Canadian History - The Beginning of the 20th Century Canadian Autonomy (1867-1914) Canada was still officially a British

colony. Although the Canadian government made most internal decisions it could be overruled by Britain at any time. Furthermore, Britain made most of Canadas foreign policy (international relations) decisions. All of this would slowly change during the 20th century. International Relations (1867-1914) 1867 - Confederation - Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick (until now British colonies) join to become Canada, partly out of fear of American annexation (Manifest Destiny) and partly for economic reasons. By 1912 - All the provinces in existence today except Newfoundland had joined. Canada wanted to keep positive relations with Britain and the U.S. while increasing its independence. After some disagreements with the U.S. (ex. Alaska Boundary dispute) Canada signed a Free trade deal with the U.S. and began a journey of closer relations to the U.S. while distancing itself from Britain. French-English Relations (1867-1914) Confederation (1867) - The French joined with English Canada not to form a unified nation but to protect their own culture from American Influence. The French believed that Canada would be founded equally on French and English cultures (shared power). Problems quickly arose: 1885 - Riel Rebellion - Metis leader, Louis Riel is hanged for treason. French see him as a hero trying to protect French Culture 1890 - Manitoba renounces bilingualism ---> English only in government and courts 1899 - Boer War - England asks for help in this African war. French: Not a man, not a cent. English: Support the throne. This set the stage for a century of disagreements between the English and the French. The French always felt that their way of life was under attack and would eventually disappear if they didnt fight for it. Social Changes/ Immigration (1867-1914) Social Changes include womens roles, the development of Social Programs (ex. welfare) and our attitudes towards other cultures. At the end of the 19th century Canadians attitudes towards these issues were very different from today. Women could not vote, were mens property, were restricted from some jobs (ex. doctors), not treated equally under the law few women worked outside of the home/ farm start of the women's movement to try to fix the above starts in late 1800s Less Fortunate People (Social issues) Because lots of people started moving from farms to the cities in this time period poverty in the cities became a growing problem. There was little set up to deal with unemployed or underpaid workers. no welfare, no unemployment insurance, no old age pension, no minimum wage laws, poor are left to suffer except for churches and charities, social movements teaching that its everyone's duty to help less fortunate start up Immigration and Multiculturalism (1867 - 1914) In the late 1800s and early 1900s most of Europe and its colonies had very ethnocentric attitudes. Many whites believed their race superior and Canadas policies reflected these attitudes (see Settling the West assignment for more information) The Economy During the 20th century Canadas economy would change dramatically. In the late 1800s four out of five Canadians lived in rural communities. By 1920, 50% lived in cities. This percentage has increased steadily during the 20th century. At the turn of the century most Canadians were either farmers or involved in resource extraction. As the century continued, the economy became more modern and global. An increasing number of people worked in factories and offices. Moreover, Canada became increasingly dependent on trading with other nations, especially the U.S. and later in the century Asia.

CANADAS ROLE IN WW I
Prescribed Learning Outcomes It is expected that students will assess Canadas role in World War I and the wars impact on Canada Achievement Indicators Describe Canadas military participation in WWI (e.g.,Somme, Passchendaele, Vimy Ridge, Ypres, 100 Day Campaign) relate Canadas war losses to the nature of warfare (e.g.,attrition, trench warfare, submarines) explain the wars impact on the home front (e.g.,enemy aliens, conscription, Halifax explosion,

M A I

I. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I A Militarism The massive build up of armaments (tanks, guns) GB had largest navy Germany started to build its navy to compete which irritated GB creating an arms race Germany was competing with France and Russia to build largest army B Alliances A group of countries united for the purpose of military protection By the early 1900s there were two alliances established: Triple Alliance (Central Powers): Germany, Austria Hungary and Italy Triple Entente (Allied Powers): Great Britain, Russia and France C Imperialism Extending the rule of authority of one country over other countries. In the early 1900s the major European powers (Germany, France, Great Britain (GB), AustriaHungary (AH) and Russia) all had various desires to control different parts of Europe and the Globe Russia on collision course with AH in the Balkans Germany on collision course with GB and France in Africa D Nationalism Strong feeling of pride for ones country or the desire to form a country as an ethnic group In the Balkans, a number of ethnic groups wanted independence Russian, AH and Serbia also wanted to control the Balkans This was called the powder keg of Europe BEGINNING OF THE WAR
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Assassination On June 28th 1914, Archduke Ferdinand, the heir to the Austiran throne, was killed by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist. Blank Cheque Germany guarantees its support to AH no matter what War Begins - AH issues ultimatum to Serbia which agrees to most terms but AH declares war on Serbia anyways on July 28, 1914 Russia Mobilizes - Russia starts mobilizing its forces against AH because it wants the Balkans Germany Declares War on Russia - Germany demands that Russia demobilize. They dont so Germany declares war. France Supported Russia by telling them it would declare war on Germany Germany Declares War on France because they wouldnt stop mobilizing. Schlieffen Plan Germany invades France though Belgium with all of its might trying to end the war on the Western front quickly (6 weeks) so it could then turn its attention to Russia in the east. Britain Declares War on Germany Because GB had guaranteed the neutrality of Belgium they declare war on Germany.

II. CANADA GOES TO WAR As soon as Britain declared war on Germany, Canada was automatically at war because we were part of the British Empire There was widespread support for war in Canada at the start of war. Feelings of patriotism, excitement and adventure people thought it would be a short war home by Christmas. 33000 volunteered to fight. Sam Hughes (Minister of Militia and Defense) set up training camp at Valcartier Quebec which got soldiers to Europe in a hurry.

III WAR IN EUROPE A Stalemate and Trench Warfare Germans attacked through Belgium and into France but were stopped by French and British (including Canadians). Neither side could advance = stalemate Both sides dug into trenches and attacked periodically by going over the top into no mans land toward the other opposing trenches Particularly because of the machine gun this tactic did not work well and very little progress was made by either side for the next three years = stalemate Conditions in the trenches were awful wet, cold, rats, lice, dangerous B The Changing Face of War New Types of Fighting Battles of Attrition (grinding down) rather than trying to win a decisive victory the two sides are trying to grind each other down (bleed the enemy white). You could also think of the whole war as one of attrition Total War when all resources of a country are organized to win the war A new concept in the 20th century -massive materials needed, money through victory bonds and income tax, women in factories, New Technology Tanks Not used until 1916 (Somme) but became increasingly effective and ultimately proved to be one of the reasons for allied victory Poison Gas First used by Germans at Ypres nasty but not a major factor in the war Machine Guns Hugely important responsible for most deaths during the war Submarines Germans used these very effectively until 1917 to destroy GB merchant ships trying to starve GB into submission Airplanes not a big impact used for scouting and dogfights C. Land Battles a. Ypres, April 1915 Germans attacked allies with poison gas First taste of trench warfare for Canadian troops 6000 Canadians killed Somme, July 1916 Huge Allied attack which failed 20000 + Canadians killed 90% casualty rate in Newfoundland regiment 1.25 million casualties in total das Blutbad 23 Canadians shot at dawn c. Vimy Ridge, April 1917 Captured successfully by Canadians alone even though French and British had failed Extremely well planned and executed Turning point in the war first decisive victory Became a symbol for Canadian independence and nationhood Canadian troops recognized as some of the best on the western front Resulted in the Canadian corps being led by a Canadian, General Arthur Currie, rather than a British general we ran our own show after that d. Passchendale, October 1917 A muddy nightmare Canadians ordered to attack despite protests from General Currie
b.

They attacked and took Passchendale but 16000 died (4 out of 5) for only 7 km of mud that the Germans soon won back

e. The Hundred Days By early 1918 Russia had made peace leaving Germany with just the Western front to worry about The US had entered the war in 1917 but still needed time to train Germans tried one last massive offensive and by summer of 1918 made it within 75 km of Paris However, they had overextended themselves. In the next 100 day, with Canadians playing a huge part, the allies drove them back until they surrendered D. War in the Air a number of Canadians flew planes for the British Air Force Germans had the upper hand in the air because they had more planes Duals between pilots in the air were called dogfights Billy Bishop was a famous Canadian pilot who shot down 72 planes and was awarded the Victoria cross E. War at Sea Germany was using U-boats (submarines) to disrupt British shipping. The Allies developed a convoy system (a large number of boats sailing together to protect each other from attack) which helped. Canadians contributed to this with war ships and with its merchant marines (in charge of ferrying the supplies to Britain) keeping a steady flow of goods flowing from North America to Britain which was essential to win the war. IV THE WAR AT HOME A. Canadas Economy during the War and Paying for the war Topic Sentence sample: World War I positively affected Canadas economy in the short term but it created significant debt. By 1916 the economy was booming because Canada was supplying munitions, wheat, airplane parts and submarines for the war By 1916 there were labour shortages and there was virtually no unemployment Sam Hughes (Minister of Militia and Defense) in charge of Canadas armament industry Gave lots of contracts for weapons to his friends who were profiteers people more interested in making money than making quality products. Ex. Cardboard soled shoes Hughes fired in 1916 Because of new weapons, the length of the war and the large Canadian contribution, the govt needed money which it raised through: o Victory bonds bought by Canadians to be repaid after war with interest o Taxes- introduced income tax as a temporary measure on the wealthy (3%) and a profit tax (4%)on businesses o Late in the war borrowing money from the US The war cost so much that after it ended the Canadian government was spending more on paying off war debts and soldiers pensions than had been its entire budget before the war. This meant that income and other taxes were here to stay. Significance: (you need to make inferences for this) Because this modern war required huge sums of money to fight, it helped change the relationship between the Can. Govt and Canadians after the war the govt need to find more ways to get money from Canadians to pay for the war. B. War Measures Act Passed in 1914

Gave govt power to do everything necessary for the security, defence, peace, order and welfare of Canada. Govt could control the economy and censor the mail Could arrest people without laying charges Recent immigrants from Germany and AH (enemy aliens) were treated harshly had to carry special ID cards and report to registration officers. 8579 were held in isolation in internment camps Significance:

C. The Halifax Explosion, 1917 A French munitions ship collided with another ship and blew up in Halifax harbor Over 2000 people were killed and many left homeless Significance: D. Rationing During the war food and fuel became scarce and prices soared because so much was being exported to Europe Honour rationing people limited themselves to 1.5 lbs of butter and 2 lbs of sugar/ month Mandatory waste reduction was introduced Significance E. Propaganda Propaganda is any strategy to persuade people to believe something or act a certain way it often distorts the truth or is very one sided Significance: F. Conscription Crisis By 1917 voluntary enlistments were not keeping up with casualties (see graph on page 40 in counterpoints) PM Robert Borden called for conscription mandatory military service for men aged 20 35 Most of English Canada supported him while most of Quebec was against him Many Quebeckers were feeling not feeling patriotic since they felt little connection to either France or Britain and they felt that they were not being treated equally within Canada There was also the feeling that Canada had done enough, that we needed our men at home to produce for the war Borden called an election on the conscription issue but first he passed two laws one giving all men and women overseas the vote, the other giving the vote to all women directly related to servicemen He won the election (with only 3 of 65 seats in Quebec) and conscription was introduced There were major protests in Quebec Over 90% of all conscripts applied for exemptions for medical and other reasons and only 25000 conscripted soldiers actually reached France before the war ended Significance: G. Women in WW I

Hundreds of women volunteered in the war as nurses and ambulance drivers. At home many women worked in war production industries and other jobs vacated by men off at war this was a huge change because before 1914 it would have been unheard of to have women in these kinds of mens jobs.

The contribution women were making led them to organize as suffragettes (women trying to the right to vote) and by the end of the war most women over 21 had earned the right to vote in federal elections. Significance: V. LEGACY OF WAR A The Paris Peace Conferences

Canadian Autonomy

1914 WW I -Canada is automatically at war when Britain enters WW I. 1919 Paris Peace Conference - Canada gets its own seat at Paris Peace conference. 1922 Chanak Crisis British sent troops to Chanak, Turkey and Canadian PM William Lyon Mackenzie King said we would only send troops if parliament agreed first time Canada refused unconditional support for British. 1923 Halibut Treaty A treaty about fishing rights signed with the US. First treaty Canada signed totally on its own. 1926- King Byng Affair Governor General (rep of the Queen in Canada) Byng refused a request from Prime Minister King first time this happened. Led to a change in the role of the Governor General. 1926 Balfour Report recognized that Canada was autonomous within the British Empire. 1931 Statute of Westminster Put Balfour report into law. Meant that Canada was an autonomous dominion of GB. The only thing we couldnt do was amend our own constitution. 1939 WW II Canada enters WW II after a parliamentary vote a few days after Britain. Showed independence in contrast to WW I. 1965 Flag - Canada gets a new Flag after much debate Another sign of autonomy, especially because the symbol has no ties to Britain. 1982 Constitution - Canada patriates (brings home) its Constitution which includes the right to amend (change) our own constitution without the permission of Britain. Flash Cards Autonomy WW I vs. WW II entry Halibut Treaty King/ Byng Crisis Statute of Westminster Flag Patriation of the Constitution
Assignment Create an essay outline for the following question: Describe Canadas evolution as a politically autonomous nation.

CANADAS ROLE IN WW II
assess Canadas role in World War II and the wars impact on Canada describe Canadas military participation in the allied war effort (e.g., Dieppe, Italian Campaign, D-Day, Battle of the Atlantic, Hong Kong, liberation of the Netherlands, bomber command) explain the wars impact on the home front (e.g., arsenal of democracy, air training, total war, conscription, propaganda, enemy aliens)

Totalitarianism: An ideology of running a country that usually includes One leader with absolute power Other ideologies were not permitted and citizens were not allowed to disagree and were denied basic human rights Secret police used to create a sense of fear Censorship and propaganda were used to control the population The War in Europe at a Glance 1936 Germany re-occupies the Rhineland. Allies did nothing (appeasement) 1938 Germany annexes (made part of Germany) Austria Allies did nothing (more appeasement) 1398 Germany takes over the German speaking part of Czechoslovakia with the permission of the Allies but promises to leave the rest alone (more appeasement) 1939 Germany takes over the rest of Czechoslovakia. 1939 September 1st Germany invades Poland using Blitzkrieg tactics official beginning of WW II. France an Britain immediately declared war on Germany. 1940 Not much happens for six months and then the Germans take over France in 6 weeks forcing the Allies to flee from the European mainland. 1940 Battle of Britain British win after initially losing. 1941 Germany attacks the USSR (same as Soviet Union and Russia). They do really well at first but eventually get stopped and by early 1943 they surrender and the Russians start pushing back towards Germany. 1943 Allies (including Canadians) attack Italy and start pushing back the Germans. 1944 D-Day Allies gain ground on the coast of France and start pushing back the Germans. 1945 VE Day May 7 Germany surrenders. Activity: Label each of the above events as either an Allied victory or an axis victory. Canada and WW II On September 10 Canada declared war on Germany independently after debate in parliament. The Liberals under Mackenzie King promised there would be no conscription in this war. Canadas Military Participation in WW II Canadians at Hong Kong. In the Pacific Japan attacked Pearl Harbour in December of 1941 and hours later took over the British colony of Hong Kong which had 1975 Canadians protecting it. All of these soldiers were either killed or taken prisoner and held for the rest of the war in horrible conditions. Significance: First major action for Canadian troops in the war. Sent a message to Canadians at home. Battle of Britain After taking over France, in July of 1940 Hitler wanted to invade Britain First Germany bombed strategic targets in Britain and eventually they bombed London (called the Blitz)and other cities to soften up Britain for an amphibious invasion. The British manage to endure the bombing and ultimately win the battle. Some Canadians served in British Air force Significance: First time in the war that the Germans were defeated showed they were not invincible Bomber Command Britains and Canadas air force combined to fly bombing missions into Germany throughout the war targeting German war production Later in the war they also bombed German cities

 Over 10,000 Canadians were killed as part of Bomber Command Significance: Successfully disrupted German war production which made a big difference in the long run. Canadians at Dieppe, 1942 The allies were being pressured by the Soviet Union to open a second front to take pressure off the eastern front. In August of 1942 5000 Canadian soldiers landed at Dieppe and by the afternoon of that day almost 4000 had been killed, wounded or captured The attack was poorly planned and lacked the necessary air and artillery support to succeed Significance: Taught the allies some valuable lessons for the eventual invasion on D-Day The Battle of the Atlantic 1940-1944 Germans were trying to cut off supplies to Britain from North America and did so very successfully using submarines (U-Boats) until 1941. By 1941 the allies began sailing in convoys (groups of ships protected by destroyers). The Canadian Navy helped a lot by using small warships called corvettes. They also started using sonar (like underwater radar) to find the German U-boats. By 1943 the allies had won the battle of the Atlantic in large part due to Canadas contribution by the end of the war Canada had 370 ships and 100000 personal in the navy. Many Canadians also served on the merchant ships which was dangerous work. Significance: With their contribution to the Battle of the Atlantic, Canadians ensured supplies for Britain and the ultimate invasion of mainland Europe. The Italian Campaign By 1943 the allies were ready to push back the Germans from the South and they invaded Italy with Canadians playing a major role. They first took Sicily and then landed on the Italian mainland eventually pushing the Germans (who were defending Italy) further North. Significance: Was an important step towards the liberation of Europe and kept many German troops away from France making the landing there easier for the allies. D-Day (Normandy Invasion) 1944 By 1944 the Allies were ready to gain France back from the Germans. After planning for over a year they launched a huge attack using naval and aerial bombardment of the Normandy region of France eventually capturing five beaches. One of the beaches, Juno beach, was captured by the Canadians (14000 soldiers) The Canadians continued to push the Germans back through France and liberated Holland by May 1945 Significance: The Normandy Invasion was the final turning point in the war after which the Germans were in constant retreat. Canadians made a significant contribution to it although in the big picture it was minor (14,000 Canadians 1,000,000 Allied soldiers in total for this operation). Canadians at Hong Kong. In the Pacific Japan attacked Pearl Harbour in December of 1941 and hours later took over the British colony of Hong Kong which had 1975 Canadians protecting it. All of these soldiers were either killed or taken prisoner and held for the rest of the war in horrible conditions. Significance: First major action for Canadian troops in the war. Sent a message to Canadians at home. THE WAR AT HOME The Role of Women During WW II Canada created womens branches in the army and 46000 women served overseas as cooks, nurses, pilots, mechanics, radar operators and welders. At home women again worked in factories to help supply the war. They were encouraged to work through tax breaks and day care. Still they were paid less than men for doing the same jobs and expected to go back to being housewives after the war. Production (The Arsenal of Democracy) The war ended the depression because Britain needed supplies and weapons

 Because Canada was a safe place with lots of natural resources we supplied the war be creating bombs, bullets, ships, planes, amoured cars. This was a major contribution to the war effort. The government did a better job than during WW I of organizing the economy. Prices were controlled to prevent inflation by the War Time Prices and Trade Board and production for the war was controlled effectively through the War Supply Board Food was rationed (gas, coffee, tea, butter, milk, sugar and meat) Air Training Canada was perfect for pilot training because it was safe and had vast, open spaces. Over 130,000 air personnel were trained in Canada during WWII Conscription Crisis 1940 Kings govt passed the National Resources Mobilization Act (NRMA) which gave them special emergency powers to mobilize all the resources of the nation to defeat the enemy 1942 King held a plebiscite (vote on an issue) asking Canadians to release his govt from their promise not to invoke conscription. 1944 Although King had tried to avoid sending conscripts overseas, 13000 were sent but only 2000 made it to the front lines. 80% of English Canada supported conscription while over 70% of French Canadians did not. This strained French-English relations again but not as badly as during WW I Propaganda Just like in WW I the government created posters and films to convince Canadians of the importance of the war and the evil nature of the enemy. Enemy Aliens Japanese Internment After Pearl Harbour, people in Canada feared that Japanese Canadians might supply Japan with secret information or even help them invade Canada Starting in 1942 all Japanese Canadians were stripped of their rights and required to carry ID cards at all times. They were given a choice to go back to Japan or to relocate away from the West coast. 22000 Japanese Canadians were sent to internment camps, 14000 of whom were born in Canada All of their possessions were sold cheaply and the money went to pay for storage and handling charges. After the war they were released from the camps. In 1988 the federal govt apologized and gave $21,000 to each survivor. Other Enemy Aliens and Discrimination during WW II German Canadians and Italian Canadians had to register as well and a small percentage were interned. There was significant prejudice against Jews during this time. Jewish refugees were refused entry and some Canadians refused to hire Jewish judges, lawyers, professors and teachers. Post War Effects of WW II on Canada Economic The war got Canada out of the depression .Shifted the nature of Canadas economy towards more industrial production and manufacturing. Political Canada gained an international reputation as a middle power. Our troops were recognized for their contributions. Social Blacks and aboriginal peoples contributed to the war and hence progressed in status. Women achieved greater recognition. Canada became more tolerant (less racist) and accepted more refugees. Canada experienced a baby boom and lots of new immigrants (including war brides) from Europe.

Canada and the World after WW II

United Nations (1945 present) UN created in 1945 by 50 countries to keep world peace, encourage cooperation among nations, defend human rights and help promote equality, to improve the standard of living for all nations. Structure of the UN General Assembly Deals with all UN business. Includes all member countries (192 today) and requires a 2/3 majority for important decisions. Security Council focused on world peace and has the power to force the members of the UN to carry out its decisions. Includes 5 permanent members (France, Britain, Russian Federation, China, United States) and 10 non-permanent members elected to two year terms. The permanent members have veto power (if one disagrees with something it doesnt happen). What the UN can do The United Nations has three actions that it can take in the event that a nation threatens collective global security: 1. Condemn the aggressor nation through speeches and resolutions 2. Use economic sanctions. For example, urge member nations not to trade with the aggressor 3. Respond with a military force made up of soldiers from member countries willing to participate. The Cold War (1945-1989) The ideological struggle between the two new superpowers in the bipolar world after WW II was called the cold war: The US (capitalist/ democratic) and the Soviet Union (communist/ dictatorship). It was called the cold war because the two countries never actually fought each other. Instead they used espionage, propaganda, economic and political pressures. Also they supported other countries on their side in wars (ex Vietnam). Both sides feared the other. The US worried about worldwide communist revolution while the USSR worried about encirclement by capitalist countries leading to its collapse. The US believed in the domino theory (if one country in a region falls to communism the others will too) and used containment (dont let any new countries become communist so it doesnt spread) to prevent communism from spreading. This belief developed because right after WW II the USSR established Soviet style communist governments in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia and East Germany. These countries were considered Soviet Satellite States and said to be behind the iron curtain. The US practiced containment by promising to support democratic countries, especially those threatened by communism. They also gave billions of dollars in the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe to prevent communism from advancing.

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The Gouzenko Affair In 1945 a clerk at the Soviet embassy in Ottawa provided the Canadian govt clear evidence that two Soviet spy rings were operating in Canada. This lead to the Red Scare, a massive fear of communism. Lots of people were paranoid of the Reds or Commis or Bolsheviks. The Division of Germany (1945) - After the war, Germany was divided into four zones (Soviet, French, English, American). The French, English and American zone was joined to form independent and democratic West Germany while the Soviet zone became Russian controlled Communist East Germany. The Berlin Airlift (1948) Berlin was inside the Soviet Zone and was also divided into an east and west section. The west was an island in the middle of communist East Germany and you had to travel by special roads to the get to West Germany. The Russians tried to take over all of Berlin by preventing supplies from getting in but the Allies airlifted them in for 15 months until the Russians gave in. NATO (1948) and the Warsaw Pact (1955) - The Berlin situation led the Allies to form NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). This was a defensive alliance in case of attack on any member. In response the Russians formed the Warsaw Pact with all of its Satellite States. The Arms Race - A major part of the cold war was the US and its allies (Western bloc) engaging in a nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union and its allies (Eastern bloc). Both sides were racing to develop more and better weapons and to keep up with the other. Some believed that as long as both sides had roughly equal power, MAD (mutually assured destruction) would prevent war from breaking out since it didnt make sense for anyone. The Korean War (1950-1953) The communist North invaded the democratic South of Korea in 1950 supported by Soviet built weapons. The UN sent a force to defend South Korea and 32 countries led by the US and including Canada fought to push the North Koreans back. This showed that the UN was willing to act to support world peace (unlike its predecessor, the League of Nations which idly stood by as Germany and Japan took over places). Canadian foreign minister, Lester B. Pearson wanted to stop the fighting as soon as the North Koreans were pushed back to where they started. This angered the US who pushed for gains which failed.
DEW Line (1954) In 1954, Canada and the US agreed to build a line of radar stations in the arctic to provide early warning of a possible Soviet attack. The US paid for the line and for the most part Canada administered it. DEW = Distant Early Warning

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The Suez Crisis (1956) In 1956, Egyptian President Nasser seized the Suez canal (a vital trade route) from Britain and France. Britain and France joined with Israel to attack Egypt. The Soviet Union sided with Egypt and it
started looking scary. Lester B. Pearson, then Canadas Minister of External Affairs suggested the UN send a United Nations Emergency Force to act as peacekeepers while the two sides worked out a deal. This new idea worked out so well that Lester B. Pearson became the only Canadian so far to win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957.

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NORAD The North American Aerospace Defense System Created between Canada and the US in 1957 Fighter forces, missile bases and air defense radar all controlled by a central command station built deep inside a mountain in Colorado. Always a nuclear armed plane in the air. Significance: Shows the level of fear of the nuclear war and Canadian US cooperation

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Avro Arrow (1953-1959) A supersonic long range jet to defend the Northern Hemisphere developed by a Canadian company from 1953-1959. Six planes were completed and they were the fastest plane in the world at the time but because of cost overruns and American pressure, the Canadian govt cancelled the contract and destroyed the existing planes. This was a huge controversy as it dealt a huge blow to the Canadian aerospace industry and felt to many like a sell-out. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Summarize the events based on the What should Kennedy do? activity.

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The Cuban Missile Crisis was significant in terms of Canada/ US relations because Canadian PM Diefenbaker would not place Canadas NORAD forces on alert or let US planes with nuclear warheads land in Canada. This angered John F Kennedy.

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Bomarc Missiles (1963) Instead of the Avro Arrow, Canadians bought American Bomarc missiles for defense. In 1963 PM John Diefenbaker campaigned in the Federal election not to allow the Americans to arm these missiles with nuclear warheads. Lester B. Pearson, the Liberal leader campaigned for the opposite and narrowly won the election meaning that Canada became a nuclear power.

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Vietnam War (1954-1975) - A civil war between North Vietnam (communist) and South Vietnam (anti-communist and partially democratic). The US fought on behalf of the South to contain communism. The Russians and Chinese supplied the North but didnt send troops. The US was not doing well because of the Norths effective guerrilla tactics. Eventually the US withdrew most of its troops and tried to bomb the North into submission and when this failed the US pulled out in 1973. By 1975 the North had taken over all of Vietnam under communist rule. This was the first TV War. Horrible images on the evening news led to the US public turning against the war which eventually forced them to pull out. This also led to draft dodgers many of whom escaped conscription to move to Canada which accepted them. Canada did not participate in this war. In 1965 Canadian PM Pearson actually criticized the US war in Vietnam and was seriously berated by US president Johnson (see page 145 in Counterpoints for a cartoon). The End of the Cold War During the 1970s the tensions between the superpowers relaxed. In 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan. They left in 1988 (unsuccessful) and from 1989-1991 communism in the Warsaw pact countries collapsed because of economic stagnation, too much military spending, political corruption, loss of belief in communism and increased nationalism.

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Modern Conflicts and Canada (1990-2000) The Persian Gulf War (1990-1991) Iraqi president Sadam Hussein took over Kuwait in 1990. The UN imposed sanctions which failed. So, a multinational force, led by the US, and including Canada was sent by the UN and they drove Saddam from Kuwait by early 1991.

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Yugoslavia (1991-1999) Yugoslavia was splitting into various countries because it was made of different ethnic groups who didnt get along and wanted their own countries for themselves. The Serbs (Othrodox), the Croats (Catholic), Bosnians (Muslim) and Kosvars (Muslim). UN in Bosnia From 1992-1995 a civil war broke out over Bosnia and the UN sent peacekeepers including Canadians. They succeeded in getting Croatians to leave but not before committing murder, rape and destruction. NATO Bombing of Kosovo In 1989, Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic abolished the Kosovo as an independent province within Serbia. Over 90% of Kosovo were Kosovars and only 8% were Serbian. After years of minor battles between the Serbs and the Kosovars, the Serbs took over much of Kosovo and displaced 300,000 Kosovars. By 1999 they massacred an entire town and were set to continue with their ethnic cleansing. NATO (including Canada using our own CF -18s) bombed Serbia (a UN member) into submission and freed Kosovo and then handed the situation over to the UN. Somalia (1992) 900 soldiers from the Canadian Airborne Regiment were sent to Somalia to keep peace during a civil war. Some of these soldiers beat and tortured a Somali teenager to death and tried to cover it up only to be caught. In the end the whole regiment was disbanded and the event brought shame on Canada

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Historically, the Tutsi ethnic group ruled brutally over the Hutu ethnic group (the Belgian colonizers set it up so they had all the power even though they made up only 15% of the population). When Rwanda gained independence in 1960, Hutus won the election and turned the tables leading to civil war. Ultimately, a small group of Hutus used propaganda (mostly through radio) and machetes to systematically murder 1,000,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The UN sent 3000 peacekeepers under Canadian general Romeo Delaire. He could see the genocide coming and asked for 2000 more men telling the UN what would happen if he didnt have a stronger force. Instead after 10 Belgian peacekeepers were killed, the force was cut to 500. This was an extreme failure of the international community to protect innocent people. The UN, the US, Belgium and the Anglican Church have even apologized for their failure to stop the genocide in Rwanda.

Land Mines When wars end, often the terror continues because Anti-personal land mines are left in the ground. Theyre hard to remove and over 100,000,000 are buried in former war zones. In 1996, Canada hosted an international conference which lead to the 1997 Anti-Personnel Land Mines Treaty. 120 countries signed on to ban the use, production, transfer and stockpiling of land mines. The worlds biggest producers of land mines, the US, China and Russia didnt sign the treaty.

Canadas Post-war Prime Ministers Mackenzie King (L) 1935-1948 End of the Depression and WW II Louis St. Laurent (L) 1948-1957 Prosperous Canada boom in mining and oil John Diefenbaker (C) 1957-1963 Canadian Bill of Rights in 1960 which gave basic rights to Canadians Lester Pearson (L) 1963-1968 Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 Canada Pension Plan and Medicare Pierre Elliot Trudeau (L) - 1968 1979 Trudeauania Pursued a more independent foreign policy (from US) Official Languages Act National Energy Policy

Joe Clark (C) 1979-1980 Lost vote of confidence Pierre Elliot Trudeau (L) - 1980-1984 Got rid of Bomarc missiles and all nukes by 1984 John Turner (L) 1984 Lost vote of confidence Brian Mulroney (C) 1984-1993 GST and government restraint to eliminate the budget deficit Strongly supported businesses and initiated Free Trade talks with the US leading to NAFTA Kim Campbell (C) 1993 First female PM but lost election Jean Cretien (L) 1993-2003 Ended years of budget deficits Did not support George Bush in second Iraq war ertd

Economics 101

Recession

Supply and demand The concept that explains how much things will cost. If demand (how bad people want something) is high and supply (how much of it there is) is low then the price is likely to be high and vise versa. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The total $ value of goods and service produced by a country and its citizens. Budget A spending plan (usually annual) developed by the government.

Deficit When the government spends more in a budget that it takes in. Surplus When the government spends less in a budget that it takes in. Government Debt The amount a government owes in total. Inflation Goods and services tend to cost more year after year. Measured as a %. (Ex. Canada had 2% inflation in 2006 means that the cost of everything added together went up by 2% last year). Recession When economic activity as measured by the GDP is in decline. Depression When economic activity (GDP) is in decline for a long period of time. Recovery- When the economy is growing again after a period of shrinking Prosperity- When an economic activity has been growing for quite a while (GDP is high). Economic Stimulus When the government tries to make the economy grow by spending money on infrastructure projects or other public works. Capitalism (market economy) An economic theory that believes small local companies should compete with each other. If they are left alone people will naturally buy what they want which will lead companies to make more of what people want and less of what they dont want. Prices are determined by supply and demand. If everyone acts in their own self interest all will be well according to this economic system. Economic Cycles (The business Cycle) Every 5-6 years its normal for the economy to go through cycles of prosperity and recession. The cycle is never as tidy and predictable as the diagram above.

The Great Depression The Devastation of the Great Depression: Unemployment Levels during the Depression: 1930 13% 1935 19 % 1931 17% 1936 16 % 1932 26% 1937 13% 1933 27% 1938 15 % 1934 21 % 1939 14 % Farmers on the Prairies: Farmers incomes plummeted Average income in Saskatchewan in 1928 for a farm: $1614/ year. By 1933 this went down to $66/ year. Caused by: Huge drop in the price of wheat (1928 $1.63/ bushel 1932 35c/ bushel) Drought and the resulting dust bowl Causes of the Great Depression: 1. Over Production During the 1920s many industries were expanding and new factories were built. They made an overload of goods, which in turn made owners panic and lay off their workers. This made sales slow down even more because workers didnt have money to spend. 2. Canadas reliance on exporting staple products Canadas economy depended on exporting staple products (timber, corps, minerals) meaning if other countries suddenly needed fewer staples our economy would be in trouble. Thus when the price of wheat dropped from $1.00/ bushel to 33c/ bushel the prairie provinces were devastated, especially when on top of that there was drought and windstorms. 3. Canadas dependence on the United States Canada especially depended on exporting to the US (40% of exports) meaning that if the US economy failed, ours would too. 4. Stock Market Crash Oct 29th, 1929 the stock markets in New York and Toronto crashed meaning that the value of many companies shares traded went down by a lot. This happened because the prices had been driven to artificial highs through speculation (people borrowing money to buy stocks and trying to sell them for profit quickly). Once prices corrected themselves a little lots of investors got nervous and started to sell leading prices to drop further and so on. 5. Economic Protectionism and Tariffs Through out the 20s there was an increasing trend towards protective tariffs. Tariffs are duties (money) collected on goods coming into a country. The reason a country puts up tariffs is to protect its own industries. For example, if Canada charges 50% duty on MP3 players coming from the US, Canadians are more likely to buy them here. The problem is that when one country starts charging tariffs others retaliate and change tariffs which in the long run hurts especially exporting countries like Canada. At the beginning of the Depression, PM Bennett tried to blast a way into world markets, by increasing tariffs by 50%. This didnt work well because the other countries retaliated and Canadian producers lost even more markets abroad. 6. International Debt after WW I Everyone owed the US money after WW I and they needed to sell stuff to the US to be able to pay it back. When the US became protectionist that was harder to do.

Government Responses to the Depression At the start of the depression the attitude of the government was that people had to tough it out and that things would get better. Prime Minister (PM) McKenzie King (a Liberal) specifically denied any help to provinces with Provincial Governments run by the Conservative party. He was replaced by RB Bennett after the 1930 election. The government tried to help through the following:
1.

Increased tariffs (protectionism) ineffective Cut Government Spending so its in line with government revenue ineffective Pogey Like Welfare except you got vouchers if you were poor enough. People were humiliated to obtain their vouchers. The amounts were very low so people still starved and suffered disease Bennetts Personal Money Prime Minister RB Bennett sent his own money to Canadians who wrote to him in desperation. Helped a few people but only on a small scale and in the short term. Unemployment Relief Camps Set up in 1930 for single unemployed men by PM R.B. Bennett. They got 20c/day and room and board. Racism in the governments relief efforts Chinese in Vancouver got no relief at first and then were expected to be fed on of what I white person would get. Aboriginals on reserves were supposed to live off $5/ month. Bennetts New Deal During the 1935 election Bennett (conservative) promised a New Deal if he was elected which would include: Progressive taxation (the more you make the higher percentage of taxes you pay) Introduction of a minimum wage Unemployment insurance Health insurance Revised old age pension Regulated wheat prices Although Bennett lost the election to McKenzie King (Liberal) and these measures were not implemented right away, they show a shift in the attitudes of the government and signal the beginning of change .

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Peoples Responses to the Great Depression 1. Riding the Rails- People rode on railway cars searching for work and later because there was nothing to do.
2.

On-to-Ottawa Trek- In 1935, unemployed relief camp workers men from boarded trains from Vancouver to Ottawa demanding work with wages. When they reached Regina, the police stopped them and the Regina Riot broke out. Diversion- Finding stuff to get their mind of the depression. The Dionne Quintuplets were born in 1934 in Ontario and turned into a tourist attraction.

3.

Effects of the Great Depression 1. Unemployment Got up to almost 30% in the worst years of the depression and even higher in certain provinces 2. New Political Parties The popular laissez-faire (free market capitalism) approach wasnt working so there was room for new ideas to be heard and to flourish. A. Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) This Socialist political party was formed in 1932 by JS Woodsworth in Saskatchewan. It was a response to the hardships of the Great Depression. B. Social Credit Bible Bill Aberhart led this new party in Alberta that believed the government should give $125 to each citizen (a social credit) to kick start the economy. 3. The Changing Role of Government This is the most long lasting effect. The depression was so bad, and the traditional laissez fair approach to economy so ineffective, that governments started embracing Keynesian economics. Keynes idea was that the govt should borrow money in tough times (deficit financing) to fund huge employment projects that would benefit society as a whole (like a new hydro dam). A key change here is that rather than leaving the economy alone (laissez-fair) the government should actively steer the economy and thereby hopefully minimize the bad times on the economic cycle. The depression also made the governments realize that they had to take a more active role in helping those in need during tough times through things like unemployment insurance, welfare, sick benefits, child benefits, pensions, etc. All of these social programs either directly or indirectly originated in the Great depression. The Growth of the Labour Movement Trade Union - A group of workers who join together to achieve common goals in bargaining with their
employers. This process is called collective bargaining but back in 1919 the workers didnt have any protections from the law to do such bargaining (they do today). Union members are part of the labour movement

The Winnipeg General Strike

After WW I workers in Canada had begun to form trade unions because the economy was doing badly (recession) and workers wanted more rights In 1919 the OBU (One Big Union) was formed in Canada which would try to get better working conditions for all workers. In 1919, in Winnipeg a union (building and metal trades council) voted to go on strike if they didnt get decent wages, an eight-hour workday and the right to bargain collectively. Ultimately, 30000 workers walked off the job and people in other major cities followed with sympathy strikes. The Strike in Winnipeg spread to other industries and the whole city was shut down. There was a fear that this might be the beginning of a Communist revolution The govt responded by sending troops and arresting strike leaders. There were riots in protest and the RCMP charged the crowd killing on and injuring 30 and arresting 300 on Bloody Saturday. The workers returned to work without getting their demands met. The strike did draw attention to the social and economic problems many people faced.

Development of a Welfare State in Canada

Assess the development and impact of Canadian social policies related to the welfare state Identify key milestones in the development of the welfare state and explain their significance (Medicare, old age pension, employment insurance, workers compensation)

1914-1939 In general people had to fend for themselves when they were down on their luck or otherwise disadvantaged. They mostly relied on charities and churches. Some small steps taken in the direction of a Welfare State were: WW I (1914-1948) Workers Compensation Laws introduced throughout Canada Employers pay to get employees covered for injuries suffered at work. Depression (1929-1939) Relief for families without income and Relief camps for single men. 1940-1975 Welfare State defined: A country in which the government assumes a large measure of responsibility for the social welfare of its members through programs like unemployment insurance, medicare and welfare Canada gradually became a welfare state in the 27 years following the great depression. (1939-1966) During the depression, governments began to realize that they had to take a more active role in helping those in need during tough times through things like unemployment insurance, welfare, sick benefits, child benefits, pensions, etc. Some of the major social programs introduced from 1939-1966 were: 1940 McKenzie King (PM) introduced Unemployment Insurance (now called employment insurance).\ 1945 McKenzie Kings government introduced Family Allowances (baby bonuses). 1962 Saskatchewan Premier, Tommy Douglas introduced free public health care in his province despite strong opposition from its doctors. 1966 Pearson (PM) Canada Pension Plan is introduced 1966 Canada Assistance Plan- federal government gives money to provincial governments to help fund social assistance programs for needy people ex. Social assistance available to single parents and physically disabled people 1966 Medical Care Act free public medical care for all Canadians was introduced by the Pearson government. By this time Tommy Douglas was the leader of the federal NDP and his party helped push the government to implement this most popular social program 1976-1990 By the late 1970s and early 1980s the federal government was running into money problems and began cutting some of Canadas social program effectively eroding the welfare state The conservative government led by Brian Mulroney elected in 1984 initiated a period of restraint cutting back of social programs to decrease government spending. During this time some provinces introduced Medicare premiums and other user fees, the family allowance was cut and fewer workers were covered under unemployment insurance. Flash Cards: Welfare State, Medical Care Act, Canada Pension Plan, Canada Assistance Plan, Unemployment Insurance,

ABORIGINAL PEOPLE IN CANADA

Prescribed Learning Outcomes Demonstrate Knowledge of the challenges faced by Aboriginal Peoples People in Canada during the 20th century and their responses with reference to Residential schools Reserves Self-Government Treaty Negotiations Achievement Indicators:

describe the impact of the Indian Act on Aboriginal people (e.g., marginalization and dependency) describe the impact of residential schools on Aboriginal people (e.g., destruction of lives and communities) identify various Aboriginal responses to challenges (e.g., negotiations, protests, and court cases with respect to land and resource issues; demand for self government) formulate answers to questions such as the following: What are the challenges and benefits for Aboriginal people living on and off reserves? Why are Aboriginal people concerned about cultural appropriation?

Assimilation By the Mid 1800s the official government policy with Aboriginal Peoples was assimilation which means: _____________________________________________________________. The idea was to treat Aboriginal Peoples like children until they had grown up to behave like civilized Canadians. Indian Act- 1876 to present (most of what you read below was changed in the 1960s) This was the legal support for the governments assimilationist policies gave Indians Special Status- exempted them from paying income and sales tax on reserves banned all Aboriginal Peoples dances and ceremonies like the potlatch and the Sundance. restricted Aboriginal Peoples from voting in Federal and Provincial elections. established reserves for Indians-separate pieces of government owned land designed to protect Indians from whites, allow for easy government control, free open land for settlers gave an Indian Agent (white guy) control over money, activities and movement of Aboriginal Peoples on reserves set up an elected band council on each reserve which was subordinate to the agent If Indians wanted to vote they had to give up their Indian Status Other ways to lose Indian Status were: for an Indian woman to marry a non-Indian, to live off reserve, to join the military or to get higher education. Impacts of the Indian Act: Marginalization_______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Dependency __________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Residential Schools 1850-1996 (compulsory from 1884 until 1948) These live-in schools were jointly run by various churches and the Federal government. They forced Aboriginal children to attend for 10 months of the year away from their families. At the schools Aboriginal children were forced to adopt European traditions. They were forbidden to speak their own language or practice their own culture. There have been increasing reports of mental, physical and sexual abuse at these schools. The health of these kids was neglected in many schools and the death rates were incredibly high. They have had many devastating effects of Aboriginal people 1.________________________________________________________________ 2.________________________________________________________________ 3.________________________________________________________________ 4.________________________________________________________________ Read quotes on page 185 in Workbook to get a good sense of govt attitudes towards Aboriginal Peoples at the time. 1914-1945 More of the same Indian Act + Residential Schools Despite all of this a number of Aboriginal Peoples served with distinction in WW II (highest percentage of volunteers per population) only to come home to be treated as second class citizens. Aboriginal Peoples responses (20s): challenged potlatch ban, cut-off lands (lands taken out of reserve land by govt) and Aboriginal Peoples title (according to our laws the land actually belongs to the Aboriginal Peoples) Govt response: Did nothing to improve the situation Finally, in 1948 the government of Canada started to change to the Indian Act. 1951 - The ban on Aboriginal Peoples dances and ceremonies is removed 1951 Aboriginal children allowed to attend public schools 1960 - Aboriginal Peoples are allowed to vote in federal elections 1960 - Residential schools start to get phased out.

1945-1970

 1969 White paper - Trudeau (PM) and Chrtien (Minister of Indian Affairs) propose a new policy of making FN totally equal to the rest of Canadians no more special treatment (more assimilation). Aboriginal Peoples responded angrily (ex National Indian Brotherhood) and asked for Self- Government and it got dropped 1970-present 1977 - Aboriginal Peoples people manage, through protest to stop the creation of a major pipeline through Inuit territory 1982 - Aboriginal Peoples rights affirmed by federal government in Charter of Rights 1990 Oka stand off Quebec Mohawks blockade road to prevent golf course construction on sacred land. Police officer is killed, army called in and Aboriginal Peoples across Canada demonstrate in support. 1992 - B.C. starts officially negotiating treaties with 50 bands in the province 1998 - Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Aboriginals could claim ownership of land if they could prove they continually and exclusively occupied before the Canadian govt claimed the land in the Degamuluukw case 1998 Federal Government apologizes for residential school abuses and announces a 350 million dollar healing fund for residential school survivors 1999 Nunavut created (3rd territory) Inuit get self- govt over natural resources, education and justice system 1999 - Nisgaa treaty ratified giving the Nisgaa $190 million + land + some self govt + resource rights 2008 Stephen Harper officially apologizes on behalf of Canadian govt for residential schools The Present Situation Living Standards among Aboriginal Peoples have been described as third world conditions. Among Aboriginal Peoples in Canada : Rank 63rd on Human development index (Canada between 1 and 8) unemployment is at over 60% close to 50% of reserve families live below the poverty line fewer than 50% of Aboriginal houses are fully served with sewer and water connections average annual income is less than half the Canadian average infant mortality rate is 1.5 the Canadian average suicide rates are twice the Canadian average life expectancy is 6 years less than the Canadian average graduation rates of around 45% compared to 80% for the rest of Canada This situation is deplorable. Many Canadians blame Aboriginal Peoples for their plight because they dont work hard enough or are a bunch of drunks. Aboriginal Peoples point to their abysmal treatment in residential schools, the dependency created by the Indian Act, the systematic eradication of their culture and the loss of the resources they depend on as some of the root causes of these social problems. They feel that their culture and land have been stolen and many Aboriginal Peoples communities are trying to revive their traditional cultures in a quest for identity. Aboriginal Peoples leaders want their people to become self-sufficient. Most are looking to treaties which include self government provisions, cash settlements and cultural recognition. Treaties in BC Today There are currently 49 separate treaty negotiations representing 60 First Nations in BC. The different groups are at various steps of the treaty process. The Nisgaa treaty is complete and 8 other First Nations have agreements in principle with the provincial and federal governments. Why Should I Care About This? The provincial and federal governments will be spending a lot of time and money (those will be your tax dollars) settling treaties with Aboriginal Peoples. The Nisgaa treaty cost about 190 million dollars + land. As a Canadian citizen you should have an informed opinion on this subject. Do Aboriginal Peoples deserve treaties? Should they get any special rights in those treaties? Should they get money? Land? Why? Why not? Your answer to these questions is less important than the reasons you give for your answer. Saying we shouldnt have treaties because theyre a bunch of lazy welfare bums or because I dont want to pay for it are opinions that dont address the issue with critical and logical thought but rather show ignorance. Hopefully, you leave this class with an informed and critical opinion on this vital Canadian issue.

WHAT IS CANADIAN?
represent what it means to be Canadian with reference to distinctive Canadian programs and policies important Canadian cultural and scientific achievements give examples of ways in which Canada is different from and similar to the United States (e.g., death penalty, gun control, health care, military, popular entertainment, civil rights) identify measures Canada has taken to promote a distinct Canadian identity (e.g., CRTC, CBC, NFB,Canada Council) defend a personal definition of what it means to be Canadian

Canada and the US Big Questions What does it mean to be Canadian? To what extent has Canada been successful in resisting American influence from 1914-2000? Canada/ US Similarities Democratic Government Many cultural similarities TV, sports, movies, music Differences Canada has gun control Some US states have the death penalty US is far more militaristic Canada has universal health care

Canadian Culture 1951 Massey Commission found that Canadian culture needed to be protected from the US This led to 1. The strengthening of the National Film Board (NFB which produces Canadian documentaries) 2. The creation of the Canada Council which funded writers, artists and theatres 3. The creation of CBC TV 4. And later (1968) the creation of the CRTC (Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission which regulates the amount of foreign content on TV and radio.

The Role of Women in Canada in the 20th Century

Big Questions To what extent have women made a difference in 20th century Canada? To what extent have women achieved a desirable position within Canadian society? WW I -1914-1918

Hundreds of women volunteered in the war as nurses and ambulance drivers. At home many women worked in war production industries and other jobs vacated by men off at war this was a huge change because before 1914 it would have been unheard of to have women in these kinds of mens jobs. The contribution women were making led them to organize as suffragettes (women trying to the right to vote) and by the end of the war most women over 21 had earned the right to vote in federal elections.

1920s Women did jobs that were previously for men and had some increased control of their own lives. Clothing styles changed. (they wore bathing suits, and shorter skirts). Still most married women were home with the kids and legally had few rights if divorced ex. Husband gets all common property and the kids. Prohibition (the banning of alcohol) Most women believed that alcohol was evil because it led to women/child abuse, accidents, poverty, neglecting families, diseases, abandoning wives and death. The Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) succeeded in getting alcohol banned in most of Canada during WW I. By 1921 it was legal in most provinces again but illegal in the US until 1933 Canada supplied bootleg alcohol to U.S. 1921 Agnes Macphail became Canadas first female member of Parliament. 1929 The Famous Five and Persons Case
Famous Five were Emily Murphy, Nellie McClung, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Louise McKinney and Irene Parlby Asked Supreme Court of Canada to consider the rule: Does the word person in section 24 of British North American Act (BNA Act our constitution at the time), include females? Supreme court said no so they took it to the British Privy Council (at that time above the Supreme court) who said they were right and thus in 1929 women officially became persons meaning they could become senators in Canada None of the Famous Five could earn honor of serving the Senate Cairine Wilson was appointed the first woman senator in 1930

1930s

Women hit especially hard by poverty because they were usually in charge of children WW II 1939-45

Little Change in womens roles Women who were working blamed for taking mens jobs

Women again worked in factories and many served overseas this time in military roles as well. 1940 Women get the vote in Quebec.
Post War 1945-1959 1945 Free daycare and tax breaks that had encouraged women to work during the war eliminated.

1947 - Married women are fired from federal govt jobs to make room for returning soldiers. 1956 Federal government passed pay equity legislation for women working for the government meant that women would get paid the same as men for doing the same work. 1959 Restrictions on married women working for the federal government are removed. 1960-1979 1960s and 1970s - Womens Liberation Movement The second wave of feminism. In the 1960s womens activist were demanding a greater role in society. In 1970 the Royal Commission on the Status of Women issued a widely read report that asked for

1960

Greater representation of women in positions of power politics/ business Paid maternity leave Legalization of abortion The right to choose to work outside the home Day care provided by the government Government should work towards overcoming discrimination

- The Pill goes on sale in Canada leading in part to the sexual revolution - Voice of Women (VOW) formed to fight against nuclear weapons in Canada.

1971 National Action Committee of Women - The Royal Commission led to the formation of the NAC (The National Action Committee of Women which was a pressure group (also called special interest group) which lobbied the government to implement the recommendations. 1976 By this time the federal government and six provinces have passed maternity leave legislation During this time period the number of women working outside of the home increased steadily 1980-present 1982 Charter of Rights and Freedoms (part of Canadas new constitution) includes the following: Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to equal protection of the law and equal benefit of the law, and Notwithstanding anything in this Charter, the rights and freedoms referred to in it are3 guaranteed equally to male and female persons. 1988 Abortion - citing the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Supreme Court strikes down the federal abortion law this makes abortion legal in Canada. 1992 No-means-no law - There must be clear, explicit and voluntary agreement to take part in sexual activity on the part of both people involved. 1993 Kim Campbell becomes first female Prime Minister 2001 Women now entitled to 15 weeks of maternity leave and 35 weeks of parental leave. They can get paid from employment insurance if they were employed before giving birth. 2001 Still a wage gap - Average annual earnings for full time workers in Canada: All education levels: Men $49198/ year Women $34,642 With University degrees: Men $71,957 Women $48,257 2007 Women still underrepresented in politics Currently 65 of 308 (21%),Members of Parliament are women, which is similar to provincial governments across Canada An important understanding: All of the above gains for women came through efforts by citizens (mostly women) pushing through various means to create legal, social and political change. I see them as a shining example of our democracy working (albeit slowly) and find them inspirational when I think about trying to make a positive change in the world in some other way. It reminds me of the quote: Never doubt that a small group of committed citizens can change the world; indeed its the only thing that ever has. Margaret Mead

Immigration and Treatment of Minorities in Canada in the 20th Century Assess the development and impact of compare policies facing an immigrant to Canada in the early Canadian social policies and programs 20th century with those in place at the end of the 20th century related to immigration, the welfare state, (e.g., head tax and origin of immigrants versus point system) and minority rights give examples of Canadas treatment of minorities (e.g., internment of Japanese-Canadians, restrictions on voting, protection of minority rights in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and introduction of the Multiculturalism Act)

Big Questions: How has immigration policy changed from 1914-2000 in Canada? How has the origin of immigrants changed from 1914-2000 in Canada? Has Canada always been a multi-cultural country? Is multiculturalism working? How has Canadas treatment of minorities changed from 1914-2000 1900-1914 Canada actively recruited immigrants during this time to settle the west. There was no law banning non-white immigrants but they were strongly discouraged.
1885-1923 Head tax on Chinese immigrants from $50- $500 per person. 1907 Vancouver Riot Japanese and Chinese sections of Vancouver trashed 1907- Law passed prohibiting Asians from voting, becoming accountants, lawyers or pharmacists Komagata Maru Incident: a group of 376 people from India were barred entry into Vancouver and forced

to sail home.
The vast majority of immigrants during this time period came from Europe

1914- 1945 1914 - Immigration Act changed to close Canada to people coming from enemy countries. Focus on people from the US and Great Britain. 1929-1939 (Great Depression) Racism in the governments relief efforts Chinese in Vancouver got no relief at first and then were expected to be fed on of what I white person would get. Aboriginals on reserves were supposed to live off $5/ month. Because things were desperate, people looked for scapegoats (someone to blame). Jews were discriminated against (anti-Semitism) they were barred from some professions and many employers wouldnt take their applications 10000 immigrants were deported during the Depression 1931 the government halted all immigration. 1939 The St. Louis, a ship carrying Jewish refugees from Germany was denied entry into Canada. The ship had to return to Germany and many of those on board would die in concentration camps. During WW II Japanese Canadians are interned (put into camps) because some people fear that they are spies. Their possessions are confiscated and never returned. 1945-1970 1945 48000 war brides (mostly British) arrived in Canada. 1946 Canada accepted 165000 refugees (displaced persons) from Europe and those uprooted by the war. but still discriminated against Jews 1947-48 Canada accepts 1123 Jewish orphans. Canada liberalizes immigration policies to admit more workers for a booming economy almost 2 million newcomers in the next 10 years including thousands of Jewish survivors

 1956 Canada accepts 40000 Hungarian refugees who fled as a result of the failed uprising against the Soviets in Hungary. 1967 Immigration Laws change A points system is introduced immigrants get points for having family in Canada, education, training, skills, etc.- Discrimination against immigrants based on race, religion, creed, or colour was officially ended. 1968 Canada accepts 10000 Czechoslovakian refugees. The majority of immigrants during this time period still came from Europe. 1971- present 1978 - Immigration Act Established the objectives of Canadas immigration policy as: improving Canada economically, socially, demographically and culturally; family reunion; nondiscrimination; helping refugees. To this end three classes of immigrants were accepted: independent, family and refugee. The points system is used for the independent group which makes up the majority of immigrants. 1982 The Charter of Rights and Freedoms introduces rights for minorities Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability. 1987 - Canadian Multiculturalism Act recognized all Canadians as full and equal participants in Canadian society. The act stated that, all citizens can keep their identities, can take pride in their ancestry and have a sense of belonging through multiculturalism, Canada recognizes the potential of all Canadians, encouraging them to integrate into their society and take an active part in its social, cultural, economic and political affairs. 1987 - Immigration Act is changed to add a 4th category of entrepreneur to try to encourage investment and job creation. 1988 - Federal government apologizes to Japanese for internment camps and pays $21000 to each survivor. 2006 - Federal government apologizes to Chinese for head tax and pays $20000 to each survivor During this time period more immigrants started coming from Asia (by far the largest increase), Latin America and Africa and fewer from Europe. By 2003 over 60% of all immigrants came from Asia. Learning Log 1. Decide on the five most significant events in the 20th century. Star them and in your Learning Log justify why each is particularly significant in light of the criteria for historical significance below. Questions to determine the historical significance of an event:
A B C 2. How deeply felt was the impact of the event? How widespread was the impact? How long-lasting were its effects?

Write a comprehensive thesis statement for the following essay question: Describe the evolution of Canadas immigration system in the 20th Century.

QUEBEC WITHIN CANADA IN THE 2ND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY

assess the impact of the conscription crises, Quebec nationalism, bilingualism, and regionalism on Canadian unity analyse the impact of expressions of Quebec nationalism (e.g., Union Nationale, the Quiet Revolution, October Crisis, sovereignty referenda, PQ, and BQ) on Canadian unity describe the significance of the Official Languages Act (e.g., bilingual labeling, civil service hiring) define regionalism and relate it to alienation (e.g.,National Energy Policy, collapse of the cod fishery)

Big Question: What was the impact of the conscription crises, Quebec nationalism, bilingualism, and regionalism on Canadian unity? Little Question # 1 What was the impact of the Duplessis era and the quiet revolution on Canadian unity? (both are examples of Quebec nationalism) 1944-1959 The Great Darkness The Union Nationale ruled Quebec from 1944-1959 under premier Maurice Duplessis he maintained a Catholic, French and old fashioned Quebec. Duplessis govt was corrupt because it demanded kickbacks for business friendly policies Brought in new Quebec flag with French symbol (fleur-de-lis) 1960-1966 Quiet Revolution Jean Lesage, a Liberal, became premier and pushed for greater power for Quebec within Canada increasing Quebec nationalism (not separatism). The quiet revolution secularized Quebec (Catholic Church out of politics), strengthened the welfare state, invested in public education, unionized the civil service and nationalized power production. Maitres chez nous (Masters in our own house) wanted Quebec to control its economy. Little Question # 1 Answer:

Little Question # 2 What was the impact of the 1963 Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism and the Official Languages Act (1969) on Canadian Unity? 1963 Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism . 1967- De Gaulle Visit French President Charles DeGaulle ended his speech with Long live a Free Quebec, which encouraged Quebec nationalism. Rene Lesvesques forms the Parti Qebecois which aims to separate Quebec from Canada 1969 Official Languages Act PM Trudeau introduced it making Canada officially bi-lingual Gave all Canadians the right to deal with the federal government in French or English and requiring all products to be labeled in both official languages. Many Canadians embraced it (ex. French Immersion) Others thought it was stupid and pandered to Quebec at the expense of more important concerns. Little Question # 2 Answer

Little Question # 3 What was the impact of the October (FLQ) Crisis on Canadian Unity? (the FLQ is an example of extreme Quebec nationalism)? 1970 October Crisis (FLQ Crisis) The Front de Liberation du Quebc (FLQ) was a Quebec separatist group founded in the early 1960s committed to an independent Quebec and willing to use violence to achieve this goal. On Oct 5, 1970 they kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James Cross and demanded cash, a reading of their manifesto in public, release of FLQ prisoners jailed for terrorist bombings and plane tickets to Cuba. Five days later they kidnapped Quebec minister of labour Pierre Laporte. October 17 -1970 - Laportes dead body was found in the trunk of a car. Trudeau (PM) responded by reading the FLQ manifesto and saying he would transport five FLQ terrorists to Cuba. James Cross was released and they were allowed to go to Cuba. The War Measures Act (October 1970) The govt also invoked the War Measures Act which gave the govt power to take away certain civil rights from people for 90 days. As a result thousands of searches were conducted and 400 people were arrested. This was quite controversial. (Just watch me.) Little Question # 3 answer:

1976 The Parti Quebecois (PQ), lead by Rene Levesque came to power in Quebec. They are a non-violent separatist party aimed to gain Quebec independence legally. Little Question # 4 What was the impact of Bill 101 on Canadian Unity? 1977 Bill 101 Introduced by Levesque French is the language used by govts , courts and businesses in Quebec and that commercial signs be displayed in French only. Also made it harder for parents to put kids into English schools in Quebec Little Question # 4 answer Little Question # 5 What was the impact of the two referendums, the patriation of Canadas constitution and subsequent constitutional reform on Canadian Unity? 1980 Referendum # 1 Quebec held a referendum to join in sovereignty association with Canada. This would have meant that Quebec would collect its own taxes, social policies, citizenship and immigration but would maintain close economic ties with Canada. Qubeckers voted no by a 60%-40% margin. 1982 Constitution Act The 10 premiers and PM Trudeau tried to agree on Canadas own constitution to bring it home from Britain (to make us completely autonomous). The document was changed at the last minute by 9 premiers without Quebecs Levesque present. He felt betrayed and didnt sign.

1987 Meech Lake Accord - The 10 premiers and PM Mulroney met and agreed on a new constitution to include Quebec. However, they had to convince their provincial legislatures to sign it. It included a distinct society clause for Quebec. Lots of Canadians were worried about giving special status to Quebec and Aboriginals felt they should have special status too. Ultimately, Manitoba refused to sign the accord so it failed.

1992 Charlottetown Accord The 10 premiers and PM Mulroney met and agreed to an accord that included aboriginal self-govt, distinct society for Quebec, Senate reform, universal health care and environmental protection. It was put to a nation wide referendum and failed. This means that Quebec has still not signed the constitution in 2007.

1995 Referendum # 2 - Parti Quebecois was in power in Quebec again and they hold referendum # 2 this time going for full separation. The no side wins with a 50.6% to 49.4% margin. Little Question # 5 answer

2007 Separatism seems to have lost its momentum and even with a Parti Qubecois government in power in Quebec, there is little chance of separation in the near future. REGIONALISM Little Question # 6 What was the impact of the National Energy Program and the collapse of the Cod fishery on Canadian Unity? (Both are regional issues) Regionalism can be defined as the differences in wishes and needs that exist between the Eastern, Central, and Western regions of Canada. At different time during the 20th Century certain regions or provinces have felt alienated within Canada like the Federal Government was not acting in the best interests of certain regions or provinces. Here are some examples: 1930s New political parties like the CCF and Social Credit were a response to regional concerns (in this case Western Alienation). 1980s the reform party is another example of a party that developed out of regional concerns (again Western Alienation). 1972 -1986 Alberta Oil Issue World Oil prices rose so Trudeau froze the price energy companies could charge for oil to other Canadian. Since most of these companies were in Alberta, that province felt like it was getting ripped off. In 1980, Trudeau went even further by introducing the National Energy Program (NEP) which kept oil prices artificially low for Canadian companies and double taxed oil trying to lower inflation and improve the economy. Albertans were furious and there was even talk of separation. 1992 Collapse of Newfoundlands Cod Fishery The Federal government was in charge of managing fishing and they allowed the resource to be so overexploited that the Cod fishery in Newfoundland collapsed completely, devastating the economy. The fish still have not recovered. Again the feeling is that the federal government doesnt know how to deal with regional issues because its out of touch with reality away from Central Canada. Little Question # 6 answer