4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 4.1. Maximum and Minimum Values 1. A function f has an absolute minimum at if f(c) is the smallest function value on the entire domain of f. Whereas f has a local minimum at cif f(c) isthe smallest function value when 2 is near ¢ 2. (a) The Extreme Value Theorem (b) See the Closed Interval Method. 3. Absolute maximum at b: absolute minimum at d: local maxima at b and e: local minima at d and s: neither a maximum nora minimum at a,c. rand 4 Absolute maximum at e; absolute minimum att: local maxima at c. e. and s: local minima at be, d.and r: neither a maximum nor a minimum at a 5 Absolute maximum value is f(4) = 4: absolute minimum value is f(7) = 0: local maximum values are f(4) = and (6) = ; local minimum values are f(2) = 1 and f(5) = 2 6. Absolute maximum value is f(8) f(a) absolute minimum value is f(2) = 0: local maximum values are f(1) | f(5) = 2. and f(7) = 1. and f(6) = 3: local minimum values are f(2) = 7. Absolute minimum at 2, absolute maximum at 3, 8. Absolute minimum at 1, absolute maximum at 5, local minimum at 4 Jocal maximum at 2. local minimum at 4 y » 3 3 2 ' 1 P23 45% i) ress 8. Absolute maximum at 5, absolute minimum at 2, 10. f has no local maximum or minimum, but 2 and local maximum at 3. local minima at 2 and 4 4 are critical numbers y t 3. Poaa ss264 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION © 1. @) ) | 12. (a) Note that a local maximum ‘cannot occur at an endpoint. Note: By the Extreme Value Theorem, f must not be continuous, 413. (a) Note: By the Extreme Value Theorem, f must nor © be continuous: because if it were, it would attain ‘an absolute minimum, y hi ) 4 (@) ”15. f(x) = 8 ~ 32. © > 1. Absolute maximum J (1) = 5: no local maximum. No absolute or Jocal minimum. st ys 1. f(x) = 2?,0 < x <2, No absolute oF local ‘maximum or minimum value 19. f(z) = 27.0 < 2 <2. Absolute minimum £(0) = 0; no local minimum, No absolute or local maximum, <2 <2, Absolute maximum J{-3) = 9. No local maximum, Absolute and local minimum f(0) = 0. am 2.4) SECTION 4.1 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES C285 16. f(x) =3—2r.2 <5. Absolute minimum £(5) = —7: no local minimum. No absolute or local maximum, cod 1B. f(z) = 27.0 <2 <2. Absolute maximum (2) = 4: no local maximum, No absolute or local minimum. 2.4) 2. f(x) = 27,0. ) oF 28. f(x) = e®. No absolute or local maximum or minimum vale x if -1<2<0 2-27 if0<2<1 w. soy={ Absolute and local maximum f (0 No absolute or local minimum, ySECTION 41 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES 267 a. Sa de = f(a) = 102 +4. f\(2)=0 + 2=—3, so 2 isthe only critical number. §-80-3 BR f(a)=ai+a?—e > fi(2)=327 422-1, f(z)=0 + (x +1)(e—-1)=0 3 a= ‘These are the only critical numbers. 33. f(z) = 2° +32? -24e = f(a) 0 = B(x+4)(2—2)=0 => x= ~4,2. These are the only critical numbers, 32? + Gr — 24 = 3(x? + 2x — 8). Mf(e)=o+a% +2 + fe) =3e7 42041. fl > 3242rt1=0 = +vi-B 6 Neither of these is a real number. Thus. there are no critical numbers. 35. s(t) = ae +409 — 61? = 6'(t) = 12° +120 - 124. s(t) <0 1n(P+t-1) + ¢ # + t—1 =. Using the quadratic formula to solve the latter equation gives us asa - t= EVE AOIED) _ 18 V5 0. 615, 1.618, Teh critical numbers ar 0, (1) 2 z+) 7 (P+z+ 1-441) 27-2 BIO-aya 7 fe) @t24P “@ray 7? * a2+2)=0 = 0. ~2 are the critical numbers. (Note that 2* + 2 + 1 4 O since the discriminant < 0.) 3. g(x) 2+3 if 2+3>0 2 ife>-3 [ar +3] = g(a) = —(2r+3) if 2+3<0 2 ife<-3 (2) is never 0, but g(2) does not exist for x = 3 so —$ is the only critical number. 38. g(x) = 2¥/9 — 9-2/3 = go (2) 2/9, 29! 7 +2 194 a8 — ha W9p 4 2) = 3 = 37s 9f(2) = Oand g'(0) does not exist, but 0 is not in the domain of g, so the only critical number is —2 38. g(t) = BEM +4879 = l(t) = HBE-YS + $47/9_ (0) does not exist, s0 ¢ = 0 is a critical number, GO) = $9 Q+)=0 & t= -2.s0¢ = -2isalso-acritical number. 1 Mo) =Vi-)=P?-87 = g(y= Tya~ 2VE 9'(0) doesnot exist. so t = Ois acitcal number. 1-3 Rl O= 9 (=F t= besot= J inshore! number M. F(x) = 22-4)? => Pa) = 2822-4) + (ea)? da 8 A)(l4z = 16) _ 2(e ~ 4) (72 ~ 8) See ae Critical numbers are 0, 8.4 ~V8(a 4) [5-2- 24 (e—4)-4) when 2 = 4. 8: and (0) does not exist, 4 G(x) = YF > GO(2) = 1(2?- 2) (2x1), G(x) does not exist when x? — x = 0, that is, when x =Oorl.G'(z)=0 2-1=0 @ « 3. So the critical numbers are x = 0, 1258 CCHAPTER4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 43. {(0) =2cos6+sin?@ > f'(0) =—2sin@+2sindcosd. f/(0)=0 = 2sinO(cosP—1)=0 > sin@ =Oorcos@ =1 = = nz (man integer) or @ = 2n. The solutions 0 = nx include the solutions 4 = 2nr, so the critical numbers are @ = ne. Mi, (0) =40—tand = gf(0) =4 see. g'(@)=0 = sec?O=4 > secO= 42 = a cosO= +4 > 0 =F 4 2nn, SE + 2nn. % + 2nx.and $F + 2m are critica numbers Note: The values of @ that make g' (0) undefined are not in the domain of g. 4% f(z)=2inz > fi(c)=2(1/z)+(Inz)-1=mn2+l. f(2)=0 & Inz=-1 & z= = 1/e. Therefore, the only critical number is 2 = L/e. 46. f(x) = xe => f'(x) = 2(2e™*) +e = (2x + 1). Since ** is never 0, we have f(z) = 0 only when 2Qe$1=0 & £=~—4.S0—} isthe only critical number. 7. f(z) = 30? — 122 +5. (0,3). f'@ find that £(0) = 7, and fi absolute minimum value, 48. f(z) = and f(3) 6r-12=0 & = 2, Applying the Closed Interval Method. we 4, So f(0) = 5 is the absolute maximum value and f(2) = ~7 isthe 8 _3r41, [0,3]. f'(2)=32?—3=0 < x= +1. but —1isnotin [0,3]. (0) = 1. #1) = -1 19, So f(3) = 19 is the absolute maximum value and f(1) = —1 is the absolute minimum value. 49, f(x) = 20° — 32? — 122 +1, [-2,3]. f(z) = 6a? — 6x — 1: g=2-1 f(-2)=—3. f(-1) =8. f(2) = -19,and f(3) = value and (2) = —19 is the absolute minimum value. (0? <2 -2) =6(2-2)(2+1)=0 © 8. So f(—1) = 8 is the absolute maximum 62? 49242, [-1,4). f'(z) = 32? - 122 +9 = 3(a? — 4x +3) = 3(z — 1)(e — 3) 13. f(-1) = —14, f(0) = 6 f(3) = 2and f(A) = 6. So f(1) = F(4) = 6 is the absolute maximum value and f(—1) = —14is the absolute minimum value oe z= 51. f(z) = 2" — 22? +3, [-2,3]. f"(e) = 4a — de = Ao (2? - 1) = dale + (@-1)=0 & = —LO1 $(-2) = 11. f(-1) = 2. f(0) = 3. F(1) = 2. J(B) = 66. So f(3) = 66 is the absolute maximum value and {J (41) = 2is the absolute minimum value. 82. f(a) = (22 = 1), [-1,2}. f"(@) = 3(2* — 1)? (22) = 62a + IP(e@-1P=0 & 2=-1,01 (EL) =0. f(0) = —I-and f(2) = 27. So f(2) = 27 isthe absolute maximum value and f(0) = —1's the absolute minimum value. voy (+1222) 1 (0.2). f= "aay @tn 4(0) = 0. f(1) = 4. f(2) = 3. So f(1) = 4 is the absolute maximum value and f(0) = 0 is the absolute 5B f()= ay =0 4 2 = 41, but -1is notin (0,2). ‘minimum value. 2 ao wv) — (x? — 4)(22) wt fe) = Sk aa) fe) = SHEER (ed) = 22 = 8 and f(0) = =1. So f(-E4) = 3 is the absolute maximum value and f(0) = ~1is the absolute ‘minimum value.SECTION 41 MAXIMUMAND MINIMUM VALUES 259 55. f(t) = tVa—@, [-1.3] F)=t- 34-8)? (21) 4 (4-2)? = LO=0 +S 4-2 =0 + P= 2 + t= +V2.burt = —VVis notin the given interval, [—1,2. J'(b) does not exist if4— 1? =0 = t= £2. but —2is notin the given interval, f(—1) = — V3. f(v2) =2, and (2) = 0. So f( v2) = 2s the absolute maximum value and f(—1) = —V3 is the absolute minimum value. 56. (0) = VEB—2). [0.8]. f= BES f(t) = $1279 — ap FO) =0 + t=2 f(t) does not existitt=0. f(0) = 0. f(2) = 6 Y2 ~ 7.56. and f(8) = 0. So (2) = 6 Y2is the absolute maximum value and f(0) = f(8) = 0 is the absolute minimum value. sine cose 141. f($) = 441 ~ 1.37. So (2) = VBisthe absolute maximum value and f(0) = 1 is the absolute minimum value. 57. f(z) =sine +cosz, [0,5]. f'(2) =cose—sint=0 © sinz=cosz = = tang=1 = r= f(0)=14(2)= 58. f(x) = f(-n) =2-9 ~2eosz, [-n.n]. f(z) =1+2sinz=0 & sing = 114, f(—8) = V3 = 0.886. f(—2) A(m) = + 25.14. So f(x) = + 2is the absolute maximum value and f(—z & — V3is the absolute minimum value $8. f(z) =ze™*, (0,2). f'(z) = a(-e-*) +e= J(0) = 0.40) = £(0) = isthe absotute minimum value “"(1-2)=0 @ 2=1 = Ve = 0.37, f(2) = 2/e? = 0.27. So f(1) = 1/e is the absolute maximum value and 60. f(c) = Ee (nah Pe) = (ie) = Ing _ ooae =0 @ l-nz=0 & Inz=1 & 2He. FQ) =0/ and f(1 | Fe) = 1/e = 0.368, f(3) = (In3)/3 ~ 0.366. So f(e) = 1/e is the absolute maximum value is the absolute minimum value. 8. f(a)—2—2me. nah Pe) =1- 8-222 a0 @ 205 sf dermmerisiors =O.m0imt in the domain off. f(1) = + £(3) = 3 — 31n3 ~ —0.296. f(4) = 4 — 31nd = —0.159. So f(1) = Lis the absolute maximum value and f(3) 3 ~ 31n3 % ~0.296 is the absolute minimum value, OL Se) me*(-1) 2-2-1 = F=m2~0.69, (0) =0. f(In2) = F(Y) ‘minimum value. 2 g-Bnd _ (gln2)-1_ (gin)? gag270 Cl CHAPTERS APPLICATIONS OF OFFERENTIATON 63. f(x) =2°(1—2)'. 0S r<1La>0.b>0. $'(e) = 2% 00 = 2))1(1) + (1a) ae = at 1(1 — 2) fe (1) + (12) a] = 2° "(1 —2)’"\a— ar — br) At the endpoints, we have f(0) = f(1) =0 {the minimum value of f |. In the interval (0,1). f() =O rey gts) (a5) 0- a \’__a®_(atb-a)’__a® bea? atb a+b atb, (a+bje\ a+b ~ (a +5)* (a+b (a+b)*? a "bh sos (gg) = tt mein si ate 64 We see that f"(2) = Oat about 2 = 0.0 and 2.0, and that f(x) does not exist at about = ~0.7, 1.0, and 2.7, so the critical numbers of f are about —0.7. 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 2.7. 65. (a) From the graph, it appears that the absolute maximum value is about f(—1.63) = 9.71, and the absolute minimum value is about (1.63) = —7.71. These values make sense because ‘the graph is symmetric about the point (0, 1). (y = 2° — 82 is symmetric about the origin) (b) fle) —sr+1 > fi(z)=32?-8.Sofi(2)=0 + 2= Vi 8 s(#V3) = (#V8) -s(zy§)+1=a8 Ere Ee =F 41 =1- 224 [minimum or 11+ 2 [maximum] (From the graph. we see thatthe extreme values do not occur at the endpoints.) 66. (a) 7 ‘From the graph, it appears that the absolute maximum value is about f(-0.58) = 1.47. and the absolute minimum value is about f(-1) = F(0) = 1.00; that is. 1 both endpoints. = se= (minima) and f(-viBB #(32? — 1), So f(x) = 00n[-1,0] => eV5/9+ VIS — «25/9 (maximum) ) fle) f(-1) = f0) =SECTION 41 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUMVALUES. 2m 7a) gg From the graph. it appears that the absolute maximum value is about ‘£(0.75) = 0.32. and the absolute minimum value is (0) = f(1) = 0: that is. at both endpoints. (x= 22°) + (20 ~ 224) Wena 0 = Br—427=0 > 2(3-4z)=0 + 2=00rd. f(0) 0) f(z)=eve-a? > f(z) So f(z} 848 [maximum] From the graph, it appears that the absolute maximum value is about Kf (5.76) = 0.58, and the absolute minimum value is about INL, jas =a 08 | cos , (2+sinz)(—sinz) ~(cosz)(cos2) _ —1—2sinz OF) = Thane > FG @+sinz)? @+sinzy Sof'(x)=0 > sinz=-} = 2= 7 or BE, Now f(2) = =¥¥2 =H =~, tminimum), and f(H2) = 42 Je [maximum] mass __ 1000 a ee 8. The density i defined as p = TT> = Try (in /em®). But acral pont of p will aso bea critical point dp av of V [sin ~ ~2 and V is never 0). asier to diffe V [since ‘pp = ~1000V 757 and V is never 0]. and V is easier to differentiate than p. V(T) = 999.87 — 0.064267 + 0.0085043T? — 0.0000670T? > VL) = ~0.06426 + 0.01700867 ~ 000020377. Setting this equal to 0 and using the quadratic formula to =0.0170086 ++ VOOTTOO8G® — 4-0.0002037 0.06436 =ROT70086 + V'0.01700867 — 4 - 0.002087 0106426, find 7. we oe ee (0.000037) % 3.9665°C of 79.5318°C. Since we are only interested in the region 0°C < T < 30°C. we check the density p at the endpoints and at 3.9665°C: 1000 , =~ 1000 ~ 1000 . 010) © 99.57 ~ L00013: £(30) = Taras ~ 0.99625: p(3.9665) ~ Sea TET © 1000255. So water has its maximum density at about 3.9665°C.272 G_CHAPTER4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 0 p= HW. dE _ (usin + c080)(0) — nW(yee0s0 = sind) _ =nW 1000 — sin) sin 6 + cos 8 do (usin 6 + cos 8)” (usin 8 + cos 6)” ae. i Soo > poosd—sind=0 > n= ae an 9, Substituting tan for in F gives us (tan, _ Wiandeos@ _ Wsind _ wing (and) sin@ + cos 8 “Gretord 1 cos If tan@ = p. then sin @ (see the figure). so F = EW. We od Fie = veel 7 compare this with the value of Fat the endpoints: F(0) = pW and F() = W. “ “ X Now because < tand HX < p, we have that —2—w Tie +1 jee Jie +i “ is less than or equal to each of F(0) and F($). Hence, W is the absolute minimum value of F(8). and it ‘occurs when tan = j. 71. We apply the Closed Interval Method to the continuous function I(t) = 0.000090454° + 0.001438t* — 0.06561¢* + 0.45981? — 0.6270t + 99.33 on [0,10]. Its derivative is 1’(t) = 0.00045225¢4 + 0.005752t° — 0.196831? + 0.9196t ~ 0.6270. Since 1’ exists for all tthe only critical numbers of J occur when 1'(t) = 0. We use a root-finder on a computer algebra system (or a graphing device) 10 find that I(t) = 0 when t = ~29.7186, 0.8231. 5.1309, or 11.0459. but only the second and third roots Tie in the interval [0.10], The values of F at these critical numbers are 1(0.8231) ~ 99.09 and 1(5.1309) ~ 100.67, The values of Fat the endpoints ofthe interval are 1(0) = 99.33 and I(10) = 96.86. Comparing these four numbers. wwe see that food was most expensive at t © 5.1309 (corresponding roughly to August, 1989) and cheapest at t= 10 (midyear 1994), 72 @) 200 “The equation of the graph in the figure is v(t) = 0.00146¢% — 0.11553"? + 24.98169¢ — 21.26872. 7 ns 0.008760 — 0.23106. a'(t) =0 = (b) a(t) = v'(t) = 0.00438¢? — 0.23106¢ + 24.98169 = a(t) fy = BE ~ 26.4 0) = 24.98, afta) 21.98. and a( 125) - O4.54, The maximum acceleration is about 64.5 f1/s? and the minimum acceleration is about 21.98 ft/s?SECTION 41 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES 27a 73. (a) u(r) +r (rg — rr? kr? = '(r) = 2kror —3kr?. u(r) =0 > kr(2r — 3r) 0 or $ro (but 0 is not in the interval). Evaluating vat Aro, Zro, and rp. we get v(Jro) = Lang. (30) = spkr@. and v(ro) = 0. Since > £.v attains its maximum value at r = 2ro, This supports the statement in the text. ror? (©) From part (a), the maximum value of w is kr3 14, g(x) =2+(e~5)° > g(x) =3(2-5)? > g'(5)= |. $0 5 is a critical number. But g(5) = 2 and g takes on values > 2 and values < 2 in any open interval containing 5. so g does not have a local maximum or ‘minimum at 5, 75. f(x) ‘Thus, f(r) has no critical number. so f(t) can have no local maximum or minimum, a bat babl = f(z) = 101s" +512 +1 > 1 forall z,s0 f"(z) =O has no solution 1%, Suppose that f has a minimum value atc. 0 f(z) > f(¢) forall x near e. Then lz forall x near ¢, so g(2) has a maximum value at 77. IF f has a local minimum atc. then g(x) = ~f(x) has a local maximum atc, s0 9! (c) = 0 by the case of Fermat's ‘Theorem proved in the text. Thus. f"(c) = —9'(c) = 0. 7B. (a) f(x) = ax* + ba? + ex +d,a #0. So f'(z) = 3ax? + be +e is a quadratic and hence has either 2, 1. or 0 real roots, so f(z) has either 2. 1 or 0 critical numbers, Case (i) (2 critical numbers): Case (ii) 1 critical number): Case (iti) (no critical number): Ff (e)=29-32 = f(2)=0 > f(z)=2 +32 > P(e) = 30? -3.s0r=-1.1 f(z) =30%.s00=0 F(z) = 32? +3. ate critical numbers. is the only critical number. so there are no real roots. , y a + o> 7% (©) Since there are at most two critical numbers, it can have at most two local extreme values and by (i) this can ‘occur. By (ii) itcan have no local extreme value, However. if there is only one critical number, then there is no local extreme value274 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION APPLIED PROJECT The Calculus of Rainbows 41. From Snell's Law. we have sina = ksin = 3 D(a) = +20 -49 8 = *~arcsin(} sina). We substitute this into + 2a — darcsin(3 sina). and then differentiate to find the minimum: Dia) =2-4[1- (sina)? 22284 this is 0 when 8282 yi gsinta cosa) 2eosta=1-B(1-cos?a) & Zeosta 2 cd = arecos - ZF ~ 50.4°. and so the local minimum is D(59.4°) = 2.4 radians ~ 138°. To see that this is an absolute minimum, we check the endpoints, which in this case are a = 0 and DO) = 180°, and D(E) ~ 166° sr radian Another metho: We fst cteulte 22: sina da dg da Jn 8. leading to the same result. as ince D’ 4k since D(a) = 245 the minimum occurs when 3 cos a = 2.cos 8. Now we square both sides and substitute sin a = § 2. If we repeat Problem | with k in place of 4. we get D(a) = 7 + 2a — saresin(Z sin «) > cosa 2eosa D(a) 1. whic is 0 when * key/1 — [(sina)/k}? k ) 2 2 (22) a1 (BE) @ seosta ai sinter o> Boosie 2 F Fe Ral ee pe erccosy a 1 56 for ks 1.3318 (red light) the minimum occurs at a ¥ 1,038 radians, and so the rainbow angle is about x — D(oa) © 42.3°, For k © 1.3435 (violet light) the minimum occurs at ‘2 © 1.026 radians, and so the rainbow angle is about x ~ D(a2) * 40.6 cos keos 8 3, Ateach reflection or refraction, the light is bent in a counterclockwise direction: the bend at A is x ~ (3 the bend at Bis 1 — 28, the bend at C is again — 28, and the bend at D is a — 8. So the total bend is “Another method: As in Problem 1. we can instead find D'(a) in terms of g and then substitute 8 D(a) = 2a ~ B) + 2(x — 28) = 2a — 68 + 2m. as required. We substitute 8 = arcsin( 32) and Boose Seosa 82284 whieh is 0 when k yt — ((sina)/al? ‘ differentiate, to get D'(cr) cos? a = K? = si rar ae ‘occurs at ay = arccos (a/3y == 1.254 radians, Thus. the minimum counterclockwise rotation is D(a) ~ 231°. which is equivalent 231° = 180° = 51" to a clockwise rotation of 360° — 231° = 129” (see the figure). So the rainbow angle for the secondary rainbow is about 180° — 129° = 51°, 2 a & Sesto 1). Ik = §. then the minimum aL @ cosa= 3k required. In general, the rainbow angle forthe secondary rainbow is x 2 — D(a] = Dla) ~ ¥.SECTION 42 THEMEAN VALUETHEOREM C275, 4. Inthe primary rainbow, the rainbow angle gets smaller as k gets larger. as we found in Problem 2, so the colors appear from top to bottom in order of increasing &. But inthe secondary rainbow, the rainbow angle gets larger as k ets larger. To see this. we find the minimum deviations for red light and for violet light in the secondary rainbow. 1.3318 8 is D(x) ~ 7 * 50.6". For k © 1.3435 (violet light) the minimum occurs at 435? For k = 1.3318 (red light) the minimum occurs at a # arceos = 1.256 radians, and so the rainbow angl (2 © arceas + = 1.248 radians. and so the rainbow angle is D(az) — 1 ~ 53.6°. Consequently, the rainbow angle is larger for colors with higher indices of refraction, and the colors appear from bottom to top in order of increasing k, the reverse of their order in the primary rainbow. Note that our calculations above also explain why the secondary rainbow is more spread out than the primary rainbow: in the primary rainbow. the difference between rainbow angles for red and violet light is about 1.7°. whereas in the secondary rainbow it is about 3° 4.2 The Mean Value Theorem 1. f(v) = 29 — 4 +1. (0.4), Since f is a polynomial. it is continuous and differentiable on R. so it is continuous on (0,4) and differentiable on (0,4). Also. f(0) = 1 = f(4). f"(e)=0 & 2e— the open interval (0,4), so ¢ = 2 satisfies the conclusion of Rolle’s Theorem, =0 = ©=2.whichisin 2 f(v) = 2° — 32? +22 +5, [0,2]. f is continuous on [0,2] and differentiable on (0.2). Also. f(0) = 5 = f(2). S()=0 & 3% —6e4+2=0 & c= SE VIO= 2d VOR? 1 54 V5, bothin (0,2) 3 f(x) = sin 2a, [1,1]. J. being the composite of the sine function and the polynomial 27-2. is continuous and ‘ifferentiable on R, so itis continuous on [—1. 1] and differentiable on (~1,1). Also, f(—1) = 0 = (1) F(=0 & Boostne=0 4 cosdre=0 e+ Be=+F42mn 4 c= th tnitn=Oo0r in (—1, 1). SLthene= 24,43 4 fa) = 2V= +6, |-6,0], fis continuous on its domain, |~6, 0), and differentiable on (6,00). so itis 3e412 2Vero continuous on {~6, 0] and differentiable on (—6..0). Also. f(—6) = £0). (=O =0 c= —4, which is in (—6,0), 2 5 fle) = 1-2. f-1) =1- (1 = 1-1 =0= 50). Ff solution. This does not contradict Rolle’s Theorem, since £'(0) does not exist, and so f is not differentiable on (~1, 1). 2-50 f'(c) = Ohas no. 6 f(@)=(@-1), 40) =(0-1)? 2-1 =f), f@)=-Ae-1)* > f(ayis never 0. This does not contradict Role's Theorem since f"(1) does not exist.(8) 0) 1 LL=f00) 84 1 tease FQ) _ tne vaste which satisfy f"(c) = 4 seem to be about which satisfy f"(c) = © = 08.3.2 44. and 6.1 c= 11,28, 46, and 5.8. seem to be about y 8, (a). (b) The equation of the secant line is © f(@)=a+4/e > f'(2)=1-4/2" Sofi(c)=} 3 %=8 + c=2V2and Flo) = 2VB+ by = 8 V2. Thus, an equation ofthe tangent line is y~ 3 V2= 3(«-2V2) = y= }e42v3 0 \ 10. (a) Fl (b) The slope of the secant line is 2, and its equation is y=. f(z)=2-2 > f'(z)= sowesolve fi(c)=2 > 3%=4 > a? — 2 3 5 ¢-= £2¥3 ~ 1.155. Ourestimates were off by about 0.045 in each case =s It seems that the tangent lines are parallel to the secant at = 1.2 1. slo) 30? + 2r-+5, (1,1), fis continuous on {—1, 1] and differentiable on (—1, 1) since polynomials are 10-6 continuous and differentiable on R. f'(c) = 20-6 | 26 6c =0 4 © =0, which is in (—1, 1)SECTION 42 THEMEAN VALUE THEOREM 277 12. f(a) ) 2° +2~1, (0,2), fis continuous on [0,2] and differentiable on (0.2). #"(c) = L2-10) 2 1 Gad @ c= +4. butonly % isin (0.2), 13. f(z) = e-**, [0,3]. f is continuous and differentiable on R. so itis continuous on [0, 3) and differentiable on a - (0a). f= LO=L0 ym To @ eee e in( ) 0.897. which is in (0,3). 14 F(a) = 25. [1.4). Fis continuous on [1,4] and differentiable on (1,4) so = Basa 22 ar = ASE +2) =18 & c= -243V8 -243 V2 2.2K iin (144), WS. fle) =e Al. F(3) — F(0) = [3-1] 0 1) = 1. Since #"(c) = ~1 if <1 and f'(c) =1 ife>1, £()(3 ~ 0) = 43 and sois never equal 1 1. This does not contradict the Mean Value Theorem since f'(1) does not exis. 18 fe) = 224, 4(2)~ 0) =3-(-1) =4.7'@) = Ao = aay Sinee (2) < Ofor all x (except x = 1), #"(c)(2 ~ 0) is always <0 and hence cannot equal 4. This does not contradict the Mean Value Theorem since f is not continuous at x = 1 M7 Let f(z) = 1+ 20 + 2% + 42°, Then f(-1) = ~6 0. Since f isa polynomial. its Continuous, so the Intermediate Value Theorem says that there is a number c between —1 and 0 such that f(c) = 0. ‘Thus, the given equation has a real root. Suppose the equation has distinct real roots a and b with a 2 forall 2,0 f(z) can never be 0. This contradiction shows that the equation can’t have two distinct real roots, Hence. it has exactly one real root. 18. Let f(x) = 2x — 1 ~sinz. Then f(0) = —1 < O and f(x/2) ~2>0. fis the sum of the polynomial 2x ~ Land the scalar multiple (—1) - sin» ofthe trigonometric function sin. so is continuous (and ‘ifferentable) forall. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, there isa number cin (0, /2) such that f(c) ~ 0 Thus, the given equation has atleast one real root. Ifthe equation has distinct rel roots and 6 with a < b, then J(@) = £0) = 0. Since Fis continuous on [a,b and differentiable on (a8). Rolle’s Theorem implies that there is number in (a,b) such that f(r) = 0, But f"(r) = 2 —cosr > O since cos < 1. This contradiction shows that the given equation can't have two distinct real roots. soit has exactly one real root. 18 Let f(z) = 2° ~ 150 + efor in [~2,2]. If f has two real roots a and bin [—2, 2. with a < b then F(a) = £(6) = 0. Since the polynomial f is continuous on a. band differentiable on (a6), Rolle's Theorem implies that there i a number rin (a,b) such that f(r) = 0. Now f'(r) = 3r? ~ 15. Since ris in (a, 6). which is Contained in |—2, 2}, we have |r| < 2.507? <4. It follows that 37? ~15 <3-4—15 = f(r) <0. This contradicts +50 the given equation can’t have two teal rots in {—2,2]. Hence, it has at most one real root in [2,2]278 © CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 20. f(z) dwhere a 2. Putting /"(c) > 2 into the above equation and substituting /(1) = 10. we get 4(4) = #1) + "(A= 1) = 10-4 37"(6) 2 10 +3: 2 = 16. So the smallest possible value of {(4) is 16 24. 13 < f’(e) < 5 forall z, then by the Mean Value Theorem. (8) ~ £(2) = f'(6) (8 ~ 2) for some cin [2.8] (f is differentiable for all. so, in particular. fis differentiable on (2,8) and continuous on [2, 8}, Thus the hypotheses of the Mean Value Theorem are satisfied.) Since J(8) ~ f(2) = 6f"(c) and 8 < f'(c) < 5. it follows tha 6-3<6f() $65 > 18< f(8)~ f2) $30 25. Suppose that sucha function f exists. By the Mean Value Theorem there is a number 0 < ¢ < 2with 26. Let h =f — 4. Then since f and g are continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b). so is hand thus satisfies the assumptions of the Mean Value Theorem, Therefore, there is a number ¢ with a < ¢ < b such that 1b) = hb) ~ h(a) = f(c)(B~ a) Since hi (c) <0. H(e)(B — a) < 0.50 F(0) — 90) = h(2) < and hence f(b) < 9(b).SECTION 42. THEMEANVALUE THEOREM «© 279 21. We use Exercise 26 with f(z) = VIF. 9(z) = 1+ $2, and a = 0. Notice that f(0) = 1 = 9(0) and I) = STS < f= lo) fore > 0 Soby Exersne 26 f(b) <0) + VTFB< 1+ Yoforb>0 Another method: Apply the Mean Value Theorem directly to either f(x) = 1+ Sx ~ YT F For g(x) = VT Fz on [0 6) 28. f satisfies the conditions forthe Mean Value Theorem. so we use this theorem on the interval [-b,b f(b) bo = f'(6) for some c & (—b.}). But since J is odd. f(b) = F(b). Substituting this into the above equation, we et LOFLO _ pie), £9 <6) 28. Let f(z) = sin and let b < a. Then f(z) is continuous on [ba] and differentiable on (b, a). By the Mean Value "(c)(a—b) = (cose)(a ~). Thus, = br Theorem. there is a number ¢ € (b,a) with sin a — sinb = f(a) — f(b) = {sina ~ sind] < jeose| b~ al < |a ~B). Ira 0, f(z) = g(x).s0 f"(z) = g(x). Fore <0. f"(2) = (1/2)! = 1/2" and 9'(e) = (1+ 1/2’ = —1/2?, so again f'(z) = g(x). However. the domain of g(2) isnot an interval ft is (~00. 0) U (0, 00)] so we cannot conclude that f — g is constant (in fact itis not) 32. Let f(x) = 2sin~' 2 ae (O° TE a Ie all x € (0, 1). Thus, f(z) = C on (0.1). To find C. let 2 = 0.5, Thus. —cos""(1~ 20), Then O (since © > 0). Thus. f(x) = 0 for 2sin"(0.5) ~ eos" "(0.5) = 2(5) ~ § = 0 = C. We conclude that f(«) = 0forzin (01). By continuity of f. f( = Gon [0.1]. Therefore we see tht f(x) = 2 sin! x —cos'(1—22%) = 9 2 sin“ x = cos! (1 — 222), =1 3. Let f(z) = rein St) ~ 2 arctan V+ §. Note that the domain of fis (0.00). Thus. at (2) = @@+-@-)) 2 1 at 1 ae y eri? T+= 2a” Jete+l) Jeter 27 £2) = Com (0,00) by Theorem 5. By continuity of f. f(2) = C on [0.00). To find C, we let z <0 = aresin(—1) ~ 2aretan(0) + $=C = -¥-0+5=0=C. Ths. f(2)=0 = avesin( St) = 2arctan VE 5790 C_CHAPTER4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION. v(1/6) = (0) _ 50— 1/60 1/6 Value Theorem, there is a number ¢ such that 0 < ¢ < } with v'(c) = 120. Since v'(t) is the acceleration at time t, 34, Let v(t) be the velocity of the car ¢ hours after 2:00 P.w. Then 120. By the Mean the acceleration ¢ hours after 2:00 P.M. is exactly 120 mi/h? 36, Let o(t) and h(t) be the position functions of the two runners and let f(t) = g(t) — h(¢). By hypothesis, (0) = 9(0) ~ h(0) = O and f(b) = g(b) ~ h(b) = 0. where bis the finishing time. Then by the Mean Value ‘Theorem, there is atime c, with 0 < ¢ 0 on (1.8). f is ineteasing on this interval, Since J’(x) < 06m (0,1) and (5,6) f 18 decreasing ‘on these intervals. (b) Since f'(2) = 0 atx = Land J changes from negative to postive there, J changes from decreasing to increasing and has a local minimum atx = 1. Sine f(z) = O atx = 5 and f changes from positive ro negative there. f changes from increasing to decreasing and has a focal maximo at =‘SECTION 43 HOW DERIVATIVES AFFECT THESHAPEOEAGRAPH C281 6. (a) f"(2) > O and fis increasing on (0,1) and (3.5). f(x) < O and f is decreasing on (1,3) and (5, 6). (b) Since "(z) = 0 at x = 1 and x = 5 and J changes from positive to negative at both values, f changes from increasing to decreasing and has local maxima at x = 1 and x = 5. Since f’(2) = 0 at x = 3 and f" changes from negative to positive there, f changes from decreasing to increasing and has a local minimum at x = 3. 7. There isan inflection point at «= 1 because {"(z) changes from negative to positive there. and so the graph of f changes from concave downward to concave upward. There is an inflection point at x = 7 because f"(2) changes from positive to negative there, and so the graph of f changes from concave upward to concave downward. 8. (a) F is increasing on the intervals where f’(2) > 0. namely. (2.4) and (6,9). (©) f has a local maximum where it changes from increasing to decreasing, that is, where f” changes from positive to negative (at x = 4), Similarly, where f" changes from negative to positive, f has a local minimum (at 2 2 and at x = 6). (c) When f" is increasing. its derivative {” is positive and hence. fis concave upward. This happens on (1.3) (6,7). and (8, 9). Similarly, fis concave downward when f' is decreasing —that is, on (0.1). (3,5). and (7,8) (4) f has inflection points = 1.3.5.7. and 8, since the direction of concavity changes at each ofthese values. 8. The function must be always decreasing and concave downward. y 10. (a) The rate of increase ofthe population is intially very small then gets larger until it reaches a maximum at about = 8 hours, and decreases toward 0 as the population begins to level off (b) The rate of increase has its maximum value at t = 8 hours, (6) The population function is concave upward on (0,8) and concave downward on (8, 18) (2) Att = 8. the population is about 350, so the inflection point is about (8, 350) WG) f(z) = 2912241 = f(a) = 30? -12=3(2 + 2)(w — 2). ‘We don’t need to include “3” in the chart to determine the sign of "(2 [Interval 2+? 2 | r@ f z<-2 = + increasing on (90, —2) ~2<2<2 + = - decreasing on (~2,2) z>2 + + + increasing on (2, 00) So f is increasing on (—co, —2) and (2,00) and f is decreasing on (2,2) (©) F changes from increasing to decreasing atx = —2 and from decreasing to increasing at x Thus, £(-2) = 17 isa local maximum value and f(2 (© £"G) = 62. $"(@) >0 «2 >Oand f"(2) <0 <= 2<0. Thus. fis concave upward on (0,00) and concave downward on (0,0). There isan inflection point where the concavity changes, at (0, f(0)) = (0.1), =15 is a local minimum value,282 CHAPTER APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION. 12. (a) f(z) =5— 327 42% = f(x) = Gx + 3x? = 3x(x— 2). Thus, f'(x) >0 «+ 2 2and f(a) <0 & 0. 0 >Land f"(z) <0 4 <1, Thus. fis concave Upward on (1,00) and coneave downward on (00, 1). There isan infleetion point at (1,3) 13. (a) f(e) = 2° Qe? +3 > f(x) = 40° - de = 4e(2? - 1) = 4x(a + 1)(@— 1). Interval z+i |e f'@) f e<-t = = = ‘decreasing on (—00, —1) -1<2<0 + - + increasing on (~1,0) Ol + + + + increasing on (1,00) So f is increasing on (1,0) and (1, 00) and f is decreasing on (—o0, ~1) and (0,1). () f changes from increasing to decreasing at 2 = O and from deereasing to increasing at x = —1 and = 1 Thus, f(0) = 3 is local maximum value and f(-1) = 2 are local minimum values. (e) f"(@) = 12x? — 4 = 12(2? - 3) = 1(@ + 1/V3)(e@-1/V8). f"(@)>0 @ 2<- 1/VB or 2 > 1/vBand f"(2) <0 4 -1/Vv3-< x <1/V3. Thus. f is concave upward on (-00, —V3/3) and (3/3, 00) and concave downward on (—V3/3. 3/3). There are inflection points at (V/3/3. 3%) Wal@=ay + '@ anes F ee = aE TH denominators positive sotesien of #"(2) is determined by the sign of 2. Thus. f"(z) >0 # 2>Oand fi(z) <0 + 2 <0.Sofis increasing on (0, 00) and f is decreasing on (—0, 0). (6) f changes from decreasing to increasing at x = 0, Thus. (0) = 0 isa local minimum value. _ (a? +3)°(6) — Gr 2a? +3)(22) _ 6(2? +3) a? +3 — 42” De (@+3F aera ~18(2 + Iz — 1) ~ (a? +338 (x? +3)8 f(z) >0 @ -l 1. Thus, f is concave upward on (—1, 1) ‘nd concave downward on (0,1) and (1,00). There are inflection points at (1, 2) of) cose. f(a) >0 1-2eose>0 & cosr< ys 18. (@) f(a) =e —2sinzon0,3n) > f(z) ee F0 @ O 0 [sincesinx > 1], with equality << sinr=-1 < 2=3n/2 [sinceO<2<2n] > cose =0. Thus. f'(a)>0 4 cosr<0 4 a/20 $ 0< 2 0 @ sinz>} & F fie) = ze" +e" =e%(e 41). Sof'(2)>0 & z+1>0 & 2>-1 1), (©) F changes from decreasing to increasing at its only critical number. 2 = —1. Thus. f(-1) = —e~1 isa local Thus. f is increasing on (—1,00) and decreasing on (—co, minimum value OF@=e8 +1) > fe) =e*(1) + (wt Ne = e%(2 +2). S0f"(2)>0 & 2+250 & © > ~2. Thus. fis concave upward on (—2, 00) and concave downward on (—o0, ~2). Since the concavity changes direction at « = 2, the point (—2, —2e™?) is an inflection point. 1 lay = F(z) = ate = f'(z) = ae" + 2x0" = a(e + De". Sof'(c)>0 = x(e+2)>0 o either @ < —2 or x > 0. Therefore fis inreasing on (—oo, ~2) and (0,00). and decreasing on (~2,0). 2.80 f(—2) is @ local minimum value (b) f changes from increasing to decreasing at x = le~? is a local maximum value, f changes from decreasing to increasing at 2 = 0.0 f(0) = (OF (e) = (2 + dale = f(a) = (a? + Be)eF + e*(22 +2) = eX(2? 44242). f"(e)=0 Pede+2=0 & r=-24V2 f(a) <0 & 2-VEcne ~2+ V2, s0 f is concave downward on (2 — V2, 2+ V2) and concave upward on (—o0,~2~ V2) and (2+ V3, 00) ‘There are inflection points at (—2 ~ V2, f(~2 — VB)) = (-3.41,0.38) and (-2+ V2, f(-2 + V2) = (-0.59,0.19) 18.) v= fle) = BE, Note at fis only defined for x > 0) 1 ing toy Atlan) eB aye f@= z “eye = Bp 70 2-mme>0 & Ine<2 & ace’, Therefore fis increasing on (0,¢) and decreasing on (¢?..0). (b) f changes from increasing to decreasing at « ?. so f(e?) = & is alocal maximum value784 CHAPTER APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION = 2°? (-1/z) ~ (2 = Inz)(30"/?) — (ans/2° ~ (24 3inx ~ 6) a @ Inc=8 & eae f"(2)>0 & a> eV, s0 f is concave upward on (e*/*, 00) 4/8) z= (14.39, 0.70) ©) f"(2) £" and concave downward on (0, e°/3). There is an inflection point at (e 8/38 20. (a) y = f(x) = elnz. (Note that f is only defined for x > 0.) 1 f(z) (\/a)+ing=1+Ing. fi(2)>0 Inz+1>0 @ Ing>-1 @ 2>e ‘Therefore f is increasing on (1/e, 00) and decreasing on (0, 1/e) (b) F changes from decreasing to increasing at = 1/e. so f(1/e) = —1/e isa local minimum value, (©) f"(x) = 1a > 0 forx > 0. So f is concave upward on its entire domain, and has no inflection point. a. f(z) bart — 5 =5(2? + 1)(x + 1)(x — 1). First Derivative Test: f(z) <0 = -10 = ©> lore <—1, Since f' changes S543 > fo from positive to negative at = —1. f(—1) = Tisa local maximum value: and since J changes from negative (0 positive at 2 = 1, f(1) = —1 is local minimum value. Second Derivative Test: f(a) = 20z*. f'(z)=0 @ 2=41. f"(-1)=-20<0 + f(-l)=Tisa Jocal maximum value. f"(1) =20>0 = f(1) = Lis a local minimum value: Preference: For this function, the two tests are equally easy. _ @ +4) 1-222) d=? _ 2+2)2=2) 2 F = f@="—eye wre w+ 2 ile Pea First Derivative Test: f(a) > 0 = -22ore <2. Since J’ changes from positive to negative at = 2, f(2) = 1 isa local maximum value: and since J" changes from negative to positive at 2 = —2, f(-2) = —} is local minimum value. Second Derivative Test (2 +.4)%(-22) = (4 =") 200? +4) 22) - (2 +4PP 200? +4) f(a? +4) +24 —2%)] _ -20(12 = 2*) (+a (+4) fa) fe) =0 ee PH HR IB = > OS F-2) =} isa local minimum value FQ) Preference: Since caleulatng the second derivative is fairly dificult the First Derivative Tests easier to use for 4 <0 + f(2)= 4 isalocal maximum value. this function.SECTION 43 HOW DERIVATIVES AFFECT THE SHAPE OF AGRAPH C285 Bf(z)=e+vi-e > fi(z)=14+ 41-2) ¥2(-1) =1- Note that f is defined for Vi-z 1-2 > Osthatis. fore <1. f/(2)=0 + 2¥f=e=1 3 VIma=1 = 4. does not exist at ¢ = 1, but we can't have a local maximum or minimum at an endpoint First Derivative Test: f'(z) >0 =» w<$and f/x) <0 = $ J'(2) = 28 8(e 1)? + (@— 1)? ax? = a8 — 1)? [Be + A(x — 1)] = (x - 1)?(72 — 4) ‘The critical numbers are 0. 1. (b) f(a) = 32*(w ~ 1)?(7e — 4) + 2 (a — 1)(7e — 4) +(x —1)?-7 = 27(@ = 1) [8( ~ 1) (72 — 4) + 2e(7e — 4) + 72(@ — 1] Now f"(0) = f"(1) = 0, 0 the Second Derivative Test gives no information for 2 = 0 or ¢ = 1 r(ay= ~1) (040+ 7(4)($ = 1)] = (4)?(—3)(4)(~3) > 0. so there is a local minimum (©) J" is positive on (—o0,0), negative on (0, 4). positive on (4. 1), and positive on (1,00). $0 f has a local ‘maximum at z = 0, a local minimum at $-and no local maximum or minimum at 2 = 1 25. (a) By the Second Derivative Test. if f"(2) = O and f'"(2) = (©) IF 6) = 0, we know that f has a horizontal tangent at = 6. Knowing that (6) = 0 does not provide any ‘additional information since the Second Derivative Test fails. For example. the first and second derivatives of (x - 6)", y = — (© ~6)*. and y = (x — 6)° all equal zero for x = 6, but the first has a local minimum at 6. the second has a local maximum ate = 6, and the third has an inflection point at x = 6. 5 <0. f has a local maximum at 2 = 2 26. f'(2) > O forall x # 1 with vertical asymptote x = 1, so f is » increasing on (—c0, 1) and (1,00). f"(zx) > Vif < Lore > 3, and f(z) < 0if 1 Oife 4 = fis decreasing on (0,2) and (4,00). f"(z) >Oifl3 = fisconcave downward on (—o0, 1) and (3, 00). There are inflection points when = Land 3. point when286 (CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 28. £1) =F'(-1) = 0 > horizontal tangents at x = £1. F(x) Oif 1< |x| <2 = fis increasing on (—2, —1) and (1.2). f(z) on (—o0, 2) and (2,00). f"(1e) Lif [x] > 2 = the graph of f has constant slope ~1 {Fis concave downward on (2,0). Inflection point (0,1) 2B. f'(a) >Oit|z| <2 = fisincreasing on (—2.2). f'(z) 2 = fis decreasing on (—o0. ~2) and (2,00). f'(—2)=0 = horizontal tangent at 2 = —2. lim |f"(z)|= 00 => there isa vertical asymp- tote or vertical tangent (cusp) atx = 2. f(x) > Oifx #2 = fis concave upward on (0, 2) and (2,00) F(z) >Oif |e] <2 = fisincreasing on (—2,2). f'(#) 2 = fis decreasing on (—c0, -2) and (2,00). f’(2) = 0. so f has a horizontal tangent (and local maximum) at © = 2. tim f(z) S(-2) = about the origin). Finally. f"(x) < 0if0 <2 < Band f"(x) > Oif 1 = y= Lisa horizontal asymptote. (ev) =f isan odd function (its graph is symmetric a > 3.s0 f is CD on (0,3) and CU on (3,00). 31. (@) f is increasing where J" is positive. that is. on (0,2). (4.6), and (8, 00); and decreasing where J is negative, that is. on (2,4) and (6,8). () Fas local maxima where J changes from positive to negative, at x = 2and at = 6, and local minima where {" changes from negative to positive, at 2 = 4 and at x = 8. (©) F is concave upward (CU) where fis increasing, that is, on (3. 6) © and (6.0). and concave downward (CD) where "is decreasing. that is, on (0,3). (4) There is a point of inflection where J changes from being CD to being CU. that is. at = 3SECTION 43 HOW DERIVATIVES AFFECT THE SHAPE OFAGRAPH 287 32. (a) f is increasing where J" is positive. on (1,6) and (8,00). and decreasing where f” is negative, on (0,1) and (6.8) (b) f has a local maximum where J’ changes from positive to negative, at = 6, and local minima where f changes from negative to positive, at x = 1 and at x (©) f is concave upward where J” is increasing, that is. on (0.2).(3.5).(e) and (7, 00), and coneave downward where J” is decreasing. that is, on (2,3) and (5,7), (d) There are points of inflection where f changes its direction of 2 = Band « = 7. ‘concavity, at 3. (a) f(x) = 22° 327-122 > f"(x) = Gx? — Gr — 12 = 6(x? — 2-2) = 6x —2)(2 + 1). f(z) > 0 e<—lore>2and f(z) <0 4 -1 <4 <2 So f isincreasing on (—c0,—1) and (2, 00). and f is decreasing on (—1,2) (b) Since f changes from increasing to decreasing at = —1, f(—1) = 7 is a local maximum value, Since f ‘changes from decreasing to increasing at x = 2. f(2) = -20 isa local minimum value (©) f"(a) = 6(22-1) = f"(z)>0on(4,00) and f"(x) <00n —(d) +7, (-00, 3). So f is concave upward on (3,00) and concave downward on (—o0, 3). There is change in concavity at x = 3, 4) and we have an inflection point at (4 B20) 4 @ f(z) = 2432-25 > f(z) =3- 307 = -3(2?-1) = -3(e 41)(e-1). f(a) >0 @ 1 << land f(z) <0 4 2 <—Lorz> 1, So f is increasing on (—1,1) and f is decreasing on (00, =1) and (1, 90). (©) f(-1) = isa focal minimum value and f(1) = 4 isa local @ ‘maximum value. (c) f"() = ~62 = f"(z) > 00n(-o0,0) and f"(x) < Oon (0,00). So f is concave upward on (—o0.00) and concave downward 6on (0, 20). There isan inflection point at (0,2) ho} 9 3. (a) f(z) = 2" 62? =f" (a) = 4c* — 122 = 42(2 — 3) = Owhen 2 = 0. 43. Interval de P38 FC f r< v3 = + = ‘decreasing on (~0,—V3) -Viv3 + + + increasing on (V3, 00)288 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION (b) Local minimum values f (v3 @ local maximum value f(0) = 0 122? — 12 ore 222-1) >0 @ a2>1 6 Ja]>1 42> Lore < 1,50 f isCU on (—c0, -1). (1,00) and CD on (~1, 1). Inflection points at (+41, ~5) 36. (a) g(x) = 200+ 82° +24 = g'(x) = 24a? + de* = 42°(6 + 2) = 0 when x = —6 and when 2 = g(z)>0 & 2>-6 (£0) andg'(x) <0 & <6. s0gis decreasing on (—o0, —6) and gis increasing on (—6, 00). with a horizontal tangent at x = 0. (b) g(—6) = —232 is a local minimum value. @ ‘There is no local maximum value. (©) g(a) = 480 + 122 = 122(4 +2) when « = —4 and when 2=0.g"(2)>0 & 2<—dore>Oandg"(2) <0 & =4 <2 < 0.509 is CU on (~o0, ~4) and (0,00). and g is CD on (4.0). Inflection points at (—4, ~56) and (0, 200) 37. (a) Af > — 52°43 = h(x) = Lat — 152? = 1507(x* — 1) = 0 when = 0, +1. Since 15a" is nonnegative, A'(z)>0 4% a? >1 4 |2[>1 2> Lore <—1.so his increasing on (co, —1) and (1,00) and decreasing on (—1, 1). with a horizontal tangent at x = 0. (b) Local maximum value h(—1) = 5, local minimum value h(1) = 1 (©) h(a) = 602? — 302 = 302 (22? — 1) ® as * = 60r(2+5) (2-3) = N"(a) > Owhen 2 > Sy or ~ Sy hi(w) = 62(2?-1)? >0 4 2>0 (eF 1). so his increasing on (0,00) and decreasing on (—00,0) (b) h(0) = 1 is a local minimum value. (6) W(x) = 6(a? — 1)? + 24a*(2? ~ 1) = 6(2* — 1) (5x* — 1). The roots 1 and ++ divide R imto five intervals. Interval br? 1 A" (2) Concavity zed + + + upward -icec<-4 = + = downward -Reel + + + upward From the table, we see that h is CU on (~o0, —1). (d) (-35- J) and (1,00). and CD on (-1 Inflection points at (-+1,0) and (4. 38. (a) A(z) = xVET3 = Ae gt vera 242+) Be +6 Nes 2veF3 Vera ‘The domain of A is [-3,00). A'(x) > 0 for > —2 and A'(2) <0 for ~3 < x < ~2, so A is increasing on @ 3 (243)? 4 Vers-1= 2 (~2,00) and decreasing on (—3, —2). (b) A(—2) = —2is a local minimum value. @ 1 3 owe IVEFE-3~ (e406) (2ve+3)? = 82 +3) = (3246) _ 32412 3(e +4) ae 43R2 ~ ae 43s? ~ Tapas A’(2) > O for all > —8.s0 A is concave upward on (—3, 00). ‘There is no inflection point 40. (a) Biz) = 30°72 > B(x) Bix) > 0if0 <2 <8and Bi(z) < Vif < Oorz > 8, 0 B is decreasing on (0,0) and (8,00). and B is increasing on (0,8)29 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION (b) B(0) = 0 is a local minimum value @ B(8) = 4 isa local maximum value. ' 4) ©) Be Fas: Ba) < Oforall x #0. Bis * 7 concave downward on (—o0, 0) and (0,00). ‘There is no inflection poi =a = gM/3 4 ag! q 1, 2/8 ay A(z +1) M. (a) C(x) = 2(at4) =a +40! = CMa) = $e¥9 4 42°99 = fa *(e +1) = . BND Cae C'(x) > Oif -1 <2 < Dore > O and C'(x) < 0 forx < —1. 50 C is increasing on (—1,00) and C is decreasing on (-00, ~1). (b) C(=1) = ~3 isu local minimum value. @ " = Ate = 2) (©) C"(2) = $2778 — -2)= ©) O(a) = $2 ) = aS C"(2) <0 for 0 < @ < 2and C"(x) > Oforr < Oand x > 2.80 C is concave downward on (0,2) and concave upward on (—20,00) and (2,00). There are inflection points at (0,0) and (2,692) ~ (2,7.56). (3) a rao ‘on (0,00) and f is decreasing on (~90. 0). 42. (a) f(z) =In(2 +27) > f(z) = f'(x) > 0if x > Oand f'(x) < Vif x < 0, so f is increasing (b) f(0) = In 27 * 3.3 is a local minimum value. (et + 27)(122%) — de *(4a%) _ 42? [3(0* + 27) ~ dr] (et +27) ~ (ey a7? 40°(81— 24) _ —de*(2? +9)(@ + 3)(e ~ 3) (at +27) (wt +27)? fio) > Vit -3 3. Thus, f is concave upward on (—3, 0) and (0,3) [hence © f"(2) @ 4 on (—3,3)] and f is concave downward on (—00, ~3) and (3,00). “There are inflection points at (+3, hn 108) # (448, 4.68). 43, (a) [(0) = 2c088 — cos 28, 05 0 < 2m. '(O) = —2sin8 + 2sin 26 = —2sin# + 2(2sinB cos) = 2sind (2cos0 — 1). Interval sind | 2e80-1 | £@) f | 0<0<5 + + + [increasing on (0, 3) B @ J'(t) =1~ sint > 0 for all and f"(t) = 0 when sint=1 @ t= F or #.s0 f is increasing ‘on (—2m, 2m) (b) No maximum or minimum © f(t) = cost > 0 #3 €€ (-3F-3)U(E, 8). s0 Fis CU on these intervals and CD on (—2n, ~ ) and (32,2). Points of infletion at (+ 259) and (45.45) (e+ 1)(@-1) Pye? AD. Gaya = lM. Taye = To has domain (—00, ~1) U(—1,1) U (1,00) (tim f(a) = = Lsoy=lisaHA. = cosince 2? — Land (2? ~ 1) + 0* asx + ~17, so = ~Lisa VA, co since x? — 1 and (2? — 1) + 0+ asz + 1+,s0¢ = Lisa VA. "(q) — @ = W(2z) ~ 27(22) _ 2x[(a? - 1) - 2’ Qn © = ae a GP (2? ~ 1)? is positive for al in the domain of f the sign ofthe derivative is determined by the sign of ~22. Thus. f'(2) > Oif e <0 (x # —1) and f'(x) 0 (e #1). So f is increasing on (~c0, —1) and (-1,0),and f is deereasing on (0,1) and (1,0). Since282 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION (© f(@)=0 = = Oand f(0) = Oisa local maximum value. _@ a 2x) -2(a? ~ 120) (@- 1? 22? = (o? = 1) + 427] _ 2(32 +1) @ 15 (15 (d) f"(2) ‘The sign of f’"(z) is determined by the denominator: that is. F"(e) > Oif [x] > Land f"(x) < Oif |x| <1. Thus, f is CU on (00, =1) and (1,00). and f is CD on (—1, 1). There are no inflection points 2 6. J(0) = GE pp has domain (20,2) (2,00) © na soy =1isaHA. lim, = oo since 2? — 4 and (2 — 2)? + OF as @ > 2+. sow = Zisa VA. wa 2) Fe eo s@- (x — 2)%(20) ~ 222-2) _ 22x ~2)[(e- 2) — 2] __-4e a [@- 27?) (@—2)" ey f'(a) > 010 <2 < Qand f'(z) 2.50 f is increasing on (0,2) and f is decreasing on (00, 0) and (2. 20), (©) f(0) = isa local minimum value. (z= 2)*(-4) ~ (42) 8( - 2)" @s"@) = eae _ Ae = 2? -(@ = 2) +32] _ 8(e +1) - (x 2° © (r= 2/8 f(a) > Oifw > —1(@ A 2and f"(z) < Oife < —1, Thus. f is CU on (—1,2) and (2,00). and f is CD on (—o0, ~1). There is 13) 41. (a) tim (Va? FT ~ 2) = co and an inflection point at (— Jin, (VFI 2) = Jim (VAT 2) YES = 1 im 1 — = 0.0 = isa HA. zh Ve tite y (b) fz) =VFFI-2 = f'(@)= = 1. Since <1 forall x, {"(2) < 0.50 f is decreasing on R,‘SECTION 43 HOW DERIVATIVES AFFECT THE SHAPE OFA GRAPH 299 (c) No minimum or maximum (e) 1 1A mq) +") (22) @s"@= any ; ayy) _@ Narn _ (et +1)- ~ P+l ~"@ap Gea > 0 F 8CU MR. Nor 48. (a) lim etane=ocoand lim _ xtanz =co.sor=Fande son soenee are VA, (b) f(x) = wtane,—F 0 ) $0 <@< §.s0 f increases on (0, $) and decreases on ( (©) §(0) = 0is a local minimum value. (@) J" (e) = 2sec? x + 20 tan sec? x > Ofor—E <2 < F.50 fis 49. f(z) = In(1 — In-z) is defined when x > 0 (so that In. is defined) and 1 —In.x > O {so that In(1— Incr) is defined}. The second condition is equivalent to1>Inx x 0 e& Ine<0 4 O<2<1.Thus.fisCUon (0.1) and CD on (1,¢). There isan inflection point at (1,0) 50. f(x) = = has domain R. a) lim f(2) = tim Sl _ = 5, Ln open (im F2) = jm ELE = Jin, ES = Lo oy a tise ee o Jim, f(@) = im =D = 0.s0y=0isaHA.No elim, £2) = lim, SS = 85 = 0.50 = 0s HA, NoVA, tere ert for all x. Thus. f is increasing on G+ey Te esp > forall 2, Thus. fis increasing on R294 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION (6) There is no local maximum or minimum. © (+e)? *.A1+e*)e™ (atey] ef (L + et)[(1 +e") ~2€"] _ eX -e") (+er)* ~ (+e) fa) >0 & 1-50 & 2 0 for all x except —1, so f is increasing on (—20, ~1) and (—1, 0°). (©) No local maximum or minimum © i. we reve? fylle+ 04] 20 [2(@ + 1)) @ f"(@) = \e+ieF MEH (art 2) eo MHP Qe-+ 1) ~ (e+1)* ~ +i Jia) >0 & wl <0 e& x<—}.s0fisCUon (-00, =1) and (~1, —}). and CD on ( oo). f has an IP at 52, (a) f is periodic with period 1, so we consider only —§ 0 & O<2K< F.sof () f(e)=In(tan?z) > f'(2) is increasing on (0, ) and decreasing on (—3.0). tan? tanz (e) No maximum or minimum 2 4 ine sin? 2 @ fi(z)= Sing cose coste>0 & —F f(x) =2e-*(2—2). f*( = Dor 2. f(0) = Oand f(2) = de? are the exact values =r (b) From the graph in part (a), f increases most rapidly around 2 = 3. To find the exact value, we need to find the ‘maximum value of f’, which we can do by finding the critical numbers of f’. f(x) = e* (a? — 4+ 2)=0 > © =24 V2 x= 2+ V2 comesponds to the minimum value of f'. The maximum value of f" is at (2-v3,2- vayreme8) % (0.59.0.19) 3B f(z) =cose+ peoste = fi(z)=—sinz~sinde + f"(2) = —cose— 2o0s2e @ 2 From the graph of f.it seems that fis CD on (0,1). CU on (1,2.5). CD on (2.5,3.7). CU on (3.7,5.3), and CD on (5.3, 2x). The points 4 2x of inflection appear to be at (10.4). (2.5, -0.6), (3.7, -0.6). and (5.3,0.4) ) From the graph of f” (and zooming in near the zeros). it seems that f is CD on (0,0.94). CU on (0.94, 2.57). CD on (2.57,3.71). CU on P* (3.71,5.35). and CD on (5.35, 2m). Refined estimates of the inflection points are (0.94, 0.44), (2.57, ~0.63). (3.71, -0.63), and (5.35, 0.44).29 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION. 56. f(x) = 22-2)" S'(a) =2° M(x 29° + (2) 32? =e —YMle + He —B) = P(e Te-6) > J"(x) = (22)(x — 2)°(7x — 6) +2? -3(r — 2)°(7z ~ 6) + 2°(x — 2)°(7) = a(z — 2)?[2(e — 2)(72 ~ 6) + 30(Te — 6) + 7e(x ~ 2)] = a(x — 2)?[422? — 72x + 24] = 6a(x — 2)°(72? ~ 122 + 4) () —s From the graph of f. it seems that f is CD on (—o0, 0), CU on (0.0.5), CD on (0.5, 1.3). and CU on (1.3, 00). The points of 4 i 3 inflection appear to be at (0, 0), (0.5,0-5), and (1.3, 0.6), 5 () _—_— From the graph of f" (and zooming in near the zeros), it seems that f is CD on (—o0,.0). CU on (0, 0.45), CD on (0.45, 1.26) and CU on “1 8 (1.26.00), Refined estimates ofthe infleetion points are (0,0). V (0.45, 0.53). and (1.26, 0.60). =10 mmand 5 57. In Maple, we define f and then use th plot (diff (diff (£,2) ,x) x= 3) 2. In Mathematica, we define f and then use Plot (Dt (Dt [£,x] x), {x,-3,3}]-We 3 see that f"" > O fore > O.L and f" < Ofer < 0.1. So f is concave up on (0.1, 00) and concave down on (—o0, 0.1), 58, It appears that f”” is positive (and thus o2 10 f is concave up) on (—1.8, 0.3) and, f (1.5, 00) and negative (so f is concave =v 1 down) on (—00, -1.8) and (0.3, 1.5). C ™~} -01 =15 59, Most students learn more in the third hour of studying than in the eighth hour, so (3) ~ (2) is larger than K(8) — K(1). In other words, as you begin studying for atest, the rate of knowledge gain is large and then starts (0 taper off, so K"(t) decreases and the graph of Kis concave downward60. a. 2, SECTION 43 HOW DERIVATIVES AFFECT THE SHAPE OFAGRAPH Cl 297 AL first the depth increases slowly because the base of the mug depth of ettee is wide. But as the mug narrows. the coffee rises more quickly. ‘Thus, the depth d increases at an increasing rate and its graph is concave upward. The rate of increase of d has a maximum where the mug is narrowest: that is. when the mug is half full. It is there that the inflection point (IP) occurs. Then the rate of increase of d starts to decrease as the mug widens and the graph becomes coneave down, fie 100 From the graph, we estimate thatthe most rapid increase in the v Percentage of households in the United States with atleast one VCR ‘occurs at about t = 8. To maximize the frst derivative, we need to determine the values for which the second derivative is 0. We'll use V(t) = Sy and substitute a = 85, b = 53, and c= ~0.5 later. 7 7 (0) = yet and substitute a = 85, b = 53, and ¢ = 0.5 lates o 7 oe Iby the Reciprocal Rule] and ct) ett — ort 011 + be) «boett V0) = abe. Ot bett)* ce =e 2(1+ be) be’ [+ be")? = abe ce" (1 + be'*)[(1 + bet) ~ 2be"t] _ —abe2e"(1 — bet) (+ bey (+ be Sov") =0 & L=be 4 et =1/b. Now graph y = e-8% 5" and y = 2b. These graphs intersect at 1 7.94 years, which corresponds to roughly midyear 1988. [Alternatively, we could use the rootfinder on a calculator to solve e~"* = 35. Or. if you have already studied logarithms. you can solve et = 1/b.s follows: ct=In(1/6) 4 t= (1/c)In(1/8) = 21m 3; ~ 7.94 years (@) As |2| —+ 00, t = ~27/ (20) + ~o0, and et + 0. The HA is y = 0. Since takes on its maximum value at = 0, s0 does e*. Showing this result using derivatives, we have f(x) = e7#7/(2#?) > F(a) = eV) (—a/o?), f(x) =0 = 0. Because f changes from positive to negative at x = 0, J(0) = Lis. local maximum, For inflection points. we find Haya 3 [eee + 20-100 (-a/a2)] = herl00% (4 292) P(2)=0 @ @ o & gate. f"(c)<0 & 2 a= ve/2 65. Suppose that f is differentiable on an interval J and f(x) > 0 for all xin I except x =e. To show that f is increasing on I. let 21, 22 be two numbers in I with 21 < 22 Case] 21 < 22 ch Case 3 v1 < x2 =. Apply the proof of the Increasing/Decreasing Test, using the Mean Value Theorem (MVT) on the interval [21,22] and noting that the MVT does not require f to be differentiable at the endpoints of [1,2]. Case 4 = 21 Oon I. If f and g are CU on I. then f" > O and g" > O.on I. so(f+g)" =f" +9" >Oont => f+gisCUonl. tf (by Since f is positive and CU on I. f > Oand f” > OonT. Sog(e)=|f(@)? > 9 =2ff = of = 2s f+ 2Ff" =2PP +2" >0 > gisCUonl. 67. (@) Since f and g are positive. increasing, and CU on I with f” and 9" never equal to 0. we have J > 0. #20, f" > 0.9 >0.g' > 0.9" >OonT. Then (fa) = Sot fo = U9)" =S"9-+2F'o' + fa" > I"g+ fo" >Oonl = fgisCUonT. (b) In part (a). if f and g are both decreasing instead of increasing, then J" < Oand g’ < O°on J. so we sill have 2f'g! > 0on I. Thus, (f9)” = S"9+2f'9' + Ja" 2 Sat fa" >OonT = fgisCU onT asin par(a)SECTION 4.3 HOW DERIVATIVES AFFECT THE SHAPE OF AGRAPH Cl 209 (© Suppose fis increasing and gis decreasing [with f and g positive and CU]. Then f” > O and g’ < Oon 1 80 2f'g' 0 on I. Thus. fg is CU on I. (0, 00). f(x) = 4a Ve. g(@) = 1/z. Then (fg (f9)" (x) = —1/Va < Oon I. Thus, fg is CD on 1. * so (fg) (x) = 2x and Example 2. 4. VF, s0 (f9)"(2) = 2/ Ve and Example 3. I= (0,00). f(z) = 2”. g(2) = 1/2. Thus. (f9) 80 fg is linear on 1. 88. Since f and gare CU on (—20.00). f”" > O and g" > 0 on (00.00). Na) = F(g(e)) > A(x) = f'(g(x))q'(z) > H'(@) = $°(l2))a'(@)o'(2) + F'(a(2))g" (ez) = S(G(e)Nlo'(@)!* + F(ol@))9"(e) > it F > 0. So his CU if fis increasing. © f(z) =tanz—2 > f(x) =sec?z-1>0ford<2< since sec? x > 1 for <2 < Z. So fis inereasing on (0, ). Thus. f(z) > f(0) =Ofor0<2<$ = tame—z>0 + tanz>zfor O<2<§ 7 (a) Let f(x) = e* ~ 1, Now f(0) =e? ~ 1 = 0, and forz > 0, wehave f'(2) =e" —1 2 0. Now. since 4(0) = Oand fF is increasing on (0,00). f(z) > Oforz>0 = e*-1-2>0 = 21te. () Let f(z) = ~ 2 > 32°. Thus, f"(2) = e* — 1 — x, whichis positive for 2 > O by part (a), Thus, (2) 's increasing on (0, 0c), so on that interval, 0 = f(0) < f(x) 2 S-1nn- ket > D1 bet be? = fore >0, (©) By part (a), the result holds for n = 1. Suppose that e* > 14.242. 4 i a Then f'(2) = e' Let f(x) “i” een by assumption. Hence. f(z) is inereasing on (0.00). $0.0 454g ep ay and hence e > 1+ + ata 2 © > 0, Therefore, fore >0,e7 >1 424 ai + a for every positive integer n, by mathematical induction, 71. Let the cubie function be f(«) = az° + b2?+er+d = J"(e) = Bax? + 2e+e = "(x)= bax +2h, So fisCU when Gax+2b>0 4 2 > —b/(3a). CD when e ‘< =b/(3a). and so the only point of inflection ‘occurs when «x = —b/(3a). If the ‘graph has three «-intercepts 2, ‘t2 and zs. then the expression for F(x) must factor as f(x) = a(x ~ 21)(« — x2)(x — 25). ‘Multiplying these factors together gives us S(t) = ala? — (x1 + 0 +25)2? + (e202 + 209 + T2t3)e — x1225], Equating the coefficients of the 2*-terms for the two forms of f gives us b = —a(x1 +2 +23). Hence. the T-coordinate of the point of inflection raltit+e2+z3)_ rte +z5 3a a)Neen es 300 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 72 P(o)= ber +27 => P(e) = 403 + 3ex? +22 = P(e) = 122 + Ger + 2, The graph of P"(x) isa parabola. If P"(2) has two roots, then it changes sign twice and so has two inflection points, This happens when the discriminant of P”(z) is positive, that is, (6c)? —4-12-2>0 B6c? 96 >0 Jel > 2x8 = 1.68.1f 86c7-96=0 & © 428, p"(2) is Oat one point, but there is still no inflection point since P”(z) never changes sign, and if 36c”- 96 <0 +> [el < 2-46 then P! (zz) never changes sign. and so there is no inflection point. 100, he 25 3 -12s' os “0s Is ° 2v8 c= ce Forlrge postive othe graph of f has two inflection points anda large dip co the let of he Yass Asc decreases, the graph of f becomes later for < 0. and eventually the dip rises above the #-axis. and then disappears entirely along with the infection points. Ase continues to decreas. the dip and the inflection points reappest to the right of the origin, Ta By hypothesis g = J” is ferentiale on an open interval containing c. Since (c f(c)) isa point of inflection, the concavity changes at x = ¢, so f(z) changes signs at cc. Hence. by the First Derivative Test, f* has a local extremum at x = ¢. Thus, by Fermat’s Theorem J” (c) = 0. Wa fay=2t > P@a=4 = FC jae? = #0) =0. Fora < 0. f"(z) > 0.50 f is CU on (00,0); for > 0, #"(2) > 0.80 fis also CU on (0,20). Since f does not change concavity at 0 (0,0) is not an infleotion point 75, Using the fact that Jo VA weave that g(a) =2VH => oe) = Vet v= ava = Biol aya _ 2 Fa <0 fore O for x > 0, so (0,0) isan inflection point. But g"(0) o"(a) = 22" 22(2 does not exist‘SECTION 44 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND UHOSPITAL'S RULE 304 16. There must exist some interval containing con which f" is positive. since f”"(c) is postive and Ff" is continuous, On this interval. is increasing (since f"” is positive). so J = (f"Y! changes from negative to positive atc, So by the Fist Derivative Test has a local minimum at 2 = ¢ and thus cannot change sign there, so f has no maximum orminimum ate But since {changes from negative to positive at. f has a point of inflection atc (it changes from concave down to concave up). 4.4 Indeterminate Forms and UHospital's Rule The use of Hospital's Rule is indicted by an H above the equal sign: 1. @ lim 4 is an indeterminate form of type ; BG (b) tim £2) ~ 282 plz) ~ 0 Because the numerator approaches 0 while the denominator becomes large © lim #9 ~ 0 ecause the numerator approaches a rite number while the denominator becomes large (@) If lim p(x) ce and f(x) — Otrough positive values, then lim 2) = oo, [For example, take a = 0, = 7@) P(x) = 1/2?. and f(2) = 2°] If f() — 0 through negative values then Jim ae} = ~00. [For example, take a =0.p(2) = 1/22. and f(x) = —22,] I f(2) 0 through both positive and negative values, then the limit might not exist. [For example, take a = | pa) = 1/2? and f(x) = 2.) ) tim 2 i an indeterminate form of ype 22 te) fz) in indeterminate for ottype Pat 2 (a) lim [f(e)p(2)] is an indeterminate form of type 0 - 00, (©) When is near a. p(2) is arg and h(x) is near 1. so f(x)p(2) is ange. Thus, Jim (h(e)p(z)] = oo. (© When xis near, p(t) and a(x) ate both large, so p2)q(z) is large. Thus, lim [p(z)9(2)] = 00 3 (@ When a is near a. f(z) is near O and plz) is large, so f(x) - Plz) i age negative, Thus, Em U@) ~r(@) (©) lim [p(«) ~ q(2)] is an indeterminate form of type 00 — 00 (©) When xis near a, p() and a(x) are both large, so p(2) + q(z) is large, Thus Jim [p(x) + 9(2)) =——————_ —- ann ‘902 © CHAPTER4 APPLICATIONS OF OIFERENTIATION 4, (@) tim [F(@)]% is an indeterminate form of type 0, (b) If y = [f(a)]”. then In y = p(z) In f(z). When a is near a, p(x) + 00 and In f(x) > —00, 0 Iny —» —00, Therefore, tim [f@yP = lim y= lim e'*¥ = 0, provided f? is defined. (©) lim [b(z2)]?™ is an indeterminate form of type 1. (@) tim [p(x)] is an indeterminate form of type 00°. (©) fy = [p(a)]?™. then In y = q(2) In p(x). When 2 is near a. g(x) + oo and Inp(z7) + 00. $0 Iny — oo. ‘Therefore, lim {p(o)]% = lim lim e! (6) lim oy/p(@) = Jim, [p(2)]!/2) is an indeterminate form of type 0”. 5, This limit has the form 8. We can simply factor the numerator to evaluate this limit (@+)@-1) _ mea n tt? = tim = Mofetl(@r2) seth g-1 . ° 4 1. This Fit has the frm 8. tim S5—F him 55 = 5 Lim se-1n a0) ao tim 221 # tim SS =F & im aE bet cose =sine 44 This limit has the form §. Tm, gine enay® —e08= entyayt Tsing e-(x/2)* = 6 ea 12 im 2 Bi by tanpe z 43, This Himit has the form 2. lim =OZE 5 tim psec a lim fangs #28 qsect az all} 1“ (0. L-Hospital’s Rule does not apply. 15, Thistimit has the form fim 2 us ete ace I 0 16. lim & * lim lim_e* = 00 aim GO atte 1” oe oo since In z —+ —00 as + O* and dividing by small values of z just increases the 17. tim, ((1nz2)/2) srt ofthe quotient (n-2)/2. 1 Hospitals Rae des nt sp. La te tim ME # tim MES = tim SEs =0 ame eee ete ngSECTION 44 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND LHOSPTA'S RULE 303, In5 — 3¢In3 19. This limit has the form 9. im In5~In3=Ing oT iz 1 Min Ginnz !\ Feosaz = FI) e-1- 21. This imi has the Form §. im <== # a e =2/2 4 2 In 23, This limit has the form lim sing 4), cost 1 18 sinha ~ 18 cosha = 7 25, This limit has the form 2. Tim sinz—2 Wy, O8Z—1 Nj, —sing Hw, —cose 1 4 a — m0 eb nr iw =m? ve Le ae co8ne HW ,,, ~msinms + nsinns wy, —m?cosme +n? cosn. fy fm Be = z # 1 14267 w 2e* 31. This li ie form 2. lim ————_ lim —j——— = lim So This imithas the Form SS. J oe pass im, pee tee Al es 2 2 artsy 3 =1/2? 38. This limit has the form 8. tim, $—2+ID® Hig le esl Tfcosre ei —nsinne 21 a2 cosma > Fry » (oe im 22 L+2/a? i, as PEI Vat 25? 41 VRE ~ oe © tim Sa eeta-1y teaw vee ‘This mit has the form @. tim Gop ln Sos 2 eo 0. Hospital's Rule does not apply. ab Sece T ‘37. This limit has the form 0 -(—o0). We need to write this product as a quotient. but keep in mind that we will have to stent ern ei He ti ph psi a Tesults ina more dificult imi, Instead we write the quotient as Ing 1 ~22°/? sg, Y= in Ss Jim, yet = i (2B) =0304 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 38, This limit has the form oo + 0. We'll change it to the Form oa) lim cot 2 sin 6a = lim pub 20 tan 2 2)? Ing 40. lim, singing = lim, —— es0t 20 OSCE 41. This limit has the form 20-0. I 42. lim (1 —tanz) see = (1 — 1) V2 = 0. L’Hospital’s Rule does not apply. s/t 43, This limit has the form () (20). _ Ing 1x 12 lim, nz tan(na/2) = lin, ap) als (mDese(we/®) — (—e/O tan (1/2) Wy, 820/212") lim = lim sec?(1/2) = 1? 44, lim, etan(1/r) = lim eee me eee site ) sing — 2 ~cser im, 260 arsine =sine 0 Ib Feose+sing #0 2eosa—asinz 2 46. im exer ~ cotz) = lim z - ==) 47. We will multiply and divide by the conjugate of the expression to change the form of the expression Vv z va? zr 242) —2? ‘hin, (VER ~ a) = im, (FE AERTS) og CHR 1 1 1 = lim. = im ——— = = sie Jepate re fitijet+l vi+1 2 ‘Asan alternate solution, write V2 Fa ~ 2 as Va? +a — V23, factor out V2, rewrite as (/T+ Ta ~ 1)/(1/2).and apply "Hospital's Rule. 11x £ @—DG/2) tine | PTsi+ine 240° 2 49. The limit has the form 90 — 20 and we will change the form to a product by factoring out x tne cosines Jim, BT dim (@ = nz) =SECTION 44 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND LHOSPTAL'S RULE ©) 305, 80. As x — 00, 1/ar — 0. and e!/* — 1. So the limit has the form 00 ~ oo and we will change the form toa product by factoring out 2. eae elas’ e/*—x) = lim a(e/* — im © 4 ——— = lim el/* ahi (mY) = Jim 26% —1) = Jy, SEH iy OD Sy = Iny=2?Inz,s0 a Ing uw Ue ( 1. im, Iny = lim 2*uz = tim, ™# iy V2 — tn (a2) 0 hig my = Mim tna = Nin area = Mim, re = lim, (—5 2! > lim. 2*° = lim e'™¥ =e =1, ares y= (tan2z)* = Iny =2-Intan2z. so ie lig, tma-= im, =-Intande— yp, BNE 4 (1/tan2z)(2sec? 220) 22? cos 2r Uftan2e)(2see? 2) gy —Beteos de _ =0 fn AUD Si becos? as = AEM, Snell, Gagg <1 O=0 = li (tan 2x)* = lim e¥ = 6° =1. cli, (tan 20)" = im, 58 y=(1-22)/* + inyot IM ~ 25) ing ny = fy O28) a jy “B/C 22) __y lim (1 — 2x)'/* = lim el” ¥ = e~?, Hmy(1 — 22) = lim elt = € Se y=(148)" > iny=bein(1+4).s0 bin(1 + a/2) jim ny = im Te Senna =ab = li (142) = tn, 35 y= (142 v= (14243 J = mysem(v w(v2e8) (2-19 ett Te ene wn sm (38) tn Se ya alm2vGems) 5 yyy 2 yaa = pene = lim Iny = im 02)Un2) » POLY — i in2 = In2 any= fe Tine al, aay so lim a(0"2/(1+102) = jim ely = ght? 9 Sy=ol* = my=(I/e)Inz > lim Iny = him ne 4 tim 42 =05 lim 2/* = tim e™¥306 OCHAPTER4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION sy =(F+n/* = Iny = Lin(et +2). 30 tim, ny = im ME) “um 2 a1 = lim, (e* +a)" = Jim ev = 2 \ = aoe (Za) myeem() = fim Iny = Jim, =n(=43) lim a lim, (-# + Ax 1a +1) in ee In(oos32) Hg y,, —Stan de 19060899) 8 5 tim 60. y = (cos3x)°/* => lim Iny =5 lim $0 lim (cos e)°" 2 L 61. y=(cosx)/* => ry css > Imcos Hin alg lu = Boat ant > Tim, (cosa)! = lim, eM ae ast a y~ (253) > ny = 240) n( +3) In(2—3)—In(2e+5) u 2/2 ~8) = 2/2245) _ -8(22 +1)" dimly = in, T/(e+1) dim Sayaeey? 7 Ge 3)Qe +5) _ ~8(2 41/2)? 7 im (2223 fark = lim Grametse 8 7 (28) 6 6 From the graph it appears that lim [in(x +5) — Ina] =. (= . To prove this, we first note that rth In(x +5) — Ing = In = n (48) ta ome 0th 200 - ° ime fin(x +5) — Ina] = Jim, ne = (e435) -2*) Sat -im|Gery 7 | = imateSECTION 44 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND LHOSPITAL'S RULE om 64038 From the graph. it appears that Jim, (tan 2)" = 0.368, ‘The limit has the form 1°, Now y = (tanar}$*"2* => Iny = tan2z In(tana). 30 In(tanz) : im Iny = lim =-1 Fo Fe02 tim my = im oto 2 Jo n (tan2)"% = lim Me (anaes = lim 6. oss From the graph. it appears that l= pe f ~0s “ os f(z) £@) 6. From the graph. it appears that fim 22) — tig LD Bape appeaes at TD g(a) 2 gia) We calculate f ny Bizcosz +sinz) “secz tane im nz + cose + cos.2) © eh Seca(Sec?) + tan a(seca tam 6. 4 tim SS # tim —" __ im © = 00 A, ae ~ dim te nia = a? aa Inz 1 1 68, Jim SEH tim = tim +. = osince p > 0. 2h gp > iM, pap oa ett pa? 69. First we will find lim ti (144) stoncrtetom = y= (142) ony nen(4 £0 _ In. +i/n) wy (in?) img tna = di nan 5 ) SO Tm. Eames = ll ee st > lim y= ali, y =e". Thus. as n 00. A ao(r+ 4) Ave’ 70 in = in 21 el) = 2 (1 em) = ma -0) [because ~ct/m — —o0 as t -+ oo] ‘which isthe speed the object approaches as time goes on, the so-called limiting velocity (b) tim v= im “2 oa i a ")= Ene (et) ime" = gt(1) [because ~ct/m + 0 as m — oo] =e!" (ct/m?) ~T/m? = gt ‘The speed of a very heavy falling object is approximately proportional to the elapsed time t. provided it can fall308 CHAPTER APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION for time t in an environment where the given model continues to hold. [If tis too large, the object may hit the ‘ground in less than time ¢. or it may have to start falling too high above the earth, where there is almost no ir.) 71. We see that both numerator and denominator approach 0, so we can use I" Hospital’s Rule. lim VGH a Yaaz w y,,, 320° — a*)77? (20° — 42%) — a(4) (ax)? a? ae a— Vax ena =} (ax) **(3az?) 3 (2a%a — a*)~"/? (20% — 4a) ~ $a°(a?a)*/* “Faaty Baa?) (at)? ( 0, Lety = 3 ‘Then Le enue Way Rt 28m = Ly Gaye = lim, GO lim * yi ey =O > img = ty 2” LD = ti 2 tg £2) = 0, ts, (0) = jig ALLO) — hy LE) (b) Using the Chain Rule and the Quotient Rule we see that f(x) exists for a ‘#0. In fact, we prove by induction that for each n > 0, there isa polynomial p», and a non-negative integer kn with f°) = pa (2)f(e)/2*" for + #0. This is true for m= 0; suppose itis true for the nth derivative. Then f"(2) Rees so F(x) = [2 pha) $2) + pal @)F (2) ~ baa! Pa(2)f(z)] 2 = [2 pax) + pn(2)(2/2°) — ke *pa(z)] f(a) = [2** p(x) + 2pn(2) ~ hac” + pa(e)] f(a)a 2h ‘hich has the desired form Now we show by induction that f) (0) = 0 for all n. By part (a), f"(0) = 0. Suppose that f (0) = 0. ‘Then $040) = fim LE = FO) jg LW) _ jy, Pale) Sa) ah 2 a=0 oe TR = im pony ED =pn(0)-0=0310 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 1B. (a) For J to be continuous. we need liny f(r) = f(0) = 1. We note that for x # 0. In f(2) = In zin(z| In[el fn Te = 1. So f is continuous at 0. So linn tn f(z) = linn In [2 Jn fe) = lim é Inte (b) From the graphs. it appears that is differentiable at 0. 2 ua 101 “1 1-008 005-001 L 001 (6) To find f". we use logarithmic differentiation: In f(x) = tn 2] => fo = (3) +inj2| > f'(e) = f2)(0 + In |al) = [2l2(1 + ln fel). £0. Now f"(e) + 00 as +0 [since [a|* + Land (1+ In|) —» ~oo}, so the curve has a vertical tangent at (0, 1) and is therefore not diferentiable there. The fact cannot be seen in the graphs in part (b) because In |x| ++ ~20 very slowly as at —* 0. 4.5 Summary of Curve Sketching Ly = f(z) B, intercept = 0. y-intercept = f(0)=0 C. f(—2) = 8 4¢=a(a? +1) A. fisa polynomial, so D =R. F(x). 80 f is odd: the curve is symmetric about the origin. D. f isa polynomial. so. there is no asymptote. E. f"(z) = 32? + 1 > 0. so f is increasing on (00,00). F. There is no critical number and hence. no local maximum or minimum value. G. "(z) = 6x > Oon (0,00) and f(x) < 0on (00.0). so f is CU on (0,08) and CD on (00,0). Since the concavity changes at 2 =. there is an inflection point at (00). Zy= f(x) =2° +6 ‘are —3 and 0. y-intercept = 0 C, Nosymmetry D. No asymptote Or = 2(2 +3)? A. D=R_ Bz z-intercepts E, fi(e) = 32? +122 +9 =3(et+ (e+3) <0 @ —30 2>-2 so f is CU on (—2, 00) and CD on (—00, ~2). IP at (—2,~2)SECTION 45 SUMMARY OF CURVESKETCHING C311 3. y= f(z) =2- 150+ 92" 2)(e*—Te+1) A. D=R_ B. y-intercept: f(0) z-intercepts: f(z) =0 = x = 2or (by the quadratic formula) x = 22% ~ 0.15, 6.85 » C. No symmetry. No asymptote HL E. f'(2) = -15 + 18x ~ 30? = ~3(0? - 62 +5) =-8(-1(e-5)>0 & 1<2c5 0 f is increasing on (1,5) and decreasing on (00, 1) and (5, c0), F. Local maximum value f(5) = 27, local minimum value f(1) = —5 G. f"(z) = 18-62 = -6(2@-3) >0 & 2 <3.s0fisCUon (-00,3) and CD on (3, 00). IP at (3, 11) S(n) = 82? — > y= (8-2?) A. D=R_B. yintercept: f(0) = 0; 2-intercepts: f( = 0.42-V2 (= £2.83) C. f(—) = f(z).s0 fis even and symmetric about the y-axis. D. No asymptote E. f'(2) = 16rd? =4a(4— 2°) =40(2+2)2-2)>0 Hea ay #< ~2or0 0 e -% 2 < Js fis CU on (—35, 3) and Don (20, Jp) and (F;.00). Pat (4%, i) Siy=f(z)=2' 442° =2%(2+4) A. D=R_B. yintercepr: (0) = 0; a-imtercepts: f(z) =0 2=—4,0 C. Nosymmetry D. Noasymptote B. f'(x) = 42° + 122” = 42*(2+3)>0 2 > ~3. 0 f is increasing on (—3, 00) and decreasing on (—o0, —3). F. Local minimum value {(—3) = ~27, no local maximum G. f"(x) = 1207 + 2d = 120(2 +2) <0 —2<2<0. s0 f is CD on (~2,0) and CU on (—o0. -2) and (0,00) IP at (0,0) and (—2, 16) 6 y= f(x) = oe +2)" A, D=R_ B. yimtercept: f(0) intercepts: f(2)=0 @ 2= 2,0. C. Nosymmetry D, No asymptote E, f(x) = Sale +2)? + (@ +2)? = (e+ 2)" [30+ (e+ 2)] (2+ 2)%(4r +2). f(z) >0 2>-3, and f(z) <0 4 & < Ror 2 << ~§. sof is increasing on (1,00) and decreasing on (00, —2)312 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION and (2, —4). {Hence fis decreasing on (~00, ~4) by the analogue of Exercise 43.65 for decreasing funetions.| F. Local minimum value f(—4) 10 local maximum, ig: M G. f"(x) = (w+ 2)7(4) + (4 + 2)(2)(@ +2) = 2x +2)[(e + 2)(2) + 4x +2] =e + 2)(6x +6) = 12(2 +1) +2) f'(a) <0 4 —20 4 1. Thus, f is increasing on (—00, 0) and (1, 00) and decreasing on (0,1). F, Local maximum value f(0) = 1. local minimum value f(1) = —2 iH. G. f(z) = 402° — 10 = 10(42* ~ 1) so f"(2)=0 & 2= v4. fie) >0 o > 1/Ydand f"(2) <0 @ 2<1/V4 so f is CD on (00, 1/ 4) and CU on (1/4, 00). Pa (a ip) = (0.630, -0.786) 8 y = f(x) = 202" — 32° A. D=R_B. y-intercept: f(0) = 0: x-imtercepts: f(x) = 0 -328(2*— 2) =0 @ 2=Oork 2/5 ~ 42.582 C. f(-2) = F(z), 90 f is odds the curve is symmetric about the origin. D. No asymptote B. f'(«) = 602" — 162* = ~152%(2" — 4) = -152"(@ + 2)(x-2).90f'(2) > 0 -2< 4 2 Thus, fis increasing on (2,0) and (0,2) [hence on (2,2) by Exercise 4.3.65) and f is decreasing on (—20, ~2) and (2,0). F. Local minimum value f(-2) = ~64, local maximum value f(2) = 64 G. J"(2) = 1202 ~ 602° = —602(2* ~ 2) fiz) >0 & we -Voor0 V2. Thus, f is CU on (—00,-V2) and (0, V2). and f is CD on (~V2,0) and (V2, 00). IP at (—v2, -28 v2) = (-1.414, -39.598). (0,0), and (v2.28 v2)‘SECTION 45 SUNNMARY OF CURVE SKETCHING 313 y= f(a) =2/(e@-1) A. D= {x 2¥1} = (-00,1)U(1.00)_B. x-intercept = 0, £ intercept = f(0) = 0. C. Nosymmetry D. tm soy =lisaHA 00.802 = Lisa VA. 0 4 2 > 1,50 f isCU on (1,00) and CD y=a/(e-1)P A. D={x| 241} = (-00,1)U(1,00)_B, e-intercept = 0, yintercept = f(0) =0 C. No symmetry D. lim —=— =0.soy=OisaHA. lim = 00, 502 = Lisa VA. 22s @— 1) 1p 1, (z~1)?(1) - #(2)( — 1) _ 1 E Fle) @=1" “ey This is negative on (—oo, —1) and (1,00) and positive on (-1, 1). so f(z) is decreasing on (—co, ~1) and (1, 00) and increasing on (—1, 1) F. Local minimum value f(—1) = —4. no local maximum, H (2= WEY) + + NB)e~1)? _ A%e+2) or e-iy @- This is negative on (—o0, ~2). and positive on (—2,1) and (1,00). So f is CD fon (00, ~2) and CU on (=2.1) and (1,00). IP at (2, —2 y= f(z) =A/(2?-9) A. D = {x| 24 43} = (00-3) U(-3,3) U (3,00) B. y-imtercept = (0) —§- Moa-imtercept C. f(—z) = f(x) = _f is even: the curve is symmetric about the y-axis. D. li oo, lim, sake 9 oo. =0. soy=OisaHA. lim aa ee 1 = 00. lim | 5 = ~90. sor = Band 2 = ~3 are VA. E. f'(2) = =o >0 & 2<0(eF-B)s0fisincreasing HL. on (—90, ~8) and (—3, 0) and decreasing on (0,3) and (3. 00) F. Local maximum value f(0) = —2 wv _ ~2(a? ~ 9)? + (22)2(2? - 9) (22) _ 6(z? +3) ~ (oF op 2>9 & r>30rr< and CD on (—3, 3). No IP Gy >0 80 f is CU on (—o0, ~8) and (3, 00)314 © CHAPTER4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 12. y= f(a) =2/(22-9) A. D={x| 24 43} = (—c0,-3)U(-3,3)U (8,00) B. x-intercept = intercept = f(0) =0. C. f(=2) = —F(a). 80 f is odd: the curve is symmetric about the origin. = 0. soy =OisaHA. lim lim, <5 = 20. lim a aa 2-9 = 00, lim, ; = —00. $0.7 = Band x = ~3 are VA. ena +9 oy E. f'(z) 7 5 < O(a # £3) s0 f is decreasing on (—20, ~3), (~3.3). and (3,00). F. Noextreme values H. y--3 Gre _da(a? — 9)? - ( +9). 2x? — 9) (2x) (@-9 2x(x? +27) = ee > Owhen 3 <2 3. so f is CU on (~3.0) and (3, 00): CD on (90, ~3) and (0,3) IP at (0,0) 13. y= fle) =2/(22 +9) A. D=R_B. yimtercept: (0) = 0: eimercept: f(x) =0 2=0 {f(z).s0 f is odd and the curve is symmetric about the origin. D. lima [x /(z? +9)] = 0.30 _@ +90 _ G+2)(3~2) (2? +9)? (+9)? (+9) y=OisaHA:noVA E. f(z) >0 —3 0 e& —3VB<23V3.50 f isCU on (3 V3.0) and (3.V3, 00). and CD on (—20,—8 V3) and (0.3 V8). ‘There are three inflection points: (0,0) and (+3 V3, +34 v3) y= fle) =28 (x2 +9) A. D=R_B. yintercept: f(0) = 0: rinterept: f(z) =0 7 =0 © f- = J(zx)-so f iseven and symmetric about the y-axis. D. limp, [2?/(z? +9)] = 1.soy=1SECTION 45 SUMMARY OF CURVE SKETCHING © 315 2 <2 2 P+ 9)Q0)— 2420) _ NEE sg os 2 > 0.20 fis increasing on isaHA;noVA EB. f'(2) +o = Bay (0,00) and decreasing on (—c0.0).F. Local minimum value f(0) = 0; no local maximum _., 2 +-9)*(18) — 182-2(24 +9) -22 _ 18(2+9)[(2? +9) — 427] _ 18(9 — 32°) Gre) aaa ea = e+ VINE V8) gcc vi (a? +9)° so f is CU on (—V3. V3) and CD on (—c0, ~V/3) and (V3, 00), ‘There are two infection points: (+V3, 4) Wy = fla) =F A. D={w| #40} = (—00,0)U(0,00)_B. No ysintercept: e-intercept: f(x) =0 2=1 C.Nosymmetry D. lim 5 ars = , 2 =1)-22 , E. f(z) oF ee .80 f'(z)>0 4 O 2 Thus. f is increasing on (0,2) and HL decreasing on (~o0, 0) and (2,00). F, No local minimum, local maximum value f(2) G fay Cu=bG-a 3x eee we-8) J"(z) is negative on (—o0,0) and (0,3) and positive on (3,00). so f is CD on (~s0, 0) and (0,3) and CU on (3,00). IP at (3, 2) 16. y = f(x) = A. D={z|z#0} = (—00,0)U(0,00) B. No y-intercept; x-intervepts: f(z) =0 a w= 42 C f(x) = f(x). 0 f is even: the curve is symmetric about the y-axis, De tin FSH = O.soy = Ois HA. tim 00. $0.2 = Ois a VA. 2x ~ (a? — 2)(42*) _ —228 (2? 4) —2(e 4 2)(2 - Efe) = Pete = Bt") _ ash ps? _ = 2f0*— 6) _ 26+ 2)(2 2) y = @ Fo J°(@) is negative on (—2,0) and (2.00) and positive on (00, ~2) and (0.2). s0 f is decreasing on (~2,0) and (2,00) and increasing on (—o0, —2) and (0,2). F, Local maximum value f(¢2) = 2, no local minimum.316 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION f ) + 2(2? - 4) 5% (2°)? 2a! 7 + (2? ~4)) _ 2(3n? ~ 20) ~ Pa Gf" 1° (e)isposiiveon (~00,-/) and (/%. 0) an epi on (Bo) ana (0. (3). 4 sCu 0 (<0, —\/) a (ix) ansco on (~/.0) ma (0. YF) IPat (4V2. 3h) © (42.5820,0.105) a Prd y= fo) AL D=R_B. yintercept: (0) = ome -imercepts: ae P48 is fle) =0 < 2=0 C. f(—x) = f(2).s0 f iseven; the graph is symmetric about the y-axis, D. lim ot, B43 a a "wa a fe) >0 & 2>Oand f(z) <0 & 2< 0,50 f isdecreasing @ +3 = 1.soy =1isaHA. NoVA. E. Using the Reciprocal Rule, f(z) ‘on (00,0) and increasing on (0,00). F. Local minimum value f(0) = 0. no local maximum, (a? +3)? 6 — 6x - 2(x? +3) 20 - (+377 _ G(x? +3) [(c? +3) - 42? ~ Gra 6(3 = 32") _ —18(@ + 12-1) “array (e+3p G. f"(a) f(a) is negative on (~00, =1) and (1, 00) and positive on (1,1). 80 f is CD on (—00, —1) and (1,00) and CU on (-1,1). IP at (1, $) g-1 y=se)= Sap A D=teleé 00,1) U(-I,o0)B, a-intercept = 1 tig = Ae TF 1/8 vept = f(0) =~ fo symi lim = Lsoy=lisaHA. intercept = f(0) = —1 C. Nosymmetry D. lis ST v Bo1 -1 m =ooand lim, + = -o0,so2 = ~1isa VA. alm ae = ne I eT (2® +1) (82?) = (x? - 1) (32) _ _ 6? (+1? © (+i? E. fe) = > 0(z £ —1) 0 J is increasing on (0, ~1) and (—1,00).F. Noextreme valuesSECTION 45 SUMMARY OF CURVE SKETCHING 317 ny _ 12e(2* +1)? — 62? - 2(0* + 1) - 30? G. u +1 >0 & r<-lord 0} = (—o0,5] B. y-intercept: f(0) = 0: eimercepts: f(r) =0 > z= 0.5 C.Nosymmetry D. No asymptote EL f'(e) =a 3(5—a)-'? (-1) + (5-2)? -1 = 45 — 2)? [-2 +5 - 2) = 2 < #0 f is increasing on (co, 12) and decreasing on (42,5). F, Local maximum value f (32) = 32 V15 ~ 4.3; no local minimum iH. yy (2048) —2)!(-3) — (10 — 32) -2(3)(5—2)-/(— G. pie) = = B*C8) ~ (10 = 89) 263) (52) 1) (2v5-2) 7 — = 2)-'?[-6(5 — x) + (10 - 32) _ _3—20 ~ 4(5 — 2) © 4623? J"(2) < Ofor < 5.50 f is CD on (—00,5). No IP y= f(2)=2Ve@—z A. D=(0,00) B, y-intercept: f(0) = 0: a-imercepts: f(z) =0 2Ve=2 = de=a? > de—a?=0 > x(4-2)=0 + 2=0.4 C. Nosymmeny D. Nosymptote E, f'(2) = ve negative for x > 1, so f is inereasing on (0,1) and decreasing on (1,00). He 1 (1 = V2). This is positive for <1 and F. Local maximum value f(1) = 1. no local minimum, 6. fe) = (2-1)! 50 f is CDon (0, 90). No IP 5 <0fore > 0, y= f(a) =VaF1—x A. D=R_ B, Noxintercept. y-intercept = 1 C. No symmetry D. 1 (VFI ~ 2) = oo and lim (Va741 ~ 2) = lim (Ve eI—2) VET +e a oy (PFT 2) = Jim, (VET 2) Se = Jin318 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION =OisaHA. E. f'(2)=—& = 2ovettl soysees $= a vert > J'(a) < 0,0 f is decreasing on R. F. Noextreme values G s"@=—4 a7 > 0.50 fis CU onR. No IP +p? By= fla) = Va]@-F) A. D={2| 2/(x-5)>0} ©. Nosymmetry D. tim |= = = sor =sieava, £s'@)=1/ ala (20,0) and (5,00). F No extreme values G. f(x) = §[e(@ —5)°] °" (w — 5)?*(4e — 5) > Oforr > 5, and J"(a) <0 forx <0, $0 f is CU on (5,00) and CD on (—00,0). NoIP -3/2 By =f(e)=2/VFFI A. D=R_ B. yimtercept: f(0) = 0;2-intercepts: f(z) =0 = 2=0 ©. f(-2) = =f (2), s0 f is odd: the graph is symmetric about the origin. D. tim f(z) = lim —2— = tim 2/2 tt = tim —4 so00 ete Jats 22 Vert ije = Vert ifvet em 1+ 1] 1 “ Vr+0 and lim J) = of m= tim 2 = im i sate VeaT ettee Vat elf =~ Vat 1 /(—Va?) te rept soy = +1 are HA. No VA. 20. VeFl-2 Sp 2 * PIVAE Ss ee 1 Lp) = gp EEL“ ENE _ 1, > O for all. so fis increasing on R. Br@ (+P (+i? @ +1) F, No extreme values H G. f"(@) = 3 (0? +1)? ae = so f(z) > 0 for ~3e erp x 0. Thus. f is CU on (—90,00) and CD on (0,00). IP at (0,0)SECTION 45 SUMMARY OF CURVE SKETCHING © 319 28. y= f(z) =cv2—a? A, D=[-v2.v2]_ B. y-intercept: f(0) = 0: 2-intervepts: f(x) =0 => = 0,4V2, C. f(-2) = —f(x). so f is odd: the graph is symmetric about the origin. D, No asymptote 2U+ BL = 2). (4) is negative for BL@= vine ~V¥ <2 < Land 1 0 for V3 < x < Oand f"(2) < Ofor0 <2 < V3 Thus. f is CU on (— V2.0) and CD on (0. v2). The only IP is (0,0). B y= fle) =Vi=w/e A. p={e lel < tee o} = [=1,0)U(0.1] B. z-intercepts £1, no y-imtercept C. f(x) = =F (@). so the curve is symmetric about (0,0). D. VT z sor= isaVA. E. f'(«) = and (0,1). F. No extreme values << Y¥.s0fisCU on (1,8) an (0,,/3) an CD on (V0) (Eom (eye) 2%. y = f(x) =2/Va®—T A. D=(-o0,-1)U(1.00) _B. Nointercepts C. S(-a) = -f(2). so f is odd; G s"(2) 2 Hn) = * Yea EL fi =a pa320 CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION fon (—00,—1) and (1,00). F. No extreme values: Br G. $"(@) = (9) (2? 1)" 22 = F"(a) <00n (90, ~1) and f"() > on (1,00). 80 f is CD on (00. =1) and CU on (1.00). No IP 3e¥® A, D=R B. y-intercept: f(0) = 0: -intercepts: f(x) =0 = c= 30? = Te > ¢8-Wr=0 + a(e?—27)=0 5 £=0.43V3 C. f(z) =—f(2).50 f is odd: 2/8 the graph is symmetric about the origin. D. Noasymptote E. f'(z) =1-a-¥/8 = a ai f'(c) > Owhen fz| > Land f(x) 0 when x > 0, s0 f is CD on (—00,00) and CU on (0, 90). Pat (0,0) By = f(x) = 29 — 50/8 = 27/(n— 5) A. D=R_ B. a-intercepts 0. 5; y-intercept OC, No symmetry D. lim «?/(¢ — 5) = 00. so there is no asymptote ae 52/3 _ 10 EL f(z) > 2.50 f isincreasing on (~00,0). (2,00) and decreasing on (0,2) V9 = Bee —2) >0 & 2<0or F. Local maximum value f(0) = 0, local minimum value f(2) = —3 V4 G. f"(a) = Ba + Wet = Be %e41)>0 & p> 1,0 f is CU on (1,0) and (0,00), CD on (—00, =I). Pat (-1,-6) 20. y= fla) = 0+ Vial A. D=R_B. einteroepts 0. 1: y-intercept OC, No symmetry D. sim (e+ a) = 00, tim (2+ [a]) = -o0. No asymptote, Fors > 0. f(z) satyt = F(a) = 1+ gig > 0.90 fimeeases on (0.00) Fore <0.fla)=2+V=@ = se)=1-5 F. Local maximum value f(—1) = local minimum value f(0) = 0 G. Forz>0.f"(e) =}? > f"(e) < 0.50 fF isCDon (0.00). Forz <0. f"(z) =—}(-2)-7? > f"(x) < 0.80 fis Don (00,0). NoIPSECTION4S SUMMARY OF CURVE SKETCHING © 321 Wy = fle) = W(x? -1)? = (@? - 1)? A. D=R_B. x-imercepts +1. y-imtercept 1 C. f(—2) = f(z). 80 the curve is symmetric about the y-axis. Ds _ linn (2? — 1)?/* = 00. no asymptote E. f'(2) = $(2?-1- > fi(g)>0 @ 2>1or-l0 © |el>v3 80 f is CU on (~00, ~ VB). (¥/3.00) and CD on (~-V3,-1). (-1,1).(1, v3). IPs at (+V3. ¥4) values f(—1) | local maximum value f (0) G. f"(x) 31. y= f(a) = Bsine—sin’z A, D=R_ B, yintervept: f(0) = 0: 2-intercepts: f(z) =0 > Pa0 4 cosz>0 xe (2nn— ¥.2nx + §) foreach imegern. and f'(z) <0 cose <0 2 (2nm + 5, 2nm + %) for each integer n, Thus, f is increasing on (2nx — 3, 2nx + 3) for each integer n.and f is decreasing on (2nx + ¥,2nn + 82) for each integer n Ff has local maximum values f(2nn + 5 and local minimum values f(2nm + 3 G. f"(x) = —9sinxcos" z = ~9sinx (1 — sin? 2) = —9sinz(1—sinz)(I+sinz). f"(2) <0 @ sinz >Oandsing £41 ¢> 2 € (2nm.2nn +3) U (2nm + £.2nn +) for some integer n. I"@)>0 & sine = nm (a-intercepts). y-intercept = f(0)=0 C. f(—2) (2). so the curve is symmetric about (0,0). Also periodic with period 27 D. lim (sina — tanz) = eote/2)~ lim, (sin 2 — tan) = 00, 0.2 = n+ $ are VA322 © CHAPTER APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION Ef domain, that is. on ((2n ~ 1) $,(2n+1)3). FB. Noextreme values cosir — sec? & < 0. $0 f decreases on each interval in its G. f"(e) = sing ~2 sec? xtanx = —sin (1+ 2sec® x). Note that 1+ 2sec! e O since sec? x # —4. f"(x) > Ofor-Z <2<0 and 8§ <2 < 2n,s0 f is CU on ((n— }) m,n) and CD on (nr, (n+ 4). J has IPs at (r2,0). Note also that f”(0) = 0. but f@)=2 33. y = f(a) =ztang.-30 O Ofor —F V2and f(z) >0 4 [sec] < V2, s0 f is decreasing on )F Local maximum . increasing on (—. ).and decreasing again on ( value f() = ¥ ~ Local minimum value f( E41 H G. f"(@) = —2seex seer tan x = —2tan sec? x = —2tanx(tan?x +1) sofl(z)>0 @ tane<0 @& -F0 4 00 8) and (2F.3m) and decreasing cos 0 & O Owhencosz < O since sine +1 > 0 forall x. Soy’ > Oand fis increasing on ((4n + 1), (4n-+3)5): y! y! = ~2eos2r + 2sinz = -2(1—2sin?x) + 2sine = Asin? 2 +2sine 2(2sinz — 1)(sine +1) y"=0 @& sing=Jor-1 2=242nn. 8 + 2nnor 35 + 2nm. 9!" > Oand f is CU on (F + 2nx, 8 4 2nm): uy" 0 + cose <2 32), (2F,) and decreasing on (—28, 22) nc <8 oH <2 0 & sine <0 & (2-1) O fora excep oud multiples of m, so f is increasing on ((2k — 1)x, (2k + 1)n) for each integer &. F. No extreme values G. S'@)= Tran ?? > sne>0 > a € (2km, (2k-+1)m) and f"(z) 0 6 cose <0 4 F< a< $.s0 fisCUon (5, %) and CD on (0, 2) and (3£,2n). Wat (7,0). (32,0) M1. y=1/(L+e*) A. D=R_B, Nox-intercept: y-intercept = f(0) = J.C. No symmetry D. fim 1/(1+6"*) = Land lim 1/(1+e~*) = O(since lim _e~ 00), so f has horizontal asymptotes y= Oand y= 1. B. f'(2) = (14 e*) 3(-e% —*)?. This is positive for all x. s0 f is increasing on R. F. No extreme values = (eo)? (20) = #(2)(1 4 4) (-e*) & (1+e-*)F ‘The second factor in the numerator is negative for 2 > 0 and positive for © < 0, and the other factors are always positive, so f is CU on (—o0, 0) and CD on (0,00). f has an inflection point at (0. 3) eae Ady = f(x) ce-intercepts: f(z) =0 = e%* A. D=R_ B. y-intercept: f(0) > f=1 + e=0. © Nosymmetry D. ime? 0,s0.y = Ois a HA. No VA. E. f(x) = 2e* — e* = €(2e" 1), 90 f(a) >0 @& oF > ° F>Ing=—In2and f(z) <0 & e <1 @ 20 >} @ c>intands%(e)<0 & rend te Thus, f is CD on (—o0, In 1) and CU on (1 0). f has an IP at (In §, (4)?eee IGG 326 9 CHAPTER4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 43. y=f(e)=7Inz A. D=(0,00) B. ximerceptwhenInz =O < x =1,noyintercept C. Nosymmetry D. lim zrlne = oo, igs = Jon © li, Yes = ig, O29 = 0 asymptote. E. f’(z) =Inz+1=OwhenIng=-1 @ = f'(z)>0 @ Ime>-1 @ 2>e? +50 f is increasing on (1/e,00) and decreasing on (0, 1/e). Fe f(1/e) = —1/e is an absolute ‘and local minimum value, G. f" (#) = 1/z > 0.s0 f is CU on (0, co). No IP 48. y = fle) =e%/2 A. D={x|240} B. Nointercept C. Nosymmetry D. lim = # tim 5 =0.soy=OisaHA. lim © =o. lim = -o0,sor =Oisa VA. z subt @ ano 20 & (e-1e>0 & 2>1 so f is increasing on (1.00). and decreasing on (—-o0.0) and (0.1) F. f(1) =e isa local minimum value. (vet) — 2a(ae* —e*) _ e* (a? ~ 22 +2) = x > Osince x — 2x +2 > 0 forall x, So f is CU on (0,00) and CD >0 Gf") ‘on (—00,0). No IP. 45. y= fle) =2e% A. D=R_ Bz Intercepts are 0 C. No symmetry D. tim ze? = Jim © # tim + =0,soy=0isaHA. lim_ze~* = -00 EB. f'(z)= “*(1-a)>0 a < 1.0 f is increasing on (—o0. 1) and decreasing on (1, 00) F. Absolute and local maximum value f(1) = 1/e G. fle) 2,50 f is CU on (2,00) and CD on (—00,2). IP at (2.2/¢") 46. y= f(x) = n(x? ~ 30 +2) =In[(e— 1)(e—2)} +2.>0} = (00,1) U (2.00). 2 @8r+1=0 & B. y-intercept: /(0) =In2: a-intercepts: f(z) =0 «2? — 30+ 2= 00. soz = Land VB, px0,38,.262 C. Nosymmetry D. lim f(z) = Jim, fle) Be 3 _ P82), p(n) < O for < Land f(z) > 0 p=2ae VAs NOHA. Ef") = 33255 = G-e=DSECTION 4S SUMMARY OF CURVE SKETCHING C327 for © > 2. Thus, f is decreasing on (~o0, 1) and increasing on (2.00). F. No extreme values ‘8x +2)-2—(2r ~ 3)? (3a 42 _ 20? ~ 6x +4— 42" + 120~9 ~ (3242 =2r? + 60-5 P3042) G s(x) ‘The numerator is negative for all « and the denominator is positive. $0 f"(z) < 0 for all x in the domain of f. Thus. f is CD on (00, 1) and (2, 00) . No IP 47. y = f(x) = (sine) A. D= {xinR|sinz > 0} (nx. (2n+1) m) U(-4a, ~3n) U (-2n, —) U (0,2) U (2,30) U B. No y-intercept; 2-intercepts: f(z) =0 In(sinc)=0 sinz nm + ¥ for each integer n. C. f is periodic with period 2x. D. lim | f(z)=-ocand lim f(z) satan) eon) ” the lines x = mm are VAs for all integers n. E. f'( = cot, so f'(2) > 0 when nx <2 < Inn +E foreach meyer n.and f'(z) <0 when 2nx + § <2 < (2n-+ 1)n. Thus, fis increasing on (2am, 2nx +) and ‘decreasing on (2nz + $,(2n + 1}m) for each imegerm. F. Local maximum values f (2nm + minimum. G. f"(x) = #(lnz)? A. D= (0.00) B. a-intercept = 1.no y-intercept C. No symmetry ian 2(In2)* = oo, tim, x(Inz)? = tim, WM2)" # jig, 20n2)UW/z) _ 5, Zine D- teg ana)? = oo. lig, a(n)? = Hig, SE tg, OSC) i, =z litm, 27 = 0.no asymptote E. f’(2) = (In-z)? + 2inz = (In:z)(Inz +2) = 0 when Ing =0 © = Landwhen Ing =—2 ¢ =e"? f'(z)>0when0 <2 L.so Fis increasing on (0,e°*) and (1,00) and decreasing on (e~2. 1)—————————_—_ one re DT 328 CCHAPTERA APLICATIONS OF DFERENTIATION F. Local maximum value f (e~*) = 4e~?, local minimum value {(1) = 0 rome 2(In.2)(1/2) + 2/2 = (2/x)(Inz +1) =0 when Ing =—1 et f(a) >0 & > 1/e,s0 f is CU on (1/e, 20). CD on (0. 1/e). IP at (1/e. 1/e) about the origin. D. lim. ze~* lim 0.s0y = 0isa artoo Qre™ EU ut EB. f'(@)= 4 || < Jp. s0 f is increasing on (dyed) and desreasing on (00.~dJp) ant ($5.00) F Lol asin ala ff) = 14/6. a minimum value 5(-%) =-1W%e G. f" we a> VFor-ye 0 0. y= fe —3e-® <4 A. D=R_B. y-intercept = D. jim (e* — 3e~* = 4z) = lim =( ) = co.sinee Jim © 8 tim © =o Similarly. im. (e" ~ Se™* — Az) = ~00. No HA: n0 VA (e? 3) -1)>0 & e >Bore* <1 & E. fi(a) = 68 +307 —4 = 0-8 (e* = de" +3) > InSora <0. So f is increasing on (—90, 0) and (In3,00) and iH. 7 decreasing on (0,ln3). -F Local maximum value {(0) = local minimum value f(In 3) = 2~ 4 in3 7 r G. f"(e) 2 > }m3, 0 f is CU on (3 In3,c0) and CD on (20, 3 1n3). Pat (}1n3,—21n3).SECTION 45 SUMMARY OF CURVE SKETCHING 329 BL. y=f(z)=e +e A. D=R B. yinercept= (0) H no x-intercept C. No symmetry D. No asymptotes E. f'(x) = 3e** — 2e-**,s0 f'(2) >0 & Se"? > 2e°™* [multiply by e*] «> e >2 4 5z>In3 local 0.2) > Ein} ~ 0.081. Similarly. f'(e) <0 2< find {fis decreasing on (—co. + In 2) and increasing on (In 3,00) 3)? x 1.96: no local maximum. F, Local minimum value /(3n 3) = (3)°/° + ( 9e5* + dem? so f'"(x) > 0 forall x, and f is CU on (—c0, 00). No IP G. f(a) ww" (55) A. D={e|z#-1} B. x-intercept = 1. y-intercept = f(0) = tan~!(—1) a(@a1) _ tip ton*(F54) = imo (Fy) C. No symmetry lim, tan’ " 1 (e+1)~(z-)) i 1+(@-V/(e+P (@+1F 2 1 ~@rip+e@-ip wei”? so f is increasing on (00, ~1) and (1,00). F. No extreme values i” 22 / (2? +1)? >0 2 <0.s0 fis CU on (—20, -1) and (1,0). and CD on (0, 00). Pat (0. Woy. WL ya =-s yr = ape? (a? - 2 +L? y aad Ber na pagy® (2? La + 1?) sae - L)? = *(e > aa Ma (2 - Ly a] i where ¢ ” ‘negative constant and 0 < zr < L. We sketch ET 8 * negative constant and 0 < x < L, We skete Sle) = e2*(x — L? fore = ~1. (0) = f(t) =0. f(x) = cx?[2(w — L)] + (x ~ L)?(2ex) 2ea(e 1) (e+ (e- L) 2ex(x ~ L)(22 — L). So for O0 & a(e—L)(2e-L) 7 — Sbe VIE? _ 1 11. and these are the coordinates of the two inetion points +. where k > Oand 0 O and F is increasing. (@-2) lim, F(2) = -o0and lim F(z) = o0, 0.2 = O and x = 2 are veical asymptotes. Notice that when the middle particle is at a = 1, the net force acting on it is 0. When ze > 1. the net force is positive, meaning that it acts to the right. And if the particle approaches x = 2. the force on it rapidly becomes very large. When x < 1. the net force is negative, so it acts to the left. IF the particle approaches 0 the force becomes very large tothe left v e+ife 41 ete atl sel 2 2 A 2 a4 z = f(z) - and. fore #0) 0 Thus, y = f(a) = SEP = 2-1 5 ams Fl Sy lore #0) asx — 00. So the line y = 2 ~ 1 isa slant asymptote (SA) oa? 96 y= EAP EEES. Lop isin gives vs 2-8 - a? 422|\2e°+ a+ r+3 20° + 4a” — 30° + 2 — 32? 6 Te+3 ata? +r+3 Te+3 ws am te tet8 9,34 Wd = (2r-3)= Thus. y= f(a) = EES = oe 3 + SE and fla) ~ (22-3) = 5 [for 2 #0] + Oas x — too, So the line y = 2r —3isa SA,SECTION 45 SUMMARY OF CURVE SKETCHING 331 4° — 207 +5 Sep EP Lone division gives us: 5D. y= 20 2? +2 - 3] 425 — 22 +5 4a + 20? - 62 ~ 42? +6245 = 4c? ~ 20 +6 8r-1 den 2e +8 op ay and Thus. y= (0) = Saree 8 Re +e—3 Stat 2 fore £0) 0.8.2 -+ 00. So the line y = 2x ~ 2is Brea" >, 7S (2r-2)= aSA, Long division gives us 8-2? +2[bat 5a - 52° +10r 6x? — 92 ~ 10 ate f(z) — (6 +5) 2-2 (fore £0) + 0a52— too. Sotheline y = Sx +5 isaSA. 22? + 5a — SB y= f(a) = SE tae ta. D={eeR| 248) = (-00,4)U (400) +vit B. y-intercept: J(0) = 1:-imercepts: f(z) =0 > -222+52-1=0 > 2 © 0,22,2.28. C. Nosymmetry D. ii (z) = —ocoand = Ii (z) = c0.sox =} lim, f@) lim, , fe) p= bisaVA |. so the line y = —2 + Disa SA. lip [f(@) ~(-2 + 2)] = tim382 CQ CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION EB. f(a) 2 1 ~ Bea? < Mfore #4 0 fis decreasing ‘on (00. }) and (4,00). F. Noextreme values Gs) = 222-1)? => F"(2) = —2(—2)(2x — 1)7$(2) = <80 f"(a) > 0 when (Q2—1)° & > } and f(z) <0 when x < 4. Thus. f isCU on (3.00) and CD on (—00, $). NoIP 60. y = f(x 2 EAP capa A. D= {2 €R|z¢2} = (-00,2)U(2,00) B, y-imtercept: /(0) arimtercepts. C. Nosymmetry D. lim fi ~seand im, f(e) =o. sor =2isaVA. lim (f(x) - (2 +2)] = lim, os =0. so the line y = + 2 is a slant asymptote. E. f(z)=1-—* (2) > Owhen « < —2orx > Gand 2) S'(a) < Owhen 2 < x < 2or2 Ofor (@- 2 >and f(x) <0 forz <2. f is CU on (2,00) and CD on (—o0, 2). NoIP 61. y= fle) = (22 +4)/e= 2442 A. D= {| 240} = (—00,0)U (0,00) B. No intercept ©. f(-2) = =f(e) symmetry about the origin D. lim (x + 4/2) = 00 but f(x) — x = 4/x + Oas 2+ boo. soy = isastant asymptote. lim, (x +4/x) = o0 and lim (2 + 4/2) = ~00, 02 =0 isa VA, E. f(z) = 1-4/2? >0 ee 27 >4 > 2ore <-2,s0 f is increasing on (co, ~2) and (2.00) and decreasing on (~2,0) and (0. 2). F, Local maximum value f(~2) = —4, local minimum value f(2) = 4 G. f"(2) = 8/2 >0 4 > 0.0 f isCU on (0,00) and CD ‘on (—00,0). No IP