~rJj~ b9ds (iiNIXJ l:~b ~6), o:t alabast,er' ~. a~Jdre. Tfu.e harder ~t()n,e.s;j! c~'rn~]:i,a-:n,.j.asp€'t~~c;j seem toh;av,e; ,[l[i',m;.p;p~~red aJt,(Jg,eth,er· :from. 'l;mse; and :IDmlly tbe's~ ooft bulkyi ensrd;tabl@:· beads ·a;F-e· :lioun~lj in ha.:r;moo~ with tn~e ]?!1111t style: ot trDJe e~b~r'w~rk,. Str'9;rJg,e b~clls o~r irolEl py.r.j:tell~. and. Qf ,anthll!9.tJ!y @(~X, J;~~.aJ~o 'OCC)1lr.,
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,iJ1ued beads :~:JN~very p>(j(iif in ,~o]ou.r; 'uut th~ 't:rled t~ :taakff up for 1th'!at ])y' 'iD!OO'~.gm[)'iLts, uses of them fot d~¢()rcati~~,. th~r~a.di~g th~m itlb), pattem·s. 'The D,lu:m-' m]e~ !]£ thJ~ a:_g'@"' a:re ,s~m,~tim~ OlV~r~d1<nat on·[.1·with ,~ Gb~gO;tHll::t !ttle~Oi'k o:r bead'S). but wIth de'~jmrs d,~Ii'~ .in

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TIle- ~o~d schools m1JJ.l:11t m,v,e bet.'Olt:ti,e' siiic'k~:og tot~thell" e .and 'fb~n t~,~ln~$en~ed ;a" b$..Y· ~1:1I:ld. ,e~tjiWe1t irr t'l1~ p,o,v'efty ,of 'the bf~'a_king' up lO:t tb:e t~" i~l'xed in wIth m.o.re ll.~a:x·" 'T'~];is is the Ql:lly 'l",!lY'170 ,Ernp,j:r~; ,And. the new' men OJ! the Delt~ must .b;a'v,e' 'prese'we jfhes& beli~ na·tte~ns \Vhefl ·tbe dJl'r~d has obta.hIOO. du::h;· ba'b(l'l::~ :from ~. ~r:esh:SQurce. . Io'l"VOor ~ui~. spec;la;;wro.rJ5 'IL 'I!.. ~ 'I~d.ec~yed~· Q(Dlly' tl1~ge lvith firm thn;ad.-f~rQ.ncru l~ t9. W· Wl~11 ,e . :Jil:QW .Oeb~e "" U'pp~w' E«1'pt~hal1'\e idtlle,Ito been 'brou.ght te in detail, In, one t~.lnban the hJI[ at 'we lend of th,e' maL1:,%~!uns. 'Yhs .fl1;o-StIt usual fxrtfa:men:'t m, .'beacl'l.'VOJfk d~'kl~ 'fllere ~r.~~.~ ~hoit l~llle~~~g ec-a sm,a;:nchim hey: . is a wJ~d scarab on th,~bf'~Mtj JoJn~ iu-as $t¥e:h and b~~[l(i. tll,a:t ~Q.Qtll.·~f ,cha;mber.~ In t~js .~ayfaur \VQr~ a.,·h:lflaYS i~='to; the dia~nal.net\~of;·k:'!il.hi!c:h >OOV~ comns~, "[he ,€arU€.St n:i!tturaFly"l.vus. thart ~t t-b~ bil'~t~ t;h~ :m:ummy'" 'The mmt ,eRa]60'r;ab! elta:mple that Ii a lightly mad-I; COffiL1 011tHllJed to 'ltie ,Agt~T.e·i 'bu:t· l/~j'th ha\y,s seen 'had. ,~ ,~il;gon~l ·nEit·0.[1 the bead~ 2, bead wo(~k U~f]g:ht s~~e~.;·:~Ud0[11th.e tof' wid~a~lQlll~ed. heard ~nd[ f~Qe ~n the faee ,j.Q:irJrmng t,o 3. beadwork €'()n~:r ·\!lJii·c;:b. hal'Jlds: 'tnms '~b~~;a;b])~d. :~UlOlther "SimHa:ti~and in$]tille thet again Jeilined t" scarab '\\1"11:11 wlling's::th,.e.~ a Une Qf ;~ g:p~4 C~rW(f;lm'age case wved:~gtb~ whtQ}~ ffii!.:]111tin[y; d~.oo~l net and a, M bird. lvlth o~·~$plile~d. 'Winp ; then -and with. :a. s~it down tbe ba.'ck 'wb~r~ :It pu,t, wn~ n.,.. ""'''',e .l,~JlI -, )~_.-!l. Ul.ree rl[l~5elf d;}~:genaJ ,and a lIEill w.£th (\)ll;ftspr~~id. ~w.ingl ; ~'Ii.·e- ;.,"i'·.,..,....~'f"lill-::·...... ,A.·~, l~u.;~~ -. ~,He-~~ "",,~l 'II\~~] l ""'''''.d- l""A,t e.tL.. atlil1 JiYlJ~ giv€:n 10 Kahn;]J1i. p' then m.nre I[Hag:6\llaJ."!ilftD·:d~,. and t'be :row ~r trOll]i' [f as are .m~t or vhil9l ~) ~f ,1\mcnti(p and seme mnrunteI1igibJ.,e .pa:tterniniS, 'below X::tV~ ~. I'Q, r 2. This ¢offin WM banked around ~y tb:a:.t~ 'Tl:n;e: Ig'1as~ ·~ea.ds gf 'pl~i:n. OO]OUl"S hal~e. 'q:uit~ chips; !of '~,o~kl~hidl ~O'er the floQr 'of t'lle tom'b ,tD o ,"anjis~.ed; anrl the egrt~f beada or R'a;]nessid.,~ time ~il)mij d,e_~h. ''''':p~n fl):[tj. ~f[hl '[~y ,~n_1i.'I.$r ne '~~.i,'1l;)0) have turned iDiito ,~mther scarce cl~ ,~f tail1in_g .a lGar.tGJn:ITh~·~I!. also i:DUiiCf.i,bcr:d \~'~.K.ahun l\l! XX,Vi 0 billie ~ beads, wIth. V~hl:t b:io,~~~md wJiU.e ~'2)~ Jn ·~ta[]t ,'£ these ~~od a fa[:Si6. ~ar-mp~~s. 'This .Si~J"le: bud~d was 'Gomm,pn :bl tMit age; a Gl arQ1lJ'nd. {be e'ye~ (XX[K~ $2, .[3).. l]ke a s,ar,ooph:aguS.800od 4.~~t We nate also tbe runt ,apJ?eM"a'D'ce '6( sevfaf,itl frame and 'palleJ1[mg.la;Q~11illg &toQd classes 'w-hkh. tietam~ 'Very p\rominen:t I'm ],s;~r' 'tlllU::S., OVi:t ·th~, mummy ; 'bu:f "If h3!~l no 'b~U0mj a'iI:1~ and th~ top. 'was, In I~Jll~ ~l".itb. $b~~sid,~s. The Pt.a:h=,snku en the UoltQd.i"Jeii ~XXIX~ 43J ~1b~k!®d an ]dg~~ bY" Ba:st~,''w~tb outspread wi~gs' descended l11b) the It 'W,S!,S sEm,.p~y;s~t d.'G;lWll ,@~~m- the m~]mmr.'Wh~,C~l f\es~ 'J.< "br,~ .;t;ol -r: 'Hn"f" ,e il"\t!Ii t'~~, ..............• I.""~. 'T'iI4.:.e. 'I. A on the :~~nd bedow' ~t. Thig 'fa]~~s.arroptmgtlrs' 'was ..,; ~..,!I' ,i!iI:l~{ ...... "'" v "..","""''"' ~_ pill;; "-"J."","""O!JLJ .!i·.UII.;.. .n.l~~Y SOl]], 'Ir~d1th 'iI \Vicl~,oo'Uarr ~o@:m.m~:f.dy mis:-na.,me0J a:n. a~gls) bI~clbed. ,dQWl1 th~,m~ddle of th~ ltd '(0((; ~J:o.r:lIata~ ·of b~ue' on Y0lli-ow; 'tb~ eJ::iJds. li~d (X:XIX I~ is very co.mm~n. do,w[1 to f;tale:m;iitj)~ 'wtrr:l1t ·A·~ (Ie .. X·XV. 116) TllJl~~ ]arg:e ut~ e.~·,'~9 ,~XXillX~, l"l IS, 19), '~~ntjnu€ to the o,]d, CllrJ'e tqp· .sa;rcop"~lI1'Ils. d~$~grrJj~, ~he'S;i~~ "~N~:~ m . . the R:~m.aJ;fi .~. ],:,h,'e ·~t· ce:u.nterpo:i':ses '2.2) pa["D.'teCI .~n. fa]s-e aoo'f :pa-ne.lls ~oQta.i![')hl,g fl:.g;u:m~;:and \lr'e:re: o:f"trenmade in '~}lre'$:a.'l't:e and Se'bennyte d¥n~:s,ti'es. .t:h@. ed~·es ,i;lld. ,oorne4~ positS' w:ere· ,aU .pain.,ted ,~reh T~he ~m~ng13;;1;)~cl.figllIirres ·Qf d4~[tH~J~ ;t\]Je ·v.e~ry s.oar,re In®criptians ']Ike ·1th~t on t:h'e [itt ·B~[ille:~th. t~is tUl~re befo~,e ·thi'S t.i m.e~'but ,awElJdant ]"0 1fbe l~teE' ~~1S,. Iay .~ whM;e C~f·tOr.!L:na:.g~ 'GuvelT~fjff .b'9:scdbed iLI'f1ollttnd. tb.e Amulets '~irSit a:re fouod. ,~[lJ]. '1£h~ [tHlnlmies nbw 2LRd feet~ ,~n'd.,'Vit.h :a. v:e(t? ,(leep m'oc~~la~ p.~dl'lted '(]n. 111 c::Qv~f.i'IDg the. '~ody:. In f~o,nt ~£ 6.):1$ \~~ the l~t. hc::l:]1ced~v~l~ped brt~ sudh a. g;reiIt ~yseem In the Sa'ite l times~ In s1ll,(i)\r~,'\lII'·e ~ go so fat as; 'b]i saJr that tble're 'bud~lj' a" plai-n wl~ite.ig'htly 11Hilde 'Agu:oo 1Z.=Offiro,. T"berem ' is a wider gap, ·bet.weef], 'the' mJ,ttl;l!lfa~b.1~s the ;X;mXl11 ''l.~ere:n~ 'beQfdi,$, iQ.~. :a'i.nu~~t'$of a,:ny' kind. \1ll:1 th .tih~ 'bllrt~llisl; of ~b,:t,€kdurst w'ben .a~d. XX1If'jJd dyl1~JSities-=fn tlia 11 ~ipac~ctf t~ml ErttJ rie3 'The' 'bndi,es, '3.1l;~ lla§dages :fel1to :ttU:~l~ ~ ~ th.alE'JJ in .~'I]'l'" otbe't period .of E'gyp:tiam ,~'tl. t. is d1s;turb~tl. ~ . often 'h~rd W distrni)1lJlish 'b,~~0eJl t11]ng~·· tHe old. ,of ~:n ~Q:the'[ t8.m]' which 1 did. .npt c[~r ~,Ut :rnY.$~] f; an.d. :midtU~kl~gd.oOll\. or 'betwee:n dle- midd ~~ldogdrom w-e'te tWD ~;~J~QQ'ph~.i ; ·wi.t1dn them t\'\fp. laFge' Dl'U:I:umy .~tJJd the Emp'i:re; .or b~tw.r~fl th~ Sa]'tes a:nd PW·]~Q1i~iS .. cases lIviith piuk and. '~~l1QW':r~~~~, ]IDS'cdpdQ~s ®!l1d E,BJiIt b~t.we.e:n ~:J:u~fXII;nd J dyn;a$'['Y and], aU ,hat ·w~.nt Ji)arnIrted. in &blLe prJ ~'b~ ra\\f' wo.pd (~r.~hu,_n .X"XV:~ before it tne:re.· is a. plf'ofo:und. ,se.pa:ra:!ti'M. \iVl1a:t'e'-wer' I~ 3). T;be¥' oo!fJJimined t"w $!nl;er.li of Amen,. ·Tii1Il.=rat
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:~olt ~t s~i:nk~.ioH t'OQ d~&p. ,~Bd s~icl{s,to all ,tail! bandages, belQ\lI; 'it ,s,ho1JJld [be ju'St 'uD f'~e poin,'E: Gllj'[]ing.. If PQur.eQ: Q:g '~'OI th~ b~g;d~f'Q]i't ]t ~~~ns, away in a. m~,r:'O\V"strearn ; It :f:lJe~~s'it~ be das''h~d c:n.~ sumc~.e.nuf Shar-,aly to Sl,pread it!!, 'but: nq1t h~'fd e!tl0u:gn to move tlle beMs~ '\Vh~J1 'llie eoat is .~a1dj ]]d, has ~ ~ba::rd.ltll.ed.j .it m~y' be n~ up '~~f-ith all tll,~ beads If
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finely ~lb'bijd all !welt' }t~, imitate dm:[let;f" e,n. the '1.bak'em~ 0Jl 'PIIle ~A"qI;)ipba§1.ts,~er,e pl~a ,t\.,;o 'h~wb at the ~;bid5) C]l'f in 'w,oo~1.and l)'l!in:ted; fIU!J!lrUEl~r' ,~ ~ Elle,1tl.v&d·t lb~'ds~, ;rranged t~;Uj;S; a ,:yltllb'J), were three c.oJHnsjr one :iro,tb~ otber ~ 'm,e h~t,~j'''' ,S~~~m~iJ~'fn tQ 'th~; b€:jad~wOllt,~-;a'w.~:b~r lb,1Jes' pn eaolh. ~ mos,t beIng stlil~OOO, ;a:n,,a g,iEl iU" ~v~r; h~,];t ttb~ g~de:'Qif ~l'llia;t,r·,row to the Oct bird.,. ;} ,~W$, [~ th€ genU g[r]{Ung' ,had ~~H b&e'n rnl:~:eGlJ~1~L1d. lIt feU w pieces &'1]. of A:m'enti~,_.~~ows down. tQ ~. bmd ~ and 15 'r~l\l1'S irlnwar.d , .r e_iX~Q~U~i Too ,~es. of all "N.,,~t-e·i'1l1@id vUllo' Umdtol:1f: tm '~b~:fetJ1L Ol1tsid~ o[ tJl1:S° comru a lJ iltkal a.nd 1 ..... h~'livk, ca1E:Qcl in, '!i!v'~Qcl, ann painted, fixed on tile lliwe~d, a:nd h!2~~e: lids ~~d Qro·lIYB;. . The b~s~ri~12rd9m. l~S' (J',) -~'Ii'tin··..iIt'~"i'''''~~+ ........ the 1I""i~"to;!,Fi:- ;;:>.A'P:L... '!i., I~ A4:' 'I.:~"""~",,, ~W,~1."~'~ f' d}L~V!j.Jl '~, ._-_~~ I~~b lL ~~ .U-~~ and f6~t ~f the f~,1sesarcoph~. On Motber si~ila:t.' l.n~;da~. w~re the [Jt ·~~tcltal .b.a;wk: and m~d~ a ~~ffin 'ruld. :~f£]~d'jl an~ were ,tl~stm~~t1l by c~~PQ~111i"e to f):\¢ a [I'. .. .0'11 ·tlte mUff.lrm(V' ~ ~ ~::Ua.g,'@nal b:eadl, .oet~;vQrlq a:.nd, 'of ~ ,~oma![]j ,"with thesame sJ1t¥]~ ribbed, ftr,apery ,of tbe scar,abS' O'f F.k XXIK_~ 1 to, ~Q. Tli1;e~r111e1.re .all :1l1\:)ill€ned] io ~"tuc:cb'" A~ t'b~ h~ad of ~aCh. of- these fSbin,~d, by 'moving' tl.re mummy eas '~~fo;l'e~ 'QQ~dl, I b~n~[g'w,~ a,; Sijil:i13re ~ox w['!th a .short 0bfli:sk ~iil:nd;[iQg it, N o, " 1:5:! ~~a,'t'J iJ.rJ.e ~C'~ of Se-amen, XXIs.t dynHqn ; u.p<' on l1be Ud" pahrlted ~vhite and red ; in the 'bo,-x a ,~;nd as t·~e. Is nalh1:ng I:h~[1I',~~';telF,]s:th~ l®.!;tet' ti~s; 'l0i ,qu~ntjtyof V:f'frY' SimalU f;la.)! t[shalftls ,Ei ~e 'il1'Q~ghe~t here, l 5bauJd. ~l.gn ~his Qurial to ·that age, '~[ndi 'By' the coffins wel'"e' 'bv:osmaU mod~l false N\o. ,3 is fl'eG.u[ia]'~ tll,e ,cl~fl is ptr~tty ,oortaJrdy sa~p'b.a~ij! ~ihd,i~lSCl.]1)ed l~rcith'w:fuli'~e' ]?!ain:t !loOng' the hQl,es$idle." yel tl}~, 'oo'l'O'u~' is ~~CU¥, Hke. ~'ha;j~ fIJi' ed;~s ,~cl cQr.ner:s;, and ,oanta~n.i a. llilrge quantity RI:'

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It 6U,~~ts 'i:Jlaft th~:re m:a:y h~v~ been 3. ,Qf ~the same very l'ililde: 'ushabtis. Ai '~he' ~~d~s ,~f. .~evival,of '~O:py11~gold 'W10'rk. f~-r lack Bf a new st1b;;; ,; A:meoo·r..clus ':ve~' bVb .~lfV)e?i1l ;GUlclJ, pMllt,ed lVlOo"cleo and, N Q. 6, 'e~<fJy.as :i:tt .]0ok~, may '~t ,~n i'mi!.a.. ibiJlmade [lsidsfigu;re~ ~ The D~jiS(S Klll;en.t~a¥mem:tmis ,about ill 'the XXlst dy.l'Uj'l;S~y,. Th~ :gr~t :giiosSBes scarab, 4, two ,f~$ ]hIg'h ""l,1f)fJU '~~~cu,u:ed~ ,fixed 00 a tr.ay @f.' and may w~U b~ of t1lls a,~ abo. Nes. 2~ Si' ,~.~~ H)~ are b~ndfo;b~rr.i"QlIM,fO'T ,ta!:r:.r,ri:pg' i,~,~id~four ']}:aooLGS al't 'WIle , all of 1:'h~e 'XXth or XJil~~;: I 'b~dn:gan Imfea,t[Qf.!d! tllm' ~orDe~ "To!e Osiris. Soka~r,~ lima. en ~ bleek $,tand. Set:.i i Ilnd Tdu tmes II I scarabs; '\iVldle, ~ t'hoflllgh, .The last iD;temm~ntwas QD~ of' ·P;!iJ.jhi (1{~,XXVii 'l'?)" w'llit:;b was a Siq;i!oa;re ,oo:ffio) conmirdng' n !!it!l,~Qe.d )~f e~I'ly st.r!'e~,$h~w~by ~,ts eo1'C~njlt.' 'that i~ ispro.na:b1_Y' figure~case 'wU]'] p,oUs.Hie.a, :red.. face... Tm~ tonib 15 , ii~Th]mim·~'Oin., ,N os, 3 anal :5 ,al1e set, ,~n,~@PP~1r'bBl.d$., ' The otb:e!r nl~fnm¥ was :in, 'Sial.nar eases, 'but. ,vi:th, pe:rba\P~ the ·f]nest of U'l.a;iEg~ 'Q'IT' reeoed ; and I hope a tlie ih~~rrp,'tl!Q~, t: ,~19w.n,"the ~;cscr\lliclJ ease, €hlJl UL~ body that .in, the .G,br21S~ Mu~eUm w,e TI1Ja:y ~~e' th1? v,~,u~j,(~tQs lilY a ,gUt 1i;c'tl!~CQ band, j1Jtscrfb:~dj XXV~ 2) :a.ndlt-wu obJects, ,p,l~~ ·tagethet" a:ild 11ID tl~;~il")lr.~n~J ~~.l'a.![]jg~ j g,~rrii~, A.[j[lNe:~ aad Kebl~I~~f~ ~l the' SS_1ll,~ ma,rerii(L ment.l! as a eompletc [rum;nc~ of an mtermsent. The The:~e 'were ma;ny sman ~nvtt COWJ;',ili!;$ :m:i ;xed ,~lt_h th~~ use: ,qf glvirJg this, d~tan,ed .'des,crIpti,O:t1 islp iUrn.stt-at~ shifted be~d~ ,ofth~ netwnr:~". 1fh-c ]¥]a;1~ hard bee~ t1'le eustem of tliU~' t~m~, and t~ enab~e e1J.l'ra,tQla 'tQ tnt. @l( ~d la;y'm J. tl:USS bernQ~, the ,herAd~ a sim Ua:r uuderB;t~nd tn'e" ag~ and 6ifigln~1 pWJtpO~ 01' t;he !4asf: 1 t~0It~d Qrl! a,. RQm.~n mummy '!j±l,~ ila.wa~,a, wb~te 'Wai!tIQUS. stta.,,' tniqgs lv]th:09!llt a nmstocy 'ii\fb~ch s.IUMtd a loftg' mass oJ 'hai!r' h.lJiJd!, been ,~fI[~il!: ~.ff, and ~a~d, lown. GIU.r E,llwpean c:oEh::(;:t.iqns.., c
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the fron:t Qt' ·tfue ~o[]1' ,(Hlder t!1,€: banqa,~s. At:~l1e II ~ Tio Qm:JJG~'l1d~ ] w]U :d~s6d~e; tr.pieal detai~SJ ,the, foot, 'p'r '~h_i$ b~nr.U '\1lP (".E" large lo:f ,~f wry' rod~ 't~-n,y ~f' th~ bu:r,i:a]~ of the XX II Olea, d,YIU!I~Sty~ 'The C6m~1, '~sJtabti~ m,~a~' of m~gh presseClJ p~th&r-y 'dr.pped int,~ tl1tin~ SEt-a[,gh t slloptng s:ides~'wIrn a sUgbt sban [cle.r~and ~riu:~d. he®Jid;; s1~es: pright. L~d fl~t' bQa~'ti ith :a~ned"ge u w ~ ·btUit lva.m: oUle:r8 'lla1 lO:Y~he 'middle, an,d, a: ,jar al 00' ~t~ irns(1;r1p;tioo dO\,ill, 'the m~,QdWe~usually p'O'nSce[jl.~lte~, ,Or ~ ieeJt., So. ~~m:the];' tom,'~"t~ 1i:1Jf:'st or ~J'[ a t IlLah~nl~is tl:bepe~~~:l iQ~Ul1}e ~lnitOOd a,t; ~e' encl.. Iiei!td !~nd ·Ut~tqf A.metlla;rdus .;, ,th~wh~]e ,oonmm'!frsof w.lii'eh ll!f,fere 511iJtmldel'"s In. .r~Ue£,.luld,.som'etlmes 'fhe ha;]l,fils;'; tbe f~te > ;a, ,~~rv~ b]~~,k, r~vood. tb~ ll~ad~d.re~.tor.~~d, of'"t~,c€oJ o ta'k~n. at t11~ ,Dulak M:~i5¢um. 'The il'U],~l]J'lOOt ~Q"n !@'f all h~d a nD:n:;~1!iS; ifi $ criptruon., N"e~t: to th~t 'W~S, ;Q,f ilU)~ U!1fIiln, Qf :NHe mUld,; hrHUaody pai'l]jted, 'lvi.th ,il spleD.ditill ri.ds~ ,£ia:r.~~h~gu;s~'If:v.ilh aU fhtl' j:rJJ~~r,i;ptia~$ 'l'ed1, bl'u'~jloyeUQ'\;v~ bladk a.nTd 'lvliit:e; the clooo.r~\Uon ~ ~ ~(IIVV'lJOiIT\ .'. "'1..:11 c::t!l"V,ed Ul the WlO~~..:a th 'Ii"" 'L, "" ll"!I..a.l!I:un~A.A v ,w,/ j, as ]t ~Ol1.:J!W, nolt ..' '\v'E_g and Yll'1:btre b.aaQ.=d.ress. lns~d,e Ues; a ,cartonna.ge be' sfi.f;e~" 'fnQved, e:nth"ej. 1t.Qrilt ·~ttG l1ti~~ m~td{,eJl the co,f ,n~e";and plumr mbd~Ued to the, body form, spJit tbe pm~~and b:aID$~oritoo it ]J], ~~r-fect aondfddl'l m .J)lf.Iliak do,~wn '~at'ki \ll"be;r:e t!b:e:, mU:IUlmJ" \\~.Uslipped, into jt. r~I!i~!' '00 bta. ~t lIP' \; B~ne<ath it stnQ,d ~ b]~j lmmed. Th~', :urf~e gell!et.aUy '"l'h~b;fldth a 'band 'of m~cd,p'tj'()!n s e,f "'VG,od~, ith fw:r 1[~9~ f~e't r~~ w legs, m j[;~, On that d/own ..]re tn[d.dn~:: spr~d v~dtulie: ,ill: rh.e tell !fijf it t .)head : th,e, f~te (i!~rved iu W'Qod was tne w'eQd~El ~~o,irPha,g~~$~l~t~f::C:0~d wThlJt~ and. ,som~Um~g \\ritb, a" li~!.[tn'~ £2
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,~'Ild jnse?~d. (he1iL"w~ come '[he mmtitU(]le ,0'£ Sill.tn ':~a\C@Sj times on ]~. tlte '~eru! :an.d li9ruda]s ,~e;re U$~U. "Th,e as t"~: ~-al):to,n;n~~ar~ d:r:t~ r.,IiJf.t,~n, broken up) ~ar]1.e]f he~~; 'were 'OOr~.era:b]y w,~U made, of folds of 10f. and m,bIl! died' dEl a, 'bl~k, These and th.~ Jte~d. p:dn:tecl. \:v:.ltih :ll 'il'j.1.iig:. S<Ht~et(m~ the Ih"D,en,R~ted '!,t\~]i.eij lca~n:n~: :~s; paJjl'tecl1;Mith soen~~ O'f OffC4-111f;S 't.Oi,~ as bh)~'llts 'w~r.e ill tw'P parts, ; 'IDe, ija~k i1,al~ quite smooth a] l (j,:ver it. TIl'e' tJtJd.y' ]ns(ilile seldam has aIEl:)!' ,131mul~ts 'blflh~:ftd'J w.mi~b, .,GCJuldJ be 11kllitlJ.rltal'lii',D after 'iin)cJi'ldd~mg; a!nlid. i:s, l]sQilU,' me1:\~ '~bt-~k dUlt and bGn.~~ ,~-miI,the: llOIIJie. hilt ~vj[ththe t'Q~e i~ 'r~]ie( l;vhtcll eou']dl AnQthet t,Vl1e Q:I hur.iaJ is :~nthe,figufle €offi[}s ,~a:tvw, be litled. IrxU.t ,~rtefthe h1J€k 'hdf was gone, %e clpth .out of' it bleek ,;:th,ese, are g'!8ne:rajly pilmted, w'b.~~ ~ '\~as, pt~StJ§ed 'Q]l ~M'eti ~l1!t[ :weml~ls 'the mat~s Qf the with an :runscdpriM sometim-es: dO'Wml tIlLe- fmrnti some= j'unef~@n a'[1I~~carVinm-,~f tbe m.q~l'cl., O'~r too ~lD~h d "l[me~ ~t.."Q~fud, the' teet, "Ih.efa~e: ~s 'wh~e~jOl' :Wl~d~'~1 ~w~s,i, looa~of' ,stULC~i :p~!nt<;dJ. adf, blij1€'j ',ailld,G,~n $e ,g:.~en w~tb. a ,g.roe'-Jt and 1bleJck wig., These eases diO' face 'lVU ,gllt ,f!l;~d 'bUJ:rn1~h:ed very ,skj!,f~ny. In lafr~ tlot ~nta:Ln :t calwn.nage;. hut ~['jl}!1ibe bDdy:~'Mack tim,e, aliiol1t :rhillaideJp,¥m~;Ji :p,a.,p:yt~S, was sJib~titQ1terl :(or. Gl;at~ land. .sev,e]'l~'~ la.yet~ ~f' Demb~ 0\1' IG1i:etk paupy:r,w d:uJ$fb and b~I1~\s,~ 'were' I[.u~ to,getlohe:l'l. CG'¥e:red 'tw[\!Illi ,StDJCQ6 and 'p.tt:i.nmd ; SQmJe.tim€',stlie :fate' 'lYM gHt sQ~~t1m!~~ yeilliiwl Gf dse; lvhite' ~ thr,~ b~e'k of the ~~~d, :iQmevnl~;$> :bas scenes rr'-"~4p:'T'E:'-m V'" '1'1 01 Q,fCerln,g '"b1Jred 00, ,~~; 'aDd, t[1i~. d~s ~f. ]:bea;d ~ LilJtl.. .:" .. ~'-,~~,rtlQn11,age d~V~lJ'Poo. 1ntQ t'h~c maa~iyle p]a.~fe.[' he~uil,-, FTOLEMA:rc tEM.ETI1tY, GU~t}']l. pieces of: tL'b!' Ist a;nd rInd oentuty ,fo:und. $:1; lIa~~1 )2. In, a~!:se ,~f' W,e di~~~rt,.1#Q tbe n,otth Df the t~tWn pf wl~£dl Iead 11p to qtb,e time lof pahlr~d .p·QiJItr,alt$ (eSee!Gl!:I:~ob n- ~te[it&iy;~ cem,~te.ry' 'wa.s '(ot"\med in Pwl~Jm~ic tJt i;;;£aw~ll'41,,'}rr, :mX} 'Tbce R~,te;r ~ta~e ~Qr' thIs ~pyroYs a tim~$ i !~itD!d,'tfue·.style of it, is se d:i:f:fer~l!l.'t t~~t'ha[0f. an¥, ca1:tallrmge 'wa~ '[Ilnd~!t" ,F'hIlade'~phos and .Ruergetes 1 Dth@rper:lr()d~ that ,i,t i;s 'worth ,ric;ftilbe. The usual f:o~m whem t'heM no ]ang~(r gJ~,ed t:6Iether the p~py:ri ~ 'bIl:~ lof 'the' tOlmbS W~S,8" pit abDUft e~gl.t;t f-e:et.ld~ep tv1denlmJJg' ;m,~rdy ooa.'~~d tHem ia.nd pJaSitetei1 t~em 'QRe on tbe. en tbe- ~fe:st ,sid~' :into a; bo'U:o<w seQ(>p~d oO'U:[ in 'the other i tri!Jsc]:rlllg to. ICf-QL!si:n,g t'ham, and a ,~od '€eat
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'which =S~etlm~s 85 milflly' a~ ,a dozen coffl:sts '\W'~iire plac~d~ The c~ffiQ.:S, 'W"'ei"'ell llnp~:i:o t¢d. ~: a lot wugb brewn woeid"r' and 'dlliin" The: ou tUne lva;s 't,[d!~~lln"g the' ,sDe,uldi:"F's and t~FU#.[i£Jg to, ·'~b,.e ftelJ, to n k:e ~omG bassecn eases inv,eJ;ted!. Tfue Jj~~had ve~ d~ep sides, ~nd 'th:e. e,~'~s were m;ete ~]lfiUa\!w ~f£~S!, 'with, edl~$i' not, Ov~ a~ :h~ch iiJ:~h i' ~h.~ J~t r~" tbe. ,~\rQ~p~rnans.'ef '1[h~tafH~$ oftn€ XXI 11:ld.dyna5~10 'Th~Otdy ,ilJJec~mtioll' of the (l;e_ffi[l ~va.s;a cat.:Vea 'wlQ:ode:i9, ille~, Tl~;~se lre;:d:1~ ,~.rle'of 'the m~8t :ma::r1l,eUous rudeness i a .fe'iV' are ~od ,enOillll':b tD be gftQit~S!~lLlel bue otk~rs are lthinp of"lJ,fldch ,a: p~~[1ic :islitflde;rwouLd )be~h~ol!€d.. The l!l,O 9 e'S, i~ long tfjawgul~r tid,ges~'fbe ,eye'Sl m~rk,ed \\dtb 'hv'o sOO~. b~,the' '])o,ard,· Q~d'the mo~t~ ',vit.h ,a '~]]'ird.]lJr.re. In .sa,me l'be ~looe :[s ,egg~'t ii'.?m, { and fp ,t)'thefS, a g:baslIJr 'a:tt~m)p.t a"t im,plflo'vem!ettt is ,m,~die' ~y ,p3:.Loti.ng. lack: i~rnd \!.fb~te'eres. V\f,lJtl1:hl '1Ju~'S\e h g'~,f rnlllg[1. iC3Sies we:re' ~om:p~:m1:hl'el1' {'tin:: cartcpiU:I!ilg'es" "'fbe separa~ l~j(mec~s e:all.r.tOJ1fl'age ~t: thrus tim~ were. ~J th0: ~ead:pie>Qe' 0sm~g . d!oW"rIJwith a" ,spoof£d on tbe ehe:s;t' i the' peeb~'n.;~ or co:Har 'plate!, ~emk;:if:~u~ar' tbe ope]l-\~~;f'k fMme. ''''J.~@h ,flgiUteS, "Got gO'~:lJ ~ the ;6'a t: reet[lJlgurla:r' ,plate tlpo:n, 'f'b,e l~gg~~bout 4 ~ 1,8 :[J'lc]ie5'ji sa:ndy
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'The pa,pyd l7e;GQv'"e:t'0d. f!.rDm ,t~ ,gJuoo :~l1se5 are :m'o:stly im. a, 'boo, ~fuare,; the, gb,d"i'l\g~ the' ~9~Jdngl; ,a'lild ~paF:a,ii[W~ ,~IJIJd. 'w~mrJ)g~ ~U inJ u:r;!8' tb,e~lvdtJng' ~ and 'tl;l€ [glue ,has attr~.ete4 lnstlCt~l wh~ Uf-n n1kos,~ cases l~aye'e.a;~ t]]~ :~apvrn~~l1ltbe1y' Ig,lV~¥l!and lleft lmlthhl~ 'but a 'hoHo;w' d.Qubh:' film ~f ~t;:uJociQ,. be later cases T

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m~d~ w,ii'[h p])~in w.ettil"!l,g are rir tb~> ha:t sourC,f:i (llf.' p-ap¥p. ~ and where a C}.O~~lWle.!1t beea u:s,~, w'h~Ie, bas, a~id' l?U:t 0Q, a :flJa~t pacrt ~:a.$,..1d!IQW~lill.illie h,~~~ er In the l;*~€~:qJ;al)~, :J1rl,~:Y 'be: ;t~k:en au:(r; ,J!I!~ne the '~\I"'~irSe:f~r its ]Jt, bur~~df .ove[ f\~Q thuusand years. o
5~~ ]'d',ast ~f tM :ln1l.ltn ffljEa a're bilDd:a~dl~ alil,~ then :C~'v\€~"ied 'w~th ~ 'tl~~S tilnd~ging 'of lJla.Yr:m~ stri,lfs J()f

]ln~j' \v1~, ~dge$ $blded. 'i:n .s~;,asliO, mi~'k~ a ]],eat ba'ntl, ,a.bO:llit :ba;] f an i:n,c:h. lwide.. These ba]ld~ oV,edrue th,~, l~a:t"~ohn~~i and ;ret~iin it 10,11 mumm~. the E~~[1' 'm~ ~~m~ ,~yst~m 'tl'f bDIDa~ ,i~ S~ Of,! 'the RQm~.fIL m,W!:IDnlil~ ·of J--l~i!r\V~lrra, ,arne t:ih,e:re it d~vCilO',~d WW a ;

:fe,~1l1ar'0t,ilam~.TI:,tatiop ,~if ~;e~~!ised 'SqU:al'8S ,'lla:war,a, I X, "4} ~\d.'.did~, 'a.:f:tetw~!fd s; bad pJaSte.I'"' kn()b5~ gj it Q.f' 1oo [O'ln:ed:jl sell lR 1f:he lb~,tt,(),m of tib,e b~l1Jo'ws~ EV'et:y
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the f01il'~ ,geltit ~lucl,stime~i'mei Irus ,find -NJ;~J)~a;t-"'; S'tag:e lrd1.icb :lead~ up. ~ this oampUeate£1, ~~h~,Gp'ra.tloo '~nd the' r;(uzrbc;l$e~,ld:th. sa:&'lJJd 21J,~5 .pdnte-d, O:J) ,th~' borUClm J~~rJJ be t;r,a;;ef:1m. \ ur 'tc!l;lfO sliP'S ~P~ti~ en it;he' spl~ of tli'l'E:' Feet, S~m~ SGm.~b~rrlalg 'Ml~;r:e in a cl Ir~n~:l1t sty le.~ O£ten rnrol,~

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stieks sk:iUiIUy' ~ered """fth .rqs!j;e.s t~ lojm the ~it1eS) a:Dd~with ,I h_ingftng Uet A[sQ r~:5h, c;fl.'oo.:pilles], r ba~dacC'h~mtjSj, were set up Q:lV'e:r e tlese .CQffililS~, g~UdUypa.¢11:t:e:"tl iH. pink and l'limm: bu,'t they were too, fndl tQ :last 'Tb~ Q'Jlly'.s1!J.bs~allt~a] comn 1:0 t11j~cemetery \M'a.s en,e' .4-& £' h ~.0-'1.. 1r .. :mra!-J~ow; ':il..".:1 wOQ<~~ "we]'~Ml r rusJC!u;:.J Wh.lJJ. :a::t' .l!l]~l1'u, ,f l~I!J,Fi'e$, fl'.l: ,i~S, l<vith a
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,agd. N'eQh~t, aif: h~ad ~nd feet" rut In~and £lU~ 'u'l1.th, :~,reen, ~~; the ,;w\h(9ife su.rFace, ''!;;v,as 'li1%l.r,rJJ:ishr,ed., Inside was a gi~t E~~ h;i~'a~p~~~ pe:ct~r8:]~ Ma) opCl:n=,;vo[~k {f,lm~'~]eg'p1~'Q~an,d, s~ndJ~]s.'fwo ,o'~b.er.. ~,dffie~ Jl~d: be,ellltluu~J; int~ this ,c@.ffin.

wbi6'l1l JPLa1!emy ti~s is ,tha~ Pt'ClI~iTJ,rats: lV~ & d :sa~th. ,of A'rsinpe, {ltid ,~fithe R~Jtlm. Thj~ wf~~dd,lead 11~ 'to loo.k f,Qrr~talong ttte Giilnal whic'hl ~d!~rt!tthe .s@u.fb.-e~t of £he· Fayl1;m b~1f[. I llavtr ~wiln~~cl' ~oug aU that "line; it. i~ ~mpO-'_$ihJ;e fot th~· anal to" hS1~: I~Uowi~~ally Qlt),te'r Q'J1ll Htti calnde~tl¥' : c ~be ffii i;1];s 'ru:i:se~ n, th~ ,~~lI.'e' ]~:a:md, l1d the;: F~yuml 'ba"ii:n o ~ mUs PI\ 'tiThe 'gther. T@ get'l 'w,aterr .~Jp:lig:to "rhe 1'dllli flHed

~s: b@yond que'$~h)ro i and tharef-ore the facJt

'vin~,e.s, alDOl];t G,ha:rak this pft~em:t line of C~'UUl~ is ,the '~Jlly p:O~i~1!e CeJllJrne,,, lli't, is elf~n no"" ~ l~~ ;q,uraij. 'whidl lnJ'g:b:t ta.'ke boats; and j,t must
It~;v'~b e~~ mueh ];arg~r .LID, ltom:arr. t~m,e.$", as a f'ffr rl'eatt'r q.u~tity of la:l1d, wa~, &~m ]rr,~,ga~toothan is lli'OW under c=ultivi.t~01fi ,~]}dli~ !~lisbiet. 1t is 'ther.~D.r~
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The p.ort 01" ead ~f the' ntQ!:~'i ... · gi.h[e-,}iC~jJ:']a[ Ci1t!ll?Kd~; have been '[urtlllcn:: ,en" as '~heg~Q~nd fa:lls ~W'a1', and neeessitates diyidhm:g 1;he water into. :$,~pa;r.ate ,e_cu.1rses. f~lence t~k"jng' ,pnly Ptole;my"s ,jjieogmphy alroJd the '!l~,~~flg;u_1'~'ti:O\not tb~ cfJ'uu:i:lij! \V~ 54- It has '[~fllt 'h~~n,:~ di'iiieu]tjr in- tfDe IGepg,ra~,' sh',wld be led 00' tb+~ ~U~@'" S5,. Eut 1\ totaU,y' $~Plr,at'e means o~ id€tlftinQl:t'jOln, of Pto]fnny~ th:a:t t:h,e~ity of Ft~\OlCZ'maj'i,s W~ :plKeGi in Jtlrue: Ar.sh:[Qile nome, Sli)m~ :m:ih:;:s sallfu 91 Ar~i:n~ ; e~.i:6t:S ]~l tbe in.$c[',i:pdnn CFr. ,XXXI!},. ~e~di.Dg a and re.:t it ~W~ (::al1ed a ,[lQrt.. The .m,~5Ti;usual i!Feu]e-. d~diqatjon. 'W~ N'er,r by the. PtQ~m ~lan&, 'Thi:B, slab ment h;EtS" been hy ~gmO(fl,blrg the e()~Jinneetr9n \tV It!b. ~Y~$ fOlll1cl in the fatt w'hi.ch protected 1tll,e "to\vn :framlill OIf ~rsi:n~e ~M the neme, ,~nd: fiE_emg it ~n "the I\H~e" the' d~~e;rk The ,~act ~raJl:$~atj~ol1' it ls ]nl~ qtdt~ ,j';nJil ~~I :rrn~'I1:.::.].;<;. ,j,L T." ~k ~:...x...] ,s~ttled j ,and .for this pnhlt 'the' :~~pe:t 0'1 ICe:OOE Fnellts~, ,iP; :w~",",<~lw ~ "U:cI;"1i. ~UCu "IIV~S '!i.IL~~: 'o:rlg~~ " ..~ mj~ta.ke of Fto[&I"t.IJy 'hJmie]~, 'ff~m ~up'~s;In~ thrft ~ a.t the c!ro~~oof '~j:$ dba~tet~ ShOlllMI. ~ '~~l~1ilSii:de.r,e~., .. PiQr:t.must b~ an the' m~,tnnver~ "nd 'miflu6Mtl,ersl~nd[bg ~Fhis mue~ I-s. dear 'ii~art.tb2 '~x:te'rn,al argumtn t as' t9 .... ~ . ~~' il1:" '!If ~,:;t • J!JJ.S tTMlI:;t-e]j,tatIUs. ~on*' .:Il. y:e\.""~~ a,g~ lIl' FGltoteu, lOut jn tille si;~ej j~ ~U[])cb.ed 'by 'tbG '[fJt~(f.nal p~oot affiaEd~~by ~!l'Na:iJJikrntisJ!~' ,h.Of\\I" we' J:rn;a;st use PtoJenlJ# by.e:,M:.tl!'$.:c~j'ng t1[u:;:, l:twSC r:;lpt ~tlJII;, Tb~ r.uiros Icrm ,PthJ!em,a::lS adj'~]n, t11~sloe of the ~na] ftom him, the Q;d_gina.[. ~~upg '\If mRt~ij;a1s".as fa'l" ~ XX,X.l~), ;Mld eOive;r ~ spaoe flbout. IOilO :feet ~uride '~v~ (In;, and tha't 'W~ m'~sit ~[po~e tlif1€1 cmsSil'""'refereAees fr,o~~'no:rth to' 9(H.l,'th~.·~tld I jao ,feet lo~g'., 'YJds ~tea 'f]f,~m ~rn1eline eD,t m€~Slin~ments to anotber~ bC'lw-ee1'l ,~bie'fu hi,. ~["l\Gm flG~m,uJ&(t~.. H'~l?e it is evklen,t 16.r fI, tQ'iftt[l would eO:~l'ta[it1 t'w'Q' to fO'rnii!' tl~0'UJH:n(;l i:n.. tha!t h~ ha.d ·a 'fatt of ~WD' G;]:t[G,$ in tlle Al8inort~ lI1!.ame;, hammntsJ, a~QOr[ding tD ,th~ :[J9pu]:a,:tiQn of 'Ol,ad~,r,Gl (h~' t;api'tta], ,mnd thJe Firl of PWi],emais.; and, h~ ,tt~~;t~ E,gy,pttw, t@"MIlS. Bmt 1i:'l:le :ffJ~'IlriptloD .appears 'to' i,n an elllcrd]'\cly tre:r,e~t part gf ,the. tw~ ~tber '[!pwns ,gf metttio~1J!~.70 ~[uq1a;ye~~ "iivmc'b ,v~UJld.jim.ply ,~ popu~~ ,tbe: :F'ayum" B~tladi·,aJii:d. Dio(t}y:sias~, l~ta;m:itlg ,tfuem l~tid~ et ttbout thirty tihOl.Sand. 50 tIlle· pe~:s~rI!5 ~Jo~,g ~vi,th. L~k~ ~l~bi~~; arEd ~pp,ar,ei1tly an, tb1e Une refenre:ti '00\ 'mus,t hav~ ije'l~m,ged t~, 31 11l~C]), iafgel' atea from. M~'r@t[s :down tO~]l!e. ~a~~~, 'The. pooitlQJl -of than. this, town~ As tlw :p':{ese~t:Wl;r~~h~"tlcm, tbe of dose t®;
].iI'" ~"" ~", ~iI;c!lIiJ..~~
O;;"""'f't:j'

TaUt ehe p.re$~nt end of the wide canal, m~r:ked, as, ~lQth[n,g .found 'wUh it. Ta~~is ,poo.i.~>i~)n 1:2' {rom is 'l'1!:e: ''i~Qod, ;~ar:~vfng~, the :f;~cJt: i&f p];.... x.XX;rLa~~ PW:[.iSm~js ,0:111, PL. X"XX. at of a:~(f1u!tthe· 'VIlth eenr, ,A.;G',. from the 'cem:etery a;,t A'rEhlfQfeJ ~ns:~@~m elld; \!vhJi'~his as rl;e.ar as Ptolemylg pr,eai;s~fj:1l allows, since he o.1)'~f' ~ta:wst'll~e'nearest ,5j!'" ]Ua.lil,-u:n.. N ~ll ,ii~ 50ut~b X,e.nabtgOO.']l" And lit is S.s~'\1V~lsooad 'Df S'l whh~h is wl'er~,blr b
oCj' ~j'

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mO(l!;lnd iGJ,f ruin, but fa~,l?lld rJjQ!t'bt~g of any: imf.tOt~~'rtQei~'mb~tly bemg A~b ,sl'ljss,~uutn ~a~ch[]'}§'

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'Fay um. ~s I:,5QiOOQj \~ ben ~t 'I,~',:tlJS much m·ore "'v~iiely Tile 'positio.n of fh.6: ttn-t, ,~s,~x,ceUeat. It S1taHtts 'Qfi ~w.tlwterl in RCMuaD 't'jm.@ it" mefty :h~'!leheld, ,~S:o.,~. the: ,ris~ ,~f'de:ie:tl nel.'tesi: 'ho' th~mWlth~ and at ~ 'S';jjl:m,e SliD'!Chat,this d~c~e~ wQn]~ eoneern abQ~t an ei,gh6], 101 Jtime :w)t c.bmmittilds ,il (t~e.rt hor'it'on ,at l'~as't, 'five 01" the ]pfovlf.iCe'" wh~cffilli ,"lras :p:r~b~b1ythe size ef the' Si:K miles a:1r:llay ~nt]lQQg the seuth, Thus. ,any raid o:f district. of wWch Ptolem,ats was tbe pcf[mcl:p~lJaWll .. t Bed,~wlll GQuh1 be ,mJj~tiCedi~ tlm~l~ .. it. There 56", At~pi~:5ent tibl@, r:[],in!$, have been IH'Q.ch d.~g a'w~Y' is, ,~ ~q~e: mass d5ff{o:in~~l 'bP Hdin g' andm,bbjsh for the sake of tffi},e e~r~th,te spread en 'tM le1d~; , but ~bout 12;~fecd,E~ 1:-0 W'I .and I Sio rt. Nm 'to'S., An, outer :moth i~g be1Jore th~,:R'C)ma:il ,perio,d, is ~xpo~eclJ .and: w;~u ,eolcrl,ose:d ,2t space. feet ~\ria)e QJl 'the, e~t.;. ~ fhere: is no ,bef,g-itt of ~um;111a'~:iQn,! so that ~ city, mbbl~h mO~]Dld j's l~~t~'ke;d,agf[m~ 'tThl", w~st face i:or '1..'~L!..J1 ~~.l.b"",,~"v '-b",;;';;r- ,JlJJ.01'W])", ,It_'; r a!bout. m:5b f~.€t out ~ and 3notlu~,r ~~~¥'e'r ~eap ;s:i:a'il-cl.$, ,.II,IiR'1iJI; ....... IW'l&il~~!l,.!!.,.l: ""!.!Ii'' " ~'owe O:!!,::l[J~ streets call be tra'~ed~and are' shewn OJ,")'the p:~an abcn;rt :I~ €m,t aw~}r ~il, 'the: :mlt1f,tli. It'js abQut paU: a 'flO:W ~]:ti:\f~ted land; and the m~txc, h~dngs (PL, XXKM); al~ a raised s~uaR area of ~n im-~ m~l~ , to porta:JJI.~ bu.ild~n~ _]10,\I' &'Ii\1,ept a~t:ay~,O'ea.r- the' end. of are to eanal e,l/ui]3.r~i to- lI~war~ p~r:amid 41.f~~ tll~ eanat P:af.~ 'of ra, :ma&~~ve bu i'rdIng ,of ,~'e'd, b~k1ed, ~'U:tUil fl'5~j 'roO' Gh;8JJ!',~kl~,39,~~ Ihd ttlJL p~s~fi~u of llomfi.n brlck re nun f.1!S, at 'the $~'Ulh.necl$t ,;: much 0'( It Tut~n ,on 'the ma,1\?lf~lU$t be ahefed 'm. make this has he~N,destroy,~d ~at;e]y"and more waits to 'b~ ~1~'" po&5ibte, The three patches o~ 'mlns, betwt~eR' t'()le~rs 3!~d P ca've1t~d,. At the '\Vest si~1J,~ ,g~OlJllP Gf p~Uars, ~nd a, Med['illl.'e~ a:di. are small vi[l~ :rv] ,c;)~' ,Roman age-~, i~ bases ~'h~w where it '~~t:ge' buUd:ing' @:'x['Stedl 'lVbi~'h 'was proba:,]l[y ~ Ciltj~tjan. 'chur.th~l J lrldgjng' 'by the '~tp,:pjtaJs t'be~ft!:fth~st [ .found an Ale;Miand.J,ia:n i£,~b]!o.f' th.~ fi:rst 1IiiVltb wr-ea~ths,911d. cresses Gf the IVth: €-e--:n'f'., JI care- century.. Th,e mound of Meffin~t ,M,~a~I ha4 t1ot' funy enq lLlir~d, for. h;'!l:$~iti'f,ti0nS ee seu] pt!1ii:"~~~ut o:n1y' ,time: t,~ vt~d''t. b $,I., BefQ~ p'rDceedI[}g fa, d~['ibe ':ather sites I ,~a,w'~n,e 'fl~mert~f 'w:h~cb.is g[v6tn h€'Ee Cila, Flib. XXXI.. ~~y that, ,th~, map p~;, XX: deu~~~ prn''e,§s" ~o,t Th~ O~]"~y other podab[e a:Dt.i~~ltr was a bf!orJl~~ stcel- $hGr!l'~d & '~_a]'id.. It had 1!W"O ~t:;alesen it).. lvne:rebr woe can re~,~e'r 3.l1EQr3Jcy in liemils of ~mILJ~, G, '"th~ i$tdtl11'ess 6'f t]:rne.llnit wh],€h ~twas ill]ten!~~df:O' '~@ighlJ aJtlll::OiU,gh 'Hie all exjsHn~ 'm~:~ :~sscandalous, Any ~O:((JL W]th s~a[!S'pan", !;h~'El~, :hcok; and ,cO'~a'terpoms;~i.~;jt'e lost, Q, lOO'~PasS ~rht ma'k~ ~ 'ifuu~tt~~:o;lap than an,¥ y~t The lU.lJD'ifi: or it. is ,7()()G' 'i .200' gr~r.Js,; tb [s is w,r.il!ent]y ~sr~n\~ 1M the F,iyum, On all the drnd,er ,maps. the 't.bte ,A.ll::f;~e mina, 1iI11'hiGh '\Va$ ~he !~, t;QIt\ll:fiijOft min,a ,m :err,k~t Ku,:tt'~n ~s ~rJ!iire1:JIWl'QD~f' in, ICll':m :aHd -:plaoe ; Glfeoo1-,)tom;:m: Egypt" tile "Pit'(·.s,l,~~ntQut1[nLe is ts:~en :ff~,m, a. ~'\11enl·m"enr~' 'l map ' T,Ie lllte dtiL'l\f[l ~'ll. th~ S. R ,of ,Ptd~e:miiUB ~stil tr-'t"R'c,lll ~f the b~b~ ,~f the ]~,aytlmand 'Wa.d.y Ita¥~,'~; b;Jut, ,~ut in (lM:~ liec~~ about ;t,OO. ya!l~~ frGlm tl1fj 'fb',~rn ,~f ~, (;~na~8 a,]",e I h~Jj~, 'b,etil:e':raM ont, oil the wa.t' ~ l
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dry [h.1;e ~n tbe: g~ll£rud afte'j" ]',un,. S1, r!l~ ,a\ '~]:tf]e",ov'~[tl ,mHe te, '~h~5 .. ., iOf"th~ {odji; W toll1"~~1 't'oe: pl~(;:e:wh~r-e the b .. crj:ptl~ 'W,I'S ll'1O:!Llnlijl ,$0 Is, s fa1 u 1 cotdd l'eBnt. 'Whe.~ th,e n~ .sJ:u~~~ g;lJtt:es'W'~if;l.e A gfe-at featu;~-e'lor th~ a:n.ci,Mt FaJ1U'1l is ike ciD,~j being built a;,t; the end ef ,!the Gafia~"'the ¢:Q:n~racto,r ,~'~ ,al~((1;~ ,th~ ~-aste:rIil "S~d~ TbJ~ !orighta:lly 'lJ,fandhed ,ex,(:avat~d, al ·this fort :fQI" :m 1;~~F.,~a]s. I:~deea it is :flje<8J: 1-1~w;ai~1 'but ~j:t:u:~ejR'e,mmJ], tinlGS it. has b.e€:m, fl. stipub,:tiQn in M)me..COll:t:r.,aets tllil~:t'o~ly ~nf:ient m.D.eks a.11~w,edto· be: b:rea.ch~, ~nd ,h~ 'b~~n dried. u',p. for a ,l're t'Q~be us)~d} as, t~ey 'axe ~o ~uperio.it to the mod~tn, pm.nalbtly ,aU the Mab~,~ ,e;tie,d. In, !€lafise.q~'e'n,~e n~ti~ ll:;'il('{}du~e~ While 'e~al:vatij1g tb:e f'U~J'~:S} 't~e: hro~ul'band @f ~~iJ~ll:t:r]r,hu b~~n tnrnwn, Dil1~_pJ fCul:tif:r.agme:n:ts oftld5 inscription we~e £ou~d buil,t into ~,tlon;. iiJ].d] Jt o:nJy' n.eed!~tbe ~('aope.nin;gof 'this e~ilal. ~,'wan. The, 'C'Ol1LtrattD'r s~lt dl¢lilJ to ,Mr., Marsh-aU tQ 'bri~g" Infd '~S~ :~g,Mn 1p"VielL thi.rty s~u.a~ ,mil'@S~ ,or H~w·,~,t.!l tlJ,e dist:r[ct in!li,pec.10t~ who very kFndly pas:s~d ~e;R,~y tho~sa'ftd, a:~~;! .of" good la:nd., P~obitbJy Ra,,?/' the m QID. '00, me:. F~m'~ If\OW¥I~',~CGfPY \Vhl~'ltr :he 'Se_nt ,the bed ol:'t'b;s'B~11rY tI:S~Hrr has been. ,so m,'Ilc.'h erOOe~, I saw' t'[t~t P~oJen1:~lS 'wa'a, :referted tq~1and .I '~t)k me '[b~' fiursb~ d w~t~'r '1;h~t ,it wou[d b~ IlJe'€odfDJ, to make Df5it ]e:i,$~[,etim·e I ,could ,to g'D' Q'We'r,and SJeG the, pli1ic~'" ottl' ne"v 'br,a;ocAea:llal (l~m the gte',[t:'!l: dyk,~to, feed tb~
J

canal '~1t'J 'be~IIml~, ]nt,o 'the: low Gh~~~'l{ b~sJfJ to 'li1re: ~W south, :50 ,m; '~~ lCl\\l'oe'l' the canal 1.[iJj, €M~ ~f :rne;.ed,. It bas OOeJ.l ]ately; ~turj}ted 'Up in '$lome::p~rt for tke' sake t:jbe UDi'I~g; and .otber palits co~ld bt: 'trap&r; 'bY:a"

quite' 'll'!'OJWg (ltf the Bh:l~~, -;arJ~lin ~ffpr as 't;~ ti~ -""'i;.~,~ --J,ol]' QI()"""'C' 't ~"" cAl"'lIonum t'II'.." .. Cf:II"~!II;n At" p y,S~wv~iJi!l,.....of vu '~""'g. _ .... ," ;~!Jl. (:fOSS' bea;d~ ~a:fi] be ,ta:k~~ ttrua;t win ,~',ledtl'Jli]j tll,~ e'x'hllting 'll:1la:~ w'ith~u\'~:fliBel1:!'~)lcies ~,e~'hl ~!Wifl~ ' My p'r~~Il'ift b~s]ne~ is, m.e~elJ" to '~x tIle: 'fWlcjen~ $jt~, 3.$ w'ell as ,M,€a'fi ,md l disel.a&m ,~ny resptlilsibmty far 'Ifh~'t;"rmr:sf af ,tb:~,s a,~ m
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UMIVERSITATS·· BIB.L~OT~lEK ~IErDElBERO

Ihttp://digILub~uni-he:~delber9.de/d

iglitl petrie 1891/'0038

® U niversita,ts bibl iothek. H,e;ideiliberg

,g,ld"line i but Erven. that w~ld 'be ~ 'b]fl~$igwork eom ... XWI]a, and 6,tb:e:fii l~ave 1100-~,baTHa:r'QU$i',]y ma'ftg:]OO, Qf pa:red: to the .ellItiv~t-ion \vhffich '\1'li01;11d, ensue. matG yea'ffi,. N ~th~l],g' ~~pe~ to :b.ave' '~~fI, :ftnmn.d Al[ a]~ug 'HimIlle this, ca~fffi.l a:IDe: m1in of ~ tilw mrs ~l,~j, t~~ mJdd[e' b~in,g' ,ct~~U'~i~], ~wnc to, three. feet d 'W:JErlilil1; S:h;ev 'liV'h~t. ,the pcrp~i1C):usn~s~ this di~fdjGt below the pa:,v~:meiUl;t e'Yet Th~~ ls 'pro]bflbly 'a" buildof ~ _rust :b'a¥e\ been, I ,"~'han here tV'V1~ notes: orr dds aide' :ing~ the XIltb dynastY; b~;t lV'hQ ,~Qyh~rxe~th u~ we '0:[' , of; the CQ\~lDtr1' fcGtm IU~hum no([tlt~~/Qtd,s,. s~raUh~clJ~'" ~'nd, ~utfl it is, pI\@perly ex,~J~f~d.. T,h~ lOll tll~' :~:~gbest ~mt~f th~ l'[~ns N .E.. 6( Hlahun, wilid finl €)fl wfuich tim SIt-ttiJJGIs h~S" been ,t'!~(;hoo p a.l~outa, co:uple'" 'Qt hW!11ldr:ed f~~t fivell'" the ,Nlh':!'i' Uw :In ~U dirnttr~nlS D:Y r~hlfaJ r~ ~a:rjH1,l"i~~s: into ~h)iJrp ground j~, eQimpl}~~d ~.f ll'&Ue0 h[~ks (up to thre:e f~~ft cmls teo ~I;~-Qw' tn stand. aID" ;ihJJQg' 'fChe:tap :; ,s],oping long:) and 'v~sbed sil!~dr~ 'hkh. slflpes down to tfu,e ~~l w dfl'wn 'to MecL'I'In. On one h8l'l1.d, a~d f~;Uj:tlg ~ll ~cH«~ J\'lla slOlj~~'1¥1ib~ 'llD:p ,of th~ ,hig1lJJesJttj,~gej whefe tb~ iiliIo(S~¥;t}, iu6J.tb~ raY'um O~. t'b,e otheJ~ ,At th,~' W1itSt' root « M astaba ,II ;:s, ,m,iI,(rk;ed" ~!m1 1th,e IZwlmtn:ation, b~~~veeu (j£ it ]8 a, 'vnEag:e~,:~~rhapsr..Gir CUJfi'Gda\~., ~e nyum and the N rule~{!l;Qme foul' huadred fCi:~,t tlP~ 00. Tbe Itom $ ~s,~ la.rge ib.'lwn, ,('if ~,miIEq a~;: to ][ ,supp ~e" :~ laU c.Qm,'p~ed nf rough, p'~J;:ib]t" ~~s;. t'b ls 'beJIl)n,gso the ,c~Dl~ie~.y,just '~cl1]nla: it .trl, the ]1 i]J'j T:he-se shew' tba:~the, ~v:;jruGHl~ Nile' wUe}t has beea full fr'Qm,whooce~ the }E.IDH€:[:1E['Cl,n ,of Frorti,a~ts wa:s 'b,r~ruJgpt Qf a aH~tss,o,r nite'! gr,3;w]s 'U,P 'tOr seme hundreds of le~t l¥li~m,l¥,a~t~kein 'fa ViennA ~ te,w y'ea,:rs ~o.. 'Tbis is a,Dove tb~ pr~n t be(l; ~(1~, tlla.t aU th(f deptll l~ k:n:d~n ~ Ru:ba[y~a.t:Ji:~m, i11e name of tll~ nearest 'ooen ~U\t away by den,tHJatioll. vIn~.e :in illi~ F~vurn, The' "cemetery ,[:S, ~:b~ot~~:;JJ.l!l~!U"tct' S9.. po fl1,e 'ROldh, of tht rail w,a~v the ,gxoond. £'$, 6.[' a mile ac]"l~. ,MaAY' ehambe rs a:recu.t in the fQClcl sca:iUered, 'wU]]: l.toim1m f:HJtf~nr up, te tL~~ KQm~N~ r some ,l'\i~Ut,].oc1!JJffi~ .IO~e·.sqJ!!]are ehatilbe~' has twp ,ridge (PL. ,KXX1,,, '~vWeh ]S ,611 V'ill3,g~d' i:~m;a~n age'. A1Jo'O:t w():~r lOlCun, litt ~och side ftDd the end, ,Fr-agrrn,ents of i mile )1',.:&. qf '[ms flUl1S$we fo,u'ndadon 8: f~et bliLlle' :g]a~d pott6Y llf t'lie I IItd-1Vdl. €E'rnt" A.D. He. '~ldd( ,Q( ~f:oll~ a.n,d, ~em~nt~ w,biG]], 'bas, ];attily' b~~, ,about AlM~dle.~ ehamb er ~ru$, clrc~lar)fv~.t'~l cigbt ;ii!;'.;j] Ii" n~.... A·ho ... 'L..,:j;"""", "",..,,d p.it..,Lua"" 'yl@ e,,,,'" ":'lI.111e'n,n,,[!~\j;. . .RoE' U~IJ!D;r~U ,_~~tll)~ ,'" ~!Lai:tb Jdb:.ll;~ ~ _f~.lil,~~ ~.::il_.Iu;blL ~ "Jr~!g. l{)CuH ,a,:rownd.lt Thia !:'oftd'to KaIr Arn,iI.\r in '[]w HUe

t¥

m"

ri'rI'h "_ -

,jI,

1£..'

.1 ~

v,al]~y~~ps _t'hr'pUgh the oeti'],ete:ry. I nt,~'ti: here l''Vlrh allu vi:um. I~~f\v tl~lg, aecumulated is :n0lt elesr, 'The an eD~tnusi~dc agdt::u'ltu rlst, Mr.:. H ug:~, 'Mj'i(Jin~ '\I'ho ,N H,e;mud d9lib~1~~~ a~€umllla'~d. d01ittlfOJ Foo~em~li(Z. 1S'· tr,i"rng 't~ ~1ii]]~~ d:d~, land 'by' a !l,mall lm:na[ w'h~h t;O ~!me~Jwb,~,p rhe F ~yu,m,b~ga'n to~ be d'd~d, ltp' 'bglQw ,~~ts eno:~glt t©it ~ :flil1!m. He wzy Idn,dly escorted Nll~ ],@vel. It ~s., pas$~b1e H1a;'t~hano-l,li' \y~~te-t' ~Y'he~~ me '!l"Pto Jthe' €e'me'te1J'~ ~ seme bad thk'Wi ~'Ve:l'e fa ~ ,1anrd'~ocked fO:f two, ,c'U" 'U111:e cetttp,ri,es dudnr '~el the' neighEi:'n~r~od t atref\\~r:ds ,hQ:\iV\~v,eli' I ",,~~t.,ifJibO'llt dtylling" Md tll~t tItUS ItiirLe b~6WJj 'Sand (tf ~h~ d€,~ew,;t ,thh~ deS~rt for. tw'C!, dayS! aTone', 'W1ritho,ut me~thl~l' ~n.r'aceusn ulsted ,b~reF 'Wb.eJ1 onee sand 'faUs into saH ,thing "v(""r:se' fh~rn f\lfi() needlessly [nq ~isit]hre:: men, and a hyaena-. waters, ,[;t €aL'l1~niO;[ -St:i!.pe ei~bEf:' by "!il'ind '~~' ~U~~~ e .but [E raises the H.O:};Jmm lev:e:1.. A Y~ry' $uiliin;g 61,. Abeui Xom, ~ is ,S!; ehamber ~,eQrthe canal, IOf '.,..:1 . ... ~ &.1~ ~ay.um 1 ':n~, 1S, 'bakled biti,i;sk ; ~[]d t11~n~e' t'be igro1llnd, l;g lcoYei:''ed \with ,ev~''Y,el1l£e: ,5f' 't:h e~" 'I..!!II ,_ '~1:,,~1 .,_" Or;. ':a'i1€!' D u h" €'¥~l, ;a~e· ~ s~eo at 'Ule insid¢ b.f' the ~(UH/]n~eJ 'w,e$tt 'Of' GU1\oli. PDt1t~J.7 lliU,p to tJu: KD(1l1. T111is, tow'n :is' half ,a, mne There ,a, ,great ~hh1gJe b2Uk hifl'S be~n rQrme~i by a aaross,,- o,t Ro:tnftD a:ge. M u~h PQ't;tery o-f the IV'tll and C'U.l"telllt ,~bou~ 20 :(~t kib.ov~ ~e level ef the 'G~n~l Vth eEClt A"D,., m u£.ffi:t g,r,een g]a~Sj' i:u:~d. coIn fff[lSl Qf t:here "vhl~'h 'l~l;~Jalbe: ~b (jut th~ QI~ high bi~e~ ,~'Uld ,§~y '~a'['b,[~',and rm: g,ran:ite~ He ,~bQu;t here~ ' 'N,ne: 1~V\~~"" ae:'nv'~~E KB\[Q II and I{_oft~ 2 thllS ,o~d, I3d~ TtJi~, ~ar.l,al {'lien 'Jb ~ndB found the :root lOt a ,:di'g:h"t of tbie]a~e- is \If,eJ)l,[I;~S'tin~tJ~'~Qu.t, 30 fee~ a:bJ'rve the lI1$'0 ~t ]Com, S, j ,th~,11JI~~:bGin,g ~b()~t: t\l"'Omi]e.s ba-c:k p,~sent §.ro.uJid tim'm. $;i()m 2 ~i~aU lare ,R'Qm iU'l) a, lu~~, Ju~t ,pe~f o:r 'bhis &:.q":n a~e th\2: st 1)illmps Qf njne \I',IHa,ge o.f 'gOalie te,dte'""t 'The M~.st,ab~ :is; :fl,lanclm!:iu;'M o,~d ,palm t~'e~s which. she\'JI V'er'f p[a:jn]~ :r~ 'the d~t:a:n.ee-;;~n:d ,f;ur~he~\ve-s~ is a 'brlcl1r,' nr.all., ,About of ~U 'tb&s Piiltt 'Qf '~h¢'€JOU;D,trar; aDd C~tl be s~~'n fiofu, Ha}!Jar,~, JlS ~ ~vhite ,he~p~Qn hiB ,t~')~~ It ~s rorm!~d ,tll.is ]jend qf' tb~, email are SOOlC l~'E;lg ~'!illare b].ock_$ ~h~: Th.eY' h~uiUy lo~~ .it1f roo~gh ,$'tone h100kg laid willi, de'sert c'[ay~ :I1ItliVas ,or' S:tOll~ u p,r,i_g\ht [lil ,t_h~ If,l'tH1Dld. >~r(dl~ cu:m1l1~thre]~~ '\-¥~th ~UfO.eSiSll1\~·i~isl~j-~d, f~~~ ~u;t: ,~n.~[entJ; nd ,might be tl'l~ rema[n~ oJ a-n, ~Uotmiant of a Dot :flne[y ~lkd ~V,tth~ rCa~h~g 0[1 eQ.cb., ] E is iitbGI(I,t'; the ground ::;~me t[flH:: \v]wen. a C@.Jl il W~~ ,proJected .~, :f~~,tsq_u,are, ~1:1d2.5 feet 'hlt)l~ A gt~iit ga.~ ,hias h~re'" :iB:tlt' II do nilE}t kno'w O'J :l:Ily' s~dl' mod!ern, 1be:eH,cult '~nte i'ifi: i'il a. nltu:-ileixN:ls rarsh~~,o the No~th; pllOje~t. con .. ,sjd!e ;1 ~'f]l the s~~e'Wl:y' t~~~t .t~,epyf.amids: '0,:[ TIhdlghl'Ult KQ,m e-l A'kl~No. G~is a, :~,a.r.gre OO~yjli a)bQu~ ;fuaU a,
J

;:;;J~ f~et l]lic'k

[yi[]g"'

m;n~t},e ggd:era.J

gr:~urtd l~f ,Nile

i,

UN] V lER S rr:Al'S~ SrBtLIOTH EK

HEJDELBE~G

ht,tr,J:Ild ig i.ub"ij ni'-h@'id el berg .del d ig l~ft/petrie18g 1/OOs9 © UnjversititsbibUothek IHeildelberg

m [Ie across 'wilft high ~.olln:cl~ T,b.e .sur,lu;;.~pott.eJ,ry is 'L_' I ~'I - ",,'Ii ~ v '~j ii'" ~'·~:d'~ .JIoL'~USb '~~,--... JUiI!lk f .... l' '}-1r.i!iJ. -;a;n.~ 'T·,;~rl.'L. c:eUIb'i A D '!Ii!,':"':JI. ~'",~ ,,",,",,-'- v... O!~mi2: _' _ 'been fCD.1Llnd~d some' re.ntwries, More' Ula,t to ,at]o,"v o.f 3HCh .:acc~m't['Fa;t[Qf.i., As it i:s 01' the road in:t,o tTh1e Fayum tlilis migbt ~en 't!e' a.m G,lder t~!lVH of 'the' tffim~ be'fer,e' t'b~ l~k:e.,~ 'ld:ried up. '1 RfJiio~d, ~ :m;~ of d~p €oowda\ti'on at :stnije., The t~mbg eas~ ,e;m:' it are :"~cb~ ,i:__ -, '" -, d: i!>iI". ... ",;4;'l!!. ,~, '!I-iI!ii, "'~''i,iI-, ,i~iii(ii ,1 l"'~";'~ "VI$~ _1I.e: for soro.e, '_~II.;",\Ii.lJJoi,e!J' 1I.!IilI:,~y ",",Il"", """'H.!L. ,L a" ,J..... ;ri¥ ..... Jlu. ~ ~ra~_i]]\g $Cfu~h,; about 81~, Of' eight: dllJlmbem;; no ornaments or ~n,scripf'ioos.
Q. I .' ,I!!i ii"i ~ ,', iii iii, J..-.;.

and Gut thr,nui~~ the ,tilla_[ i:nt,re,t~heN He"" ""\N1ta:tevttr tf~JH)~ ,g-r,airt O~' he®.\~ ~d~ wemi ,~itber""ay the lrn, lllge' 'l¥~l§'ltts WG)tl~d be :rIe~ecl .iO(f"t. In :~lb.Grt:; Kom i W,e:z:im,l¥"ta5 tbe port fI,f N,[~r,ru:a.~iithe pre:~R.'Omrantimes,

In the: bffillsJto t'be N~lt. o:f tW"~ me gTQ[lmnd is most G!lrI,otll~ly li~mer~dl ~:rn~,Q d~m'~~,~, s~eral feet di~~te(f~ lV hi,~'bJ ~~nd ,tro\V'd~d o~th'@r aJl ,~ver i!t1Jl@ SU!l1\t3CC€: ~ at a Htb]e d'i ~ta'llte' th,~"a.pp~a._r' .a~mo5~ :]jJf.~ the dLome,
i1rwfs
IQr ,aJ:

t'fu~ mas,! impc,:rulnt of: aiJ1'th~ d:istdot. I~ ,~sab(H~tlt~lr a m []e alZt'Os!) a.nd th~ '~Q,P Qf' t:;be ~nnd, is: a~~'lU£ ,a hu'ndMd f.eet ,~bo'v,e ,th.c' plarun 'be~ow, ,seme of which, ,he(gl1tt Is utLl1lZJa.l attum:(ib.t[~iiIJ of ru~DSj~bGm~ fifteen fe~t ill. parts, The most re:ililiafk~b~,@ matt.~r. is the'~ ntIJ:mber ll)f ,g.rea.t 'w~'~ts ~,ing' ;i1tbotltin t]],€, 'ruln~. 'The,Y are ,~f the f:atu~d.do:m~~t~p'typ0 of late Egyptmn 'Ii,\,I\eigh.tsi Olnlie WS i: '9 .' 3' in€'b0S aeross 'bQK,~, :2,;2 •.,J :iic~s:s tOpi sides aw~~ I I '. :h~~lt and dome 4- ~<S' 9' h~gh.,
'a\ ,g,teaitt, [0W:n) •g.ra;~lt.Y ,m t

M. Kom '\-Vezim,

No.

"'Fhe ~\'Vhi.te S,PO;E matkea :£$.,at dis..:.-g- -~ :I!., :':itiiLT H - uJLJ. llUll.""" ~!m.;cli~_v~' "" - ~~:iil-!C' ;.~u aJl.cii'll.-ii esert • 'Il.'JlD l11:S].ll!.'"i.::t--OI io 't- .... ;;;.;, ~L.,,t;;,- "'~"""o:'i""' ~'f-;--]-'vW.Jim ~ ~'~ I'""JJI:J 'U;,;..~"..,: -, .... AU ,this side bf the rou,,['l!tr,y isr utter ~d(t-a~'j·t;tb~ e!jle

'wnl~

7~ has been

~~. 'nGr,lIi![uJi.

of ul'}~ulQ,tJi]1Jg' 5~:ncl and r.-'G~ki . .l d t.:iy'iC...... L ,gra'y:~al~il :rtstn_g t~. ,s,te-ps Jlig h er.· ,l.ll:, ,U;u,i$i"Le<f '00, '1U.~e~ y " ~.,
'L.,~ .

'~~ndeB o-~e:El'mlles

The re;stnra:tro.n of thi~: d;istrict of t'h~ F'~yum it~ rw :fo,[m,tr fenility 'w:O,tdd be, a, very e"a:-~rikJld inexpm~iv\e :matte'I'"; a fe'lfv' m[~e;s of lIDew (:~na'[] and ,~ Eleadog ,or 'f~ <oW.bed, ,ms ~U t'bJ-at ~s required in Gill:cle.r to pro-

'1i1d<~:for mmy

'thoc~NJ;S~]lJd~

Gf:p oop,]e~,

T,his lvi[1 be·therefore ; I~~'~ c~b~c:<]il;cb.es~ TIle, tt_{)n~ .~s·~ ].qca]. ,~b~Uy Ume'5bll1E:'; an.d. as:nl'lTdng ~t.s ~f:ec~'fh:::,
at s . 3,~ 'lWiOtlH W'etg d

..

]-,.l

has a mark w en the~ side, 111fhlcb ,m3:-f be M bl,li"elt.ed .. A. p:le~e of another ,suit::h.'we:tgh:tJ 'no:(ij,~br'Ok'~n JIJ,,~~ U~ DY"f;ibe:Revi' CmG~' w~., H l1!ea:r' '~bjs. A t'ilil'i~cl; w~ll;t has the 'toPI bro!k~lm G"t i 12 across li~seu~ ~rod ~dU '~l hffi gl1. If in sim'ila<r p'im~ ,6;3., {Se~ 'fb_,e_ 'flt~~mffile: ,~f th~ o,rlgiQ~l SfrQoJ~. ;;.;~(! t~l p~fHQfl, to the o~1l]« l't 'wo\l!Jld. we,iigb, ~2\~.3 Otf t'M ,rest O[ed, 'tra:rlscJ"iptlQrl. ,o[l.P;L., xxxu~) Tbis, ~nscr,[,ptian N'e;~'Gll l~J;-ger:~ so it mrn.ght be e~theta q~a.;,tef '@f' a fiJth or ~t. Js ,1! d:etll~t:[o[l, in ,hooaur Qf' th,~ EmFl~t - it'. il:.L :g.r~a, W~lg 'h.'~ "'" ~ a:;bJOIl;~ .I9'. ac:r;Ql!!8~",,,? ,an,t], . iBared. A,~D~4. £r~m the '~;G'wn p.roh.una~s ill ~Mlddte t' :u., ss - O-1i- - - ~, b6 iGJ,f A JI:.0U~uJ, ~~ across top, I.~" 2. ,fu:i\g;ffi!h on s[de~ and dome 4'~<0 hi,ghJ! &gyP/to Tl1~· d!~dJic[tt~o:n is made: by the t·@WD. at 'Oll: ,evide~Qtly the same M thG, ttn~t ene, Th~ ,stmd!l!!fd, l~t1:''E: in "thl~ per~Hltl e[,j or ,j1Oty 'me hands. of lewa) of tbi!s,~ergb:t ~an h~l~dly s;ett'~ed fr.,~m 'Qm1~ =xa"m-ple. b~: the Q47~,~and (b¥ the J!"vb~'~ 'bod,]? of :meWl wbo ,oome I'f t'he m;a".rk is: MI i't 1/lfQuld. :me'a'EIJ ,40 if G:r~€~~ o,r' /oI[\CIOCf 00 '~,e age of '18 in th-e ~n;d, ~--a-r' of' the Em:pe1'Ul" .. ~'2' if ROMan,:, 4,6 Iuds, to ~fi knGw.i1 st.al],dC\:ird; 'but , 'J.Ji .aru.t~l~S r~D' • ~- J~ ~,.a. ;ell ,"' .. ...1, d 'ill.. ~ ~ 1~ 2.~~ g,r:a~lls, utt' 'IWe 'lliIniJIli ~O:~: ,,,db. ... iJ!" ~[V.l'ldlI6;:_, !141¥ I~ :[t: )"Je. uS The ,~'ra.sing tht: d@dic~UOllil '~~ ve.ry '~ti~ ,a'nn the· ,~llg$(l€(w5 ollS'B'Ur€'" \\7bo 'w@re 'the 'Numt-J' or d-mlJJ:h~e Ulte:I:'l,~, 'wwlth, 'Wasb 'c-am:inoa at '~be me~nfu~ Mem,ph.is. (~1e-e ,~~ .sec~O'Il in Egy,[pt ~',I,®n-..1 ~'H€I!.\V.~_r~ ~lJli .~~G ~,o" ~ Why ~ rth~ eph,ebe~~tie-s; of LH. 4,2
c

aIb!!OU,

it..

2,,,9.g-D;~OCO gm_!n's",

.,

/1;,

'l:._

'9i~

,_.".]

iii

:C'

_,JI'~-I-

,"~

.i""\rlri;

~..A1,

l~

Besid,e.s the~e 'w~IDgbb 1 'noted 'Ule b~s"~ df stQn'e, IColUmDS, ~o incbes ;~u:;ros's~,Md a. cu:riOU;5 dab of , s:tf)':rne w~dl, ,a 11l.:a:e[.1'-(:~utigure ,of a" m~fi irn. reli>@f o~ :itl f ,M:m;S,. crossed. 11f):[1 bf:~~t, but le_:gl 'nat dev,el.oped. lEt ]j Q'm~:te 'un,~Egypt_iuJ a:Rd, FOiba::bly 'R.oma]l~ ,-,:h.", d '1IT{,-. "'h ;t.""~!l~' illJ.e " ,..4kh B e_JIlI:~~a,m. , ' W; e ",",,;i" ...... ru.m,:F'L,lID.·" ~ ,~;[h~II.V .t'~ . ,W!!lhl::IL,.1. "';.~ many totab oo~bers ;md, g,r~v'~5~,~ev'~l~~~0'f w~bidl :~d just! been. looted 'bef()n~' Iweml'~ the~'f. T~b~ maa;llfng~ 'fr~ smcli au. im,:pdrtam:t ttM,v,['J ~a:t'tbj~ s~de01 fhe' 'lal~E's:eems intelUgi'~ ,~n.$~eitl!g. tlUli/ll: the~,p~e:sent m~d
I

$~

'b,~©ll,gh;t s-o fftM ,~f Nl!m!s f:iej~,?

plfQm~Dten~Ly DBt?riltt~Qm.eCl'~

AtlJQ w'by i$ th~,t year ,clo.sel,' '~nM· ,oonnGCHo:n. W1°ifJl, t:&~, .seventh

:i"j.

,~_L;!o;.

'T'o these: q~e-itj)ons ~ve mi2ilY ~nz;ud a Mn31ectlllm:l ;aD'swer.,,, .In. the :6.r.sf ,IR~~ Egypt iftSi nne Gf the mief ~'r.ra[r~e~ of 'Ro~,", IO~tJl~td~' Ithe .,a.1nJn:q,M 'ooln ..suppJy ~m~ to .l~ome tD A1e~udr1ml ''VlC:ssd~), Mf>., Petrie ;also. d[~~rocll" fh~Ul tf~ l~~" ~Qumbe:t as :UiUd at 1fhe l~tld (~,f'the f:~lr be~nan )im,p~rtal1t t~·din,g..p~aoefC'i t'l'JJ~ c~m'~fJrn'¢I:gfce of' M iddJre Egypt,. E'ruJ11r mor,~o,v,t;rJ' E~ypt ,li:J!d to ~ei\'l~' sbnding
qf

c6m~mwl1.s ,mm,r(].o{tb~ iQdic~;~[.9lfgj:druat

Ftolilan1;rui:SJ must h~~

fr,C'JIm. 'the N:atnln. ,Lake"s, rt1US cl0.S)e to. t'hii, .Befo.re' tJi,e '~,a W~ l"w,efea t:b~sc',yeu]d Be,'ne p~l1 t'b_e road ke of tel Hi-tria; [['Om wh~th,'boats w10uld saml~ro~ 'fh~ It~'k~

u~"der' the i.ro;ma.~~j ~ iDd!l3ed she'has

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b;~",~,1"i'~1'jI "t'If 'iha...""£atw;iVfln :: -her eessers lOO1~edupo~ the Egyp.tia:lil~ as a sediitious lJ!.oI.t· oonqul~~fSi have\ ,al''fftJ{s~~dm~d a CpU, snare of' "tniO$e :mbble uti'fllt fOf ~nf m~Ucu:rn .@:f :]l!~m~"'l'Q]~j 'che lln~t rJil[tsi l~h!jCh '~'~ tn,e beon C!f tL~€ Ni1e,,~ E'Viel)" nvr~ ~f '~vi,~ ,org~'tt~ZitdQII w:a:~;fh,e Ngmn,e. at !CR~aiGitl ~,nd y~a1",S'~~'t, lOU]d. ssem, ~heP'~d®ct ~e'v.{sed.the: Eg,l:PlHa:n 'W~ 'm.ar' s,uP'Po~~'th'e' popu'mat1:Qn (:;i,r Ptelemais t~ have ,W ce'Il:~ll$for' ,the' pUr~()iS~ of t~~HGa (iltt-q~~r,a:~ !R.i!h;i;" h&'en Jsim,ply :metged~or illl P oHtiea'~ pU]'l?Q~esf-=il'1 $~'(l4f:swnl,f~tnK1 U. p. ,~44 ~ F,ran.z} s. iiri. ,poJIg),j the' popl!l'laJI~joolof' the No,m¢'. The word pelis (]i ne 5~ '~vl1Ue the :!p'r.e~Ese .sb,ain that 'the G01!lntty ~oliJd, bear tloeS FJj0~ the ~ther w'3¥' ~ Sru:s;, .is- li[.:;~ls~' tel[,Mea •'l'" (.r s: G 4.'Ijl!'~7.e~i' 1'il"' n~lJ J~'f,'I~H.€lII~~W t]'~n-el~i" ~ ~ c, ,J;~~f' ... ~1 ~'ikn;~ ~ ,v-as Jl.~tely ciI.:$retdi\,ted ~q ~~at.lJ tit h~l,p af' ,th,~, :iil; -~~11.S ...~; ~. ,Nl1Qmet,er QVlarLt1u~rdt iliitt;· Fr,iin;z~ i'l;itl. p. 31 ,8~,,, invohre: Ole, 'gym~i:l1'm ,Md, the oo~lCatibn Qf the N'O wo:nti!er 'th~r.,efo:r:e ~fwe' find that scme of ,tb~:tttQst ""'yMn-g IGre~k ~~Itb!:e,n,t.a;fld. 'thoso.. otb,er :[[[te¥e:5Jt~ngfm:p~rtarl1i(C Egrglj;an insc:riptIQI1s ,de'~I l,d\t_q t;h,e re... a$sdti:a~t~J'ts""v'hb!b, ,th~ ~cl~d S[tll~~s:ts f:@ "the 'reaJ;J,lel"S A ,1Ia,.fi;"'lc· l;h-R.""',..~r"'u ;r"" merelv ~'.j mission g[ h1blr:t:hens." Th,e., &.ooeft~, ~ton~ (:EM::. 19$) J1JlIIY.""!~, :t..". ~'=if'iill"r.."""" "'" ~~,r"''1.;;1~ ~ is Itdl af this' su'bj e;tt.. It 1(1; 'tl~0 o:~~~ii,d9n )the' :pa.ttJ,cu'[:a:r· , 'of lm'pO!ft~'ilt dec.ree o~' 'X'~.Ju:Ums: A]~an,der ~ Pueled 0'£ 'The ,seoOlld ,year- or 1c;.1~udi~B (UM g) was~,~ SP1!'tJ1k: to· 11'U f' ... ..,.,.,,'iI "J'' iI li'1i.1:" .::ii.:., ..... ~ ~ "'; ..... .ill "'" A· lriIL..t·"iI '1 -' Egypt under Galba ($ep't. -<218, ,1&. ~ 68: ,C.I~ ,G. 49,~7)"' j,' 'JJo~u. ~;:jl !J;-'!!J J,."3i'n ..... "i...l:,' J!:.1ft ,Aoe,4m:btg.ly ~t ~5; ~Q~ ~Il :[m,poo,bab]~ eOiDj~tu:re th~t is ,noted by D10 . c:ilssius {lx~ I t~ '~ha\t 'bl J\.. 0, ~2 the, £mp~ooi Cli:udi~~~ In 'whrGse.reign 'th~Jf~ wt(~ a there "'v.i!l~ a" ~e~ro ~c-a.:rc;k¥:at Rome:'~ n'nd t]r~at_tlids sr.::arcCjty felt .in Rome 't:)tu more tluan one., oceaslcn, even Sen -,tested. to CThaJudi:us,h,e ~dea (Df bui ld Ifng the t may J.:mv~ g!'am~d the ,]l1balblttmnt15 'Qf PltO]j¢~$ ~Qnl~ harbour at O:st'ii9.~, This stj&te(mentpre:p.ares '~s 10, eemisslen of ta:.:xa:UO:t1 ~ pos!~ttlyS'~m,e .Fell-tax. (Fr~lv, believe, what has a~rea,~.ybeen ,~uggesteiGruab1vJe~ that 'C:. L Hi :~ 3 I,~)p~y~b]~ 'by e·ve:fJt adult male of' Clluai,l,ls m.~s ~m~ m~? .ha.,ve ;i',l'lten !ome special 'lPtQ[e'P13.ru$j '!i;v;4B,t1]tOOl' Ugbteued; or 1~m6(ved~, 1m iPeturm ~~Ul'EJ)gr:C:f.lU~n.t '~o 'f-b'e. e~p''€if:'t~lis of CQ(fJl &om • fOr'an, l:illcrea:oo in. '~:he~amount of corn ~bipped from nm.'I,emIUS- .. ' pt_iOremaj~ I { 00, tbe' Q~70)l p\viU h e th~ ~dldt m~'[.e 'The dat~ in Ne-\lt'o's :w~tgn (Un~ :r4) 1$ notrew',o:rthy 10[" p~plUhttioo of tbe. '~Q:wa .in .A.~ 4~; !lld n~t €)!Dty lIViC:f!@ a diffcerel1't ~1'8l)ll. Md\t'nms~ll1 shQ~~ "S'titjtl:(S~\.i~.,'rg6~ ' thB.e t~n~voo~ '~U:[ also the YQ~;Ul,g m,en, l'vho a."twai1.le'd uote) '~ha'fi.j:n the second ye~r of Ne~ds [~~gn a me'}v' ~thetr;!' ,I~fjl.(~ i.e:. ,tbe 1~:e: @f e:jg,]]me..n~1Cn. that ~rea:r" nilleth.od lOt rOCkon~ng his- :,"e:aifti,~¥i1';i '8,dbpt~dj! ,SQ thal:t 'w~e 'by ,~tidp~tion bD'pugh't Wjth~il Ute: aCQ~ of i(he' ids :ge'~Jftb. y~at:~ dqes~'niO~ Oct 1 A.D .. ~S~ d~ree; alflli~o~~ 'fhBf l~11Qu,[d n~.t 'be 0f fuU .~ and ·O"et~Jj:r. ~.n. 0;]:111 but r:at~ ,~~Q~m'b;Slr I~ 1\.•D+ Sf}= '.'ii''''''. I "i'h'iiill". '1:..,.". th!e lll',e:rul' of ,!BlUr.' .,,'Ie,...,'II,: .. 01.t]:ler~0re {I ~uPPQ-s~) n.ot:-Habl!e, to t~'~l:don~ 'b~fore Uy J" ~ ~-_ tlla ~g~ ~f t\1J~n.'t,}t.Tbese; 641 0 J!lfti 'tb.~ ep"!~b1i,,of t'~ tJoo,r it :t:s d jiL,fued '8, fe:w 'mout["u:S ,a-ftetN ern, hM, Qijrt.l~ag:ed year A.U., 4:a se~'m, to :ilil~ve ~etatlr.h'aid tl,'J!e1r pf;jvll.ege 'hurnan n'l,ture b,Y tb~ m:urdler of n"js '[notllel'~ liOO had ~nti~ tneragn c.:F Nem~ ~nd th,~ye,f()re a,i.ie, spec'i,ijed S:il~t'ked ItQ~aD prudery Src~l'ne]y id£p .~ .Ills 'a]?Pl~tf= 'IJ-... .~ _. "t' t..~r· .~. 'thus,e~~0HJ;in tmSo: ded.ka~k.tl[[ of 'true y,e~r ~.D. ~ ,;; a.rn::.e 00 Ute ,S~I:.d.g.e. :B··' f.Ii~l !i1l;,~L e, e-:n ,t ~-qe;rlj,,..,~, 't'l..· (til, _ _~i!!L 11113 we mar blf~r tWa 'Nero( confirme~, the ,pfiyHeg'e.s t £Ql~i!UJf:ie$arc tM fe'e'] ing~ ,of' th~se f,a.r~ ,dl\~~n~u:ondH~ Nlle,J; ,a,nd 'wnitllJ 'tU!s,r 9ty.l~ NeI-t;, the l sa'V~Glilr aJ'~:rj, gr@t~-d. by C]aud;h;r$" - "The ~W5' '7f~~ (Hn~· n~~)1 J¢tq8~~~Er;J and be;n,efacto,!': of the' w'orM. J (limes ']=5) 6JJ~ are us.'rag: "l1rha,ps.) ?raifl~iu;.t (lmle '1,2) IH~~d n~~ :i'lnp,ly t-:baE th~ "ooimfftO-UpilaceB €if 'p~v~ncilla~ t:ompIH:menti In Pto'lema:is (fhuYlgl1: l'ts :n,m~e '!.;vould ~mBr}!'tbe F[re-, ,if,. J" G. 4~9 {fi'iOLTI, IVl'em.pllis) he is €aUed, @ I~a<~~$ i
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Mr.,. Petde~5 ,exe'avati'OiDS at 'GU1\eb have f!e\l'l,:r~d for' us the era of the lte:t]ai~~~ce. "In that. e~titbl,g period the ,s~'b:ola'r's ot lvetern ,EU'!ti~~, found: ,~ n!~w "Y'0rld of ~nci!ent Greek: Utera:ture ,a;u.ts,p£lead belote' 'tbelr vre:w.; manmsedp't 'lIJ.1lponmJanusJd;,ript t€:o.n~Qinmg '~.b:'e'~teas~r:)S,of el1'ly G~k. lhoughilt passed illrtQ lft.'he~r. bands,. ,~~ 'bl\!1t~d 'I~em to fresh d[s(QvC'xjes a;l.1d art ~lI,er-\v,id;enhwg 'revela:tlon of th-e :past. Btm:t the .oJ,de~t mJ~ulu$dp:t at the[r' ~fs;pMal l'VaS Q~ compfir,a!,f~,v'~]y htl:'e' d;~:t~. l~ w,a~ as ~ general ~ul~, ·se'P!tlr~tGd.from tile' ~ of t:ht;, ,iiilutll~l ef 'Ule' 'w~rk iAscr~bed U~~rfi 'ilt; byi:!1 :iH'te:hr,aJ_ of severa] centuries; M'Q:reQ~er ,i). Hme canu:::: w,b:e:n 'tJile iSi!JJlPP]Y' @f fmiSb, ma'~1ilscripts, 'wa'S '~xhaUlSted~ Tbe age of disc~ ,seemJ~d ,p,ut illmd the: age of c;tit[c[~\m alSlld, ~QU~ti.oo be,g~", ]F',fbm 'tim.le 'to, ti:mej h'Q1!;v'~\iI'e;r" 'm:o.re ,e:!5pe~daUy:5ll0Ce tbe: Op~Dj'llg up ,pC' t.he:,East ro Eltf.lOpe~:D 'travel and Lex,;ploratltOll) ftagm,elfru,tg of dU'Sl,Ca] H.ter.a.t1J;n:-ehave 'Heen discove:i[,~~ ii, few' of W:blch ha:we oonta1:oed fl'ew ~"ts~ Most of them, h4;Lye' been. d~rivoo, :fmm :U,g1Y,le1t It 'wras from Hgypt~ :fG([ instafie~~, ,6t~t tl~eIps;t, Qla:tipr~; Qf: 11yp€=reicl~ lY~ b\fn~gh't as 'weB M '~~~ :hymn of Alkeaan t~ t'b,e Dj((lSklUu'r.,o'i~ and iDt. ,h~,' be'(m, Egy·pt. \lihi~b na:s p:rovlded], us 'with the oldest :man6!C.ripts i~ y'et 1mrown '01 the' Homet.,~cp5!!mSl!

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be simi bir~y brb~ght ,to :tighlt ev~~ in tfu~ MUS-E:Ultt8 of Eur~~~· ,i\:e (iuml~:l{li.·,P,Mrie' ~'[$~~Vier£d arsmall ®eII[;:u~·t~'ry the: P\tOli~nia~e of ,ageij; wh@~e the' d:(t~d had, been ~mb;iilmed ~n tbc! Egrpti:®.n. style :a;.nd butJ'~d :h1, mu m'm.y~Ga.:ses' and camaS. Tbfse he d,'Il,g '~PJ a'rnd Jot] eXfUitl~n:i.i1g tlt.e ,~aITfoo\JlDa.ge of ,v:b~c:h. the h~d-p.i!eo~, and 'blt~~'ts' 'Of th~ ~aiS~ w.ere ,mmp,ogled~, oamef<'OO; t'b;e 'c~>~d:U$~oot~a;t i:lt 'l¥oo-hl m~;i1y ij) Stat1;~ at aU If.j;,..;i'!i- """"" ... oieees ..... ~ nscrlbed ··pa:AVJ:us.. ;",,'VI!!:LI!LS-iLuCJi.U!C;' uP U[: iF: ,...,;;. io:I! vf I' sc jIJ~!lJ!, P -i<',l '- ' ... P.f.a.eti~:l\l e.~pedm~i'llt pl10ved '~hat ~i~ ~Qp,J~fure WiftS ~I~ll~ alfJid further' Sbo'~\f,ed tb~:t the fapyti ''\II!(ere :m,~sHy i~s~,1i!ibw w~th, 'G'reek tex.tsJ j~h;O'iUJgh ,a. la~e paR of' tbtHll IOO~lta1n5 Qenl$):tic texts, A:Iil ,e~~mjtl.atiQn of ,their c~ntent"s has made it elear that the E,gy~tfaD u[l1de:rta]l~er~ befol'e ,makil1,g a :mUl]llm.y C~t;t bSJ~ght tb~ w,a:ste,"l~pel' ·bask~t. of Q,lil! of ]l[sli p,~rib.bouis~, ;l:qtl tu'mJeld, the papers.th at. 'W'el:~ in it If:[,oo JfJfJ~~iJi"io.madit file :!pattjctl1~rmu m.roy-caS0, :b:eJ1rad o(llha:~d~ Hence ,It ba,plpe'J1~ ~ij~tt'l1i,e :P$l py;r.ffi, CP\mifIDg r~ma, ,p;uei~Dla'r' :m,ll,lrHmy sll b'eloJJLrg' t:o, t'he same craUectiQ~,.l! th~ esr~(ln]]iij;g~, 10'1 C!Jll1!f: mummy-ei1Se~ fUf e~aooPJe;, be~ng f:G!jll:,iPO$ed !Q:1:'~et:t;ets md Gllocum;ents, 1fel~Hlfg to a, eet:ta[:11 IleOn ..that ilnot]),e'Jr ,of 'the 'flP~f'S,be"lQit1g~~g ta, J).i,a,ph.a;~~sJ and ,50' ~(f]]., 6f COUfi~ in mme ~IlS~:a.]lreS
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and t@ all th«t The' J1~«e 'l~aiS,~ ]l1ich~ ~h lChgt.b., w1:dl ,~ ,:\ri~hthe words, f,~·I p1tt. aFJ lend ~a ~t:rife~ [s paS1[.l<t> ID1it:r:gln at the b~,p 1 irod). ,\'Ir(de and ~t the bottom, l! [ncl[u~s·lwlde., The ~-pace' between the oo.l~un[lS a.v,er,ag,es Among the lffiJlJB l'r~er'\if,ed in trIte pIttJ}lf1l;.1!S, are tW~iji '2J. or an i:nd1. ,Ea,cb col~m:il ~fi~a.jl~;S' ,31 Ullej;, €hE·,.:fte,~t l:)~lf]ngjTIa to (I, c.hOI'l1;; wh1cl1 h~v~ boo_n quoted 'by p., '~'vdUcrn In, '~apltals. Tffie di~lpgl1~ fu dis,t[~lgublted by SOO:billios (Eel., L ,3J ~2,~~ ~.m;8:}:~, a writer ~tllQ:Hei1I:Etffisd\u.~d. bOnz'O'Hta]j, lines ,d:£a:\1~11~¥'ef;' 'it':he first {etmc ec iEl'WoQ,f iJil, the Eftb c~lltUt)r A.n~ The lIlaila,ti'eLM 'be'h,,?ecn the tbe lL ~"which IDtwdnces a mew' sP~~tJ!{er:. Unfartllll ~ext: as g]~e-Jl of the: p~pyms an:d by StQba[,~ aa~ n~tel:y ~,e fr,ag,ments ,~ 'In .8, bad l~llditioD. 'the v~ ~l~~rabJ~j and, OOlnfirlOOl ~e in(~;n:::ru]~s; deriv1@d 'D~,~jod~ of the lineiS are impl;:~fe€t ,]f~~;t~y thool.lg,h frcom ehe .fragme~ts fh~' Pj('8i~c(tllaJ: ,the text 01 'fue' bdU'ry ta, t'b~ PJrWf,~i~ p~rtiy thn::.n,gh ,me Q'bJ.~~.raHoin Gfflek w~j~r:s I~f the pr~,AJ~xan4fine ptedord hM~ of the ]e[ibem by the plaster 'wit[~ which dtey ,have !oom~ to us, in a erueh modHied cen,ditibn. .It is be~n ,s;n:~e;a~~cl", If:,sed[eo~ "6 ,~ns~s!t ~~n the, i:m;p~m.noe 'Of dtis 00\11,"" ~ 'The :fil'st f.r-agm,eru:t to' e!)ntlt'in a" dt~JoglllJe dUS[011 ,~, the :slihol~t""' , .'11:' bet~rr,eefi D~rllti! '[ld L~i~,~ in '~\fhich relsl'e:llee is, m,~G[e, ~ A-]lo,tli1eli' fr,a.gment iO~' a c].~.S&~~al ,~llitr~C'b~,lr' a ,];l~~ ]'S' 00' the e~,p-asul'e ,iClld 5u,ppo,~ad, 1d,~th of the t\1VD sons ,rhith eontains tt'M\~ i'~;w},p~fect ~~hl,rmni ,of 'writ[f1g and, ·1:.he' ends or Ihjt~:s, bei(Hlglng to ~ third, liE '\1l,~ :foun[C] '9if AntioP&i Z~tb:0'$", and A:rnp}li:Oll4"i T,[bl$ 1'8 :fQUD,~d by a d';a]Dg:u~'be.t"r,ee~ tbe' sons and tbeir. mother ,~J,Ol'lg with deeuments dated in the Jgth. :ye:fl!l' G'" ,t'lf:~,kh h~:~td,'$(]I'll, to d·u::~de:a,'tl:)j, of Di~li~. I F) 'the;: .r:l~-xt R~~lemy ;Bhi]adetRj]US, (:B.~ Z4~)., Tue teA· is '\l~~itt'efl fril!gm.'~:[rt tl'le cnqru!S, is it'Lfi:rQ,~lll.,ceiil~ and. LY'k~s th~ in mg;e '~,[}it~t~ bu:t [n ~ s~h~61,bQY~'~ ~fi~~ I;}ii ]S ,a'ppe~rs 'u,_pcm,he seeae, ex-claJmlr!l\g':: A~, me! J: 3'11], ,pr-ob~b]y 'the r:lletorical exerejse' Q:f a pupU t;o'lirvl1am ,i1ll t bl d:~e',unruneCl at the ~a;fllds ,af. tw,lj.,~~ T'~I tlrl~ >\Z~thQ:~, ~V~' :ghreMt.o k~'~nI by' ,he~.rt It .LSi; ~ j:m.~~;ge in 'the replies : mut dc, YP'u 'tlllot bunelllit JlOll1Tr wffife whe ,~s form 'Q:[,~ ,td:ial~,§iJ~ M(\Qm:s~m!~ lrhd~ric;d ~r.' phU~SQp'bj:,.. ~l!01i~i' ,~mG~g the deifi i!' iJ How 'sO'r'.1" .is the a:nrsw@:t" cal li,J!l.rer;kj IJJiCJW lost, ''"''''Rich deseribes tll.f!N1u.ty of b~rDge ri."'i',~~'l!.:ce A'.t:!i;o\'iid':li "i.e.:'., ntf - ri'"" .l.h .. ",,"'Lm - ~_ ,.,.I1i ~'~ aJiJl' !LJL0i~ •. IIlilS. !WI. a ~Jcllil!" ,~V[ ,Iii a",," I",.u~m.ll, Spe~KeS". true '001 'One: s £rj,~':;H:ud:s arid dr.~!'!.~'5, iLh:Jist~,a;lion fram ~rt Y'~s,,;;" says Z'~foo~ ,~j':sh.eb~dead, tern ,~Jb, p1~s \:v'ith Akhinl!'s~ \\1':hfl '~rh.o,~de':~rJ'Voo e.¥w· o:f his ermour tho(ll:gso1 b~U='I;:dd,e':j ,~ErA lvhdm :P 'is'k~ Ly1lto~ ~ ~ by rat1 tb~' ,~ma.:,te:stT'1StS, and ~lorlie 01 at~y,~hohave Ieve.r ycra? fo~ I :W£'US't ll~e~, ~ea~' t_h~JI~' L'ykos~ hO"~E"~, yet b~en li~rA ell:cQlln:tered iJeam, QIJl:bebalf Q,fh[s cl!ead_ is saved at_ '''"t.,iQr "'ri'ti(3)' _.l __ ... ..,..~.!! 1-.",... \;(.:LJ~;"l','tf'!l1 - .....u~ .... ~'f' (~()iHl:P~;rJJ1;~,n:, ,~ ~ _. I!..U...... _ _ mement ,!!,;Ii! UJ ..,.. ,!ll!o,i."'p o,[~ 61., The clil!S$[iC;;Il[ £r'~'Imn:ts;' hOl\t'eVer" ~rhrm' 'but ~ H&m~, 'W h~ ~if.defs bi m 'to 'b:o:r.y' h~g wiJe~ a:nd aftt:lf bumirilg her 'bones Qn the funeral py~~'to thr:oJw 1them. $mall ,][)~rt Qrn:' 'tb-e: cPlleG:t1~n,. 'This l:m([]sist~ mr~rt)Jy into the ,~, Spl~jngof ,Are$1! wil,i,eh. henceJorth .sho'uld ~r p(f~v:arte,hette.[$~ t·ou.gh copies of wJ,ll~, l~eeip;ts:. ~nd ] ])~r the name of ,Dfif.~/!~ '~X!" fhro;ugh ale dty, ~ ..g3:th~1'~lSl ,ilC~QUrlfm. They. ,thffl~1V' a '~Iv,~tiiglltt 'iQfi and wat~dfi:g t_h~ l~J~d and s;~v.[~ :if 'lfj;I'D,e., :R'~;f.:m~$' the ,sa~bil hi~tozy Gl' m~ {;r,look inbapiti:tl~S o.f Egyp,t then 'til!l,tl1,S;, to the- 't\'¥O h(ILo.'t~lersj who are t~, pfovide ta't the' t~m:e lJi.,ey were wr.lt:teii1i! 'IDIi the :mafnu~;-t.;g ~d f'hrz ,c~t'y; ~f K'a:d.mos ~~lvith s:ev€;:n g~~.s (~in order 61a1t cuswms 'bi $€f Pt91ema'~c pef.,~od"and '&,he eCQf;li~micit[ it IDa._Jt be,.. holy~:Joj ~vhUe a\t 'the :s,alrile timre a" lyre ffiJall~ ~9ndi tffiOll, of "the cQuutr~y". They b.~r QJtlJ"t We ~o~f't6m d,,e" s'illiMel1 l$[ tor~be a,' i:.s ~iven 'to Aml~bi:OID,. clul)ton, rn~liL'cly u::tlv'ed at by Frof. IVla.hruf;y in ~~ A'mpJhia~l is -~ppom~edl{ing ~r T1t~'kJe~ill ,])l~'oe,~r W~{1'_~ gIll, G\~".'8e11,£~le')i~. r:ii«~l1t1 fra,~~1,~1~0!)J4Q,. t~ L.Y'ka$J b~ and hist :Din:)tlte~ ~ae.lv.ing ,"j~ th~ hJg:be~rt tlUt Rt»'2MIr. t(J~1IjUft'$,t,i6 dlat ,t~ieG.r~~k~ 'w'e:rg lnnc-i]], lrruoEiJoul'S ill [the, ~fty ot' KfJl.d,moiS;i ,~n,d preplaf;it6Q,tJ~ ~re m,are widely 5c~trerod 'th~~o,b. ::Egypf ~n <!thEa~, of mlldJe f;~ ·the 'Ln;tu::r~age'Qf Am,phj!O,n, 'with Nio'b~: l"ftne, t'll,e Rlot~miGs th~D has 'll.Lt:lu~rlD be~n ~U.Pll()~¢d. 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wOfk:t and kept '~hem, we b~v~ been illj ur-ed, wd how' I am, ,at! presen,1; Jb~ing' ,~mp]o:yI~UI, it~ d,oubt with the: 3ld oi tb~ ].0 .. ~t '[uo ,i'njur,~d bV lfJ;eillg earrled to the pdsen ,.. ' '". yeti Fmom the S-Elmlemu m:m,y-:ease has 'o~m,€: another fr.,]itg- 'wlu~,br"ou,ght me as Y'01!llJi ()~wn son ,oo:t: ,~f the. p:riso:n, ,tme~t 'c;.lf' a le:!::ter'to K1eOA (G., :u)8)., 'This, :i~~dd~e~sed :Dflt wi~hing ,me'to su.ff~;trhuw~ ,[help me] far I ami :in lIo"i!..' ',., . ' '1 J;" _'to hJ~ by',~ ce:~t)aJf1l,D~,ll,iDlettW(J8, 'wlto 'b~gm&~ S-lying 'UJ!~ pirlSO:I'i~ 'E'a~et'e.1 "t. III aTI!oth.e[~ :ftagment Kl.€6:n. ,~s ;~ppea.~~d 'W for 1ibe tbat _'on, tb~ aand '\lfl~em I was geb.g dow,n. '~ tb~ 'l'!f.erks ., . .. 'TJieo)dernd.~s c:at;m:u;::down a,iarn'l1. t-Q the doo",:,~- repair Q)f a ,j~:fato,ass t':b~ ie~at1! ,pooitifim of wMth iB A:notEer :!~tter ~s ,add reseed to ]{l.le~1] by' Ul@, q U3r1')t ... nat ~u:ted. This ~,sill a leitt'er' rl)'~mP'olykmt&$ "",\'hi~ kra me~ themselves (~J~I(5;,3,}" The }laflldw]'~ting or: it is. begins;' ~ P()'~,f t!s to 1{Ie&n. sends ~.re~tt.i:ng;. & ·fo.;r.' 'v~U, 'of o,the fO~j a: Il-arf "~r it hoM . 'Very' ba.d~~,he ~pen]:n\g is dert;!cthl"0'J and various eor- the io~:thern t re€tiolm!~~tuive'been ~cr1~ih~e9heTie ~nd th~f:\e a~Q'vethe i:aJ1efL.tand n,~\V tb~t It :l$ts r~Uc:m, ~,b~ part '~vhim HIU~~ The inj wrje-s '~he' piil,pyntS bas ~eiv~d a~lcl, ]o~ks S>c::tu~b ]:s, hl da:n!:er. 0,( tl~om,LJ'lg .@X'pa$:ed ~ still f1fu1:rt'her "to· :Ule dU~culzy At clecip:~lefirJjg' ,it J: fe~d. about :2~ slaves hl¥e been larmre,d aut ,O,D_MtO:jJ]nf of ,.' _ )\11 it 'tb:~~,';, ,~, lro~thoog'is sent to, [KJe] &.-il 'by the IqU®.tt:y~ 1'!6 '1., n· G -z1 ~l'Q'n'yS].os DfOO¥sJiM ']S~ the writer id~ it ]~twr of o~1!']lljfh, uamen wor:king' ln Pas.t:6:nil:]'~ wl1-01 b~,',e' :r~c~i,v\ecl [from] yau ('tile Q~de:r (Of) 'the $tQn,e-s. Ch~@s~ 'what has fQ,rt.lln:a'mly ail),)' the 'beg,in'l]i~ngs 'Of t;h.e Unes ape Pl"'S-~ E b~~n, alre~,f hewn in the gypu m (q)1'~rii..;.g)" :Bu1i $~nred. (Gl. 1 IS). ~)~ l1J![:}y!f]m~ to, Da~s; .s~:[lcl~~(~L,e~trf:l,g~. no'w' w-e do '00 wor~ because W,i3 have E\~ slaves to '~ baVl'€: sent, ,i' tlu~ eopies {a.f'1ibe ['f,tref'S). Keep "i'm' ,C:~eaFa\lf.~¥·t~, sancl, 'a,bove' the: ooc'llif [fro,m.] tb€ d:ty ,~(f ~~d health, The. jOth, Y'r;:n, tbe: ,4tl1 cllli¥ ill! ,Afhyr .' Aptbi[s] to 'Eii. 'To--rlay· [:&Qm] the d~y on. ,~phlch W~ lVM,t ,~11 flssj$~flt-ar!cldte~t ~o 'br~nd th~ dyk~ 'fhey begl1l 001 wo:tk [is ,ln, ~n:te.tv,al @f twl) ,molltbsI[from] ~ '. ., Ii~p'l:Ul~tjS m, Gr:de4" ,th~,t diey la~d, ~, fhd:Sb. d1J~ flest 'C1(~'th~d!eiJIJl t ,~nd YO¥lt ]k__ndw that tl1'e: plilt€e j~ de;-;$~n; aJ'rcl W~ l'D.iltve p®l;tmllt:h~'[letS no feod, th~ligl~.,~e 'want to fijl~dJ, the [w~,t~ In order of K1eoo .''.. ' ill ,ooder' t:balt [w{e maY' [Lfi,f.a:t~] ~ ,sa.tti:s'ij, land ~aUed, ~ • that] we' .m~y gQ' ,away~ IG~ra:ttJlfi: ind~~cl Dll!r:' request ,q,llJt~I,Y'll:~ g:~de1rll;at lye :may 'nO!t de'SJErt~ F~~welt t !~ly~~t~5 ,a:l~Q ~w~r~ ~ong the ~e8~Q]l(JJenfs), 'o;r'l!.. ... ~ ...'I!.. tu.. _..] ''T''I... .... 1 On.~ of h~~ Ie'tmr"s>~ '~ired In t:h,~ :2O'~h y~ar of Ptpiem.y -:J. J!IT€:Is IG ,real~~'.~' .WJ!e: 9 -J1J. !!:.I,ar 0~: ,L:J.'a. 0 ',",,1. ,(J_.0; '2i6S)~ ][n a secnnd ill~ftet' acl,,(h~sea '1[0 h~!li\~,tht# A :feil" yea;(s 'preV'in'~1].Y Kl~On ll"¥a-d[ re~ei'ved ~~Qt~r lliettel" fi'Om 't'[1~ quu.rym,en, ~ll :bj~ employn'te:nlt.. ,m'! he: ~3Jl:5 (fl. 2): J~J F91~~~tes:, se:Qd~ ~,eetrri,g ,t~, his W,:!Liii ;;±ts, :f'Ol$o.ws CD;. ,ll} To 1~[&6n,iIl:he ~r(i'hltect~ itthe~~ 'You de weE! if y,ou ,a~ i-tnd, -all, thifl~;cSi, W~ a:loo :ar~ wen. ~feedng. W e \~"ho' 'bel'oI1,g to th. O[illg~fi;u q:u,a:rf¥- e'l~e -are. 8eeO,llidi ng- 00' y0ur mind. m)c~1. ,fOO'fll 'llie pl~ee ~,r m~~fCa;lion ar,~ :b01ng 'iI\frmrg-eial I h,v,e ~~n. '~r[itte'u'til fW:1JJJ. 'beggmg 1$l, it) ~JOm~and e L, A ,p~lunLos b~e gaJ;~ger. H '.LW~\!"Ulli,g!e~ [lJS 'to \;VQ'~ ll·A·' 1-. • _ _"1_ :~r:JjtrQdu~e ;mle, s:a. that ][ m~y be :r:ele~ased fi:'Q~l my u;y ,. D.e' 5 ail!: the bMd t~'t aw.dhavlng sci[~q~d illS ~'S, a,ga~.n:~rt gtreseot. le:isllr~ i ,~ul£d. na-\v~if:i.~ ]~ 'poss~ble'a:nd D1lOtD'i'rxg' t~e 'f,E}st~ shown (us Cl;[llyj lIm.'€:5~rtropk that 'he ,hu 'has hbJ}rJ~j's;Y'iO~''-' lry lro qpm~ 'm' tite A'~no;f1re nomt;" ~Olt ~if ¥O'!l ,,~berel r a'm :[?e.rs~-ded ~ha,t ] :shall ,easily (in tbe ~uar.rf)~ all,tl 'D!li\¥' ,w,~ ;a:fe Ituined., s"pa~Ung (our) who '\~as
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1)e~n a]1.ot:ted ~byf!rnJ~ l€Jve!m'[[~-e!].~,;!tt. .Al@1xfli:rrdrW~ nt arJJo~Er deeument (M: '172.) l(.l{;n~lts' are ,re:fe'l:r.l@d if~ who l''ecei\'~d 531' dRChmre fF~m '~he :feUabln 0([1 'their e·slatesupon. ·the .p:LfQd~~~~r·th:~1m:d :r~~ (EC. ,2415). (b~~lt~~ In Q'i;cler t':f1Jat W~ :ma,y :tle~cdy~ th.e On!.~r a.nd hm ·two q,1jI11PiiUI.tOI];$ :~ad. ~p~-rently tw:e1];H6th of' tTh,1:5 a;HH)~Flift~ an}di '[1J@t. .. " ,. 10 dr,~hm&le~, s!l~il ifrCnn 'bad 'wea_t,'her"t:'b~jT ~\II torn. h~ p'eri$~ed h'iid teU us tel:i·1j}ie'v.ra~· t~ ~He["l~;'d'!~ " .. '.., ~([I ~,e' t~r'~wd~r,-t1:tktf:;j'~ m~ m 0"f it h]atl[. been ~'~'k~ 70. 'The ,~l]aod--surv-ey;a·:ur .!~ ie m·enti,d:r:N~~ ~fD.othef'· '~y th€:: :g:t]anil:i~n~:!i' PQH,oo"t~e:y .had been sJ,~o(li2r.~d in or letter lli:; -IJI) d~too the 21th of Ep~[.pb[.~, whicll by' u: .millcffiou:8 p~jlS:..:!\~ ,!lllQ a!l)co~dl~gly they w,a:nt'e'd of

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a;re ]'l,ot abl)e, (w, do :so} 'wetettu€:st y~''q:J sfoGe he f1l.rtheJ' lev,rues u.po~ Uil (&~ UPQtn, 'fire' geeseJ3~}'~Cft :b~lir~]]g 'been paid (into t'B~: t~asliuy)' [Q~ [aumbel']l ot g,e'ese l¢'ri~d fbr the ~aD~e' acoount Io.f] excess, ~I herds o.f tbG nome, Gll ;MOOu.nt ef ',fue'i~ hdmg ,half the'
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In a m.utiL'l~led'~.etter ,vatten "by t-Ie[mogen!!s, to Tbeod6fe~, (G~ lEI ,) the ~wrioorj fter ~ta.ti~g 1~hafi: the a ~epy' is riot ~,a~d~,j~ :aes: 0'11 'fa s~y fith~'r,he' ,~~m.,d hopes g b ~p to the loth of ehe mQ~t'[1, 'f-3Rl'to.fis~~:;(a.,1)Ql1t 2J JldYJ il~ an a.oC8U]),t of rr:be lV'aterless part 'Of the disuict. ; as it :is~hewould # \\ llit utttUthe' j[Olth of Fay,[[J,] ~~ (abQiut :2; Attg.), e;{:edemt]y a:m,dously \,ratcld~l,gt'b_~ 'dshl~g'NT[~,. Al:l~'th~u~r.r!l'uitibh'~ed docilJj'mc:ot (S" ;2:,; I) from Me;. leag:N)s 'the son of Mel~rosJ who 'bea]'~,the C1l1'fWtIlS dtla of the ~! ,~:;ll.am,pitn~f peaee, declares tba 'It be had, o t~ 'Valued t.he ereps ~ .' .' for the' 23td :Y'ear, 2.00 fi'DJ3:t~~:frfGS ;
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learn from lEt 1~ tl1a;t the write:11' :had been arrested and not' in ~, l"-eg~lal' pl'is@.n, ·001'. In ~ sort of ,~~ ~oc:k-up." Th~ .seeond ],&b~f ~s:mtl)l'e ~~pnclt.

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or'"fotl~tt]teetffi :r.l1e( ro~ru g,Q~eherds,~frloro Plli)a;rbaU·.ho5'~, and ]?'a8<s the S'l710 ~f Ar,[]JRios 3U{l, .A:Ill01'e~s :t:be $~n,'0'(-

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3 t~'[e-lilJts,6.26 I~'o:pperd[atlun~ er 1'04 silve[": d l·ad~nHi!9: aed 2 obols, (givl~!: ~ mti:()· of' ,I : lS Ir'O:l~ sU:vet and c~ppe:r 'v,ll'~e) th:e ,tl~, on '~bl,ie:y:ardsr- a'~QlD;e ,am01[.IDrth1rg to OQC' t~~e;nt·6.m'1 fJO.Ppe:J d:t',aeha}.~» wbHe thew-~ "",vaJ:;, an acJjei.[lrJ:un;;ill tax OIlL their produce, T,~ feUalfio lvheJ! ~flQ'rk,eij en 'me esta,teSi ,~,re:g)llerl. somet:i rnes !~agwie~1:htrists!'~j sometimes ',!~,serfs," Thus (G,. [:17a) ,on the ard, ~f Epelphi: ,of ths ,7th ~;r produced

thra! his a,gent l-lermoph Il~m;;en the badk ~~f w'h'icll 'be has ',vli,ittfll the 'wgl;ds ~ [l."e't]l the: liWco-rk [be] '~a\b:;]~, equal iy p~t ~er{that j't m~y' 11I:6t t:r~ubl!e· tLs: Theodoros is called U'tbe s,tle:lY~[Jd,iJ in ~. f:r~:gmJet1kt (GJm :~ [G) 1!lfn,h;11~~iI!d:5 as f~Il!Ov!f;s Ul y'bu wlll d,6 '\-¥eU if ~ it seem good to 1.QH '~U w.ri'~~ 1a;)1 "Th~Gd~Ol!":o~, the: steward that he ~h()iUld. ~Uow Us tn i~'hr.a ' 100 'Ca:"I!:h()ill'UW W
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hn~on Ut~back: ,~,s 'w[f.iu,en : ~~ The 8fh yea!r, ,th.e 20th fla y~,of' Po(];ymb:ulll1 ;' :me;moJratlif1:um fl;;{ll(rnL ·P'etoll:ba:s't~S. ,and P~t~kbofl,;mortgage of ,~~ndlto 'Thwdf~'ro~~lT
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':t~ Pltai&s ~he s,tle.ward ftam ,Aut mJ15nio'Sl the s~~reta.j;JI' of Pfuly,!~ (k~~~Nj t~at "rb~il, ~: "v,~ J~;r,~-se'ttt ba fe]:lo:,w from thJ€ ,R~igh boA;ttho,ocl ,of Ox,y,_ ~ dnilrb~ h3ill:dJcrd iu, a:n \at-c!tr~D.t'to the Gffi~t::;, a:~d ~11.
tlliio!.ith d!y at, the: first b,e,U,f lV:.be:n JIr WiUS~:O dIe offic,e 'il, sterv:an;t ,~a:m,e fr~m, Eiin6n $ill mmo~'iqg :me" HavIng; 'put do,wl'I 'the 'bnol!cs ]I W'en~'iEHltJ 3;nu:ll ~lthe-m, I wa.s, ~t the OGJO'["0{ ili,13' wu~'Oii.ce··' ,the :S~rV,an,t 'Qr.d.e'r~d, (tbe,m)
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bl'sp~e'ted; ilona [f It s&QlJjld be COT:r:Bct as. ~¥'e \vdte. "~.t js)~ tb3;~ it be dJOne to. uS'"aec~rdi]]:gly in I@;rd:e~tha:t we may' b~3.~ib~;to a~~d j ~sUy b, ,tbe k.i~g. F,~re",~t~. 72,,, Tb~' F'~:!fQ~]'m pe~h!ilp$ Pl"!1vj:d,oo ,e;Gp,et as we]:! as stone ~l1d, {b.e prod,ureaf H:_s gardens ~md farms, .Re~er;i~nee~made t,~th~ €O]l):~€t-im iI'i}e~ (fi~JI! I S,)~ i f~~r ~nfort.U:(IJ~mlv th~ :nnuti1a,ted. ~ta.t·e ,~)ffhe p<apyrus prnvWl:t~ us fYQmllrnouring w.h~_fte they' li\rerfj ~[m~tedL' T,Mh~, as m:u~"~\r"mD-r'€@v er2, a teVen];]ec seems 'tQ'- ba."lf,e been derlv~, .from) fhe fish ca.tlJg:hi in the ~r,~a;t canal, ,At.all leftmts t'hi~ ~s\.t,h:e ;m~slpr,obB]blle in~tel!'p'Lr\li1:tati0n of 'a. lC1o~Nn~ett~, "the kiey-\W'Q'i4, tQ 'livhi.¢'];l. is ,h,a,lf Id~-, 'StmOY1eld., ,ill 'franSl.are it ,thus;· .... ~.he J.~uid, :Y'ea:il"~ :iOO'Ifi T.bemilotas~ the ICG~lllfllt of 'fb~ [reven&1!e 00 the fiSli-, ~tsJ lu, 't~e: ,canal cif the 'halibo,ur of ,p.mwm~.l~,in, fdle m0tJlth Thot~J th~ Jrti d8¥ ;, from the, coUec.ti.g:n ma;dG'~ K~l~grc,js §ilv~.r s!· ~l·,at:]uq~'tless ont]~ie., :4; the ,4th. day't from H',&ms '~be son. O'f N'ekJi'tbe:ae:iiis, ·th~ h,ra,]f ~f "4'dJ;'a~m~} 31.;~ :fr.,om,th~ ,~C)UQc;t.itm~ 'm.:J.'~ QY Komp~p~s the 1l~'l~ of ]E,G' dr,~ 1 (:sii;} ;: ftD:m,the' sl:a;;!ij!"le"s ,Qf Sakeus, tbe ]icglfQ:f ~S 2- ~bjJJ:s~ d.l. 4 dr. l[ oibtj} ~ [tbe. ~t_h claJ:]j frCirn"the ~col1e,~UDn ~luIH!e' '[]r~ ,P,al~uj~ t,b,ofl; half 1:)~ I§ dr., 2 Ol~, 3 d,lt"~ o,b~; I the 'Sl~~s, ,of ()'~8en;mlpBjs tl1e half.of ,,2 dr.,
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:maffis:.;: ~e~r~d]'n;g t'D: 'fue~Gmer of ,Ali"h~g;t!S dii 'Olf,'e~e-er ';oorse~ 19 in nU'm:b-~l'-iJ;o'E' eac&." ,af {:adder :1';;2/ '~l!JIl,da~'!i; [ of 't:he' rlbftr1et~, 'ro!" S cb!arJat~ 'that ,bav.e fo]lO\wd ,liimm 'of .grass~J and 00 'tbe,,4fib: dq' fo.f: fodde'r ~So bu.ndles aCo-caS:s.i'i S ~~~ (?1l ,and, ,[01' ~3 bi~lf.se~,ta, 'n[1;1lto~JreJ" ::->;t. T~,. 't'tJiJjs·[s at't':a;[;l!u,d tl~,e followillg' r~ceip~: i~'Keipb~mifHtIJ {?):[; f:1i)r hlfQ.s~lf arrd 7 dJrafiote~ ,~~, qf flue 'bjJead a qua:.rber of a khre~:d~~:~ ~u. z ~1~£iQJ .J; U~kl1ir the ch~:r]OrteeY' aclbi0",,,,]ediles the ~reoolp\t from, in. ~f ,aU m e~ t of. ,[fL l¢ol)rll, ip :a,U II ,it(jirpltE~, ~f lvj"rn~·to, K]l~,~m$S,the sie;,wat4 of t;lle foddLe]' and ~iVhat, is for the e-atd~s. ill the' ,huuse and. Fot ,tile: ea~h 4 kt$tyl(if~i['l .in a JiJw~il?~s Mp~yl{e~:a'tla f~r I~, [)~~azy g groQm~, ,of s~lred bread, ,~, eaCh 2 klttettiktso;, :~~, all :2~' gr:Q}om'S,..~ w,eU ~ of:' lwhat ,has, !been S'tilUed in tbe

i'l lal[ :I.Ilc,~Arl] of QiJ a Q;llI,Ner: 'of a\ ~'tJ!'~ in, :i3.J[ { 0l' ;f.~n$lthe (:dnec~io7J1 mad~ by Pa,]~u~s' th,~ harf of fa 'iJ(),~II;" and ~tl th~ 9th ,rla,¥, ,~f 'breaJd. ,r tt._tilitp, of :~H) f~~ ~ d5 wine :9 l:jtl)'tJ~ on ~~ ~lm l and 'for:' -:fG1JJt gro-O'lDS, f;@: each. 6f $,aJted 'br:ead.2 ,M~t21:~J_ in aU 8 ~h'O!rllliktb'~· 'fr.~m 'P'~~ei'ri~~ 'tIle half of .10 dr.1i 5 ~ (7) ; :f~ow the c~n~t~o:n fiuJ.~lcl@; ,Scilo~~\t 'the, half. I~f of ,~l]~J to: each -t of a im,l~,~n ~a] f a ltfJ#Y:I'I~' an__B ~o 'by aU ;[6 df;,.,,~, J g the ~rth d{ly'-of 'bre~:cl ~tlk~s) of cOil ,~A:-(j'tJ(:I~,~: ff;~m :H~'ro$ th~ ~n Q.F j n~t6$ 'Ute :h~lr'Q;f. 8 dt·i 4 j ,itncl. fG,t '8" la'm~ (?) hD.r~~ :ha;~d~, DV,e}' (to, b~ Cl1~) the' 9!t'h Jrcl]a;y, from R,~~QSt:b~· son (§i' N'akh1the~,ei:hi's, the ~nd ,pMJIGbotQnd5ed~ frem th~ 2l~fh to the .r~O;th ,of -half ~f :~.~' d:r:.! S ,~ ; '~1l),i ~'r dieJ[} elf wi~~ ]I ,~ ~~fll~ Qf l-k k~~It!B." from th~ t_oll~~Up.~1 'm)~e :1Dly' fta~,pa,pts, fbe balf ;a,nd on th~ .5th day af ~~1 .2'i' kl7tyl~ ,p:f wine 71- k~t,d'a!'.l of ];: Idf~, (n·c'j ~ 2 ~ Bl'nd f@.r s1ng,ehlg~ p~t ,Hem Of ~utor-,o.U ,?i 0) ko.tJ~l~! lie; sih)j~ld _,gfw ,a.l11 'E1r'Q11[,]b,[$~. ~f~m :fue ,~ot11 of' :(~brn the w1JJect~rQn ]U;jIda by Ka1~frt[s~he Hair (,ii;;n)cl, M"~'J,Il~rto t[ru6 S"m {of;'Fhiamen~th) P~.w'diem ~r on, ~f' ~ dr, S Qbj)~ " dr.'. "~' lobo]s (~~)_; 5" &em .U~"Sem;Quphis~th'e half GJf 5-" drN .2~ ; I -l:t},ty~ Jn au' 3 katytdJ:1} ~r~;viJJ.e ][ k.{}ty~ in an .~,ktJ{ty::lm~ t1'ab l~th tl~1; fj:_Qm fI'Or'M',ttf~ ~an .Qf Neldl:tbeW1e[m~s and fQ,l'[tbs' liMes] that are~p~;e,~t ,.. , ,.J" .. ·Ji..:t . 'iD-'~1-f - '.- :iIl.. : 8;l! _~"r. ,~ Q,(lj., ,tr' ,1.:iI1l_16n~ .~0...,fry d F.: 2, O,I!JC.1" I ',-' Only 'tile l~st :U:ne;sr of tHe J,f.d rleo~~pt rema[ID .?,. A:m"c:)tl;g: '~e mo~t let~r.,ffi,ottS ~f t;'h,e papy,ri ,~Te (F,. g.II[} ~~ ", ~ ,s.; ,or:ke:r ,MQ., "t~-n th.e J el1-aF'.itlt~ three It'eceipts f-r~m a. ,~ert~;ln~epltaJ51l, l ¢f:rl~:i~~~~)~! g :~tdl (?) 0.'prd. ~in, e~tm horse ,I sUV:e:r 'dI,atcllmjl~, w~a:tbta;n in it ~ll,ew bi!tt :in~g]b[~· a:t:~dveand, 'They ~ttalel)), l~~~~$,;: 'to ea.'c'b,:rQ[ fodd~;r"8 bund lB'S of ~ras~\!, ~ h ~n. thu;~ (F. &~);: ~~ he :JI Slt year, tb~ 24th day of in all I ~ 8'blllfld'les ~,&r di€:HI;~ a.nd. frem the ~:1: ,o:f T S to TybL :K~pbiiLJ'~(11Jj fb~ d~arJ9ty~it ~Jl(now]f#f,g1!~ tb~ J1{~kh.L~' the' ';00, 384 'bmndle~j and fQ]" the $: oc'h2fl,~ts ~~relp~ fb~m jfh~r,~a~ l1h~ son ,~rA8k].!'pia.bl!s [au~ th at ",;vera p~sent on the 31~ 2 1-)1,1,1,((9 (r) (:and) t~~ ,.... I~m1iitlJ,e'~n of ArCm~i}QS at tM il'fl:fbOllf f'l"l ~bg]e- 3 hQ~s,eSJ to" run tCfgetlt,e~' -J m~.'iR for ;aU th~ (r);~
1

fbe' 8th, da):fi~(lm, H8ru5 tne $t()n ~f N ~ld)then,~il;)~'S l~ W,... from the ~,th ~ITl;'til td'ilie,:j:rd tif M,~'k~fr~ ~I(l.,;u; t.1~'1E ,,A'" 'lit iil.#l.. ~. tt) ~a,~~(dt~rj()te~i) pet' d~em, ~' w~VJ@ of fi~~' ~vhe~ ~,JJIr' 1.1Il~JLI ·UJ; o.,Jrl.,. r 'I from the, o~Ue0tiOJ:1made by' K411Jaqrm the half aI;' fiG'~r -I ~ ~lt~J' in, ,~U S itAwn'lij~ ~~' wIn~ 4 lo,ry.l($~ ;t)f
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lfrQoo Hc6r~ fu~ ,~br..,~if NeiRhth~n~jbis, th~ half '@£ lJlt'fIJWMIJ!,~'oil ro ~aGh 1:- or: i~ k(jt~II" :i~.all I .ko~'ll and S dr:.~!2,! ;' I; 'Md, fbr ,i].", ,.JJbilikier, and, COf' a la:me l(?ol hQ~~ "from tDe e~neeJtijji'JJ mg'd~: by ,S'QIToi~ t;b~.ha' f Qt' ,htnd~d over (to· 'b~ i~g~ed})o,t, tb~ ~t~ 3) ,lirl~:~, (and) f 'the wine l.,J:gIjpiJs!)!"' and singei!1Jg'J £'0([' 'tb,e eandles ,of "*' dr.", :2 ; '~he: 7th. day~ f~m the !lt~Ue,et1oJ] :ma,de h:1 O.r:.S~QbrUF\bJi~, €'UOOiC !ld1 9 fJ~'lJ'I~~~ The ~col1cl '~e~ejpt (E. ,ttl) is ,~njU;l:ed ;~t, th~ ~Dmm;~llGeme:n,t ',~~ ThG 2DUi;f!: ¥'G~~, the tb~.h~lfof I:;) dr't 1i- ; f~,~mt:h,e, C~n€lc[iaQ made by Soketl~ the' 'half' Qlt 3vd, ~~' M~k-hh· 'JUtu;tHthe ~2'4th ,at' T)\'bi or ,the lrd ~f ,E_pe]pll.i~ l{evh~l~lrr'~l~e 'ch;;UiQtet;f 'f~:r' nv,o cbar,~ett~'r.~Ula 12 d~.'J6; 1Ed, (ooM H,8ro! tbe .sen p,t I{~est:eay~i!sdIe' 'h«;J.£ Qf' f~ h,O'f~ ~d 1G:U~ IG J~1!nCl~a" 'T.h.e '-2'][51 ',ear t'b:~~ of []i'rek:hk~ Ke,ph~lan] t~he eJlal1<ioteer [a,dtrJjQ,wl!Sclg~sJ j[ I ,ar.~ .5*;' ftom th,e ,c~U~t:t~611'jlad~ by :r~a.eis tI:J:~; half o£ fl(e' r6"geI~~,Ji'OJD l(h~'un~s the .[S~ t),f Asld*f~_fle,s, 1:6: dr "', :~r -, ~ a:~d. ~" m~stllJe ,SOll 0;£ Arm' 5, i~ [;ftQle'm~~ at the Thla]bO':lLIr~,or chaxi'Qts; and] tl;vc' [c'bariotee~s] tbat were ' fi,t)m TekA~.syeltS the half lof :14 dt·i,,1>;

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d~~s, a,n,d, bends '~r.,e ~p,tJ' :ngi1t in. '~e~ F'a.,oum", bi]]Jt ,at. A;~ab~tn"PlJlisJ' a eruJtY' sU,PIioseC11 't~, ]b,e: :now tf~]@~'Sienteit b-y the~ K.~m=et-Mlnna;r Oin ~ ~t~ffl,· biUlk pf th,e, N fie ,8,. Uttlle a:beve M,ini,eh, ]',he, rm.~meli'ifj; :ii: U to1;]~w'S~u [Tl1e ¢11eed] 'la~' OO~;~ ~gjsJJe~d,run t11;~:

By l¥ay of SuppmemenAt '[ wcmld add to th;s a(:{iQ~md, 0f tire, Greellt :p~p,.-rI ,1:)£ lGmf:,~b; tr~'rn~latio;nrs Of rnr,Q papyri: fCD~fi~ 'iJ,1' ~Ilrr., "Ietti,e at H(,1\v~l;a. The ~P~P',t]j
a:nd Q.'I!:aiOO pe-ft~et, They were disoWemd, l~ ~11 earthen J~r~, ,f:w~t'ru,y.wra,pp"ett ~ro~n~,with: r.,~s) small ~tii~ks· '~;iD~ Inserted. t:o, P.~~~[['~ tlll~'rB(g'S from iaJuring the ~br]ttlepa.:PYl1U~ 'lv'i'thin ~ T~ ,ptcN,e. 00 be' t.nntf>~ets, re~.ting, to the S'a~eQ.f ~ mon~er,~e~ 'b:r a, cmaJ;in 'E~l~git)~ son 'aJ JQsf::phj, wh'Q des~r\iD~'So hi"msaK,~ 'h~vlng beem: rQ'rmeltl~~"l Meuti~ mG(f].1b. 'b~lt B 'i~ ~Il~W 0~~odo~/~ 'The' XeHtrua;n~ Or 11{el~t.ian~1:~jt ,are of' great
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,~t]H dOllbtlesB- ,f.'ev1sm maD¥ more ,wnterestrng faots., A,t Ir.U:-~~ell]!~ :b,m'V~i' lart~ wn:u9JJbl:-t 9'f' the cfragm!e'Itl,bi' are ~f.$Q :swan .~ ,[Slze~ 'tomai~te :~t impnssrble: even a.s, to guess B:!t therut contents. Here anti there, 'iflid;eed a ph~. :is:~: \¥ith ',~diJJcll, throws :l~ht Oil tI:l!e.ge~~ra:~ ena.md:el" of 't'he dbGu.roent lU wbi,ch :fC~~CUJrs~ T,b([~ ,~~ ha,ve' a" fr.~,o_~ift Jot a ].et~er 'U 132) dated 'the" 4~n day of Kl~t)ffi'ak and the 2 $t1i ·~t~ ib w'hifZh Wile find the WQ'~ds:: ~~ oolt ,IS ]I ,}Jaw. no. fI',ooni]~~re'1.ue$t, fi600s ,. ~}'J As a little aoov~ we f:'e~d,: '~lfrlb:: 'm' , Ji~nthippoS th~1! h~ pay .wtaJt ~tt't~;~:l'tlQfru '~lN1:/\P- 'It '~ :~s ~mt, tha.:t ~ writ~r' 'wa;n't~d l~t't,ea' Gf int~'
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be eo!b$erved~ c:le i1ve.tl, ~dl'®'f~' ,It~!ie frQ_O'} ~H~ti,~ M bish~p of L,yko.pllBs GSial)~,l'~.€ rIVa1anilll. e:nt~g~n~t of'Ferer fb.e :,atdilrrth of "AJe§andria. 'The ~~~g are:
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No., I~ ,~,t:Itt t~e '~ansulate' Il!lif F,]a;~~tlS'EauhjJji: 3,'nid, i'IQsldiianos '~h~:m'ooI inMstti'~~~, 'tlie m:'Qi'h ditcy (jIf 'ThothA!, a;t ,tb,e f;[td, (Ji Qf' the 5til indi~tlQ]1l,~ in tA~, ,dIsl'Htt (a:i ..· r.sin~&),.in lfu& J>c-~''II.1ince oj A:ibilla, It: is; agre-ed, by E~l'~~ '~ sou ,~r1000e,[?h~f,0.tm,ed~' a,
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~u~]:~i~~ ~:h~ch ~ '!nl~rt yet been al',]t';aroged ro~ ~ am:tmilL~tioli~, ~d a~i(J!1),lt wiJ.eh M:hope -m report, ne'X't ;
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~n¢l, 'rrev~~~lily ,s61a;i~ lt~ndell[ilb'VEtjh ftd~ '~oS&~~lo'n~ i from the ,[?lrese.J:ilf~ fOl ,~n E~liJltiilre time; '00 FO~S1S·tn~ :$~n ,~bHSlrrpa&is}J3.; MeUti~apd~Sl ,'dw~llJ:fHg)1nthe ;d~,re'said 1ll~U(lJ;tai[i. !~f 'LQbl~ a :prop~rtY' 'beh:;~~ginsg'to ,i:l:r.i,d tl.ev~~~.g U,~G~ t'h~ V~l'lJd9T.' El]l~,gjOS,c as he bas ~1iJtr±tt;anteea il'tu:l :stated in wijtillg~ t:h~ ~~e 'b~l'n!D<'made b " ;.. at the ifi~ik and ,cl1a'rg~ lor tke: V\emd1Q'r"r~1' just ~ll(d hall~lluabte reasons, ~~£o,rmab]y' t~, 'h~s, :r:g~ll'ts and u~d:i_$tutbed use and ~os-~ss1Cln., (Ih~s:p,r0',p~,rty) i~ 'file :d6.~-esa[d mot[nudn of' LabIa ~:Ca,ils;&tS' of) ,a, :m,9nalS1ei\Y·lfi i~ en'~j~~' lVi:m, aJl it~,tel'~~ ;ea6~, (ogethe~' 'wah tliie, ~'Dund. ,in ff(ci)nt.,at' d1e ;~d all, ,~~gb.t-So've~ itt; '[FOm 'the £Duutclath~~n,t~ 'fb@ wb~'l'~ i~r the :r-Qpr~ ,~iijhOJ1!lt the ~uwt[,on. 0r ,a;;1!llyth~ng 'tt)v 'tll'i% v~l\d.O't :Eutogj~:J!. Th~ Cmo;nlasteJ;Y) i& 'bqnded ~'11 1it..,~~ SOiii.~th, by 'the 'mounJ~i1ilJ.i"n, aDd, 'the' mOf.Hillstery' of Sa~rl:t An~r~ 't'he r1ie8~, pn,the: north by tb~ m;ma~ ; 't~ry ,~r'N~abaFaos t'oo ,pir~stJ.' ~n '~~ east Qy $e mtJ~'b!i[n" (ar.u:i) ~n ,tbe s.D,u.th-'W',est 'by the' 'pnlbliic roai
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:ii.'b~: d" m:onMit,ery ~\Ii.£'. ',D J;'~r-' '1!li.Y'e y.~eQ:rn, rin'. tile viendot E'ulo;gics (acknDWh~tig~'s): tha~1l; b~· h~ lleoeruveel 'from. the ,pti~dt~~er','oll!si's' tile: :luU p,d£e a:pe.ed apoa behvoo~ them and, satjsf~~IDry '00 kH~Jtb f.~ the same fD9~u~ster'y i~!if ~ntire'y $o1d.by' .j:n Ell~@giuSi, to, F'orusisJ vj;Z(. 8 p~@€eSof imped~~ ;gold,:I 1~M-'K'~.t and 0" :ICJ0d, ·\V:~i,ght nd I 1200 la~ a piGOOS' o~ st~V'et~~ .gi~ by t'be p,~rcli~er to t:pe vell,d~~ from hand to hand, ,in '~~ ,pre~ence .of the u ndersrugrnet!.

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c.;.,'t.-·~l the c~y ;af' the ,An~In~ites;~ '~ri~1rn~ tbis sale and 'tbe I ~.u~_ Pf1:ym,ent dE ,th~ .priee I :pt~cjsj of gQ'14 ,and. 112~, 0P\p§l~~: er la, ~rum bzl me W'ti,oJ~ fDr ,~ pain or t~,e property' a:~their Ol~n '0~p~n~e and. ~Thlal':~ ,(in 'Qfd~), Jaieee~ e.f small coln ~ Q'for~sald; A,urll[Q$ H'ul,~]os, A;lL]r_..., ~'he ~n e:f N,eUa~mOn'J! ,il ,v,irl,e:-m,elrc.h~tll:~:(1"011111:, Un~'tlty ~ ,5~Cl];L..... ;t!.,,,:,,: 'n~.;!illf"'lD\'Jib]~ 'inID;EiS!Q~S1if'.n ofC i't' 'm t[~,e iii ,I,~"'~"'"'" .... "dl~er Po~s ,Sj.lld hiSi: 'he[ts ..aDtO ,Sy,GGle.s,:lO'rs:; an,Q if' ,of '~ll1a.,A~,sin.g~tes, II 'Wli'tmiss, 't'his $a]~ m,d <th~,p'~yme11rf . r- - - ,I...:rI ....!!! ', .. ,- • .' $" atU fltey do not d~, S9:,. ,tl:u~y shw] P~1' .doable the pi.iAte 'a r me pnce "'0 p(l~ ill> G' .;gQ:JIUane I J1I2QO'f!,I,eQe!I O~ s,m~I ., . Ebh:led t$nc~i"~~\i1. tl~e ~~ena,.Of' 'by E~l~los, M, w~U as ~U ~-. ,~nih -as a{~~l~,r.Ltl (,M~/dg~am r;f €l~t,) . i:" 'mid j.:~,~ ~~-~ WLi<-fI;;" ~[1IJ~~. ~~r~~a;( ',W J]IJ~.'!!f"~ U'~~~'IJ shall '''''niDI':;:''''''''"''' ,!If..... L ....~""". ~d, s.e~il~d: m,~' lly EpJoglos!i' ];, . p'Lnl.::!l~ ~/~' .. ~~I~~4I . ~ ~_}:~~IlfL~' N o, rI. ~~1'h.e yl~llr aft~ th.e CD!Dl;S~]~OO ![!/ Fb.l'''jus: iDClUlt"red ,through ollie' im provement Or 'rre'buj]d.~ng: ~f ~ pw~pe~~; ~l!.d, lQss~]utE:tct~J 'Qt e;xb~~-, fauJus and. Maskbia1ii~ th~e most ,~U~5nID'U'~, 1Slih ,t!re :,",-,i'·-l;..'l A ; 'm ," ,,;.;:a ,~,;'t all ').k '7'H",'W'" , " .':A) b'l' .. da,y ,@'ffi:' Epe~phi~,,~t 'tn,e' begtn!ling of the ;7tb'Il1dlcdog J U!1IIC!aJ; ~ct:fl);S:l~n~u lllool:Y ~ '-':,II.A!~--&e ~Y'~l\g p~~, uQU.l}.~ The deed ..,of ~ii.e hars 'bee::n GillJu'~y d'i!a\li'';ll :up ilw ~ mngJ~ i:o therli:sU'j~t (llYf Al;,Si'DO:e) :l~ the PI''OV'jJl;OO ,of At"ka,d~a. 1\~'" -. 'Vl'!UII .. IlJ!O'X .. '::k· 'oo~~ and the ~qd:o" Eu[ogilQS has, I'lta:tant~,cl. 'to '~@' -ls~greeJ "·d·l-"'iii"'E'u1.,'·', l:j.· :..w.Qg,lQS" an 6-'''''~''-~1' ', ,WIO,11,_ ') P'C-t-hLO; O ",' ~ _' furd\~®:r' JP'ou:srus b,ff 'wis, sale ~ ,otd~in. 1lll,d, :lfe~iUre m~~st~l'y of III.a~¥Qn,PhyOn i"t] th,~ S;~ burl;:Ds 9'£ t'be dtl~ t~ liirs, glDbd1]S p:t'ieS.e\flt ·~,\'nd.fufllr~ seve~aJjI,,' and '~lty' of the' Ai.sbi;ai.tffii~tbe s~n Joseph and 'Tlesi~~ :gt)D.e:r-a:]Jr.~ 1m tlu~, maJ!:~et. of ~eellr.ily a;pd in ~gaitdl t~ thart h~: ha~",:vi UJt'g]y ,ud ~l?~ntm:JifoJ1.l[S'~y awd inell9;;-, r 'k'll-,,,...'II..J lmmOftg,aF~ ,iil$4 ~f the ~ed~ihn ,pf ~ 'eGurt. As t~ lE:a!.liiJ:Y' ,s ..... a~~U h""ii"i'..1.-...JI..-1l'li~;;;''''' ];~I ~!in:p,.r;;ce'\6i!l'~:;N"", l"........ 'Jii;.J:. . ~''''~'0.1!.'~~ i1!~. .....,,~~.~;,;..!,lI\,' I':"';_" l'{,hich b~~ng; q'U~st;~!O(fl,ed the p'l:Uc'b~~e1'fae~ to i:ace the J(f-El',SQ:Bft {Qt' by t)l!]t~r'e't[m~, tc' f'~l),IlO'l.l!tl[[os t11if! +~R,"1~ti@s 'the. mGn~-ti~e .SQ~l f J'Mel14:t !af~rtsaJd." :bu. sgD @f Isa~: ,aJn:d Jul~lls tbt: SQQ ~f ,Af~Dthitj:S~both Q declare(,[ ; I l~ve 'vloTh~wnt~dl:v sold tO :rcn:WI P'9iUsis,~ ~ M:cl~tLanm.'~l'D.~ !qrthoa' m~n~stety c~U¢d. 'dJ,~ in t~h.e L M€liti:an pdest; my pro:eerty ~fQr jtu;;fu ~~d hf~[UJIUi~ble rSQbutbs ~f t'h,e arm~-s;a:id,city ef ilieArsH),(Jrj;te~li ,~ re~~(['JJ~. in tl:t& adl'Ci~eSdd :mOlln\ta11l ,c~Ue-d Ll:o[a,,, ill p~~rty helG»ftb~g m the, '~etldl~ EldogiQ§ and 'k. A.·.. ". d".,_..·m ilt tlJle: ~rS~l.'o.ite.•. $I!.l"J;et Vi'~. a man~s,,,,..ry ill l. ~ ~pt·,.. 1 ·1~i"Y~ de'wolV'~ng '~pQ'.IDhhp;r u he hl!~ pa'~'ant~w and :stated f;td:rIDg e~, ',It'idl ,~Ul it,s cel]$~aJong \~~th 'tbCl glr,o'Q,fJld, iE \v.ri"tjngji' at ki~ JOWll r1il~: ~L'l.d~h:a:rgel, \\VUh p.["OI?e-r ~]1 -(mnt of:it~ ~nd ,all dgIr~; ~,'~l1er :from tile :fou:rlJJd~:~]on\' fl.:~d;1~wfu1 t:i~es" t!l#aofo!t';oo,a,bly fa "tbe' rlght:s; aC\Crn:ri:l1g i~ to dl,~ wh()l~ or th~ t'ft0t ani'll, ~ ~aw ]]'\e~emvl~c1 f1:'Om oo~t'h~· :P'"l,1 fchas,e afild h~8 ~llld~tUrbe.il UlS~ and pa~~,~O'Fl., ,~Tl~is mpet1:y) p i'n, tbe ,alt]~csa:id ~mQ_f:m;s,reiV of i!! l'he'-;tA,~" ~lidi : M~,m:.ciin~b·_tl'kl;, ·tfuJ.t 't'be Ufi1i~'P~M~ moont ~he'mlli8~~"~ :lab1a" (CD'n~:n3) bf a;, motlJaster, in :its ¢ntirety:~ fPtt~ng ihJ.eiliiLl; tOE l~f~ '1~:!trtat;il ,golldt}i~ ,SiJ ,th~t :I r~ wj'lif1nu~ W'O"udal, eMt ,,.y~~th,~U its, c:harmbeni , t~tbCj[ ,~4tb ~ll rights
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Id~i$_I(IDj 6f th~ CQuwt" As, 1l:c, 'WAlCh being; ICJ. ~e-stmnned b¥' 'th@l: pUr(lhQ5~~' :f~c:e to' ,fate' Ell~' ~.qg~OS\!l l"e ,or,ilirodoOl[ monk, '~,e son of }oseph, aniG1l Tt~\iJS" a:fOi-esai~dA has de-c.lared tOI tllrem:: I ha,v~ v'flbln t~rr~[y sold '~¥0Jlj Pap~jlo~,thiOs~-Oll ,of' Isi'tk f1~d ] iILlllruus.:SQ~, of A:r,;a:.n:trrlos,! M,e1itia;rJJ :m'!:)l<].b;j' my' Pl"O@'Q~ li\d't]l, :'liOper and ];eg~dtid~-$ (\mldlih is) in the ,afo"«'said MOiJl'Ut~:ty of Labla, :v:Iz. amO'nar,Stery' :[[], its ootlt:ety' (arcing @,B.st, ,~ith, all its, chambers, 'together wIth ~U 'VienC]tl)r tllirue mank EuJogio5, flLlrtbet arcltn':hvled:ges. th~Jt rj!lEihu, &,~er. it :fr.'Ckm. the T~und!itiam td the ~ lY'hore of ~, l~e bas ~:eiv,ei ana tak,en iri. fu11[r,'Q;m,the' '~,urch~~ the 1'00,( Wil[dl0'~t the r.;e~aJtloo ,~f aoytb:lng wharev-e:r Pap.l'liOut1i'i:os ,and j'dlius what; lUlLtda]re'ady been, se;ttled~ tQ myse]f;, and '[ 'have reeeMd in :fun :rr~m yeu by' '~1t~ [11] [ pri~oe n!21'rnu~l:y' '~ba.t I~, {been a~~ '~(p~D bind its! '~dooj lei p.leces ~,f itl1l.pej~ia1 geild ,~f~Dd 1§el,ween, them ,~u;7JJd ~pp:ell'ietl s~Hs(aGt&Ql to both w'eiglltJ i~>il;eFl."~Q me in fllil,e :pr.esenc& !®(-mhe' .und~rB"l.gl1ed hM (pa-rt~es) ill rmll'fD far t_h~ af~eSiaJd: p,.,~peny \vbkh \'v,i;b1Ie:!Js~; ~Jj],d L ~n:-e to all dfu terms l'!let-e~rhJ;eenhad, been soUl W them 'by the veudcst in t\VG- lequtJJ t®l-lned; snd on bei:fjJ,~qlJJ~sit[G~d jI[ l~.a;w JDiI!d¢ (tbt~' (Slll bserihed ~) !ih~, '~to, 'wit the o~rforesaid :MOl},lste1J1"' ~1]j i1tS e.nt'if:I~,ty~ d~d~r,aJtiQn and g1v~J:DJ a, quittanQe. ~.'nd ]:[1 f~tllln'Iit Fora,U l~~ght;s Ove'f' :i't, {rum tb.e fOIll!m'lJ:d~~l'Qn I PhleUm~~neus, {lie s"61n of ,Abraluun~ oounciUor" to the' l~hote Qf" the roof, (the s~m, lIbeir:tigJ ren, p.~e~es! of " ., " of the city of the, An~nQit€~ h~w ~rri.tt-e'._n. b,y ~:mpedal gala. CUil',en't ~'fid of good weight,~g.hf.en, by lieq,iIlli,est fait 'file ~l1dor llV':hQis p,res,t!;:n;tbut ,not "abl~' to lliil'us the ~cI10 of ]Pfumiham man", h;e~d the :pu;~d1,arser5to the ~ntl~r ff~ hrnnd tal Mamd,~ in, llV'ri~ j' ,A;urrel~u~ lof th~ gmd]d. of bri£kmaTha~~A from, the ,€~y of' 'th~ the :pl'e-se~l~e'Of the- utJJattni'gn~d W]tpe--s~e:s, Whe~ , :r~ (fle ~e:ltfi~w:']ed:,~;s} ,t~hat tb~ :purchase~,:s P~p~ ,Ai~in.o~tesi'1 wim,e.ss' fills sale and. p'~:"m-e1lt 'the ""''L.'!' .... ~ ",".,.::II J-_'~1~'_r.;"~ ...;.:--.... G.- ~m- 'L,;t"~ ... .::;ili!".;..,, ~'Ik lA- oJIitjo -,,",.--:.:!II pf1oe~ 10 piece,S ~f Wild· :~.S ,~fo\re'saJcl,j' ~ur,~UQs n'O'll[~I~~a 3,!JUcU 'U,IL;m,Ua ~f!~~ :JI'rou. - .no.:.lUI~~IL,l,.r~I:Il ,u:lUii:iI "'_,IF1~ e .;,~,r'"lIV"i; enual ' .,..If ...'iLl."'oi'lI. 'OOIct;;":;'iif,i\!i;"'~~.j J\;foid~~~ ,t~ ~~n,,~f Apa, cn... tl'tl,t~~ frem 'at~ ctt~ 'M m "'1. _~ ~~~_ ~~, LW!~ ,~~peJrtail]m:"_g l~ It f~«m the fO'1Luidatitin~ t~ fhel~,bd~,e oJ' ,tlie i11QfsJ w"mtbu,~t. the ~l~n;ril1tio['Jj. Qf an,r ~rig to: the '~end,of.' Et1Jh~gh]s.. (Th.e m6nasrery)1 is 'DO'n;wn,ded~ ~.~ i:s ~eed, f)[i, beth 'Slid~s) o'n' the :aa-~.tli, b,¥ ,~ ,d<eserte:~, ,mon~~tY'j on-ehe nort]lw b¥ tlmet'worra:stery.:.of Nabilra~ flu~ pries,t 'all' t]}e east bY" the mQun'taw and t'be 3.pp~-oa'ch a~d~~tt of 'fne lfp~~ia, :tmOIn:a~rery~ th~ .en sOU:th""lVes;t by tbe pubUc, road ,gO, l!lhrnch (1$) tb,e m,(>::n.as'teD')r f' -.Pe~ex 'the' deaeon, o And the a fo,f.-.e:said,
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W'me'h_ hu beensoldwn ~t$ e:1!itir,e~Y4 ''''!f.itl~an Us; chamt'i&E~ A~s[:nJl~~t'0'S#I lVi1;liie8S this sale and p~ymei:lt of' 1ihe :pJ'ice. H)' preee~ ht' g"61d"M~f~r,elSaid. ~,A,ur.,~~j'O:s, F6:k(i~~5 ~~liS a:nc '~lfithall rights OVC1'" 1:t; fr.Q,m, t1l1e C~llndS'lti!mnS\i, to the ,¥'iliioJ@~f the ,rD0f~,:B)S IS afor.e"SMi!~ a,n.d that they :ff,'~,f4 th~ ,cj.'ty p:f 'die' J.\:mnQit-=." ),¥]tness· tills, Siie .... , ... -.::11 '" ., J:lJaW'l~o-\~eil'"'W ma:na,ge~ QlUm~Dtst~r~ cQm'p~e'te'1'U:mP~''OVe1 ,~'mdp~fm~fl\t 'Q):i" the p'rio~ to p,~f!ces.(J't ,golt1l as ai~ .., ", ]~I..JV 'iM!i;iIk'li!lij~]..J 1~",,"..lI\ 1"':A:-];. :i,."" ':u., '. pw~ Ip:QWU\Jj ~"';!~!liU u ''l.iEllUlj;j'l ...'~fiLI.... ~\b"! UIII ''Wrua t.;[ 4.- yv:;a:.,. ~~dd.;', A Ut'~UQS, F'mm~;; the son of J:O~epHl. a 'wine'." (;;V'!.a" .'0 r~iElif1Jl tfue'y de~~ to tr"ammrt: {it) to A,eirs ,~nd. 'ro~ahant: frQ,m, th~ cit:y' iDf 'tbe A-rsrn.Qiles,. I 1!iftne-S$ :Sl~,e.QeS60l"iS~ ,aU~,~:~~@, give' (:i'~)kY ,t*'heB as, tbey to' ;~d tiLls s~l~ and. ,p~yme[t}:t e\f -[he "dee (iI:O pileaes} f;)f ~d ... (Ml'Htp-l'Fetm ,o._l Cltri-st) 'Faldedafld· ~e:ale~ 'by ~:roe w[S~ w];tl~ont h~nd:raftoe. And Q't Is agm~ti1.) ~lIt ,ElWl<Jg],os. fuQth. the vendor EulQ,gloo ~'~d :td$ hraln~ an~ ~ue'te-~rs, ~aU imm,e.diat<i[y ,ltik,e, 3!o::!lUon ,ag,~~rst' \whosoe,ve~ sb;all "S~ R_,@l]jgh. List ,00rnrEek F'apy:rl ,~uIDh\;~,i5 ~mitte4 ,~e~ u:njtmp,ortant; '~g,m~ts~ OipPJ)se '01" layelajllh 00 tb~ '~1'~,Gl.e'Or a p'a~t ,af' tll~ Brllle:t:ni ~gt1ffies, tmi't S~ ~jlle~ are lfis~; fr~'i pifopediY' ,~t_ ~heir ~\tfn _e~ftn:8e, and 'C:ba.-r~, ~~X)I ta s~ure 'tehe peooe~'.b]e,oss~sIo:n, of :it,tlll!! 'the ptlr~ tha,t ~tThle lines ,are; m'C.0mld,~te. Th,'e;!:l~tters ~h~:v th,Ci: ~heer.:s Pap;n:omt'biQS ,~d luUu~ a;~d, WS! ,heirs ,aJ],d ~wdhi.~d~a] €a1ft'lJ'ni~,es, lrci '''f'h"~C:~ 'pi,e :~d 'wet-e! sl1ote.S'So.rs;: and :if' "the, azk) :nQt 1[1,0 ,~O't'~y dlaU pa_" g.rQ~,P~' 'CQ'ot~]D,pqta:ne6uS:~f~ L skew.s the n;u'mb« Qf'
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numerous 'SwaiD 'the $;t~t~t~l' :aJ;n,d_ ~6m.p_~exi1!f1l1 ar.d, rn;una :[Gf,~~~{i rlwOtcllootJI \Vorth '~J?'e'" as "Ctiooef~, a.vB f:t;r ;~. M~wli: j ~i.nfid~ ana a SCat. on I~a~ ~th~:ek ~'], N ~iDCln later ~Jl:py,d ~(G.1inreib,. E~fJQre _i-~sUillg r~~[u.rl~s;P:n~ k T _:~n:.. /P' !It'" ~" ib-L _.!II' OJ: l~Q'~ld wi:sh to make ~~ry ,po5siblec 'l~cflj~t~ and to' t ne YU,lya:tID,j' SlJ.r11 01 0G\ta[iltQ.S~, ,.._:l' ·IL;_JiI.,~: 2ir:lu s;;;!';ift'llcem'tlOtJ .....:1'·~-r:>.;:.,. .... -~~ p'~.c.-"',-- - i~t-'II!._.... ~- -..l lIl~j[Q~,e3i~,~WJU ,!'-..rn, .... ...'IL, ' -...!I -_A i.:IU'I!JJlttJ, !!.jJlJ,,,,,~tL,9m,.w!!O:;"XIOO.!' 'W;.JI'_lEl ,~ roU!mI:a M~ita;r'm, \Yh82~Vef s.ig,rlli:fi!can,C\e' eac'h. :rf.,~m'~ltt ,m~' stra:~gb.t. &mir~ 'wiUi scar beWee'Jl hi'S ~yebj'\,Qws" '!ppss~Ss~ A s,~t:e;mJa';ti~ ,ca,;tal~g~e:atm, wh~eh I ~, ilL~'l~ IDh~~'netrioS1 the Isehmlan, :!lW ~:f' D\emle&ie~J' ,abQ:[J],t: SO !engaged hu proved :to me th'$: .~m'PQrta;r.lrCle and hope. '" -~, .•dl..l ~ .·I,~""",, ,.: '1- - . ~", " .~ , ,,,,L, yea.iIi~ 'W!13J 111;,_1 ,Q'Uiviif:' QQ'.m,p'ex~o:nJ! r:a:.,WJ:et - 'iI!..,....ill..!' W.iilJU .fllln1:~ of ~~: ':m;~m:: ,as ~fffi~' :uum.bi:'re:ffet a'DO-~~r. t$, L~.u~ D'Gi.~V, ,MMifi'ne nq:iSe.u added tl1~ !i$t,~th.~O'oo~r~~ tb:~t ~tin nang:s over t is ·wa.:nde:rf1l1 'CQ]I~Cimi.:c:::tIllli booomes :~,es~, WS$ dense, a~.d 8.00 I .be;pe'~that. a ,se£and ¥$at will not lla~~ p~oo,
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oZ1 .... -" --,t""·:...-·:i..A - ~l-.-t nemarca ton ,Sa'!.:J.~!U '~. d-") "-,' l~e_- ltt,Wn between (I) the ''ffl''j'dngs; tb,a,t m~¥ be snppesed to :ha.w. ~m,~lI~'t~d,(jl~~cf1y:frem dle ,SICii.iibds T;~n-:Sllcll b ~ '~e't~~U~rJlts~," le;pll~(jc.um,ents, and m>em.ormCWa : '~ese ma?, .in, ,some msttl_nces be 1oopie1.; butJ. .if ~ ~Y' a;r,~,~~,~~srDde: ~~;tl1the 'wdb~~~'s a:ttentio]], aUve ~nd., (im'm~ th,ooe' tbat ~lI'ere,,.resum~d)ly. eampesed by -....... _. an. ,~_a;rHI~r scribe, such as '~i~~~or~ ~c.i'Jell.tIfic an~ re]j07-iOllS 'wo1r:'1iS ~dl,ool o.~~dsiR,~~ It is ldif[eilU: to ~pl~in, t'h,e f.ac,t t'oo't r.lclioo:~aus ,err'()~~,ex1;s.t; :~'n sueh

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papyri tiif\v'mm Ai[r~Petrie Qibt~IDeJEithe ~m~ms a'~e'r 1~ m~ ,t)f?{:[;(lUg':AJL WRJT.t:NGS. :rep'r~seJJIJ~ by a" 8~nrIc sm~U, [or -even mb'OO~~s f:r:-ag= T1te Jega1, ~ciI, 'amfda! doroU\en,t~ 'May be e[asood men't., Th~ SOOfioe-.s 0.lI" ifij ~'ly h~lre booat), :\1":uio;lm.ls, 'bl!{iJt, ,I.COOld~l1~g '~~iir ·t;Jtles:: ~ tlll Mst--J;t!fP' ,e~' dre€iQ 1r~nef-e" I fi'eed only :p-wnrt 1tg the -le~ltremle aatiquity. a,r 'oording' 'the' tr-a'iJ~r'e~at ~~rty from, .OlM~: :lle["~oo, to' IC:.bo~~' Kilihun~ wh:reb~_gh fr:g,m .,som,etim!$, ~ ft.a~1e~ ~n:atb~r ei"fLb~' P$"OS,pacthl'e1y Or :ijm:rnedmtcl\y~ ~J],d

cases ,of s.ubsmn't]a~ less, in, ot'lfmrn ~f p ~V'~~~~ ,sftick~ ~_epl tIle br,mn at 'w,o:rk~ A:mul~~ wiitin~ ~"d. 'P~ll,.H deP()iM~d ~t'. the not l:illrge·( t'h~n ;;trn i~.cfu iSq~a~:j' ffi'a'!l."')Y :a.:rl~' :tess, than half an i:l~ buf 'm~l]~ to Mr., :P,eb:ie,~ -ea'!',eftlml deacd, 'wer,s: very fa1h]lt,r ·f)Q[ a ~knllm" reason~ :HIa-me.Iy' ;PB;cl\!io~ ill, ,~r-Jots, ~~ ,aWr~ 1ehey- 'W'Ci!:J'~ 'CIb[~illied!, and fio the tlt.!iI!t,J. :mGt havlnJ' ·to be' ~d" tbar (!otrecm!ess "'\viO'u~d " neve:r be' put: to, the '~est 'by ~ second :per:SG;l[]" ml~a;n:s:of ~:~h;a'~t~]·sa'do;m -tna:t I .~a.v\e l~st:m.entlQnedj:~lI!,J!r,~y 'a,flrj {jl"derrrh].eg~i ,veirie virtu:es, there :is, no Ga'QJ51e W' despa4r Q;f ~j~oo,vedl~g hOlw 'piec~ T~gJ)ghb,e$$~ ];'oon :ruf tbpy fJJilJ joii.n (id~g:b loo-e klt' may ~O\EItamn ~11atmet ,with i,pocl~I p:ajs~ aJld re~gn:~ti'M ~tl,~_n€ieHt, or theilr ~vid~t ru]ty eJrQep't,"!;jj,i'hen ·50 or. 00, dOG;um€:nbi: of' 'whi,~k ,~t'her''garb ti.e' ~Q,nu~,- Egy.P',t: '~~;lL1l5~ ctffimes to bs' fb:lU1(! lrn ;a, ml'erre~.t IQt):; ,~lld jf. th~ w~U .blf~11UgJht eJut by- ,cGLm.pw]&i.on .. The' fonowi~i le:m~lutks an ·M'r.,F'~'u:i!e~s, ~l]ettjcm. as -not jo..~ll) r'~t a ske.WetOO""p'a;P'y!1kID5 (]~ so;m,eti.nl(:s be: m~e 'wp fu~' ~n~~JQgy'~l~o'mmore: \Q0,m.pl,ete e~~m,p[e,s "",eU, as the, tf.~~:ns-lation~are given with ,aU 'F,t~efVe" ,and 'Pt~v-e very, in~t!J!c'tlVi~. 1ft mus,t b~: :~enJtip.Il~\d~ Fu~~~r study ~TfU~, la;u:ubtl;ess ,pJ.lt ml'ttrilf' '~Itgsf im a, r &ow,eV,efj tbal to 3:.Ua~.p~al"arl;~e, ~ite (JU0 DatIl of ·the mrew' rui;gh·(. q
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. e]tl~e:r·with. or 'without beluHlt' ttl the g;r~Bt«f" er ~ it pnv~;te 'or 'lo' b~ sent '\vith retre~S_..AIl:f]· 'Yri:t~e-:n '01), 'small is tecltnleally ,eXp[eE6sed~ ,v[tn ~r' \wdl·Qut ct)-1_~~ .. :d!fi",a'.:h6d :sq uMt~; of P~:lP'rt~~" 'The letrer:s, f~rm -a. A s~ecles 'of'Vrill aud Q( Mat~ settlem~'fit '~lll~l .ill'umerpus class, Th~y',1;1l",e Q!\ewer-aUy wriU:en o:n C)nl~ 'a,pea:r to,haJi{e been fjQmn;Ion'[y ~oommitted to writing ,side. of ,ar.smalill. ~he{elt withi 'the name air- fbi \mtei' al'l~. ~ooi_p,je't':IJ:t,0(1], t'h.e b~>cl(.t 1:~~ ~g-mm:lL:m:i~ficn, I~(t~n 11,1..1 nder ·tbi$ .1lIL~me., Tl"il'~ ~ai1:t"ple$ :QIf -iii: _e~~stin 'tJ-le ,€·tlnect~:ou 3D:1.d are tratll.sb.ted In KAHU'N .P~',45., A lexreed!6cl. the limlfSll of ~n~' side and 1!;YQ'S IQ~r:ll'llrum-~~d 'ti]11n), f~men,tru;y papyrus oonta~n~d th~ le'vi.de:nc!l;:' on the' 'mcIk!~ h1!l.t Itl1~n'UjS/t, ,Ju=rf~t:t ~p'~ime;rts. in' t]l;rl!' igiveJ]J thattbe 'witDF~s~ ·f,oa.thel"had ma,[],e an tlnd.ipIJr CiOUe€UO:fi, are nearly,ru:l of a 've:ry fia,r::n)l.aJl 'ldnd. wi,th ' e.R!c'blfll·Dlmng :hIoS ])T,[;es:thGQd <Ji~ Sep:dJlJ fGl.' s~me other ba'lfdlya Ifaill ~If' :fn~armatian.i' and. ffub ma:~ (}~pht[m lle~~6t '~ib_iic'b. SO"l) might elhdm. the t;]w ·fact t'h~t t.be"y ~~e ~tn], l~UM up )r,11d.. s~~Je~,'\vhJ~n 'The SllJ1tti, -i\p.parendy the ,a.p'~QI[ojtme:mtt '[I; g,~,vle:]1.'n_,· M'lr'mP1ftrl~ di5~¥-e~ed t~em,. of Th.;e ea.dies;t pap~y.ruoS .m.e:tlt ,o:ffirer~ 6.r- the el1gB!1_g'emf~llt, ef a. sertal1t:· 'of t'~.e km0w,m; is at fragment. of a, '~e'tter frGi\m S,iilI~.q:ireh :Df!I'W" VTtb ~d~~ty f~tmef 'ldni(J. tb~];~,tou.~d. seem ta be' arl ir:Ulitan.OO ffG:m: at, 'Gize:h.c It ,dnltes f[-{~ffi tJil: Val ~hun; qltbe .]a,:tter~one from Gurob (tam.po ·Am,en.~n-d. lWl~ G~m'lJQ~te)l{[ on by' ECj~'ha~~ IMt 1~a:;r~,~rte1f,~ l ([f' ·th.,e· XVIIJ,th-XXth ,dYliL~,ties are com._PA];,a.'tivwl,Y· :horep' 1m m},; 'Thee apit- or ,amcl~i, ~Jst of: ,t m~Q'S .h,~~~~oldJ ~o[l1'mO:I:1:, 'brut ~e \~ew:'~ :hiltherto: 'klli~Zf\li"n ,of ·fbl: ilJllYe~ •. b ' ·'111 A $ip0cinlJL"#D '0'( a fQ~ma], iet{f:er is ~ro:llmef\aflr.rg not on 'I. .m.lem..• ers 0:'r~'L._.' J:~,mhy" 'L ·3,1&>, v:enang pe.riods~ ~y Ids r.: utrt" 11 if he :lPoS"seSsed ,iiI!l!Ir~~ the' .serB and sla',~es h1 ba tehe.s uans.1atad in I{AlIUN p.. 46~ Smro~ ca.ujlJnt nQt~!i· ~re
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clGi8leliy-\l!"ri~tlefl JPa.g€'Sl~'~oi'llt~i[dng pw.e:scd.pjoou:s; fQf the use hr mjrd'\\vj~ ~ s-ome;'dr' th~,~0~sem1)le ID. ®~Jd'eth~ ~~cri.ptJlOn.S' COTlta;iBe~ In t'~e EblS'J'S, {XVillllUl d:y'=

na;styi allld. .Bt:rliDlti.~,X1N:th. dyn,~tYJ medk;a1_ pa,pr,rt: the,_.SlUtnJ.m0 ,is aJ~1rlJLd,of ~~[£t,(~/j "I\\It,fQ ~xam,le~:fJKw~n.. "h~'there is, :I:1QIWfte:t:-e by eansid~f-~bl,e: ve1':beJ i\frscl.. d T.bie ln11t rei$, f' USt$~ ·e~g;.of s~p@.tint-eDdellf~S arrd m~llrt. The :~trilPti,oru;. alr~ 'View ,sh:m:~tJ ·rl!~f.e· v ,~nd. k '" lVo:tllrmen "en.gaged bl, ~:b':'i!I."i:[ljg stene, .A,ooou.n'ls o~'ly 'One iUGafJ:tatw'j;},amon.gst. ~Jem •. bpt jOtlmal-f~hi(n~; a" fine ,f)!;ftd. hltherhJ, u;r.dq.~e F:r;!gm~nU [qf a,; narmw std,~' lvith v.,ererj:naW pre;.. ~'xample fml1:]J 'Thebes \of the XIlltk d,fIUI$~y :~s a;:lli $~f,iptlOn'S in ]il],ear. m'~rnglyphicBj '~ibe. U~es -n -:re\~(l!tthe G~ Mus~1!J:m(j-and was prubltj:sI1OO. ]o,:t]lJJ ;®[gp lP&1e~ 01Jrll:er,. 'This :~8 ,~O absol ute n~vlelty~ iIi\"'F.llI ~mD"" ..-wtj' ~,'ilIi!'O' ~~~UiJtukI;;fA~Q.II;~~ -nr'iS"~"iIi... ~ ,~;l.:i"""",]1,,;;.M;,;ili~, 'Oc~~·~th ........ /' ...,. iF ~!lJ by' M'~lette::: ilfis: ded·lih~e'Dtj h@g:a:n b,y the grea..t: Ro~ge,! '"vas: 'thlsi yea.r (CUr.~9ursl¥ e119u;gh) r-e=~Qm m llave Dot yet tded t~ ,j~~~lfy t:hl~~r~~bj~ts;: O~fi ,. .... rncc:a.Ged 'by' B,orehat'id,t lA thtA E~din 2ejts,enr]tl f'ir t"ea'r ~ bey,ond h~p<€ ~ it was b~antifuUy wdtten m Aegypt,ise'lre' ~S-pr3'c~heJ lk\fbere I sh~n ~¢lh gjlf\e ~, (:'OhU~l11S) and 5tHl e@·nmrnn~ file mast ta.pta,]f~i.i[;IJg r~su'me' iQif it ~ It was 1;.ept by 8" ~!Cdbe· of tl\'e my~l .phr.~e. ,'~multip']y '~' I to infmlty" J!~ W,~~ it t~e - 1.. .~~ H' 11w,il!L:mou;s ·iL..l :e:m ~~l~t: took ~'n - . -" :~reuJes~ proci' tf~Mi!J:ry ~t: isomeperi(1d Jdlu.rrQ,g tbe . XII m t'n dyI'UI'5r,,~, t: 1;&;1; Q:f ~n :rra~ti,()'il~ ~ :resm)iUltin~ fl'O.m, the: !~lru~~~;m 6[' ;!!I!irUd c:o:rrrtaiils, {lOrr ~Ch day oo;ncise add figrm.a!.[ qote~ ~ ~ iiI"'I.,:;'~:;;.1 r""""m"'R'h.:. E-' 'OV"i:'i!~~''!liflilt!'o of' th~ ~eGaS1QIlSfar \:vhi~h ,s~e:l'a~ d:rnfts, QI'" p:aLy;m~[[ts ~ 'b" :i' .1_ .... ~I~U ...... '.m·b"""""'" l~'~> _. ,iI, t.... u 'w~re' miild"e, <t(li,g~t'h0r \vlth na\m~ ,~f :pe~i.tlg iU:a:d_ llis1!:, c,a~'J.d.~xpjr.egsl a:ny .fr~dclfl t~~a1t'had I f'Or the JaJum'er-a-. of ililllgs "ptaill QIU.'t~~ r~~~d,. H,t tile ood Io;~ tl1,~ 'tor~but no: IGlif:h.'eJ;~,~1r;~oCept~Pg' nly ·l, TMius 02 -+- 109 ]S o day tl'rJle-olerk dre'~V' 'u.p hi'S· 'balanlCe s~,eet!!, SmaU ~~,Pi-e--s~ b" .+ Th· Th@ grea::t IllJ..tlhe'= matillcal ~'Ja:hi:~d Ba.~rus puhHslu~€I.l'tld ~f'.~ained ,'i' l ff~WeD:ts aJrl~ ·U.umcrous (r(;I\lU J[ab.tln~ an.d geed p1e:ee-$. ~~n he Fe~t£)[\ed s!,l as '00 .~~ ."rnoon£g[W~'. I fi'OOay with ileal ,ae~:]rtenI9S hf P~r6:feS$orEis~n]pbw ru-n I ~.1 e'sped:aIly no~ ·an ,~:e9-'UJ[ t 'Of oxen (]atgely' ke,pt in t;o:ll,1ialn~ ~~~:ctly t'b.e ~amJC::: ·ta~~e_'wjth ~~me 'Wlotds of , - '·r] .]".1.. ~ f:r;'ilJ~dons a;s ~. seve-Fa pen;~(1]5 ·mJ1gUt. jJ,aW a'fi iID.tel:CfJlt d];rec~~gn. h~ fc ·~re ODli~;md (com ·tbi~ ex'a:m,J.e. t (,S~~ in >~n iIl't it m~y be' t[li.at it 'vas, ,~ 'b:l!]:tc'her"Fs ~0000f~t) ~ ~]se111o'hr, aUU~lnatj~~ M Ha:Q:d~uchl' Tekt. p~36.) C~]cu~atIQn. of thE; ·~i,)~:t0n[.9 g, dnnda,]" granafy' to"f also lists ,of ~rtld~s im g,eat 'lr.mieity ie~tl~e:f:'S/tJ/e1f; ~r . witl.tilrclfl/;;t frorlllN. ,ii. S'to~e., reSi~mb']ing aHd yet dUr~dOJo~nsidfl~~b]f £Foro: juhat $~, TI() 'tbeS'e tnay ·b.e 8!dded rr~l~mpj'&:[lJjCl.a ~i,t)rer i~1]j M~tb~1,tt:andlt. N C'. 4J,-nu,m~.nds ·on:~fwithbut: te~l. irbeltitK!c.only
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.n.euvc !a~9)., The Pds~e p.a;pyros lli'~'S discussed ~,y my~:el.f ch~ 'the F.t:GJ~~jn~ ~t1 the SlQci,e,1!;y ;of' B~bUc:a] Attba,~Qlogy vol,. ~ili p. 65. And r s.b.~U p.r.di~b]y 'l'l:fl:te a.tlQ;J!"U:ief account foit" the same socie~y & f.tr~ of ·the 11e\V' text N:,~xt ~u:mmlet I hop~' t:O :PiQtiJ'~h~fn. a i :sep'ilra~ w'O'ri th'e Brlti;s.h B{[,tIlsoom w~t of' '~beil;j;l;ory or '~fb~ Se]t:bti (HJS'bofro d~un. llaY~~~'n) J togerher with a
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glv.e 1Jl vlM¥ s~a1l'ty' Idea ~f i~t~~apa.bilfti,~s. · tUale~t., T.he:t'e l~S$.~·in.!OIIlG ·c~ of dQGumen.'fs, to (:O~nt:i.e.n 'There :Eire almar lodged .in ~]u~seum& th~ady ;[~(}l) ]me;s, of ']Uerp:f teltt~l '\~dtten d~~.[ng the micldl~' fiOO.th~·t is ~.sdi()()l.;"lj£tIiJ:·ca~t,~·~ntfOf.tun.ateE.y·, OC~hmn has OrU[;' k"~wl~dlg~ 10't th;e' mJi:lt:'ltods by :k1:ngrdlom;;h~id~ a number 'a:f later o0pies ,of ~~k;5 .i'rdded. o0.thlng ·~1 \\o",.-..~l ~ !a.iJJ..' "T"IL ~','I'I ~ .. ]. f \~];ti·cll ell i]dren were tf:a~ne:d t~ be s~;rjb~~", Tb:ere ]J.D. Ulat :pelr.H1U _"'; .. [iJ~ i·@J..iJY\vli]:lg .;[$ ,~ . J~t 0,. tb~ mid.dt~-krnngcl,om lite;t~· pa::pyri .. Is U()' trace of ;speUirig-book~" nor lists ot ,siP. F~ve:.a;t Bel'Hn, 'vi~~:flte .story ~f $ta;:lteba1!: ~ the s,to,:t;y The Roman ,S~~gn · :p~l~yms; 'Qf' T~Ri!3;. "dji;s:oove"fed. by 'of the S e·klJ~i; ,8 dialogue· 'ht:tw,OOl1 .;;t. mm, and ~b[~c M1i~ 'P',etr[e ~'Dd pu.bJ.isheil. '~,y 'the' Egypt. Ex:p]~r.:atj;OD Fund f T~!D Fa.fi}yri. {rom Ta'lll$ ''') remahu; ab!i:plutel~ 510U:[ ~:getbeir 'with ,I fl'~m'~nt elf Ii f~u:y tale'~ pa.nion 6£"a sec€iJ,n.d cow ,of the ste:ry "of tbe ,Sekh ti; rue ul",iJ]que ~ 'The ttn'[y se~oo;l b00k: Ot e'xe:rdse from, K~h'llfl i~ il, W ~J1it.ar p-.apyrns re1:ating::{I. ~ri'Ef:i'ii of lV~1Ud~le.fliJl "SwrJe-s -thad.. 'lIve-re' 'to'](! to, aill'u]~e Kb:utiilll, aud :s~me: marvels. 00Ue€t[,o:o ~f .model :[ett,e~ of tllite sj'mp]c~t:Idn.d ¢QU" ~im:tl,g H.ttl~ mO(f'e t}UHl rsp~1titiQiEl~ o.fmo:rm.u]a,'e. tth~l ~,p'pen-&d h'Sl:saftet. :s'.!:~ Ro:yal nam,€s []] the pap'twi Nef,eli'·ka:r.a~ F'Oi'"' At St..:. f"C~:f:sbl~rg .i~1.il.l :f:!iLity 't~le ,"bD~fi: ~ Shi:p= wreek~ sail'or -(umpub]islled); ,~t PaJil~ 'the ,PdS5et ba..bly t~ k;lL!lg err bbe Vrth d.Y~~~Yt fa.vou·ra1E5J.y'rnen.-· ,a.p:~~ru,s ,~f prov~rbs. l.~'t]yj at th~ Bn:'li~h :M'imlSet,lm tioml~d in tt:b:~ p'l,ru:~esdf.Use1"t"gen m i~ ~i' 1\:\1hlicll fo~mJ~, "u·e: ·tl:vo s.erj.es- ¢l frar:nJJents. ]'. of the lS'~~ZY,~fth~: ,i, sootion o'f'the hymll a'b"v€:, men:tionell~ S~k-,h;u~ 'wi:t,h 'an u nirl·erJ:·tiffied. tex;t QD. thl~.[SJ'IleHe~ ~~ of XIlth ~ynooty:. Ametlemkat Ii Er£~ ap;pears ~s; 'th.e ·RFi0I'VGt1],S.of .Ptih h.oreB·iD 3t cl~£feFenlil version fr,om,~ t~f. pl'iesidfng' d.ei·~y '0l' so:~~neo~alit-y :hl the f~ miodcl. l r t'Hnt 'Goot3~noo In the P]ti:s~e' .,aPf]'~s. Tll~ ]atter 1 lie t,loer,S.'<:; 'Oxen given 'by hi-~ to tb.e: !e:mp[~. 0.1'
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'ta~b!li~g .3 reI11a~rkabl~· ll;ymn tQ; U~$ertes~rn w.,dtrem III on both $tdes 6;[ i.t. 'The begrl1ni~ iJi;l)~ 'efia~cma[b, but the ~nteJ;V'Gn.i"[lg' pGI'J;ii'Q'n i;s, or.iUlnG:lel'L~~:n.el\l:tent Srm.·~Il sheelK r-e!ltQ~mtng:n"pa:rootly a brjelt~yeff6 'y(ema;trQflB~ and 'tltiUJS~. :a;~ falf a::r its hrel '\fe' imperf1€ct !JOJj.~Hf4~; but :m[l1l11~'f~ifiI., . .p,ares c~~~, t exl'[~b~:ts I fully the e:h~r.~ter of thre lfa~,Faf·1t$ ~f VNQ pag~:$ 'with a; lh:v ]io~ Qf w~hiog- gltlla~ ; 'th~· GQ:t:res,p9nd,[Ilg .Kahul1 papyri ~r~ ·w~t.h, 3. ..ortian. of a. :strange' ~p~st:ui~ t~hernytbicaJ. 00l])00$;t fel~ e~.cepti:ons terse b~'Sifue-:s;s GOtufmem~s (\)(f letters in b;twQ~n .HOiroS ,l;IflUd S~~, w;dtJt;en in tllJ[e :1J.Q·p~llE tun ~r'Qb-S€Dfe: ;er~:u::en~~.i' ap,d hy :Eh.e'Jpselvles \wldd.
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• 2111 ,. ~..ll·' -

The cartouehe ro:f Usertesen ,m'! is ·filLe eemmonest of

The hyml1 to 'll~ed.e~en III may have been loom .. .P osed aft~ 111:5. erlLfJl; a ..reSM'\ro.Et [o:r. ga['icll~ll ~. tills d : king; .~smen:t]Qoecl., '

,Amelltlnuua.t III ii t11e :fi'rst :k.ing 'l?f \'V'hbm '~V'e m~, sa:y tba:t .pa,pyr] Qerta. III ly' 'w-ri'tten, in ~:Ls ~,eign w.e~
found ~t lCa.:il'WrW1.,

A:m@,Jll~.mh~~l l\r~ On'e :~.ettcl" ([a,-m.d. in his; te:ign. JiIII tD dyn.~SltYm Sekhe!ID khu taui ra, (Sebe:k~ hate]1 1:?) the founder 01 'the dyna9t1:' a lO:rtg~ qput
1 , HilO;"
.jI..

"

I' 'I'i~SI11,c~9S0~' S0:k'hem, ~a .ra,,:' anLmner

apui.

(Tbe ~videlle:e' for' the Idoo~ifi~ation, e,f these t,~r~ 1}:a;ln~s hi eem.pJ,~c;attdJ b~t I thill~~wUI !Gave Utde t~ be d!~sh:,~iI 'w~JQn pMbHsh~d.)

.An t.b,e ~bov\e' ea:d;:<~ur);b-es, ;)l'e from K1~ij!n..;: th'e' grea t dOGJumm;mr,l ,.e t:be're~\y:fu~iJc_b 4a]1'b~ pmved. @
exm'!~d. from. Am!enemltJ.ra~t 11M 'b:~,I' a ,sekb~m ~hu tau]'!, ,

was pro'(;iSlety '~11e 1?'~f~od d.urh1\g· wbich 'fb~: Fh,~t'il!.Cm)sp'a[~ esJieci@;l

'~1rt'ef:tt~~'Q.t€)c '

height of the Nile \V·~ frequel1t]y g~t~ge~ 'fu~ol]];t~, as as Sam.beh a'oo,ve dIe sec~d, ~tafa~t~' TheJl~p¢D~ lof K:~hlta liv<,M dUJ~ ]];('it ,ooJ¥ to' th~ p¥F,~m~d aOld
temple' of l1::jj_~r:tesen ][
.jt~ " .,..;;;_1'""".... ~1" \lI"(U·~S U1V~nn':;1u, 1[1

]'u;ga'tj:on {, .'irt;rltat

tl~e the

~ltl¢~ vi~ at H)Joo,p, .F'i,o:r,e[[]ce'. lJs-e1wet1" at tn,s) tomilb~i'b! (&a.,1:) of th~ dec:e~,Gld Frern G'llJrQb-h,~ m~~fi; ~mpa:rtant- Pa.:PfrJ are.=.t ~WQ !iilmlaR Ieg;a.l ~o'€.lllm.eCr~~ itllfilj. ~~mn~ Mg,.~:'ther~ :pdl're~-£$ P't¢h 'neJieJ'u P a:tid hw '~1rC city of .Apln;®;l:H.,tQnnd 'bne,h Jefi~~rln.g to the ~am,~ tNiJ1:s~;t(ilo\n .d'a't~d. in ~ polis (.At;fiye11), The: tratn:sitiT0n fiIDo,[']l tllle XI]Hlt,~ th~ K'lIJth 'the' .3.3·niI. y1em- of Am~dlIDteE III m:UG pa'gti :fh)m -3, :lid:ng .~:etle:rQ,[ T.e:phirt presenWd toO dym~g\V~ thqu;gh mJilir~~f1. ;rJjI~~a€'Hl~lld \the Tmo, $yo a R~m~~s, II mte.r the .dea.tb of ~bat.ldn;g.papfrus aa.![InQt .ha;vie·h~en. 3. gre~t (~V~lut~Qfl.~
.lett'ei.t s,pe>tlkS of works ~tthre~
j

t:b.~:tt~bbuts., H.mep 'U~Qrte~l~-n'j .it was [~~!:t~dl'\'II,~ as, \\ri~b. an j;gdl,Vid~a]. :a11tead.'Y'· an important ~I'llwe,,~t d.ul.ffillg'; 1fu~ '])'uUclJn_g ,of the' ApH j~ .PJd~Q:bl.;y; identicel b 'pyrit'mid a[AIi1e.u,em~at I I I ,l1t Hit~Jfar:aJ'a;l;wcl a ~t:f:a_;1Wl~d k~lO"L,~ny :~~stt1a. dl~dita.t.e(l ,t~.;Plan in ~ifihemU9,etlm. a1i:

but also lD@ the ]:oo:l!1:'mer.albl(f 1 ..,·] J!I~. d (~~ii',tgajL.-t:p:n L. ~ .~. ,I;jiUJ(;df3;g: anc scnemes

.t~,o$ 'Gi ~,-n~'''',_.:lI· '~~ or ,~IJ:.... ~l!llI.lu. a 'Ihl]S.K .~'ten. T.h~ ]~tif:I~"r WEtS ,triitten 'from, M'em,phis ahdJ [oont~~w ne' I1eferen.I~.10 the di~5'~ ~':n;ldp:: t'b~ write'!
d~;.'ii'i-t:~,t,r:;;_';;l _ _!U!~ _..... ~y
,:JJJj!;g

(Al~nas), 'GtQC'OOnQFDn~(~d.[]l~t el Fl~iU.rn1j .~ Wit2U a~ f.t~([[l F'jacl::5' .m 't'he .runlm,~]atr.e n~,tghbQ,U.fhood e@nneet~d. '~ritb t1"le worship ,0,[ U'Sti=1:· .... -r~ein., One cot the .m@sl 'rJ11z;z1~TId- "tld{]~ Is t~ find b'...... that $e.pd:u Lo(d ,:of tb.e E~ste:tn, deert .• ., a·k~c~l ~ :is God ~ cB.ithe-r we mu[st suppose tb~t tb~ settless ~,t :Ho~p U8eJ~tesen came ,f~om ith~ E~t .~f 'th,e D(d,lla Cor fmm the E~.telin d,€sert" a~[td iutrj)'ij1J~d hi'S· 'V\O:f'sh]p:~ or else '\!i.e- mu;sit.s~ek an eXipJ3]]a"ti'DTl!-: In 'tile dl~igilJial :rn.eaming of tile l!.~ ordt 'W hl,ch we tr:.iltnsla:tei ~l E2!i;s,1i/~ na(mel" 1/"'l-eft,Jl1 The: E!JYPt1an~~OOflaij];g the 'NUe i[!om the £eiil1 'had our frl·e9.st It, on t'b:~h l~ft~,j, Li~!3'i\fD-e :if tllitey' .ascend~d Hre F~¥ttm llrail,~h fr.om ;the g~;t :[a'~ or sea of tbe "{(yj,m~ eur No,:rtll. w'Quld 1~ QIJ theh' Uleft."1; 'The cana~and Jia.ke. ,of' tl\,e' F~lf1 [;11 e were pf grea:t mythol~k:iil. ~s w~U 3$ ~:m:m~tl€Jid j:mpc$f~bGeJ and I r:ef.dly v1C;:otu!l!e' 'OCt ~lli)~est 'ttnat to!Q" saw $)0 m"uc'].1 :atla:l~gv In thetnto the .I F.lLaln ,~1!::l'e5l,jll ~nd the sea t1_1~t'they cU-J;]S'i:deffed it rn[bSl: ;~pp(f~pr.i.t.t,e ,to pb.c~' ti'le desert nQ,rth '~fthe eanal undex the glil:3;l'c'Hanship ·azrfS·epd.u ;I;"L~l'dof :tl~e: left hilfid d~~rt'~' The .. L'ili~ of the: F~Y·6.m.\VU :l1i~Il1Le;tb~~-5 ~a!]~tf ~t ~j!",·1ik~· ' t~e )ledile;rtal(lea.!l:Jla~nd ofj~r. seas : and the FayOru iai Qn~' of the ~~~red baoli'S! :{S. div[d~d up {'nto ~ l~;tt,]e n~m~s ~$ if i,t '\w~re "a, third .1Mld. a,dd.~d to th~ ·iI.·bvcr .];~;[ld$ ,~,~f" Up-pu and L>O:'~6't Egypt. 1{,a:'fu;i1. fu.m.i!S1t~d. al~o. a J,et~~t of 'lhe 4V Ill~b. " o dyn!~sly~' 'was '\'Vtftt~n 1'0 dupUcfj;te ®;;IH~ ~ddressed ,it. 'to ~~ P.ba:r3/0h l.., W'. H~ 'the. Lord J<li Ame'~t.1' IV'." If5,d!atG: the: s,t~ yeu is 'vaJl1a:b[e,. IDr t[~:e 6¥l1 r~ar ,;'11,~kI:tm' Etavcing re'i";C811g;erd h~s name' ·t~F~11dl)leniitten

Ili:emdeep6-1ls

"" I'

1,-:

.~~

oil

I'~

U.r

[ii...~e, 1fII...-:i;Ulr ;!!.Ai ... U

,...

"~;mlt-~'l .....IL'~.i1 IlU """"',\t'"- _;a, ~i'".~ .;1.,.. ~,

;Siebek: nmr'1u. (~Mk() p~oba1tr,ly' rejgg,ed] j'oillftly' 'w]~h Am~nem'~aif IV) dy:~'ng·e;hildle-ss: H~e her.' bi't~e!'M9:f.~' mitijt' :h~ve le;ft the' ltmgdom, ·to 'the, rep,res~u;ta;t:i¥~JJf aJ;l0tber bra,l1Qh o~' th,e "~~o.~, ,@:f Rat',;)' 1buJ~: is ~D:nl.1· h,~~ thi£!

~~~~, ~r

tn,~si&. K~bull "~~Qilthl'U!~d. tl\~~:ds'h t'Q(( to

th¢ ~i~,
.Ai"

:~ tbll~,!

~Jia

ue~e_S:iliors

of' 'i:lle :X[IIth d_fJaa£ty 't~a,tccl. t'heb" p~~-' HilOnUl1'i1L€n'tS "~h~!I' w1:~ re!ipre~.
1

L.etil.ers €~me \00 Xa'h.ufl from T,~e'besj ,~IeU~ri[iSr

'U N IVEXS [TAT~Sr BEBLIOTHEl(

htt Pi: II dig i~ b" U In i- he·ide I be rgl '.die 1dig I it l pet r ie 18 g: 1/ O{J[5 8 u © Un iv@!rs1t,ats,bibl io'thek He1id@1 be:rg

HE[nElBERG

CHAP'TElt

xt.
'0. KAHUN'~
t

THE STO ".it ]MFLE111:E.NTS t

ij,l"

F.. C.~ S;~ij1t.~nL,j Ii .C·,.S. Ji~

~
froID

Tlse stoue i:m.pl,em.[~l1b bro e,1gbt, 'lly .Mr~PeU-i.e

K.ahu'll and prove~. to

'be 6:£ thm at~te af file X Itb. idYna~,ty are an uaiq ee ,cQn~ction~ ~nd form
the first ~ti,ndIOt(nt for a definite kfiQWled.ge of' 'th.e: BIJbject.!! hi. EgyptEan history, AU are domeseic Of'

trade impJ.em~n:~~ There an~ amoings1t them ilia cere .. .. , · rncnial Qbjie~ts speeiaJly (<<n"JH;td t~, ta,l-e a p·art in. .reHg~e'ilJ:Srites d.u:rin;g: life 0[' for sepultu!~ n'itetre]y; ~nd rro ,doubt ~~,0zpel".i.e[:ut~d when e~amioi:n,g taem that thee style sf thi~piog is of one and the sarne period. They ferm a reliable means for est®.lb1:iS'l i.Ag fa :1m.Qwle~ge of ti'le.. height ,at w hie'~ the a1 then St~JCH~1. when it is OO11sidcrod ho~V' rurmerons ~l'e· the ~ndj id ual ;o'bjeeD, from llldddl a eenclusien can be v ,drallV[l~ f~ll' Jg tillS .m,a;t&,[" ~a~n'y·po,.rt~Gn or. i!. kll'lJiie' Orr t001 stands. for a lihole Olt~'." [In mak~Rg "the d(a'w-'
iiDlgS care bai beeif:E taken t9 ma.p [C)~t the fl~klllg as

,a:nd t'h:k;k masses abound either in t~e rock or ',as: rnU@dJ pebbles, suitable for coarse work and for }¥OC1Illrl'ftg cores from Wl1~dl flakes of Jlre~.t Je.n.gth c~u.'~dbe struck at .~ny m01m.e·nt as r'eq mired. Tbe' :fhot ·tliSUillUy· em played was 11!.1J~ or less 0JPaqu~b~l:t was a.ppali~nt1y more obecl.iwlt to' ..he ~pe!lf'~a:totls '\M~l1·t,ha;;n the trn:nslutent and c1eare[· varieties., It \1l~S appa,rently Less given to r.ippJing and alu:upt ,ch~nge bl. tile d [Ftoctiou .f t . line Ie: ·of sepamHon than I'Q th~ ._3JOl!'lilY li"a.rief e~. The edges of th.e flakes 815'0 are 'it 1!1ghetand do not splinter. so 0a:sHy~ 'Thee per.fect ab~Uty '00 stdke' o.,ff ~nng~, thin, :i1lat fl:a~e$. extended. from thG p([~bistD:r.i·c ages '00 Rnman tjm~s·. Ftopl).· deposits, of aU these ages D01-e3 and rJ!~kes ha.ving an exact s.imiladty of: form are ;~theL"Cict. ,At Kahuil moo,t Qf' the catefully' formed fla~es have been funCk· off ;21. core ,by repeated blow'S'· 'JI.I'i 11 Ieh under a lens are seen to have crushed the end 'w:hileh came in ~aJ::t W[Ul the ha:m.m~T~r~_[el1however l'eaving .a. clear po["t.[UQ [of the upper or stdki.m.JJg' snrface attached to the :fJJak[e by ~r"hkh one can measure the .a~ng·leit m-adre with the tl~ke Intended to
j

thlD. bl,aaes

'\vihiJe- very

large

~lc.cllfmt~y.as. PQssfble lVld]. a V1~\V to, displayin;g ,th~: Jt'~e't but it mllst be. remembered that 'Hih~ equa]. Uti: c.h ness. of 'the ·~:D.n~S ,~ nqt iDt~nde.d, to ,w'n,cHca:te '~hat the deU,ea,oy O,'r wtDr kj a.g 'W~ alike h"il all, .£or·some are much :Finer an d smeother than ·otb~rrs,] Of eouese these imp]emf:nts d~ not n~~p;mseu't'~ofk fJ]' ·th~'stane: a~ properly I00ns,id.e-~d.. Som~e of tl1:f!ir farms .havE; ifjJflu.eifi€ed~ as ~lg]lt be expected, similar tonls j~n ~6'PRey,[ but. s~ baye he m~1Uc ferms Influeneed t.bo~~ hl stone: i and 'livl'u]e at tile d:a.w 2·500, Q,.C•..SQ01e s tan.e hnp[emen'ts :may l)~t Y"et l,ave been superseded, on the ether 'hand oe~ had ent[~'elly ~.ve:n place to those of copper, The lHnt employed m. the fasbwning of the ~m.ple-; ments [>- tr.~ly 'flint ~ it is as mu· h t]i~t illS that 'fnu'lltl 'l~ th>e.cUffs_ of '~ngl~:r:a:~ and France, aJt&q~gb gecle_grcill.;¥ It ~s :nat Q(f the same ,age. Ic Is as '\\'eU perhaps tm stM;e that there, is no f-e,asoi'l for g.iV'iltg tIle .flhTht commonly Us,oo ~n. E.gJ(pt in ,itllcient times ~Dy s,peeial 91. dist]n.~t:ive name, slllIcn, as pyr-omaeho:u.si :sile~ or cherty .ffi.nr .a_s, JUIi,s b0011 the' custom b~,tl~ertQ j, J},{)r ~w,e ·th· ir.regwla.;riy' ~O:[ot1!:red stones 'kuQ\l rJI as .Egypthtrn J aspe'f 'alytbl"g mO(I:·e:th an old rivC'r pe:bb\l.es CD' f.lint! It-&lled<3. rD.d. !Ii]bse:ql'.l¢l'l tty [DIUtrated} n"ilh o(Xid~s [of iron~ ,As, ·the flint f,s WJl1·mon'l.y round in tabular mi'~usses fro.m wb"idl cou]d be sele~tedl pieces Ul'()re: than ~ .f. ot :across ;ain~l n i:m.,chOf le~s in thickne s ~ .much. labour: l. ,as save.d. thef.'el~y in ·the· p\fOCec5S O,f b~uC;ld.[)g· QU:t) pfelhnin.atry to Uie f~l:do~d]lg kU]lg of

be separated,
reached

The aargle.S! '\'vbtcb have beet1 measured

from '28(1m 4~lo.the latter ~'Il 01;'l~ case cn·iy.. "the amount of'wind ill the :9 ~kes 'WiaS uSllJally Vcl'Y

sIigfuJ.t. $iefJy

.. S. The lmplements ueder COnsiderati on consist

or ·the blaa1e.s 'Of axes adzes acl!ld kn ives ; tbere are also mlnor 'tools. an,.. tlaktfl:~ trimmed and serrated, In the :f[jmt_axes, t[')je. fiaking is: mo~tly 'v,~[~y rJ,kt b and aJt·ibQu.gh .not ne~tl is ef the 'll(ind wh[cl1lwln~s, -of ,tll~t perfect mastery- of the material \lrh'ich enables the operator hI :rorug'hbtg out ian bllP1e:n:v~nt to p'er.f~ct it.aJr: once, leaving' ]''t sl!l.~t~b]e the 'work the tool l\s. to intended to perform.. It should be u:oted. that the: 'time expended i~ ~·m mensurate lJVitb the life 0]: the blade' f'Or it irs clear, fr'Qm ,the po:rl~OtfS ef hatchets (0'~.U1ti In the d:~g~i;og.&), and mlsc~U~H~Dus :~tbe-chi gs;

tlta:t tbe. axe's very qu;rucldy' broke up., Some were ,c6rl1par:~~fivol:y' .'dQ,yiy consumed untU nothing but that "ihkll [aY'lvithio the ,S.OCkf;i_. ""vas le-ft, when the cor,O!s,Could be Clut "amicI .aflorfrer flitted. to the h~ndl.e. IOn th-e o·tliLel'· haad luge ae~hed. po.rdOIDS shew' that
t}]e ·~l:.bol~cu.tthllg i~dg!:~ (;'O:l1(~~dng lU~i"ll:apsof J!i[,tf 'Ule blade was 50nl.et~mes knocked off at the fh-Slt 'blolv ,de'li vel-e~ by ilie ~"or:k:man. 'm e:xper1:luentin,g

of fit: ,;vas an
l~~Ul

,Qn ,t4~ amount a,nd klmd of f,~S'tC]][ill1g' 'l\rhfGb these; blooe~, n.~quilfed. it. a:ppeared. {bat ililfuo~glb t~.gh ,·ness·
adVi!UJJfage.. ~ C'Olrd t\V!o 0]1" tm'ielE' 11 ;2

f(;!et

j fll

beld th~ b]aid~ in tbe socket firrm1}renough

{lOr

U -IVER

~TA i'S~

http://digi,,ub.uni-he'idelberg.,de/

d i.g Iitl plL!tri e189 11005:9

B1'B.LIOTHEK

HE~DElB,B.IG

© Univ'ersita.t5b~bnothek Hffdelberg

'WQl!"k" 'wi thcn:lt ~~nlJenif., See

:A~s., In K~h'i!],n PL, ~VI" h~~d:l~' :~f.]d appUcab]e ~j:tber tcQ' a ]).l~nRe OJ'' stene The, slla:p=e~ ~f tn,e i:n;8,kll'me~t is '!j\veU ~jlo'W1iil amd, U[a'h:nn, 'VII. (. .An: 'ex~mFler ~f this form of a~S blade, b~~de and [~S handle is depkte:d :iit1l'iU]logst the ebJe~ts from co:lO:\lr~d Bgure~, and, 'e:xa~n;p'les ~~tend~ng from required in a future Hfe in the ittre:ri9~' of ;~ coffin, (l;l th.@ le2tHes't 'bl R'~m~'n lwmes., Bm:t :rut :i~ notic~ablf!: 'b., L ""':1.. ",: ~!J. . ~:p.lp.1!..~m.'e:rII't,-, n l,CU.1.. Is' '1!;,l1,1E, :s~mpJjli;!5't next te tne. w 'h'· 41fe1lt~,",lkit~'in. ~h:~' Idtfsh. Museu;m .N'(j., cS"6S,~ 'its, 'b-.ifa'! ,t~]~~ ; date js ]?J1f\e\i'1aJilJlS '~'OI the X~ld~ dylt~~;, The, 'axe' axeJ It; v~ty' far re:mo\te~, frem the' :11~'@.]idd:€ too!h of bl ades are coJmrtu:~d. p~li10 red, b~t saws and 'halb ert- EUrope'i' fot n01b,ct~a~,e~am,fJre~ OJ' hj~ooglyphs of Nu.n , Io:t gd~j or p~ctlli:r''eSi)[ a~ fue@n flQ'Ul1[d in.' "'7'hl~lw ,the h ,s]ll;a;ped al.x;e;s,~ evidmfi1:y of [ffI"etal, are celeured all lem:l'i!pm yeHQ\V'; an;d Mr. '~~bill,e tells inciba1t tb!2~~x:€: bJa~ :i~,:tHssrted ] n a '!)1;rb_qde'n, s{)~ket. ll7JJ the tomb it~d.ptures or RilJ l:'o"t~jJ '[,e~r:ly :rEVtl], ,AI,noTl,g th~ d~j eGts, at t~.e· X Mlth dy~tJl' l¥U dynasty] has also a [~b'C~l~.fC,\1we nod is Qo1:~rnr,e~a sQHJethi]1;g' ,~nte.~ued :fbl!]ttl adze b])iild'e', six i"(t@~f:8 blu i'8b'~lrey~, ifThere.nt "from, the ~JF[oo~Isb:-bwe us~d to :[011g" 'tb@ 'Cb.a1ffilUt:i1esf> ef whtlS~ \vc)J'krrirar,}8bi ,'~ arntl the d
I

ll

"11

j:.

ph'n;~ ,~s al\,\r,a;.ys ]',~u~h, ,~t ha~ I[\~ gDodl euU1:n__g ed:ge sent [n tM' fotme:r esse a ti;a:n sitjo1], ~1~e JM -[n tile~ and til,e [gDnveK @dp J.s rllJde[,Y9 'be:vf:1llie~iI.on :O:Dle ,5id~ .I~:ry ;n;;,n'~.", T- ~~~ k] ~n,J!£1: ......... ~c; '~~I"ir"n'i"' .... 1..~_c t.. ~'L.,e' ~,., ,'~. ·1"'lt.j>;~r a:I!'iJ ~ ... +--. "" 'I :Ii"l~~V...·l ~Jr: A,'i:' "'i1'.-,..;I1!..·.,.,~1i"" ""',u,~t ~'..-. "", " ' uulLy. .[1.... Ii.!! .~liJv, IlJiJ!.... ,[ ~.,.lIIi, H JI.,Ig'Ul)f:--\.::,. As 'ID'Oc the ~p~dild of ~h'O' ho~~stooec a~~f~1 use :rUab:un,l, next .to the l~$t is a~l®tb~r. typc and Dts lq'o:rkm;iiuS'hip p):... VIr."3~ wUh.vt'![j'Y b]u []t it is dilHGlJ]l~ to is ab9ut ~'lll~l to tl~~, Qrmj!ll~;b~ttll, tties,e n'3ve' their ~ ass ig;n a ~$ie~ .oth.er ltha,t1t tlUI;t of sq ~a~'j ng -blocks iGlif fit-,oo ~ri,d~ do~rtl,val'ds. A, typ~ ru~t far te1J:lo~ed from .... 'slO'L1e~, for \ovhian ,~O\\Hi~';'trhe 'IIllS~' of a c"Ca:rse ad~~ the las:t as, t~ sh.a\'pe and style: Is 1i~pres~~ted 1\'ex:t·to t '~\l\QtI]d he mO[fe :smtili:b'lle' as OOE1ti~tUf'ig,a,t more a1DC'U]',iil te the ad~e.·bl~e IOU 'frlt~ ]~ft IDf t[1i!f sam,~c p]u,e and a ~~'fi'L. t fie, eNaml?~e '~m: IHa'hun. p.,L. vII :E j[" :Sf f.~r the An ~~e bl~de ,o.f tb~sa'Ul~, Sl'~a,p:e~ ,m,u:~h. bTU,!; sin~i[er rnost ,e;:m,lr.ElCteiis'tie knife blade 11~",W'G1$~iis, ~'~ r--e~ wa:s :f@l!]u,d, j ~s it w~ fu:sh'ruqn~ ,oui[; of 'w'h~l1~ dlaikJ" pA~$'enteeI iR :&:a'il.'unPIr. :X;Vl. 'fo ch,~,l~rtelf cthe (;a.p ;of lim,e~ne,. it co[tiid mot have: been us~d, tt":lr 'Wftr:krng 'the eobl:mt1J ,alTh.d . hm. []],a,ll~l1;l Pt.., 'Vlt 'I ',MId tt AU ,and m'U~:rt S!.v~: be'&Jl ~ m'Ud~l ar ®Qy" b '~lle's>e' ~a:m:ple$~ ,ii;nJl 11~y a.J:,e~ fl'iI!l'mJe:fOtUl, eit:iElief' 'w,Hale &0", The blades or. ,ai!ms a:re :C(jImpMativt~lYl' 'i:*"U. Qr in PQJ.~t:i,arn~ ve,ry l\feU eh~:l~);ped. b'1es.v~,flal1rJng ~~~ ~n WI"liefl,ne-\~ the ~utti ng edge :i;S' [QrefuUy 'lrimmed ,~n~ b~viH,g 1ll.Oatt:em:pt at ];'e:~IJ]:a.r,ity leJf pa\t:tell'tlJ~ but the we] i m~nded,;, kfter use 'ItllL,e ;r,'¢,trim m~llg 'W84 .ill ~ ImaotlJine'ss of :~urfa;e~ an~ sl1:i-tab!U~ for ,PIlU"fOSfS' f'if ~tr~~g:~t line~ ~o~ p,la:t~ K~Juna :gVl~ rl;gh'it al\h~, left 'Gutting ®!I',e:as :rfe'r£e:e!t ,as i'll, tJ.1IoQ~, l~ltth 'm,~1:J\O';V'"il~~st fbe [comers' In bofh "the8e :6:gu~e~ '(he ta~qg b~mes ripple :A:a1dflg :so' p:le~sim;g to 'the ey~!, s;een ,on some narrtJWjl ~,:;h hO'\:\~~r :ba.d. a Uttle i'{l]ot at iJie a.pe'X lin :~ntp:~ements or cifu'er perdtJds. liITn 11lmlilJJllIiL .P'I.. VlI~~ the :knives ha,w' t'rn'flSV'~se seet[nIls a_pp~nd'ed.. The~Sie ,dQSle 'r,esem,bi"nc~ 'tfJ. ~ijll[Jarly '~aped o~p'~~r. b~tacle~ '~f:i1e ;llCS-O {a~Rdat Kahun @:r C'Om.tem,p:1Jra'i1'~" "Xh1:s:e lu1ji~ ~ba',ve;o;rn~ oog;s ~ith'ei' peffeeUy !l,t.!L'"mglU: ,~r wry kne!Ip.$ ~\ie~:@'];Ife:rh~p5o~nd, :~,~!isa'['Y ,~n,~maoth blion:z~ ~Hght]y' ,fjnd ,gra~fuU::r; ~oo~1)e'" The Sit~Qighite4gJ~ f '~QQI;sto prevent the faUiftg' OU~ o:f' the b.t~Mle 'wilen 'wa'S'a'prpliil!:~~ntlY' finished ,aB' ~n. a ,s,tooe to ,get the ']hll~ ,tbe tll,Ol1g!' for' ,aU~mm,en:t had io&wm:ec ].QOS1~ by use~ ~ved, ,N e :$i:n Si . of hatidJ UiSiI!g~ ~l\e'J' (i1CC:j!Jf on 'tins Th~re: ~s ,~tlGfher mrm, ~a:,ving;' a,. ,~trajgh~ ~d~ SJ~,~ [edg.~ in pede~t.9p~irdiell~1 but: [~;h th~ o,t[1J~r edg0 b~Q'3d, tl;llg;,n~ah~l"[ II. [,0 Tb., ,hail'ld]Je,Sll~table f~r th.e:re is. m,udl 'cwld~illce of :r-adlef roug:h efflploynr~mtj V . '1- ,~ '1'1" t;'Il.·· '" ,1.Fc, ,,''''';'' ~,f,-, '-.' ",."f..:. ,th~~e is 'agured in 'ICaJtu~, FL. ] X. ,f. S:~ It was [i\ D.'ew an~..::I t 'Il,Oltllgn, ~~n.~l"~\~~y. ,]J],e~:pHH. ,t Er" ~ l'llg' ws l~~m, 0,m)~ ~~u~
~!~

\lVhetbell" these axes are :r-e?t·~~ta,tioas af smlle~ coppet, or bronse is lor fmlr!-e'1tln(:ert®.~ln~ as eolour is nu',f~]y to 'be l~Ued Ql1 fo}" the definite e~pre~i'~n of a 'k.i,ndof material, ,t'hoUlgI'll it m,s.y be ror mere dJiff:'c'r'Cn,[ce~ 'b'elwieetl maIDerijjlll~.i 'but ftJre,' circular ou;tJ,['n,e ,of dke '~l~,e!i, a:gJ~s 'with no form, of COJppeT' [~ilt bronse .l:mpk~metlt known te have :~een fOlLlnd in Egyp[;, bi~heyt:o[; 'wlUl~' s'h~f~ jJS in ~~ eordsnce with the I'Q:r,m:s of th~' I~nt aned bo:r§[.one axes ef K:a.hun,., M these r.ep:resent,.tJ.om$ a_nd afd1J.~r.5 f lilte 't.bHm, 1H!.'r~~. [~l],j! l!flay r~J.at~d tID :fQr.ms 'Of 1bt~n;ze i ,tl]',c,Y' ,Ite' o:r sueh ,tib:a:pes, as are lea~t removed from those [(!if' chipped t1,~ pOI]S]l'ed. ~to:ne:. -anu m u.:~ft :repr,a-,
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fa;Jl~re ttl produce on, It a, ;S;~1!iViC~iUb],e 0cligcJ s,~s:t~ the' ,\"lLfO'rl~ 6f .~ 'heg:mne:r. "}r,:rt:b;e~r '~a;w ~a pr,t~l~)aJ; __ rate~ ,", -:-1 ki,. -I "- by . 'bJ 'k's ~ .60. '. fIIg ~~:t. ',> ,8; S.l. n e,d'"k \mf cm,a,l1" A_' . pdiim.m 0,f' all a_cl·z;eblade :is MO·wn in IU~'~u.1fW V'I ill.. ~ ,i~ose far.m, FL. and wot'k:m ~l'Jjsh~phOlkv~r Is not like lha:t a1' ~ny ~ftrtaiIDJly kmO'W1l 'to be iRlf the' lIth dyn~t:f' ,As; 'it was f@llomd in. a bnrlal wi~h some searabs sf tbe 'b-egln..,. flIng @~' the XVIMfdJt dym,a;s~y it is .p,fQqiitbly @i' th~;t
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PGea~j;Q;na.n" OCc€WB fj''O~ both sides. Ir appeals, 'th~t: ''';'M[1 tlle~e' 'l~niws g~t ~'H'tJtJ,~ hlum:t-e:d, tb~y l.!i'~ not ,~trha:1;ln@dJ biUl!t sj'm:ply 'tlseu 't:lP careJess]y,", 'Th'~y ~r~ ~Hn.d~tbed 10ft 'bGItJt edg~~ a~ '~l'te' ~m~ll,~n~iIt¢J1d i£)\F tang se as ~:O't to out through ~ 'W]SPof p-ail.m~eaf or eleth, 'I!jfhi~ was :p]~,~edtb.ete ~n~ bound, ,£Io~I1Ld '\i:v.i:til:t a piece:' of ;Gordoto ~iVie a, h~~d fOf tb~ fiage~"ls·. One such is, ~~u~led in Illahnn Pr, XIll,~. It Bls,eq_"It~1 \¥'QdtmansJ¥i'p t-1tJ t'h~'·',h~st, ~n pI t1i,e~e :kn.iv€:~, I't, is :n:ota\b]~ t~:a:t ,~f tb.'~· un'mro,ken blades f€Jt~mld En K~b1lJll, this last has 8:t1ffe[iOO mere '~ any t'f.~,m,'U'8e'~, .ill: ha \{J1ng]o~t mml'ly' ,hillf aD [ncb. ~~ ,rzy[brertJ!dth fi?om, 'the 'w"idest fart ,m the J2;O[lV:€,~ eldg1e. N one ~f the knives, :b~ve,e~i,doe-Jl~e 0.ny other mede of ~olfi ~fting, l')tis .sJ~ght, :haf,'[n,g' a,p,~a:r..s tn He fUrf h
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'tn,e' '~eft or column ma!,ft] 'w1Ji~'h.,h.~ve' ;~da.p'te'd fmm other bro'k~tl tOti~Si. 'YMy seem to h~ve been '~1ln~l,o,ed. s ,~Wsel~ 'or'.oo~£~ th~g:h th~ i~ fl-D' a the a:x~ in ]Ci3I.h:Q.n, ,ifL. :XVI. is; ;61t a:[]iI: bell'el'[ee], ill round tlte ed,ge'; 1'[
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be~Jl 0u1ployoo l~th, ~:dT~K,S in ,oo,mbJna:tj'm and used f~f .stdk~Qg blorw~s.,

b:1.~~ was ddJ~a'tdly :~te1d,by b~.t't~¥~fi;ng:e~s and tbe :rl'R'tm b)" th€ l[mi.ted ,a;mer~]Il'iIr; of force lIVnieh. the ,!blade c'Gdlu]d bear w',a$; :~11.'\,"'Qhlnta:rUy ~ecmr~. Tlieie 1:sr~n", other f0nn or ktllife IUlhu:J1 lrJL V·RIo 1,5, 5.£ whldf1, a 'lLflu;>J!e blade 'was l];Qk fO((l]:ncl. att:~ Kahan, The, '[:¥pe of b.a'tlJ,t11e is Hke tha·t :found. at A:rniDQe" Ha:I!.iVal·.a. P,Le JtX.VI I, ,5~tb.4ugtM thee Jta.hun ~m,ple must 'Q!iIl-W hae1 ca, shorter 'bl~d.e;; The ~ery ;line A'~ln€!e l~xtJl.mple is '~l?(pa.:rel]]t:ll @.f t~: same stytm of lllW~1"k!ffl.s~_11S:bi,p as .. tnill5e of l~hR[[y ,and is perhaps- af t~ :sam~ dat~, _ Q~ it eam~ (ro,m d[~t~l"bed ~oj l ,~xe:tlva,f1'ed f:f:iQm, a" x.mlt'h df[')J,a~fr ~[W.. ihlC? ho'n~w,~, part of ~be :]ran,~le' 'lV:as;, 'prcib~blyrQ(r 'tb.@ r.e~~pclQnof tw~ :finge$~ tbe thlLunb being ,:rdat:lcd ,a:h()'Vle" as, befe'ie meml0'E!ed; < ~ncl, H Is f:l'Q'f[f:~aJ~D~t'hM ,th.e bn-ger' 'tjt,e l>lad.e t1iJ.r.e:~el't the gra$p is lin:dte.d. The!'€'; ~s," yet '~Lf]:orth£r torm af ktr[r~ 'l\.'lfi~.lrl deiSe'rve-,s
j

mere ,c~teles~]}~., E']}~m.the Il~ila!fe 'runt and tM t!lurMtess df the 'b:btG1~8 ,U~ evid,~m that rfolr b1s.tru,.. is" O1~n~ fl'Qft us:~d.{Or thnl'sU'ngJ " ha\11dl~ ~gi ld~.g ~QO gll"ea t. a ,grip ,might. C:;ii;'I!JJ'Se the Q_p',era~,Qj" t:9 ~m;plD.Ytoo much force In f}}]e t~:f!: ,raf w,tfing and h~."-khr_g~,:hQ:t~w~'t"bi} U f

of

br IUa[l,'Bl.o P]L" VII, I) 3TIfd ~hun XVI" ar.e' r~.re~e.nt~cl bfioa\'C1 a~k:e-s with s:eeon.da:~ chi,ppi:R,g' fOit use as Ser~fghlt: edge,. aJllrcll, s~Jea ,A sm.dl mstr~metlt ,~$, ,fi.gnlr~d :h]) 1~3Juln P·L, 'XVI,~if is U 'i$'tla,p,oo ~vi;tb. a ,sfura:ig;nt l[~,~'ffii tile top (bro~en at fll~ oot1~en). Its ,~ve.)'a!.t!ilick1!l!ess is -I-~~f :a;tTIlL ru:och:;:,.it ,~svOY' 'mairly : ,dl]ppecl. ,Gllll tile ~~fiVie~s~ff~c;e (~b.e otbex belng'fllaft)
,af ene s.i~ ,oj)Jy~ a~d ''Qw~D)1' ~ik~~j!€a'te.:U wUl en~ lvill'1 :r~.tnity :ltl([i:h, ,~t or d~y pl,pyt:u;s-:[:fe..rh~,ps, t~is was :its use" The ~mp19~meRt o:F ,mere fla::kes, fOl" use apf;)~;r~nd:y l,vitJiornt p[~'pwa:Ho:n was ef ICm'Ur.s:~ve~y 'OO~lITI;O..rn, 'The art ID'f :tlak]-~~,U" ~iI1(]t sha,led 'Wf' lellltHI',Y member 0f ~helO~l'jJln'U~I~Y:~ ea;.n:OJMIta.~ been 'Q f.,a;l"€ ,one. But th.cl ]a .t~of.eo:..res ~t K'a'~4:n i~ :~.mark~:1M,e, ~qne' hf!;"ving' b@en. roumd in the :1:lO[!S€.$,), flQr any speda'i ~hf'P~:il1g g~oQn'([. R~,we\rer p~e,nty olf \'N:~U~,{o,rrn~d flit'ke~} lQmg[l ;Str.:~'igl~t: iiu'lcl,,H1L~]], ,e~it:a:v~J,~abl~' eu'tfillgJ ~tifa.p:Jt~~a' w iPt ,()~'h@'l.lng boles, in sih@r1fii :fOil" aJ[ the purpcses a :~otk~,t knife ,i~ ~-a1~rie:d. In ~tlie: i'rn,s1tifU],e.eJ Fj!n~ N-e., '9 Kah.uH~ I;~fg[}{lll!hun P·L. KI~I~ 1- 18) ~ ioothJi2.l· bag 'lVI~S fo'Utm c()ID't~Il]jffi:ng CO'PV&I tool or t~ll\Q~~~ith othet ,odd'S a
~qd ellds;, ,ilsd' ~flr.ti,ons, of HInt
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str,a;ig'iit: ,cu,fHl1:g :Hak,e~~, J.~tJJ.'oy'fl.ake!' ",vel'e $ntQat:hl:y

b1:unted aillong one o.if:' b~th ,ed,~., N,o :]mplemenls '~reTe found [n the t~l\~r~ ~'U ['taJ:d~ fo'r ~tQne f~tC]ll,g nor fb:r ~aw~ J n 't'bC1: .latl~!r C~lS~'It Is, 'ifn:poss~b[~to ima'lIi"e-1 eli·~. -reo eo Hdi IlL!!!,:;. '':'' •. - 'LI ~u'n:~ ~~la;", 's"":,na,,,-· a ,ua.Ll-~:e_~ '[l,'1!l L":II 'Il...r.., .Sl.... :n,nceallJl, Y ~I!!,;
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b~ardj tb~ tbic..lr 'edge i~ u~:w,~rn, TYt~ hlst]':umelnt ~re ~om,e lii¥hkb b~~ b:e'ein :tblL1'fld in ,th~ t9wn, a:nd :is ,::ih~['p]ypainted. aucl! has 'th@' a ppearr-a nee: of ,a 'th;ic'Jt,-. m1allY mor~' 1:11 the' m[l$~~l[a\:neoQSi ,gath,e:ri~p JM tll,e· b~]~~ knHe~ the ttiJ.Eg' j s ,]iul~ ma:rk~d~ 'l:hat p~rl~@:ps nel,g:hh"Ul'M~d. T'e~~r ~ve 'lang' beCfJ kn~~V1], to ,sc' h the kl''lJfe' '~fU· hGld 'by' t:be mjdd ]le· o.f: Ute 'b~k, 'eoUec.to,rs a;n,d de~!bd~aal a1S sa,lV,~. nlL~fiID'ding oow:=, There ar~ .rQlIi~' tools ~llU~OO, '~n, I~~b~n X.v~,. [bo, I~Vie!Li" af a ~~od,en Si.k:Jde l~'i:th otIJ:e of these ;flints
I

melli,tj1?n~ ,~~:t.1ttOllgh, 110 s,p.~dJq~n cqmp]et~ ~n~\1gh t1Q' ngure' bas been disoo!l;lered,. Th~ ~vlo(f'kro,aJ}:s1_1 ip i~ ot the best, t}1Tle ,~d¥~' i& st;r~t~gl~t aFIJtl, tbin, ~, 'h!'01 lalt: :!nm :rf~c~ d~ 'fJioil:mJ~'~~at f;;h~ oJntt!:;[ 3rtd' sb§:'btly' C:(Uri,te~, edge~ but ar:e confteef:e:d by ;fl, regul.u be"ireUed. :s1~l~e ·mal~t.1.1'g 8, <:d;~ht:aJ:lgK(€ in ;5e~dolflt '\~ith,o'ne 0~ the' sides. Tb~ eX~l]I~ple~,'OlU]4d [altP~ar to 11l~ve' bee:11L f ,tl~d e~.c;1J.l'slv~lyOJ], 'tlte stt-alg'h~leQ,gce1} 'w,hich. looks ~~ ,wi :it ~ad 1D~n ~m,p',lorecl,:to cJlllt ~ofi m~te;F~al @[1 ,~

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the' ,iP~tlrpo~e'. Sam,a f]::r;k~ 'witil ]"'Gu_g,heT1!ecl ed~9 ;~e~m to ll~a¥e b@~tl 'USff;:d, f~m!' wood '!IiV'Q:rk a.f~er t:h,e: ,ma'ilFle'r we !Daulcl H:5le:
'QO:H'()c~
fOil;"

havb~g J]o,ng 'I!teen ~n. ttJe

t:h~ oolge of a r-a~p~ Thei"e iSi lJtt'lll1;l; doubt 'that rriu:u]:y .knhl'l~ ,,\\fete ~n,ade at f'a,vour.a,h~,~" pla;[j~:$,,~rnd ~h~wk~d. ;a;il;©!ut th~'oou;ntry~ 8::8. ]) e.~d~ the numl~rQll fia!.k~s \vh~th, h~ve 'been S sUgl~,t[.Y mod.i'fi,ed by !lieooud,~ ~J:dp'pjnt ,o,t, '~' '~se,

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has 6ha1]:~ the name hitbrerto mrn"t to 'the~ lmgh:n: one of s'"ckle tect='tb. H'~lbpl'es, ~I' t.'tlte;s'e mounted
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,tG~th are, ,(lv-eo in !PL_. 'VIm'. 5~",SAand ~ and in,'iIl. KahUH FL. XVI, C~m!"D:cd'lly ,tbe:se teeth (.\F? tM m:id.d],IG, parts of lang' fiibkes ejther end· havIng ~eell, re'ma~,e:d iI::L oa;nS'cqUGnoo of irr~nla.l~ties,. Th~ al\~' more 0:[[' less ,~~l~rly t\Eliothed 01" serrated. Oeca;si~naJly$')mfe
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are f-Ol:tr:cd1w,hicJl e~n !i~a;ree]ybe :SB;~d to be more than j'~ggoo, T,~, vary' irJ length r~Dm h~[f ~n ~nch to feu r ~rld]es. The a.ve:rap .if? ] I· inch, S,oms' o.f the ser('¥!:uolls .are IchJ5'_€ '\1~iA£110].lt ,an bl terval) ,otll.~ l\dth
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In. ,~~,peibne1.l~Sma;~~to try the value of notched and tlD\Erotch~'cl iedgesl it '\;V,~S 6o\lnd Utift~ tbe. pl~i]} ones cht lilt '6rst lj~ au loon bl~ej bi!U[tdllG led~ became smooth vc't:y q;l!.]i;(;]j·dy, lvml~ 11lo,kll.ed, flaites had. an ~noompa1'r,~h]Y'longel· life., The ,sruclde :found.in I S£9 '-.. 'ft·,· 'lfJi' if.j, . l,S; glllf'f'U ~[], 1117 ,II.. _. ..iIr L I'V···" A,~I!;J;'!Jln A. 2,'2;, ,mIL.1)S,t uave. ,00,[[=·
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loti~ intru"Vi'ds e"llten, .as rmreh as, a quarter o~ an :in'tH." and ii, fe~v na','ie. been t:~un.CI a]~r;Eu:enU}i" 'U rnn!O'H:'bu.~~. • ~ 1t .. . ,ii'
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sh~ted orJgillally of Cl]C p~eee' o£ wood, EOf" al tltoJUgb a fr~h tip had been fjJ:]d~d~ probably' from. bre~'k~,~ 1. ~a;n:Dlol:1t'hhd\r. tha.t HIe '~\il"~Qdwas c~t a-ff ~~dle~sJy in o.r4e1r E.O put B]1 a. '\\1'e~k6:ftip, as, an examination ,~f the 'glJ:,aja ,de,;ad1 &1cOWS ~h~t 'the ~yood 1;JI:US:t ha:ve e~'tBn:de~l much futtltet ]:11 the' f€q ~ire.d _ i;f1ec:fuioilll:. d The 'b~ad part was ¢'ll.'rved d'wrJ:n:g gro\vth, perha ps i]1lt-cntiO.nllH,r '\vith a vie\v 'tty ftl1e' mm~)lfa(!tYre gf t.me .[nstromCln't., Jl~,WOlrJ.l,lhre~i:$~t[b]y recalls ~e 'form, ,~f: (bca] a lower j aJ;W pe:rl:t;a,:ps of the o~ !are Q ,hQrse.. W ere such ~, J1itw~bj'aUY' 'fem;p,l'oyed 10:;[' :1"t!:i\,ph"m.g: ,ce:rl-ain 'wi1h f:lln£:(f~~m B,gy-pl;' w see wh~ti1r~f' tla~ [s,a~ying ol mociHic~'ti'o:ns' '\\f,!Ould be req.ub,~d te .ad,~,pt it t.0 'w{Jo.d" bone, horn, or o!her Siuc.h 'mal;,a"ia']s. 1 ould .~ ,e,fficient m~~ thus as t'be :kian(l ""v~u'Lcl ']ra'\fe-a ruffieulty duee it, buft 'l¥Ft.beu..l sueeess. The :riilibbif.IJg (J,f flint i.rn,g£as'ping the: ra;t~h~r short ,~l1Ja. krlllJl'~:by €ondyLe and, with ~anddid DOZt' d~ s~,: in .fact. 1I~@' p-oiUs:b. of sand- _-ld 6- ,Qwn an d. sm0~'thoo ~aromolId ' ~;U'QtesS, tThI fl.ey ,YOU. 10e smoot. 1u~. d .. .' f:lln:t~ :ls V'ellJl' Sl,iI bdued and. O'f' ill co~me,l" ,11~r j["leaching- that Q'btaine:d by the mc'tiien a. handy pioce: ,of 'vrn~d ]ashed iQl11;, then as the distill na;tu:]:'\~ end of tl'lJ. body '\vt)uid bA fiQCU'~1md, by' ~ t"la~;v Gf 'Of ,tbe 611e~, artga,ihi _s:Hi€,4t of' ,fha' ,Sit.ems of ~a] It [$; ofteu {oJund th~t ,the ]}~g~ pCi),I.~sh of 1[1l:dSQIS~, th~y w~u1.cl. be sup!bt'Qw,d by- ~ l~~g :strock. !:r~es. pbu:ad ~n OJ1.i.I!i' of '~c!hesOG:kets; ,Bi,'£'lJd ]a_s,tly~ as, t!le 'meeth. Bakes is in pal't rem.Q~d bY' sa~d. we~_]:":Ji ~~0g~ if JlB.fJe ~~Q·tvery S'uitmble, ~~r etrtt[~g €Or.1l tbey w,()J!.llti Tl1.e sl,~']tl~ IJ:e¥:H,D~w.ralJ¥ feU. out~ and '~ro gfuund , h~lIe- to be bock~cl. ,rut ~nd. tt.p]aeed ,by ,ta: r-q\\If)uf dOlJ;\ tt'i a:lJjd 'bl];1nted, in iih.e act ,af ,re-a.pill:g. Wben this ~errated :Blrrt: flakes" :illndie first fOlU~d. slcld~ ,pi t~\e happ~J'u~d. thw '\,;e:ru re'n!e~ved~, reqtwntlr 't~y the f Xilth GJfliS:ty ~U the5ljf, i[[lpF~'\!e:lllent$ 'Vlefs UirlHed" n.~'?'etsa[ of tl~ sarn~' to crt'a :in gr,~o::V"e- ,~fi(!t. the a.u.a t1he h(Hl~ 1'ts~lf replaced 'by a sbtgle :pie:oe of se:n-aticB of ,the ut'w edge, Indee.d~ ,]1l1 9;l].ddpatiO'n· of '\vd)od~ zyf Coml\5!E:: a: g]:,el1t ,il~:lv,illi.nte OU ,the '~Jr.md~ l'[]e®..m ,8ullth 3Jl eveot s<b:fft~ tooth '",~e(e in s€'IT-ed ,~1.~a..!,Y' .J.\. ~oo\re:l:s '!C'ro.li,t tb :bold the notched ,:flints Qr te~tb~ ~tr(;i\red pn t\be lO¥\f'@~r @C1lg;e, eb'n Fl.", VII :2.,' Q:f thi:s: ,'il~ ~ch we:re fine t~.Itld th!m:Ji on~ ii."smJ.lirling ia ~t,s, vohitw@: a ~o:mpcrolL]n'cl si~k]e' l~,i:ltJ~. th~e 1l:,ee·th stU [ ,~"dgj M ~tkMl. o Tbe ,~~"Q9"m 15 fi1 l~d ""vnh ~ ~t"ey att~~ed is; Slhc:n.vn" its p~rt:s ~iffi:'~ i'll nip im~GrtafJi>t brow:n I~eme~.t tq hQld. Ute, :IH::etfh, fOf'moo of c1a:y' Oil" pairtitJular:r ,f.tofl'l 'tile ''pam of CQffi:@X!!1;]'o..dJ. !sic]d.es found mud. and gum or :glue ~ ,a, q,'t'mantity iQt fihis ,€ement, is in .I88~, !l;t I{,a:hun~ Wl1~:~'b be~;n,g lcO] fbJe XIlth smeareo. ,pve;r the j un-ction of tnl~ 'V~fDft af.l;~ 'Ulie: 'fee:th~ dy]]t!sty; tID' ~lfld€h d.ihte I \v.Quld _b::a,V$ ~s@j,gn.ecl it. and :res.em.ble~5 a;nd a;p'~reut[y Gces som,l~,p~ Ute rluty Biut M r., P~·tJf[e'QB ili~ ;strength. 'of a pieceGf XVl[ 11th.
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tjf the ,gum's; j;I'] an an:rffi"at teeth are p:J!ttl~' bu:rje~ ·lD the g]"~~~ l:vlikJl. b]. t]l'C Xalt:tllll .e.~~,mp].Qs llr~lS, ~'t by meta] -chisels) and. so far as ean be ~~n, € t~e groo,~-eiUd. 1'ltot,ex;ce~ ahalf l~'llCh lB dep~lt, A. q U81:CEr. of' ~{Ilbl~h of the fiake \tf®.'S :ow~erht;pped b!,t the gll.m Jl and about the: same ~ua.'nt[ty p~QjI~ted" The~e rneasures €l;.n~ tlie o€u:tre af' the greo1its. '~or: T o:wa:/tl is tnle paInt of th,e sickle the p'r6Fort~Q:"~, a,r~ red need, a;-m neal! end $]igb:Uy increased, At tfu:-e Ehe lat ~r a gp~ej~1.m,edlfi.,~~t1GP the ~~la~e of the lend ~r tooth.' W'a, 'flIt)eessM!it~ Qf \vliich an Q'll'pinalW' ~·~e:m.plfe hi, g.hr'e.r.iin P~. VII., .s~ OD 'lIvh]clrn.th~, paets €G'veroo bY' the 's[ki~et; 'l:!.Y·t;hs g'ljJlJ1~amid, fn::e;t.'.are ,ind,~catoo by l~ne$. Tbe Hakes 'Q'!W teeth a't the fu,tthel~ end ,dimio= ished almost 't~, a pow:n:t and fa.ded irJJt~ thie 'genlrer,~l eonteur of the ja,~!, Tallte,o as a \vhole Jeh~: fn'\ pletl"J!e:nt hr.s reached ~~i~c:tioo, but ~ti~i Url[f~e'iy ~lilt 5icldes 'V€¥.~ O'ft~ll (1),~de as '~dds CJn~j from- the €,UffiClllty o-f ,get~thlg S(i:ng:~~ p.i~g OflVQC~, caRabJe6f'b;[ing w'blk~d ~flt;o, the required Cllw'es" Th:eJr Wel"~ u~u:a.uy made In 'tln~e~, "P~etes',,t]j~ 'bQdy~tIle bandJiJl ~rrd .the ,point. These co(mpq;irnd ~me5~ lI.vld.c:llL the ~eViCi:ra:..lpi1tns lve~ 6epa;.r~,!~rr £Orlun:l in K.aJi nn, aJwa~"~.have t~le n m.g'J.e [of :ti1.. ja,ll" v'e7 shar:p.. The ,hamf1J~s f1f all e t~ sickles pe.['f~G:t~, in pfl!'rt~ fit the righ~ band ancl OF can nD~ ~ e em,~oyed 'bly the ll~ft, ~~..Tbatpart .of 'ttle: 'fJJ Int teeth [e.f"t fr.c~ta cut \,fth ]B. usuaJly j;ltrtg:h:t1y p~].ishedl ,n.~h the. lower ,m3]~n, of' :p£l\lish distiuct:1l m~rkoo. E~,pe1'.:ri~TI:ts were maJde
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d1.:n;~ty,;; pot ~illi01Uid near 1t) it1t]n1~S tl1!~t the ~()t: :~d som'etimles, ~ewSl· the tenn"iDa.t[on 'Of the 11OlV' ,teeth of ~'he ~it;K[~belong b~ ,tb~ same age" a:i]jflli't ~s alee b"tH~ hy ·ti1J~ ~udd~11 orihang~In d~G width of th,€: blade, ,a'S! ,[]t~ the se~l·,ati.Q:~l, '~,Hake~ of resembiJ.es, raltl1;er: .so;me ill tlie; tase' Q,f'ftlre 'teeth .,Of 8!D O;x ~:n t:be ja:\\f. Am-d :~:1'iIJ tb~\t ~v,ey,~"onnd at G,''ill"QD f than t1\~e (r,-om~ l{;anu]')), of '~h,e'tomb Gif Rahot~p (e~nd,y J Vlh dynuty) the w[de~" V'f'ni ... :k.!l'" " " 'i-,. ~ .Ali;.J.lIt lin uyrllftS,Il,,f., . :~fid. G£ thl€:. j'M is pi:d:n:tetl lvlt.b :drGM:~~!l'lJ.teeth hi black, The use lof th,~e s>i~Me$: I have pr,~~Ut~Uy1:ri,ed. 00 "the' ~h~JtQWletedge. lwhi~:h tepreE(luts, th~ ,pn:d ectlofl In Eng']aildl on ~iOlis kinds cr.f C:Gm~ 'l~ith ~ ,c~e:ruJ], of the fl"ints. But ~I;t. Ii., 1.. G,riffith has JP o:in~1t,ed out ."" ~;.;..:!I! - ..!m..'1 'L ~ 'It. '1~ ""] .A '1,_ C-Q((1s,,,r.llO~tJ: 'd]o;u.eJ,J 'li.Y:':JI:J,'llul!l: wo;r¥;;sl!.:.!l, \\.N2! ]'! JL. JL.t 'wv:r~s t@ ,r:n~ that mtU' in tn'e :ryra.mjd, t~~,~, ", ldcb, often best when fhe l~e~t~ls iG!Qlll hav~ ~een g'tl;thered in h;aVte; V~l'y t"e~U~tic forms of l:ticr~g1yp11JS} :lSi, det~r,ef 'too ll;i:nd, ~nd bent 'bac~wal'idSJ 1f[ien fiWepit Just below ,mIned ,yit'n ,~ .' whl~h, Is ~ si'n1p],e rlldJ€: pietllre of aD .uim~f~s, j~:'!i~I"~ dillf[e:d!JL1' maretiaU¥' from Ura.Lef iliMz .. ,the hltlnd with the; l~n«i1l, of 'the Qr.n~~'tu by a wt®r~' ~ - b '1~ IJli,eili <t:' I -" ~,~ 1:S, "" b ~'Llf , ne _, ttlfjst '0:( the wrist kl fi!l.1Jis.n a. $~"I!'l.1':=]'i k~ motIon be~ rn,g 'TJL. . ~e!llm:re :"~"~ P.IJ~)i.,~LJJle thea t:_ th ~'ym,. G-. '1J;;(J. sn it 8 (1, pelm itl '!?'e 'th'l!1S lll~puted. It aJs6 cuts '\JVe:n,! [~W dm.vrr near t~~ e~Uei' ki_n,en@ f~\F4 is reai1,' taken ,~t~~tb ,protrucl,ed, ,g:n:!Ou~,a; bUt '~fi eifher esse the m~,ti~Dm~st be I(), the jl4/~;10. 1ihteh t]ie'~eDtJ of 't'~ r,!O{~V _p~r~~n and ~jg;liltly U,pr\Jwrds. An ,a;t1t~~mp't~ ,~ut l~l~'OlSHy.. to The'p:f~tu.r~ oj ~l'Ji,e:S~Qld¢:. a:ntll M 11'J.rJ; are n~e~:t ,~liilt;e' d~Vtl'W~'~ltds.~ttdalV~y f~m 't11te: J€3p~J" :p1r9V'ed ~~mple~ m:H 1JJlt:S~ {~,Il" vanollS Q,b~:i:,~~~ f.,e.[)~~l; t'be~lI3 :b$t 10 'die eadiest 'fdmes;, 'am€: gl"f:;ij'!j; ve~rtiiCaJ, oo,m,pU~s.(Ql1L, ~Wf!]'e "tried. in r~~ns~qlil:~noe o:f thiS ,a!tti:t.ncles seen w]ii'm, 1ib(Esymb 01 $u,ffev.,;s~n bdf:' times '\lr[th the absenee dep~ch~:f1 aneient painU[a'i~~plpa;;~ ntl,Y~,t~~ tdie ~f th~' s~gns dlf'te.e~ \l~k1en~ its resemblaase to a j~"'Iil,., :i:n though reqiIJ.lrem,eHf-s; ~r s'y.mm~tr.y :~n tbe clj}si;gn ''Wi~ the s~l~ Tnre determinative df ~ti in late e~~r~~tpl,el, eause wh,y a large prB~nr,li~\Il 0.;£ 'tb~ ~,P~1\i ~re ee- Hke ojnaJ is pt'uvldGd wlth decided separate teeth, Ql. A -Sito~.e iU,lp~em,ernt not ~cu'lling under aDY ~:r prese:mted 'v.>arldng; '\Mit-b. tile left hand, 90. The 'fQ(Hl1~, of s,jclJes 2tS l'\ep!~$~nt,ed. ,[~ harvest tl'le' a,boove h'Citadrngs '~~s fOlU1;oJ 'in the €tlr'~y' Wl¥'fl. of
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d yna'Stl05 are' 'l!!~nch:ls;.' ,. ~ . scme of the. '\\'",Mtatious; are dl1Jviol)llsly ,00~'Jre (j;.1rre,fc~s drf~ Wil~,g~ and, some are appihr~1l fly 3:11 attempt to , !iJici; ~i.-.'I":,"~ '.~'.~ l~lI-o? ~~":;,."",, r.p.~· U'!': ... ~: I reK",["u,;J""-IIiI"L:; SJI.I!o<Jil":Li.2p hili!,", ,1l,[iIImse ..... .J¥:a~l,u.n '~ _ suen ii!ir ~u . '. ·.'ib-I iN,
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fu~ m:-e;presenrecl by ti. ~'DJ~re nile'. 'BiUt Sjll~ch Q:alult'al vj~w'~ were ne~er drawn, for it 'was necessaF.J" t@ show thJ~ '~l~fhodo~ sid,e' ;3~1IM~ ~f '~beman and :~l:~s.tQol. 1;1'11 '~a:rly le;mpir'~ tbmh~,;@.!5 &t biz~;fu "and, Salu:~ali".a.h,. th~,
are d~wJ1 as tl€31"']y'like tha1i ~f Kihu11 as 1ihJe'Sty,[e ftf f{[·t pe$'mit.reiL A[thornlgh sometimes t'~ end af"t~ handle :prnjects some 'way b~O(n.d the hand, ,in '\~~U-e:xee:uted ex~:m,PI~s a knob is Idear1¥, ~1:re:i\vJ.l., l'ie 'rjd~ of 'ooeth ~~tQldet],~lm~8t T to th'e' pt:ki:nt, giving tb~ hlMe a bhlnt tenlltna:t[on, ~ ~~t;~t i[l :lnst~n0~ ''ifvhcre a tip i's: F~'.$.e!t'l;t~'~]1~.ij tb:e • ,. €" ",L' .,...,,(,' ll.... l",~ '~~r:mlna;bqIFlO\l!t.lI..J.'~ m~v' ~ }te~~~J,.is mrar~~ d L an " gy 18.bntpt deel'l~!il~~~ tl"l~breadth oJ dJ~ blade ,j, the Eip b
,is ,l";l\;t:ely' J.oJ:1J!g., 'The -forrtl" of a :si£kle' wa.~ ~~ken (Ot the symc:Qi[ lila. Thls~ in tb~ ~~:dy empil"€j, \!ns rep(iN386n;fed Uk:e
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Jtbe ~~Hl~~ S,petJll'OClJe'tiSi 'Wlt:JjJQiP;t .wJ.u"ilfelii"e;r a ver:y o~g i~:h'in~.r:l:siQn~ 4i' ,are' t[p)~ b~lt '~ll~a)'S ,aa,vrng a slTh.at-p ~ ~aJlg]e'-1 In the' .is, 3. ;gJ.'OO:ve i i'ueh hl .. 'wwns" af IGbzob. ijf t~, IVth d~Nl;a,st1 th~ syEbo~ from gidle 'fo. ~,ia-e'~f
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Jt ltJl'e:ighS a lit·tie ·D.adel' .one 'pomnJ.Cl ,a.:voirdupoisJ bur muSli': h~ve., l¥eig-hed. a ]j'ti:le' over 'hefo'r~ :rut 'was dls .. m6unt@cl'l bfu.~~ed iUllru :kfl!t)~ked, .abO'il.d:, io. the .XII'th d.YD,ars~r· p'edod.~ TllehaD'dJe must ba¥ie fitted, Ith(~' ba;£~ g;roove \~]L and. 'bee:b but a. q.u:a.:rrer 0:[ an ~n,ch
'or '\1'e:r:YUtth;: maJ)",e .bl dia'~~b~r' )~t·t'~a.t .~a;rt" ,Mt ·'tY~S fa:si~ened by' ,th,o~gs p~~d throogh the holes. A ,011,

dtiUtd~ ~viden~J.Jrafter th,~,iIDp~em~nt B~d 17ec~ved, gerv'j;~eiitb].eJ.:perfla;p~ it was O'f :rhinQ~eros 1101t])~ Oil' ~ll~ its ra~;o 'The .smaller.' end of the holes is a Uttl~ fr'Om the' i.aide' €jf rruit{!ic€'tQs, 0,[1l hl:ppopO'tamJl1s", I' ~[~~ ~'n,~, in l"iQt:b~the 1argel~ a Utt~e a~reT... iue~~ ]ua,'ile n~f been, able. to diseov~:r t]lie :p:redse _ro:.rm of -i ShaUow ,ghro~ ~te g;roltuld a.cmM the, 'baJ::k: c;Ofiuet:t ... this dub or \rlf1(eELp~[] .in :any' ~nS[~fjt £cefl~~,Jtho~gb , h:1gt'b,e two ends 0$' "tll~ holes, It tC~'llS]sts of white ~])J~ Uke .~t~_pp®!t'eJ:iJ:tly of til"ODZe us;u~nr with, a. €~'"ed c'rysraJHoe D.um,nll~liti',c l'ime-=it()fJJ~ ~'nd is ~~ry ha'fid,. '~amd~~ud l~oting as if it ma;(l a ,~~t~iflg ,e~g·e i~

el'~;~~gh wm:th. t~j,s w'eig;bt ,cot]]!d SCIF];,e'liy have '~e;e]l or 'w~d,j bur. must have bJ~~:n, of SOiflle t()~gh elas,t]£ rna t~r1~'d 't0cm~_kJe fbi'S lt1ea_POIJi
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,vhire ,fPGllliSb0d lim~tme maee head of the 'US.1!lIJ farm de ma~-e: heads .oDmonumcl1t~. T~le htil']~ ,thiro.!1dgh .c..l_ ~ ..:Lll;A.- __ ll'n 'L. .. A' ;~ ,,~...::, 'IU~~ ·Dla;r..Itii.J~ 01: ,d~ '\vas toe sman to nave ,~m~ ..t~ a 'I!,~oo~~n stiek s:tt01l~ ~m:~l;!I!g~. to 'ba.1te' l¥~eld~d it b:YJ b:l!l!tas Ill], the ~ase· of "the elub before me:.uib]']J,€d. it 'mar have been h~n.dled~·~~fb h,9tD Of." 'h1~_
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