Gio vin hng dn:

ThS. Ng Hn Chiu

Nhm thc hin:
Nguyn c Trung 08520432
Mn Vn Thng 08520370
Nguyn Hinh 08520123
Nguyn Tn Thnh - 08520357

TNG QUAN CNG NGH MPLS
TI MN: CNG NGH MNG VI N THNG
a T

I . S hnh t hnh MPLS: ............................................................................................. 2
1. Xu hng hi t ca mng vin t hng: .......................................................... 2
2. Thc t rng ca m hnh I P t ruyn t hng: ....................................................... 3
3. Cng ngh mng ATM: ................................................................................. 3
4. S hnh t hnh cng ngh MPLS: .................................................................... 5
I I . Gii t hiu v MPLS: .............................................................................................. 7
1. nh ngha MPLS: ......................................................................................... 7
2. Chuyn t ip gi t in t rong MPLS ...................................................................... 8
1. Thut t on chuyn t ip nhn ( Label Forwarding Algorit hm) .......................... 8
2. Cc bng t ra FI B v LFI B ......................................................................... 10
3. M ha v ng gi nhn: ........................................................................... 11
1. ng gi theo dng frame: ...................................................................... 12
2. ng gi theo dng Cell: ......................................................................... 13
4. Phn phi nhn t rong MPLS ........................................................................ 15
1. TDP: ....................................................................................................... 15
2. LDP: ....................................................................................................... 15
3. Trao i nhn: ........................................................................................ 15
I I I . K thut lu lng t rong MPLS ........................................................................... 21
1. nh ngha v k thut lu lng: ................................................................ 21
2. Tnh ton ng t ruyn CSPF: .................................................................. 22
3. Cc vn c gii quyt t rong TE: .......................................................... 24
1. Tc nghn ng t ruyn: ......................................................................... 24
2. Cn bng t i cc ng i khng cn bng: .............................................. 26
Ti liu t ham kho: ................................................................................................. 27


I . S hnh t hnh MPLS:
M hnh TCP/ I P l nn t ng ca mng t ruyn t hng I nt ernet ngy nay,.Vi TCP/ I P
cho php hot ng t hng t in din ra t rong bt k mt mng no t rong lin mng
ph hp t t nh trong hot ng t ruyn t in c WAN v LAN. M hnh
TCP/IPhng n t i a linh hot t i lp ng dng cho ngi pht t rin phn
mm, vi mhnh ny s khng cn quan tm n ng dngno yu cu dch v
mng v khng quantm n giao t hc vn chuyn no ang c dng, ch c
mt giao t hc mng l I P.TCP/ I P s dng k thut chuyn t ip gi I P cho php phc
v nh mt giao t hc anng cho php bt k my t nh no bt c u t ruyn d
liu vo bt c t hi im no.
tb pbb truy a c a c pbb ........
Trong mng in t hoi, cc in t hoi thng thng ch c s dng kt
ni vimt pha i din tng ng nhm t hit lp mt cuc gi.Trong t ruyn
s liu, ccng dy chuyn dng dng cho mt lng hn ch cc t hu
bao cng c s dng.Ngoi ra cc mng li in t n hin nay cng ang
hot ng nh cc mng c lpvi cc h t hng t hng t in khc. Mt khc
t m quan t rng ca vic m bo cc phngtin t hch hp trao i t hng
tin ngy cng tng khi x hi hin i ngy cng t ingn n t hi i t hng
tin. ng u vi nhng thay i ny cc h t hng chuynmch in t
ang c t ch hp vi nhng c im mi ang c pht trin.Thmna
vic nghin cu cc dch v mi hon ton p ng cc yu cu ca ngi s
dngcng ang c tin hnh. Gn y cc c gng nhm kt hp cc hnh
t hc khc nhauca cc h t hng thng tin ang c t hc t hi nhm t o c
hiu qu cao khc nhauca cc h t hng thng tin ang c t hc t hi nhm
t o c hiu qu cao hn, chi phthp hn. Ni chung mc tiu c bn ca
t ruyn t hng c t h coi nh l qu trnh gi vnhn cc t hng t in cn t hit
qua cc lai phng tin t ruyn thng khc nhau. ngt hi s giao t ip my
my c s dng x l cc s liu cng nh iu khin cct n hiu.
Nhng dch v k t rn c t h phn lai t heo chc nng thnh cc dch v
chuynmhc in t hoi, video v t hng t in s liu. Ty t heo dng t hng t in
c x l m ccphng php phc v, cc c tnh lu lng, rng cc
di t n t ryn dn v cc ct nh ca cc t hit b u cui s c xc nh.
Do vy, t ha mn nhu cu ngy cngtng, mng vin thng i hi c cu
t rc hin i, linh hot , cho php kt hp ccphong tin v nht l phi
t ha mn nhu cu v t ruyn t i a dch v, a phng tinnhng ng t hi
cng phi t n dng c c s h t ng ca mng vin t hng t ruynt hng v
phi c chun ha t rn t on cu ph v tnh c quyn.Nu mt mng
li t hng t in vi mc ch c bit v d t hit k c t hit lpn c t h s
khng linh hot p ng nhng i hi mi mt cch c hiu
qu.Ngc li nu nhiu loi dch v thng tin c kt hp li t hnh mt
mng li duynht hot ng t h mng li cho d hi km nhiu qu
i cht nhgn n vnc t h d dng vn hnh, thay i v m rng.Ngoi
ra cc t ng i nh vy s d dngiu khin.iu ny ng ngha vi xu t h
pht t rin ca cc h t hng vin t hng lhi t v mt mng vin t hgn duy
nht p ng c cc c im k trn chnh lmng I P.
nbnb u quu qu n ba trn toan c u qu a k
M hnh TCP/ I P vn c mt s hn ch nht nh l trong vn nh
t uynI P t kh nng m rng cho n vic qun l lu lng ca mng.Vi
vic xt cctrng a ch cho mi ln nh t uyn, nu mng m rng cng
ln t h vic nh t uyns ht sc kh khn.Th nht l vn t c v
t r, chuyn t ip da t rn I P c in quchm c t h iu khin cc ng
t ruyn c lu lng ln t rn I nt ernet .
Tuy xut hin cc phng php nng cao t c nh s dng
bngnh t uyn nhanh cho cc gi t in quan t rng, tuy nhin cc gi n
rout ervn ln hn so vi kh nng x l ca rout er do cc giao t hc inh
t uynthng hng lu lng vo cng mt s cc kt ni nht nh v vy
dnn t nh t rng mt gi, mt kt ni
- Th hai l kh nng m rng ca mng. Vi mng int ernet hin nay,
slng ngi dng ngy cng tng, thit b t hm vo mng ngy cng
nhiu ng ngha vi vic cc rout er core phi hot ng nhiu hn v vic
mrng mng l kh khn.
- Th ba l kh nng tch hp cc k thut ca cc lp vi nhau. Nh ta
bit t rong m hnh TCP/ I P cc lp c phn ra kh c t h v r rng v
ccchc nng v vy m vic t ch hp k thut mng lp 2 v lp 3 l tng
ikh khn.
tb p 2 va l y ma vi
ATM l cng ngh chuyn mch hng kt ni, t c l kt ni t im u
nim cui phi c t hit lp trc khi thng tin c gi i. Vic t o kt
ni mch oc t h t hiu qu t rong mng nh, nhng i vi mng ln t h
nhng vn c t hxy ra: Mi khi mt rout er mi a vo mng li WAN
t h mch o phi c t hit lpgia rout er ny vi cc rout er cn li m
bo vic nh t uyn t i u. iu ny lulng nh t uyn t rong mng tng.

Hnh : M hnh mng ATM
Thng thng vic t hit lp kt ni ny c t hc hin bi giao t hc bo
hiu.
Giao t hc ny cung cp cc t hng t in t rng thi lin quan n kt ni cho cc
chuynmch nm trn ng nh t uyn.Chc nng iu khin chp nhn
kt ni CAC(Connection Admission Control) m bo rng cc t i nguyn lin
quan n kt nihin t i s khng c a vo s dng cho cc kt ni
mi.iu ny buc mngphi duy t r t rng t hi ca t ng kt ni (bao gm
t hng t in v s t n t i ca kt ni vt i nguyn m kt ni s dng) t i
cc node c d liu i qua.Vic la chn t uync t hc hin da t rn cc
yu cu v QoS i vi kt ni v da t rn kh nng cat hut ton nh
t uyn t rong vic t nh t on cc t uyn c kh nng p ng cc yu cuQoS
.
Do kh nng nhn dng mng, kh nng c lp t ng kt ni vi cc t i
nguynlin quan n kt ni t rong sut t hi gian t n t i ca kt ni m mi
trng hng kt ni c t h m bo cht lng cho t ng lung t hng t in.
Mng s gim st t ng kt ni,t hc hin nh t uyn li trong trng hp c
s c v vic t hc hin nh t uyn li nycng phi t hng qua bo hiu.
T c ch t ruyn t in t a t hy mng hng kt ni t hch hp vi :
- Cc ng dng yu cu phi m bo QoS mt cch nghim ngt .
- Cc ng dng c t hi gian kt ni ln.
i vi cc ng dng c t hi gian kt ni ngn t h mi t rng hng kt
nidng nh li khng t hch hp do t hi gian t hit lp kt ni cng nh
t l phnt hng t in header li qu ln. Vi cc loi lu lng nh vy t h mi
trng phi kt nivi phng thc nh t uyn
iv ntbng tin beader l n.
nh t uyn I P t ruyn t hng c nhiu gii hn, t vn kh nng m rng
chon vic qun l lu lng v t ch hp mng lp 2 t n t i t rong mng
ca cc nhcung cp dnh v ln. hat ng t lu.
Nhng vi s pht t rin nhanh chng camng int ernet v hu ht t rong cc
mi trng u chn I P l giao t hc lp 3 t h nhngnhc im ca I P
t ruyn t hng ngy cng bc l r, t rong khi cng ngh ATM ct c
t ruyn tin cao, m bo t hi gian t hc v cht lng dch v t heo yu cu
nhtrc.

Hnh : M hnh mng MPLS VPN
Hn na cc dch v t hng t in t h h sau c chia thnh hai xu hng pht
t rinchnh l: hot ng kt ni nh hng v hot ng khng kt ni. Hai
xu hng pht t rin ny dn t im cn v hi t nhau t in t i ra i cng
ngh I P over ATM.
S kt hp I P vi ATM c t h l gii php k vng cho mng vin t hng t rong
tng lai.Tuy nhin, IP v ATM l hai cng ngh hon ton khc nhau, c
t hit k chonhng mi trng mng khc nhau v giao t hc, cch nh a
ch, nh t uyn , bohiu, phn b t i nguynkhi cc I SP cng m rng
mng theo hng I P/ MPLS/ ATM(I P over ATM), h cng nhn r nhc im
ca m hnh ny, l s phc t p camng li do phi duy t r hot ng
ca hai h t hng t hit b.
S bng n ca mngI nt ernet dn t i xu hng hi t ca mng vin t hng
khc nh mng t hoi, t ruyn hnhda t rn I nt ernet , giao t hc I P t r t hnh
giao t hc ch o t rong lnh vc mng.
Xu hng ca cc I SP l t hit k v s dng cc rout er chuyn dng, dung
lngchuyn t i ln, h t r cc gii php t ch hp, chuyn mch a lp cho
mng ng t rc I nt ernet .
Nhu cu cp t hit t rong bi cnh ny l phi ra i mt cng ngh lai c
khnng kt hp cc nhng c im t t ca chuyn mch knh ATM v
chuyn mhc giI P.
Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS ra i p ng c
nhngnhu cu ca t h trng ng theo tiu ch pht t rin ca Internet
mang li nhng lich t hit t hc, nh giu mt bc pht t rin mi ca
mng Internet trc xu t h t chhp cng ngh t hng t in v vin t hng. MPLS
lin kt cc u im ca nh t uyn lp3 connect ionless v chuyn mch lp
2 connect ion-orient ed.
MPLS l mt phng thcc ci t in cho vic chuyn t ip cc gi t in t rong
bng cch s dng cc nhn cgn t hm vo t rong cc gi t in I P.Mc t iu
chnh ca MPLS l t o ra mt cu t rcmng mm do cung cp cho c
t nh m rng v n nh mng.iu ny bao gmk thut iu khin lu
lng v kh nng hot ng ca VPN v c lin quan n chtlng dch v
(QoS) v nhiu lp dch v (CoS) .

I I . Gi i t hi u v MPLS:
i II. i ng va kb
MPLS l mt cng ngh mi t rong mng I P, l s thay i ca cng ngh
I PoA ( I P over ATM) t ruyn t hng.MPLS s dng ch t ch hp bi vy n
c c cc u im ca c ATM nh tc cao, QoS, iu khin lung cng
nh mm do, kh nng m rng ca I P.MPLS khng nhng gii quyt
c rt nhiu vn ca mng hin t i m cn h t r c nhiu chc
nng mi, do c th ni rng MPLS l cng ngh mng t rc I P l t ng.

Hnh : M hnh sit e-t o-sit e t rong MPLS VPN
Nhng t iu chun c bn ca MPLS c I ETF (I nt ernet Engineering Task
Force) ban b di dng RFC. I TU-T hin cng ang xc tin cc nghin cu
lin quan. Cng ngh ny c coi l gii php c s cho I P t h h t ip t heo.
iu ng ngha vi vic cung cp kh nng p ng bng thng, QoS
ngy cng cao ca I nt ernet .
MPLS (Mult i-Prot ocol Label Swit ching) kt hp c t nh t c v hiu sut
ca cc mng chuyn gi (packet -swit ched net work) vi c t nh t hng minh
cc mng chuyn mch (circuit -swit ched net work) nhm cung cp gii php
t t nht cho vic t ch hp voice, video and dat a. Ging nh cc mng chuyn
mch, MPLS t hit lp con ng kt ni end-t o-end trc khi vn chuyn
thng tin, v cc con ng ny c chn da vo yu cu ca ng dng
(vd: bng thng,...).
Mt khc, ging nh cc mng gi, cc ng dng v ngi dng c t h chia
s chung mt kt ni. Cc ng dng MPLS c t h thay i rt rng, t mng
phn pht d liu "best effort" n gin t i cc mng nng cao vi kh nng
m bo phn pht d liu c km t hng t in re-routing dnh cho con ng
ph (trong trng hp lin kt mng b hng u trn ng chnh)
t rong vng 50 milli giy.
S khc nhau chnh gia mng MPLS v mng I P t ruyn t hng l cc
LSR(Label Swiching Rout er) c s dng t rong min MPLS. Cc giao t hc
MPLS c s dng lin lc gia cc LSR.Cc b nh t uyn bin MPLS
c t hit k t hch ng vi cng ngh I P t ruyn t hng t i bin ca vng
MPLS.
Cc t h t c lm vic chuyn mch nhn c t h c t rnh by mt cch ngn
gn qua 4 bc sau:
1. LDP (Giao t hc phn phi nhn) cng vi cc giao t hc nh t uyn t ruyn
t hng (OSPF .v.v..) t hit lp bng nh t uyn v bng xp xp nhn t rong
LSR.
2. Cc b nh t uyn bin nhn c gi t in, t hc hin cc chc nng lp 3
v dn nhn gi t in.
3. Sau trong mng LSR, LSR khng iu khin cc t h t c lp 3 m ch
gi cc gi t in qua cc nt chuyn mch ph hp vi cc nhn t rn gi
t in.
4. Truyn t ip cc t hng t in sau khi loi b cc nhn t rn gi t in t i b nh
t uyn li ra ca MPLS.
n ti n ti LDP {iao tbcb pbb
a l ng trong min tign tbm vao trong cc gi tin IP.
B chuyn nhn s dng mt t hut t on chuyn t ip da vo vic hon i
nhn.Nt MPLS ly gi t r t rong nhn ca gi va n lm ch mc n
LFI B.Khi gi t r nhn t ngng c t m t hy, MPLS s t hay t h nhn t rong
gi bng nhn ra (out going label) v gigi qua giao t ip ng ra t ng
ng n t rm k c xc nh.Nu nt MPLS cha nhiuLFI B t rn mi
giao t ip, n s dng giao t ip vt l ni gi n chn mt LFI B c t h
phc v chuyn t ip gi.

Hnh : Nhn MPLS t rong cc dng ng gi gi tin
Cc t hut t on chuyn t ip thng thng s dng nhiu t hut tonnh
unicast , mult icast v cc gi unicast c t hit lp bit ToS. Tuy nhin, MPLS ch
dng mt t hut t on chuyn t ip da t rn s hon i nhn ( Label
swapping). Mt nt MPLS t ruy xut b nh n ly ra cc thng tin nh
quyt nhdnh ra t i nguyn cn t hit chuyn t ip gi. Kh nng chuyn
t ip v t ra cu t c nhanh gip chuyn nhn (label swit ching) t r t hnh
cng ngh chuyn mch c t nh t hc t hicao.MPLS cn c t h dng chuyn
vn cc giao t hc lp ba khc nh IPv6, IPX, hocApple Talk.Cc t huc t nh
ny gip MPLS c t h tng thch tt vi vic chuyn i ccmng t I Pv4
ln I Pv6.
Thc hin chuyn t ip d liu vi MPLS gm cc bc sau:
Gn nhn MPLS (t rn LSR).
Giao t hc phn phi nhn ( LDP - label dist ribut ion prot ocol hay TDP -
t agdist ribut ion prot ocol ) t hc hin gn nhn v t rao i nhn gia cc
LSR t rong minMPLS t hit lp cc phin lm vic (session). Vic
gn nhn c t h gn cc b t rnrout er hoc t rn giao t ip ca rout er.
Thit lp LSP gia LSR/ E_LSR.
Mc nh t rn rout er s dng LDP.
Vic chuyn t ip nhn t rong MPLS st hc hin layer 2, n khng phi t ra
bng rout ing nn s rt nhanh chng t m ra next hopt ip t heo.

Hnh : Chuyn t ip t rong MPLS
Theo hnh v t rn, t h vic chuyn t ip gi t in t rong MPLS ch t hc hin t rn
nhn, mikhi gi tin n rout er cc rout er s t hc hin vic gn nhn (rout er
bin), swap nhn (rout er core), v pop nhn (rout er bin), vic ny t hc hin
layer 2 rt nhanh chng (chng t a st m hiu k hn cc phn sau)
n gn c aiC:ng
Bng t ra FI B (Forwarding informat ion based) s nh x t mt gi t in I P
khng nhnt hnh gi t in MPLS c nhn ng vo ca rout er bin hoc t gi
t in I P khng nhn t hnhgi t in I P khng nhn ng ra ca rout er bin, bng
ny c hnh t hnh t bng rout ingt able, t giao t hc phn phi nhn LDP
v t bng t ra LFI B

Hnh : Bng t ra FI B v LFI B
Bng t ra LFI B ( Label Forwarding I nformat ion Based) l bng cha ng
t hng t in ccnhn n cc mng ch, mt gi t in c nhn khi i vo mt
rout er n s s dng bng traLFIB t m ra hop k t ip, ng ra ca gi t in
ny c t h l gi t in c nhn cng c th l git in khng nhn.
Hai bng t ra FI B v LFI B c gi t r nh bng rout ing t able t rong mng I P,
nhng trongmng I P t h bng rout ing t able c s ent ry rt ln khong vi
ngn, cn vi FI B v LFI B snhn m n nm gia rt t khong vi chc l
t i a
]] a gi tin nganc n v a r
Khi nhn c gn ln gi, bn t hn gi t r nhn l 20 bit s c m ha
cng vi mt t hng t in cng thm ph t r t rong qu t rnh chuyn t ip gi
hnh t hnh mt ent ry nhn.Nh vy cc nhn c t h c 2
20
gi t r khc
nhau. Cc gi c t h c 1 hoc nhiu gi nhn, t rong chng mng ch c mt
nhn ngoi cng c xem xt
Hnh minh ha mt dnh dng mt ent ry nhn t rong st ack nhn.

Hnh : Cu t rc gi t in nhn
Trong :
- EXP= Experiment al ( 3 bit ): dnh cho t hc nghim. Cisco I OS s dng cc bit
ny gi cc t hng bo cho QoS; khi cc gi MPLS xp hng c t h dng
cc bit EXP tng t nh cc bit IP u tin (IP Precedence).
- S= Bot t om of st ack ( 1 bit ): l bt cui chng. Nhn cui chng bit ny c
t hit lp ln 1, cc nhn khc c bt ny l 0.
- TTL= Time To Live (8 bit ) : t hi gian sng l bn sao ca I P TTL. Gi t r ca
n c gim t i mi chng t rnh lp (ging nh trong IP).Thng dng
khi ngi iu hnh mng mun che du cu hnh mng bn di khi t m
ng t mng bn ngoi.
a t entry nbn.b c em t
Cc k thut lp 2 nh Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, PPP khng c trng no
ph hp t rong header ca f rame c t h mang nhn. V vy st ack nhn s
c cha trong header chm (shim header). Shim header c chm vo
gia header lp lin kt v header lp mng, nh trong hnh 11. nh st ack
nm lin sau header lp 2 v y stack nm lin trc header lp mng.

Hnh : Shim Header c t hm vo gia header lp 2 v 3
C ch ny c s dng vi cc mng IP thng thng, trong c ch ny
nhn caMPLS l nhn t hc s c t hit k v gn cho cc gi t in, t rong
mt phng Cont rol plane sm nhim vai t r gn nhn v phn phi nhn
cho cc rout e gia cc rout er chy MPLS, vtrong c ch ny cc rout er s
kt ni t rc t ip vi nhauqua 1 giao din Frame mode nh l PPP, cc rout er
s s dng a ch I P t hun ty traoi thng tin cho nhau nh l: Thng
t in v nhn v bng nh t uyn rout ing t able

Hnh : MPLS Shim t rong gi t in gi i
Rout er gi frame phi c cch bo cho rout er nhn bit rng f rame ny c
cha shim header, cch t hc ny khc nhau gia cc k thut lp 2. Et hernet
s dng cp gi t r ethertype 0x8847 v 0x8848 ch t h frame ang mang
gi MPLS unicast v multicast tng ng. PPP s dng NCP (Net work Cont rol
Program) sa i gi l MPLSCP ( MPLS Cont rol Protocol) v nh du t t c
cc gi c cha shim header bng gi t r 0x8281 trong trng PPP prot ocol
]b ng PPP protocol p gi tr
Ch cell c dng khi t a c mt mng gm c ATM-LSR (l cc chuyn
mch ATM c h t r MPLS), trong n s dng cc giao t hc phn phi
nhn MPLS trao i t hng t in VPI / VCI , t rong VPI hoc VCI ca header cell
ATM.

Hnh : Gi nhn t rong ch Cell ca ATM header
Cell ATM gm c 5 byte header v 48 byte payload. chuyn t i gi t in c
kch thc ln hn 48 byte t lp t rn a xung, ATM phi gi t in t hnh
nhiu phn nh hn, vic ny gi l phn on (fragment at ion) [ 4] . Qu t rnh
phn on do lp AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer) m t rch. C t h AAL 5 PDU
s c chia t hnh nhiu on 48byt e, mi on 48byte ny c t hm
header 5byte t o ra mt cell ATM.

Hnh : ng gi gi nhn t rong dng Cell ATM
Khi ng gi c nhn MPLS t rn ATM, t on b st ack nhn c t t rong
AAL5 PDU. Gi t r t hc s ca nhn nh c t trong trng VPI / VCI ,
hoc t trongtrng VCI nu 2 ATM-LSR kt ni nhau qua mt ng o
ATM (VP). Entry nhst ack nhn phi cha gi t r 0 (coi nh entry gi ch) v
c b qua khi nhn. L docc nhn phi cha c t rong AAL5 PDU v
header ATM l m rng su st acknhn. Khi cc cell ATM i n cui
LSP, n s c t i hp li.Nu c nhiu nhnt rong st ack nhn, AAL5 PDU s
b phn on ln na v nhn hin hnh trn nhst ack s c t vo
trng VPI / VCI .
i c ti b bo cbo router nb
i a n
Trc y, trong thi k u khi cho ra MPLS, Cisco a ra cng ngh t ag-
swit ching v h t r t IOS 11.1CT. MPLS c h t r bi cc rout er cisco t
I OS 12.1( 3)T.
Tag-swit ching chnh l t in t hn ca mpls nn rt ging, ch c mt s khc
bit nh:Giao thc s dng phn phi nhn ca t ag-swit ching l TDP - s
dng t cp/ udp port 711, cnmpls l LDP s dng tcp/udp port 646. cho
php chuyn mch nhn hot ng t h I OS11.1 l t ag-swit ching ip, I OS 12.1
l mpls ip .C php lnh t y vo I OS.
. a m
MPLS l t h h sau ca t ag-swit ching, n s dng giao t hc LDP phn
phi nhn,hot ng nh TDP ch khc l n s dng LDP phn phi
nhn, LDP phi c cu hnht rn t ng int erface chy MPLS, cc lng ging
ca chng s t ng nhn ra cc int erface cchy LDP kt ni vi chng. S
dng UDP broadcast v mulicast t m ra cc lng gingca chng.
kch hot LDP MPLS t rn cc rout er t a dng cc lnh sau:
P1# config t P1( config) # ip cef
P1(config)# mpls ip
P1(config-if )# int erface serial 0/ 0
P1(config-if )# mpls ip
Trong mt min MPLS, mt nhn gn t i mt a ch (FIB) ch c phn
phi t i cclng ging ngc dng sau khi t hit lp session. Vic kt ni gia
mng c t h vi nhn cc b v mt nhn t rm k ( nhn t rout er xui
dng) c lu tr t rong LFI B v LI B
tb dng] c pbn
Gi s t a c mt mng n gin nh sau trong Router A l I ngress rout er
(rout er binng vo), Rout er C l Egress rout er (rout er bin ng ra)

Hnh : V d m hnh mng MPLS
y s t rnh by cch cc rout er xy dng bng FI B v LFI B cho Net work X
l mngm cn t ruyn d liu n
Phng thc gn v phn t n nhn gm nhng bc nh sau:
St ep 1: Giao t hc nh t uyn (OSPF hay I S I S ) xy dng bng
rout ingt able.
St ep 2: Cc LSR ln lt gn 1 nhn cho mt dest -I P t rong bng rout ing
Tablemt cch c lp.
St ep 3: LSR ln lt phn t n nhn cho t t c cc rout er LSR k cn.
St ep 4: Tt c cc LSR xy dng cc bng LI B, LFI B, FI B da t rn label
nhnc
u t in cc rout er s dng cc gii t hut nh t uyn nh OSPF hay IS IS
t mng i cho gi tin ging nh mng IP thng thng v xy dng
nn bng rout ing- t ablecho mi rout er t rong mng. Gi s, y router A
mun n mng X t h phi qua rout er B,B chnh l Next -hop ca router A
n mng X

Hnh : Bng nh t uyn t rong cc rout er
Sau khi bng routing table hnh t hnh, cc rout er s gn nhn cho cc
ch n m ct rong bng rout ing t able ca n, v d y router B s gn
nhn bng 25 cho mng X, nghal nhng nhn vo c gi t r 25 rout er B s
chuyn n n mng X.

Hnh : M phng chuyn nhn cho cc rout er
Rout er B phn t n nhn 25 cho t t c cc rout er LSR k cn n vi ngha
Nu bnmun n X t h hy gn nhn 25 ri gi n ti, cng lc bng
t ra LI B hnh t hnh t rongrout er B v c ent ry nh hnh sau.

Hnh : Chuyn t hng t in bng LI B
Cc rout er LSR nhn c nhn c t rout er hng xm s cp nhp vo
bng LI B,ring vi rout er bin ( Edge LSRs) s cp nhp vo bng LI B v c
FI B ca n

Hnh : Chuyn t hng t in bng LI B( p.2)
Cng ging nh B, router C s gn nhn l 47 cho Net work X v s qung b
nhn nycho cc rout er k cn, C khng qung b cho rout er D v D khng
chy MPLS.

Hnh : Chuyn t hng t in bng LI B( p.3)
Cng lc router C hnh t hnh 2 bng tra LIB v LFIB c cc entry nh
t rn. Sau khinhn c qung b ca rout er C, rout er B s t hm nhn 47 va
nhn c vo t rong bngt ra FIB v LIB ng t hi xy dng bng t ra LFI B c
cc entry nh hnh v, rout er E ch t hmnhn 47 vo t rong LI B v FI B

Hnh : Chuyn t hng t in bng LI B( p.4)
Nh vy ta c c ng i t bin router A n mng cn n l mng
X, hay nicch khc mt LSP hnh t hnh. By gi gi t in c t h t ruyn
theo ng ny t i ch nhsau: Mt gi t in I P t mng IP n rout er bin
I ngress, rout er A s t hc hin t ra bng FI B can t m ra next hop cho gi
it n nay, y A s gn nhn 25 cho gi t in ny t heo ent ry ct rong bng FI B
ca n v s gi t i next hop l router B n mng X

Hnh : Chuyn t hng t in bng LI B( p.5)
Gi t in vi nhn 25 c t ruyn n cho rout er B, rout er B s t ra bng LFI B
ca n vt m ra gi t r nhn ng ra cho gi t in c nhn ng vo 25 l 47,
rout er B s swap nhn t hnh47 v t ruyn cho next hop l rout er C

Hnh : Chuyn t hng t in bng LI B( p.6)
Gi t in vi nhn 47 c t ruyn n rout er C, rout er C s t ra bng LFI B ca
n v t m rahot ng t ip t heo cho gi t in c nhn vo 47 l s pop nhn ra
khi gi t in v t ruyn chonext hop l router D, nh vy gi tin n D l gi
t in I P bnh t hng khng nhn.

Hnh : Chuyn t hng t in bng LI B( p.7)
Gi tin IP ny n D, rout er D s t ra bng rout ing t able ca n v t ruyn cho
mng X.


I I I . K t hut lu lng t rong MPLS
kb n cbo ng X III. ng LFIB kb
K t hut lu lng (TE - Traf fic Engineering) l k t hut iu khin ng
t ruyn cha lu lng qua mng.Mc ch ci t hin vic s dng t i
nguyn mng, trnh trng hp mt phn t mng b nghn t rong khi cc
phn t khc cha c dng ht .Ngoi ra, cn m bo ng t ruyn c
cc t huc t nh nht nh, t i nguyn t ruyn dn c sn t rn mt ng
t ruyn c t h hay xc nh lung lu lng no c u tin lc xy ra t ranh
chp t i nguyn.
Mng chuyn mch a nhn giao t hc (MPLS - Mult iProt ocol Label Swit ching)
xy dng ng t ruyn chuyn nhn ( LSP - Label Swit ched Pat h) t rong mng
nhm gim lu lng chuyn t ip. MPLS-TE dng ng hm TE ( TE t unnel)
hay ng hm iu khin lu lng kim sot lu lng trn ng
t ruyn n mt ch c t h. MPLS-TE dng nh t uyn ng (autoroute)
t o bng nh t uyn bng LSP m khng cn thng tin y ca cc t uyn
ln cn ( neighbor). MPLS-TE cn c kh nng d t r bng thng khi xy
dng cc LSP ny. Ni chung, phng php ny linh hot hn k t hut lu
lng chuyn t ip ch da vo a ch ch.

Hnh : M hnh m phng cho k thut lu lng
V d: Gi s dng m hnh mng nh hnh t rn, hai nt ngun A v B s
gi lu lng n nt ch D qua nt C. Ph tn (cost ) ca t uyn c t nh
da vo met ric ca lin kt . Khi cc met ric bng nhau t h ph t n chnh l s
chng ( hop/ rout er) t rong t uyn. Gia C v D l hai ng t ruyn c ph t n
khc nhau v t t c cc lin kt s c cng mt dung lng v t c .
Trng hp ny a ra yu cu v vn ci t hin vic s dng t i nguyn.
Trong mng hnh t rn, gi s lu lng ca t t c cc lin kt l 150 Mbps,
nt A gi i 120 Mbps v nt B gi i 40 Mbps n nt D. Nu lu lng i
theo ng t ruyn ngn nht t h lung 160 Mbps s qua ng t ruyn C-G-
D, vt qu lu lng t rn lin kt , gy ra nghn v mt d liu.
Nhng bng cch chia lu lng gia ng ngn nht (C-G-D) v ng di
nht (C-E-F-D) t h s khng xy ra t c nghn v lung 80 Mbps c chuyn
t ip t rn mi ng lin kt.iu ny c t hc hin bng cch kim sot
cc ph t n t rn cc lin kt n lm vic vi ph t n bng nhau. Lc ,
lu lng s c chia ra ( hay t i cn bng - load balanced) gia chng.
T trng hp t rn t a c hai yu cu sau: tnh ton ng t ruyn gia ngun
v ch sao cho ph hp vi cc iu kin rng buc v chuyn t ip lu
lng theo ng t ruyn ny.
. n cbnb la : ng truy: .: :n ti ::
Nh thut ton ng i ngn nht (SPF - Short est Pat h First ), SPF rng
buc (CSPF - Constrained SPF) tnh ng i ngn nht da vo vic qun l
met ric. CSPF ch tnh cc ng m t ha mn mt trong cc in kin rng
buc (nh bng thng sn c) bng cch loi bt cc lin kt khng t ha. V
d nu iu kin v bng thng, CSPF s b bt cc lin kt khng c
bng thng dng. Nh trng hp minh ha, khi LSP A-D c t hit lp l
120Mbps t h ch c 30 Mbps l sn c t rn t uyn A-C-G-D. V vy, khi t nh
ton ng i cho LSP B-D vi yu cu 40 Mbps, t h cc lin kt C-G v G-D
phi b loi i khi m hnh mng v CSPF s chn t uyn t hay t h t t nht c
sn.

Hnh : Quy t rnh t nh t on ng t ruyn
Khi iu kin rng buc v mu lin kt (cn gi l mt t huc t nh qun l,
thng mang t nh t rc gic) , cc lin kt s c cu hnh vi mu khc
nhau v mt lin kt c t h c nhiu mu hay khng c mu no ht , t i a
c 32 mu c dng. Nh mng Hnh 2.2, lin kt E-F v F-D c gn
mu , C-D l xanh lam , C-G khng c mu t rong khi C-E c gn va
va xanh lc . Vic quy nh mu cho lin kt thng da t rn cc
t huc tnh nh t r, mt gi, gi t r ph t n hay v tr a l.
Cc mu y cho bit c LSP s cha hay khng cha lin kt no ca
mt t uyn c t h. V d, nu gn cc lin kt c t r cao vi mu xanh
lam , t a c t h tnh c ng t ruyn m khng qua lin kt bng cch
loi b cc lin kt xanh lam khi ng t ruyn .
Gi s C-D l lin kt t r cao. LSP1 c t hit lp gia C v D vi iu
kin b lin kt xanh lam , t c l khng c lin kt no t rong t uyn c
gn xanh lam . D cho C-D l ng i ngn nht nhng n vn b loi khi
s t nh t on do c mu xanh lam v LSP s t hnh lp mt t uyn khc m
khng cha C-D, nh C-G-D chng hn. Tng t, LSP2 cng c t hit lp
gia C v D vi iu kin cha lin kt , v t t c lin kt t rong t uyn s
c gn mu , k c C-E c gn hai mu v xanh lam . Theo
t hut t on CSPF, cc lin kt c mu khng t hch hp vi cc iu kin rng
buc s b loi khi m hnh.
Ging nh SPF, kt qu thu c ca t hut t on CSPF l mt ng t ruyn
n. Nu t i cng mt t hi im c cc ng i u t t nh nhau th ch c
mt ng l c chn. Cc phng php quyt nh chn ng i trong
CSPF gm c: chn ngu nhin, chn t heo least -fill (lin kt cn t rng) hay
most -fill (lin kt y).
D s tnh ton ng t ruyn din ra nh th no t h mt b chuyn mch
nhn chuyn t ip t rng t hi cng phi c t hit lp dc theo ng t ruyn
bo m rng lu lng khng b phn t n khi ng t ruyn mong
mun.

n. c tbi a r n. truyc tbi pbn tn kb
n. c tbi truy n mong n.
Mt iu ph bin nht t rong mng I P l chn ng dn t t nht ca I GP c
t h chuyn dng mt hng kt ni.Trong khi cc ng dn khc t c s
dng hoc khng c dng ln no.
K thut lu lng x l vn ny bng vic chn ng i tt nht cn c
trn lng Mbps cn t rng trn ng t ruyn .

Hnh : M phng vn t c nghn ng t ruyn
V d:
Theo hnh t rn, ng t ruyn qua C v D s khng bao gi c s dng
t ruyn t A n E. Ton b cc gi t in s i qua B l ng c t hop nht .
I GP c t h s dng ng i c nhiu hop bng cch t hm gi t r bang t hng
t rong phn tnh ton SPF, nhng vn khng t h x l c vn t c nghn
khi ng t ruyn chuyn dng b qu t i.Vi k thut lu lng s t m ng
t t bng lng Mbps cn t rng trn ng t ruyn .
n qu t tm trong pb nb mau cbo lin k a b

Hnh : Cn bng t i cho cc ng t ruyn khng cn bng
V d ph bin l gii nhu cu v k t hut lu lng l ba ng t ruyn vt
i ty dng, vi cc cng sut t rn mi ng khc nhau.
i vi nh t uyn IP cn bn ch cho php x l cc vn bnh t hng. K
t hut cn bng t i c phn chia bng thng rt t hng t hng bng cch
lng bng thng c t i nh nhau trn mi con ng, vic x l ny s
khng p dng trn ng t ruyn khng cn bng v u tin.
Vi k thut cn bng t i trong TE, thng tin c t ryn gia A v F c t h
c cn bng t i gia 2 ng trn v di. Nhng ng i qua B s c
u tin nhiu hn.


Ti l i u t ham kho:
Cisco - Building MPLS Based Broadband Access VPNs
Cisco.Press.MPLS.Conf igurat ion.on.Cisco.I OS.Soft ware