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Gamble. C. 1998. World Archaeology

2000

Watts, D.J. & Strogatz, S.H. 11998. Collective dynamics of small-world networks. Nature. 393(6684)" pp.440-2. Barabasi. A.-L. & A~bert, R. 1999. Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks. Science. 286(5439), pp.509'-512.
Broodbank, C. 2000. An island archaeology of the early Cyclades Jenkins, D. 20011. Ethnoh istory, 48(4) Mackie, Q. 2001. Settlement archaeology in a ijordlland archipelago Swanson, S. 2003. American antiquity, 68(4} Bentley, R.A. & Maschner, H.D.G. 2003. Complex systems and archaeology Bentley, R.A. & Shennan, S.J,2003. American Antiquity, 68(3)

Carrington. P.JI scett.]. & Wasserman. S. 2005 ..Models and methods in social .• network analysis. Cambridge; New York: Cambriidge University Press. Bentl R., Lake, M. & Shennan, S. 200S.Journal of Archaeological Science, 32(9)
Knappett, C. 2006. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 16(02) Graham, S. 2006. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 19(1) Graham, S. 2006. EX FIGLINIS lsaksen, L 2007. Digital discovery Brantiing, S. 2007. Digital discovery Earl, G. & Keay, S. 2007. Digital discovery lsaksen, IL.2008 ..Digital Medievalist Coward, F. & Gamble, C. 2008. Big brains, small worlds Collar, A.C.F. 2008. Religious innovation Graham, S. 2009. The space between Eva Kna ett, C. & Rivers, R. 2009. Complexity Perspectives Brughrnans, T. 2'010. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Coward, F. 2010. Small worlds 29(3)

Sindbcek 2007. Norwegian

Archaeological

Review

Sindbzek, S.M. 2007. Antiquity, 81(311) Pouncett, J. & lock, G. 2007. Digital discovery
Lock, G. & Pou ncett, j. 2007. Digital discovery Knappett, c., Evans, T. & Rivers, R. 2008. Antiquity, 82(318) Mizoguchi, K. 2009. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology Munson, & Macri, 2009. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology Schich, Hidalgo, Lehmann, & Park, 2009. BollettirlO di archeologia

Sindb",k, S.M. 2009. Estonian

20

Ajaa

in Innovation.

Hart, J.P. & Engelbrecht,. W. 2011. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory knappett, C. 2011. Meaning in miniature Knappett, c., Evans, T. & Rivers, R. 2011. Antiquity, 85(329} Phillips, S.c. 2011. Networked glass Schkh, M. & Coscia, M. 2011. IExploring Co-Occurrence scott.], & Carrington, P.J. 20111. The SAGE handbook of social I network

analysts. L.ondon: Sage.

Kohler, T.A. 2012. Complex systems and archaeology

Brughmans, T. 2012. Facebooking the Past

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analysis:

a handbook.

London:

Sage.

Gamble. C. 1998. World Archaeology

2000

Watts, D.J. & Strogatz, S.H. 11998. Collective dynamics of small-world networks. Nature. 393(6684)" pp.440-2. Barabasi. A.-L. & A~bert, R. 1999. Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks. Science. 286(5439), pp.509'-512.
Broodbank, C. 2000. An island archaeology of the early Cyclades Jenkins, D. 20011. Ethnoh istory, 48(4) Mackie, Q. 2001. Settlement archaeology in a ijordlland archipelago Swanson, S. 2003. American antiquity, 68(4} Bentley, R.A. & Maschner, H.D.G. 2003. Complex systems and archaeology Bentley, R.A. & Shennan, S.J,2003. American Antiquity, 68(3)

Carrington. P.JI scett.]. & Wasserman. S. 2005 ..Models and methods in social .• network analysis. Cambridge; New York: Cambriidge University Press. Bentl R., Lake, M. & Shennan, S. 200S.Journal of Archaeological Science, 32(9)
Knappett, C. 2006. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 16(02) Graham, S. 2006. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 19(1) Graham, S. 2006. EX FIGLINIS lsaksen, L 2007. Digital discovery Brantiing, S. 2007. Digital discovery Earl, G. & Keay, S. 2007. Digital discovery lsaksen, IL.2008 ..Digital Medievalist Coward, F. & Gamble, C. 2008. Big brains, small worlds Collar, A.C.F. 2008. Religious innovation Graham, S. 2009. The space between Eva Kna ett, C. & Rivers, R. 2009. Complexity Perspectives Brughrnans, T. 2'010. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Coward, F. 2010. Small worlds 29(3)

Sindbcek 2007. Norwegian

Archaeological

Review

Sindbzek, S.M. 2007. Antiquity, 81(311) Pouncett, J. & lock, G. 2007. Digital discovery
Lock, G. & Pou ncett, j. 2007. Digital discovery Knappett, c., Evans, T. & Rivers, R. 2008. Antiquity, 82(318) Mizoguchi, K. 2009. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology Munson, & Macri, 2009. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology Schich, Hidalgo, Lehmann, & Park, 2009. BollettirlO di archeologia

Sindb",k, S.M. 2009. Estonian

20

Ajaa

in Innovation.

Hart, J.P. & Engelbrecht,. W. 2011. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory knappett, C. 2011. Meaning in miniature Knappett, c., Evans, T. & Rivers, R. 2011. Antiquity, 85(329} Phillips, S.c. 2011. Networked glass Schkh, M. & Coscia, M. 2011. IExploring Co-Occurrence scott.], & Carrington, P.J. 20111. The SAGE handbook of social I network

analysts. L.ondon: Sage.

Kohler, T.A. 2012. Complex systems and archaeology

Brughmans, T. 2012. Facebooking the Past

• Archaeological applications of graph theory were not influential at all to more recent archaeological network studies • The potential of social network analysis techniques was explored (largely theoretically) by Cynthia Irwin-W'ililiams no later than 1977 • Sociall network analysis and social physics have by far been the most influential research traditions, yet only a very limited range of models and techniques have been explored by archaeologists · Tendency towards a standardised explanation of attested network structure

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Bentley RA, 2000, FRACTALS, V8, P2.27, 0011 0.11421S02118348X00000263 Bentley RA. 2001, J ARCHAEOL METHOD TH, V8, P35, 001 10.1 023/A:l 0095219'15258 Bentley RA, 20.0.3"AM ANTI Q U ITY, V68, P459, DOl 10..230.7/355710.4 BENTLi:Y RA. 2003, COMPLEX SYSTEMS ARCH, P'l BENTLEY RA, 2003, COMPLEX SYSTEMS ARCH, P27 BEN1LEY RA. 2003, COMPlEX SYSTEMS ARCH, P75 BENTLi:Y RA. 2003, COMPLEX SYSTEMS ARCH, P9 bentley Bentley Ira, 200S,j arch science TEMP RA, 2005, SCIENCE, V309, P877, 001 10.1126Iscience.309.5736.877 bintlliff branting ISAKSEN L, 2008, APPL NETWORK ANNAN, JIMENIEZ 0,2002, keay 5,2006, Knappett knappett knappett V4 0.121 S/00141801-48-4-6S5 Jenkins D, 2001, ETHNOHIISTORY, V48, P6S5, DOll inscriptions soc netw TEMP CONT THlEMES ARCHAIEOL, V3, P90

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KNAPIPETI C, !:XCAVAT!NG MIND kohler ta, 2012, cornpl sys TIEMP lock g, 2007, net aln TEMP mackie q, 2001, settlement rncglade j, 2003, map not Mizoguchi munson pouncett rautman arch TEMP MASCHNER HOG, 2003, COMPLEX SYSTEMS ARCH, P47

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BRAUN DP, 1982, AM A'NTIQU~TY, V47, P504, 001102307/280232 brughmans brughmans cochrane Coward

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ee, 2010., phil trnas r s b TEMP

MllliCIC B, 1993., ETHNOLOGY, V3.2, P375, 0011 10.23(l7J37734S9 K, 2009, JI ANTH ROPOL ARCHAIEOL, V28, P14 jl, 2009,j anth arch HMP V55, P65, 00110.230.7/280973

collar a, 2007, med hist rev TEMIP F, 2008, PHI LOS T R SOC B, V363, P1969, 001 10.1 098/rseb.2008.0004 coward

f, 2010, small worlds TEMIP

PEREGRINE P, 1991, AM ANllIQUllY. ae, 1993, am antiquityTtMP TEMP

earl g, 2007, urban conn TEMP earl g, 20.11, camp meth TEMP EVANS T, 20.09, METH SEIR,V7, P451, 001 110..10.071978-1-40.20-9663-1_18 Gamble C, 1998, WORLD ARCHAEOL, V29, P426 GAMBlE C, 1999, PALEOLITHIC SOC EURO OXlFORD BAR INT SEIR,V1486 GRAHAM 5, 2006,J MEDITERRANEAN ARCH, V19, P45, DOI10.1558/jmea.2006.19.1.45 GlRAHAM 5,2006, GRAHAM S, 2009, MERCATOR IPLACIDISSIM, P27 grove rn, 20.11, Hamilton

j, 2007, vecto r based TEM P

ROTHMAN 1M,1987, PALEORIENT, V13, P73, 001 10.3406/paleo.1987,4430 saitta dj, 1983, am antiquity schich Ill, 2009, network schich
Ill, 20111, exploring

SANTlEY RS, 1991, ANCIENT ROAD NEfWORK, subjectTEIM P TEMP

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n, 1988,

BURKE MUSEUM RES REP, V5, P135

0814-005-08W-y

IRWIN GJ, 1978, WORLD ARCHAEOL, V9, P299 IRWINWILLIAIMS C, 1977, EXCHANGE SYSTEMS PiRE,P141 Isaksen I, 2007, neil: anal trans TEMP

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AU Swonson, S

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prehistoric complex polity tn northwest

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fJr.~;;;§.i.9.I1[1J.!n9.. purposes , J dtscuss the need for implementing tests for ~nt~r.~t~!.~Hgl". (!!ltd tests for) dete.nninling t!he signifi.cance of thQlt }n~.~r:d.~!.~Ht~l"., ccnstcer so:me imp l icait.i.ons 1;1 the P.g9.ld~J!!~. Illm:l then t.U:~;;,i~.9.i119J.!n9..system on seetepet itiilDClI £!:rg9n~;;9Jf.1RQ. and tntegration.. C1 Ar izono Sbllte 1lQ.i:~ Dept ~."l~.~r.q,~.~J., AZ 85283 USA ... T,empe" RP Swanson, S (reprint author). Arizono :Stoite J.!IOJ.'i Dept Mt.~mp.q;., Tempe, ..
CR WHALENHE, 2a01 , CASAS GRANDES ITS HI WINDE:STC, 2a00, IliREA HOUSE f.911~!-!I:I.U",P'J9 T FISH PR, 1'999, CASAS GRANDES IIIORLD, P27 LftlBLANC SA., 1999 j I'REH[STORIC WARfARE LBKSON SH, 1999, CASAS GRANDES WOIRLD, pai" ~.Q~.~~f.'~':!~. lSi,!!,!!, CASAS GRANDES\'I()~L.D, P5i leF, SOHAAPSHA If!', 1999, CASAS GRA~IDE3 WORlfD, PtM WHALEN HE, 1999, Ii:,ASAS GRANDES WIJIRLD, P5;4 S\'IANSO~I 5, 1997 I THE5 IS U OKLAHOMA NO Who Len HE, 1995, AIM ANlI QUITV " \1'51, P732', DOI 113.2307/2820.14

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Citation networks are acyclic

There are no closed loops of directed edges

webpage 1

publication 2005

webpage 2

publication 1995 webpage 3 publication 1985

• Software
• Visual and chronological explloration

• Outdegree
• • • • • • • • • • lndegree External citations Closeness centrality Betweenness centrality Hubs Authorities Domain Citation Weights Cocitation Bibliographic coupling

Software

Cytoscape
http://www.cytoscape.orgl

Pajek
http://pajek.imfm.sUdoku. php

Visual exploration
1977

"Gra

1988

Topological layouts

Chronological layout

Outdegree
A
Outdegree node A = 4

Indegree
B
Indegree node B = 2

Externl,al citations
Web of Knowledge, Web of Science, Gocgle Scholar

Closeness Centrality
0,545 0,462 0.5 0.462 0375 . 0.286

Betweenness Centrality
O,Qi

Hubs and authorities

Papers that are cited by many other papers are (allied authorities: papers that cite many other documents are called hubs. A vertex is a good hub if it points to many good authorities. A vertex is a good authority if it is pointed to by good hubs.

o::--~-_

hubs,
(Kleinberg

authorities.
1999, Flig. 2)

Batagelj, V, 2003, Efficient Algorithms Kleinberg,

for Citation Network

Analysis, Arxiv preprint environment. journal

cs/0309023,

pp,1-27.

J,M. 1999. Authoritative

sources in a hyperlinked

of the ACM UACM), 46(5), pp.604a632.

Input domain
The number of all other vertices that can connect to one vertex by a path

o
11

1 2

Citation weights
• Calcullate shortest paths between all node pairs • Count how many times each link is traversed • Start with the link with the highest value • At each vertex chose its link with the highest value The count of the number of times a link is traversed by all possible search paths is considered a measure of the importance of that link.

Search Path Link Counts (SIPLe), the search path node pair (SPNP),
and the node pair projection count (NPPC).

26

Hummon,

N.P. & Dereian, P. 1989. Connectivity

in a citation network: The

devellopment of DNA theory, Social Networks, 11(1), pp.39a63.

Cocitation
Two papers are said to be cocited if they are both cited by the same third paper.

IB

Bibliographic coupling
Two papers are said to be bibliographically coupled if they cite the same other paper.
A B

Methods
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Nodes

Arcs
Loops

33,590 42,919
2 1

2,304

70
133

4,875

o
2,304 1
19

Largest weaklly connected component

Weaklly connected components Deptlh of network

33,498 2 19
48

Maximum inputdegree
M,aximum outputdegree

1,237
1977

46 345

60 3 8 8
21

1990

•••

_"

••

II • -

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1977

1990

2000 -----(-')
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Outdegree

1. knappett c, 2 11, arch int (21) 2. brughmans t, 2012, facebooking the past (15) 3. brughmans t, 2010, ox j arch (9) 4. earl g, 2007, urban conn (6) 5. earl g, 2011, comp meth (6) 6. kohler ta, 2012, campi sys (5) 7. coward f, 2010, small worlds (5)

1.
ZUBR
lo~k 9_,;l.O07 nelan'1'EMP 90,

EHW,

IN e priNG SPACE ,P307

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Bentley Mizoguchi I Bentley RA, KNAPPIETT EVANS T, 2(

Knappe"
Bentley GRAHAr Gamble

9.

- h' t, ~11 $;;hIChS" _00', swanson "2003, Cj;'MPU~~." "'-_th",tinlllff 11'-':003, J007,@Coor1964',Gorld ec 10 1 ~.lle"'" su ect ZOO:O>m Y$TEr\>W .'IRC _U","'~,.:••we pa\;tTEMF: p explorln Mt' , ,.nliqui~ TEM~ P75 'g: ifEiVI't" basedl TEMP arch TEM

BENTLEYRA,

hllC~al.

'

,,

pouncett ].

walihdars_

science TEMP'

look nelao"1EMJ>

g,,:IPJlZ.....__:t990\

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1.NI~LTlNG SI"i\CE G, 1"307

1. Bentley RA, 2001, J ARCHAEOL 1M ETHOD TH (8) 2. Mizoguchi K, 2009, J AINTHROPOL ARCHAEOL, (6) 3. Bentley RA, 2003, AMI ANTIQU lTV, V68, P459, (6) 4. KNAPIPETI C, 2005, EMPORIA AEGEANS E W (5) 5. EVANS r. 2009, METH SER, V7, P451, (5) 6. Knappett C, 2008, ANTIQUITY, V82, P1009 (5) Bentley RA, 2000, FRACTALS, V8, P227, (5) GRAHAM S, 2006,J MEDITERRANEAN ARCH (5) 9. Gamble C, 1998, WORLID ARCHAEOL, V29, P426 (5)

SChiOhW_Q115(; Ie I ·ni;r'l"GMP'· expionn -

' =e

M . BENTLEY FlA, h h I '~~I' . "_""" h ",,,ao,.on 5'2003_'~~"F'l:~O LfC a ""lI>rIllift jl";;;O_IJ_3, pouncet J, __ su oct 2DDO>m SY6~~A:RC 984,Cil>ath lr o'5ITIOMFi'007,@a"r ., .niiquiiyTI'Mp 1>75" 'hag'TEMP' P basodTEMP

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~RCHAEOL METHOD TH (8) ITHROPOL ARCHAEOt, (6) ,NTIQUITY, V68, P459, (6) PORIA AEGEANS E W (.5) IE R, V7, P451, (5) NTIQUITY, V82, P1009 (5) ~ACTALS, V8, P227, (S) VlEDITERRANEAN ARCH (5) RLDARCHAEOL, V29, P426 (.5)

Hubs and authorities

Most Important authorities: • GRAHAM 5, 2006,J MIEDITERRANEAN ARCH • ISAIKSENL, 2008, APPL N ETWORIKANAL AN • Knappett C, 2008, ANTIQUITY, V82 • Mizoguchi K, 2009, J ANTH ROPOL ARCHAEOL Most important hubs: • coward f, 2010, small worlds • brughrnans t. 2012" facebooking the past • earl g, 2011, cornp meth • knappett c, 2011, arch int Important hub and authority: • brughrnans t, 2010, ox j arch

ID

Input domain

Irwin-Williams

1977

c:!.

:3 ('t)

---

-------(jj)

br

Citation weights

Bentley RA, 2000, FRACTALS, Bentley RA, 2001, J ARCHAEOL

VB, P227, 001 10.

METHOD TH, V~

----0 :005 __----cD

ISAKSEIN L, 2008, APPL NETWORK

Bentley RA, 2003, AM ANTIQUITY,

V6S, P4,59, 00110.2307/355711

ANAL AN,
EVANS T, 2009, METH SER, V7, P451, 00110.1007/978-1-40 knappeU c, 2011, arch int TEMP

brughmans

t, 2012, facebooking

the past TEMP

cocltatlon networlk
LlCIC B, 1993, ETHNOLOGY, V3.2, P375, DOl 10,2307/377'345·9 \:" ae,

1993, "" ""tiq";tyTEMF

I rna, 2009, benefit gift TEMP

'\__s'aitta dj, 1:983, am antiquity

TEMI

ITY, V56, P6S, D0110.2307/280973

language TEMP , V1 P45, DO I 10.'1 558/jmea.2(J06.19.1.45

s.

: ANAL AN, V4
jl, 2009, j anth arch TEMP worlds TEMP

a ae,

2010, phil

trnas ~s

b TEM P

Cocitation network
_MIUCIC B, 1993, ETHNOLOGY, V32, P375, DOI10.2307!377'3459 ~"'m." ae, '993, am antiquity TEMP

ill rna, 2009, benefit gift TEMP

baitta

dj, 1983,am antiquity TEM

ITY, V56, P66, DO'l 10.2307/280973 , 001 10.1 098/rspb.2007.0564

1!fI'i!'f~jil\@l;'iJ}';;t*'\, 2010,

ox j arch TEMP nappett C, 2008,. ANTIQUITY, V82, 1>1009

chrane ee, 2010, phil trnas r s b TEMP

Bibliographic coupling
__ -no..:n",,,,,/1 F, 2008, PHILOS T R SOC B, V363, P1969, DOI10,1098Irstb.2008,0004
1r~~~~~~~T~EMP q, 2001, settlement arch TEMP

Jenkins

0, 20(]1, ETHNOHISTORY,

V48, P655, 001 1

PEREGRINE P2195,

P, 1991, AM ANTIQUITY,

V56, P66, 00110

001 10_1098frspb_2007_0564

hem iroquoian

TEMP

munson GRAHAM S, 2006, SYSTEMS ARCH, pg

jl, 2009, j anth arch TEMP ARCH, V19, P45, DOl 10_1558!jmea_2006,19 ,1.45

MEDITERRANEAN

RA, 2003, COMPLEX

ntlsy RA 2001, J ARCHAEOL

METHO!D TH, V8,. P35, 001 10, 1023!A:1 009521915258

Size of vertices

Betweenness

Bibliographic coupling
warp F, 200B, PHILOS T R soc B, V363, P1969, DOli0.1098/rstb.2008.0004 1F~~~~~i~a~nllt~~lr~a~~T~EMP mackie q, 2001, sentement arch TEMP saitta dj, 1983, am antiqu TEMP

bentley ra, 2005, [arch science TEMP

.. "' ....... -1' ..

07, urban conn TEMP :Jenkins D, 2001, ETHNOHISTORY, V48, P655, DO~ 1

93, ETHNOLOGY, V32, P375, DOli 0.2307/3773459 L NETWORK ANAL AN, V4 ROTHMAN M, 1987, PALEORIENl", Vi3" P73, 100110

..-PEREGRINE P, 1991, AM ANTIQUITY, V56, P66, DOl 10

branting s, 2007, using an urban TEMP terrell j, 2010, ann hum gen TEMP

?1i~i!E-¥-AA;=-3.

munson jl, 2009, j antn arch TEMP COMPLEX SYSTEMS AR(;H. P27 mcgrade I, i!(J 03 , map n terrTEMP v GRAHAM S, 2006, J MEDITERRANEAN ARCH, V19, P45, DOI10.1558!jmea.2006.19.1 - ENTLEY RA, 2003, COMPLEX SYSTEMS ARCH, P9

.45

entley RA, 2001, J ARCHAEOL METHOD TH, V8, P35, DOllI0.1023!A:l009521915258

Size of vertices

Betweenness

Conclusions
- .. d Intuition con f rrmeo:
• Many network-related ideas and techniques have been around in the disciplline since the 1970's • There was a boom in applications in the last decade • New applications were hardly influenced by older ones • Archaeological network analysts did not seem to have been aware ofthe diverse range of existing applications in their field · Recentlly published reviews point this out most clearly The academic contexts of the publications clearly plays an important part in the diffusion of network ideas and techniques
Ii

But where did the new applications

get their ideas and techniques from?

Citation analysis I chaeological appllcat

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Citation analysis II rchaeology ego-netwo

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.:I..... _1

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Bigger picture

Ego~network

Archaeology

Nodes
Arcs Loops Largest weakly connected component

33,590
42,919

2,304 4,875 2,304 1

19 46

70
133

2 1 33,498
2 19

60
3

Weakly connected components D,epth of network

Maximuminputdegree

48
1,237

8
21

Maximum outputdegree

345

1854 1884

1925

Maximuminputdegree Maximum outputdegree

48
1,237

46 345

8
21

1854 1884

1925

1960

Outdegr
fO~~~4.Cow

1.

2. grov

3. BRA
5. GaIT

~-.."

1. Wells PS, 2005, J ARCHAEOL IRES(345) 2. grove rn, 2011, j anthr arch (198) 3. BRAUN DP, 1982, AM ANTIQUITY (177) 4. Coward F, 2008, PHILOS T R SOC B (1135) 5. Gamble (, 1998, WORLD AR(HAEOl (122)

1.

Indegree

"Q ..

....... .....~.... .
'0"

~ _,iJiQ",----------------~------------------------------~

'-1==========

• •• I~r---------------~-------------------------------------~ .
•• ••
!D~========================~'
I .~.------------------------

•• • •
•••

••

ID

Externall cltations
IINDEGREE
1. BarabasiAL, 1999, SCIENCE, 46 40 34 34 29 25 46

WOK
6,392

Scholar
12,545 14,873 12,140 2,938

2. Watts DJ, 1998, NATURE,

3. WASSERMAN 5, 1994, SOCIAL NETW'ORK 4. Allbert R, 1999, NATURE,

6,071

5. BOYD R, 1985, CULTURE EVOLUTIOINARY

6. 7. Albert R, 2002, REV IMOD PHYS, GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM

4,016 5,152 9,304

J SOCIOl,

First archaeologists and historians

DUNNELL

Ref 1978, AIM ANTIQUITY,

131

FLANNERY KV, 1972, ANNU REV ECOIL SYST,

o
293

239
616
880

PADGETT JF, 1993, AM J SOCIOl,

Autlhorities
• KARDULIAS PN, 1999, WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY • SCHORTMAN EM, 11998, STUDIES CULTURE CONT, P102 • WELLS PS,. 1997, KELTEINKRI.EGERN KIIRCH, P147 • WEllS PS, 1996, CRAFT SPECIALIZATION, P8S • ARNOLD S, 1995, CELTIC CHIEFDO'M CELT, P43 • CHRIST K/ 1995, HIIST INTERPRETATIONE/ pg • COLLIS J, 1995, eEL TIC WORLD, P1 59 • RIIECKHOFF 5,1995, SUDDEUTSCHLAND SPANN • ROYMANIS N, 1995, INTEGRATIOIN EARLY RO, P47 • VOllLlNG T, 1995, fRUHGERMANISCHE ,GRAB • WELLS PS, 1995, EIRENE, V31, P129 • WEllS PS, 1995, j EUROPEAN ARCHAEOl, V3, P169 • VOllLlNG T, 1994, BERIGHT ROMISCH GERM, V7S, P147 • GEBHARD R, 1991, FIBELN OPPIDUM MANCH • RO'GERSjD, 1990, OBJECTS CHANGE ARCHA • TIMPE 0, 1989, REALLEXIIKON GERMANIS, V7/ P337 • WALDHAUSERJ, 11987, BERICHT ROMISCH GERM, V68, P25 • KIRAMER W, 1985, GRABIFUNDE MANCHINIG l • WERNERj, 1955,JB ROMISCH GERMANISC, V2, 1='170

Hubs
• Newmlan MEJ, 2003, SIAM REV, V4S, P167, 00110.1137/5003614450342480 • munson jl, 2009, j anth arch TEMP • Sm ith 1M 2005, AN N ASSOC AM GEGG R, V95, P832, 001 10.1111 Ij .1467 ~8306.2005.00489.x L, • Watts Dj, 2004, ANNU REV SOCI10L, V30, P243, 001 1O.1146/annllrev.soc.30.020404.1 04342 • Wells PS, 2005, J ARCHAEOL RES, V13, P49, 001 10.1007 Is1 0814-005-081 O-y
• • • • • • BENTLEY RA, 2003, COMPLEX SYSTEMS ARCH, P27

grove

m,

2011, j antlhr arch TEMP 08 04.3.903

Rinaldo A, 2006, WATER RESOUR RES, V42, 001 10 .. 0291200SWR0041 1 Stein Gj, 2002, AM ANTHR'OPOL, V1 04, P903, 001 10.1S2S/aa.2002.1

BENTLEY RA, 2003, COMPLEX SYSTEMS ARCH, pg

brughrnans t, 2010, oxj arch TEMP

• •
•

knappett c, 2011, arch lnt TEMP

Smith ME, 2001, j ANTHROPOL ARCHAEOL, V20, P245, 001 10.1 006/jaar.2000.0372 WebsterJ, 2001, AM J ARCHAEOL, V1 OS, P209, DOl1 0.2307/507271 Wells PS,1998, j ARCHAEO L RES, V6, P239, 00111 0.1 0231 A: 1022828421770 Lightfoot KG, 1998, AMI ANTIQU ITY, V63, P199, 0,01 10.2307/2694694 Woolf G, 1997, WQIRLD ARCHAEOL, V28, P339
BROODBANK (,2004, P CAMS PHILOL SOC, VSO, P46 AIRCHAEOL, V25, P346, 00,1 10.1 016/j.jaa.2005.12.0011

• •
• • •

Jennings j, 2006,

J ANTHROPOl

Input domain

Input domain

ZIPF GK, 1949, HUMANI BEHAV IPRllNCIPl (133)

• WASSERMAN 5, 1994, SOCIIAL NETWORK (132)

• KOCHENI M, 1989/ SMALL WORLD (128) • ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, (125)

• MITCHELL JC, 1969, SOCIAL NlETWORKS URBA (12.5)

• • Watts DJ, 11998, NATURE, (125) Huberman BA, 1998, SCIENCE, (122)

• •
•

Albert R, 11999, NATURE, (12.1) CRO'W EL, 1988, LOGNORMAL DISTRIBUTI (121)
Huberman BA, 1999, NATURE, (120)

RODRIIGUEZITURBE I, 1997, FRACTAL RIVER (120)

Citation weights

NMman'MEJ,

2003, SIAM REV, V~5, Pl'67,DOllI1I117!S0036l4'

Newman MEJ, 2002. PH'r'S REV LETT, V89, DOl1 011 03IPhysRevLell89_2OO701 A.lbert R, 2002, REV MOD PWfS,. V74. P47.DOI1O.1103IRevModPhys7447

Cocitation

Bibliographic coupling

Conclusions
• Some publications particularly lnfluentlal to archaeological applications AND in other disciplines • Large number of publications influential in physics and ,SNA were not influential to archaeologists. • Disciplinary communities start to appear But this is still an archaeological network

Citation analysis II rchaeology ego-netwo

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Outdegree
• CRO.SS MC, 1'993, REV MOD PHYS, (1237) • McBrearty 5,2000, J HUM EVOL, V39, P453, (946) • Fonagy IP, 20,07, J CHIILD PSYCHOL PSYC,V48, P288 (459) • Turcotte DL,. 1999,. REP PROG PHYS, V62, P1.377, (457) • Newman MEJ, 2003, SIAM REV, V4S, P167, (428) • Flinn MV, 119'97, EVOL HUM B,EHAV (427) • Fortunato 5, 2010, PHYS REP, (401) • Dietler M, 1997, J WORLID PREH:IST (375) • GRONIENBORN 0, 119'99,.JWORLD PREHISTORY, (372) • Terrelll JE, 1997, (IURR ANTHROPOL, (355) • Wells PS, 2005, J ARCHAEOL RES, (34.5)

Indegree
Iindegree WOK Scholar 48 6,392 12,545 1. BarabasiAL, 1999 6,071 14,873 2. Watts DJ, 19'98 47 3. WASSERMAN 5, 1994 44 12,14'0 1,413 2,938 4. Albert R, 1999 34 4,016 5. BOYD R, 1985 34 33 4,676 19,139 6. GRANOVET.MS, 1973 29 ,5,152 9,304 7. Albert R, 2002
1

First Archaeologists
DUNNELL Re, 1978

FLANNERY KV, 1'972 First Historians PADGETT JF, 1993

18 15

131

239 616

293

880

First Historians PAD'GIETT JF, 1993

15

293

Hubs
• Paczuski M, 1996, PHYS REV E • Sornette 0, 1998, PHYSICA A • CROSS Me, 19'93, REV MOD PHYS • Frette V, 1996, NATU RIE • Cohen I, 11999, FRACTAL

Auth

0 riti

es

• BAK P, 1991, SCI AM • MAINDELBROT BB, 119'83, FRACTAL • CARLSON JM, 199'0, PHYS REV LEn • BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT • Sornette D, 1998, PHYSICA A

• MILGRAM S, 119'67, PSYCHOL TODAY, V1, P61 (182) • MITCHELLJC, 1969, SOCIAL NETWORKS URBA(151) • ROGERS !EM, 1962, DIFFUSION liNNOVAT'ION (141) • WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL (140) • ZJPF GK, 1949, HUMAN BEHAV PRINCIIPL (139) • HARVEY IPH, 1991, COMP METHOD EVOILUTIIO (136) • TRAVERS J, 1969, SOCIIOME'TRY, V32, P42,5 (136) • HOMANS Ge, 1950, HUIMIAN GROUIP (135) • PETERS RH, 1983, ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATI (135)

Citation weights

Ne<")matl'NEJ,2003,Pl-lYS 38

REV E,V67, 001 iO.iTI03!PhlfSRevE.67.Cl2&i.26

Albert R, 20(1.2,REV M 0 ,94

o PHYS,

V74, P~7, DOl 10 1103JRevM odPhys. 74_47

NelAlm<'ln MEJ, 20(11, PffYSREV E,VM, DOl 10 11103.lF't1ysRevE_64_0l6131 9B6

6E11
_~,,74K'-

b~~\"MWDS, 2Ilml, PHYS REV tsrr.

VB5, 1'5468, DOl11H 1mll"~sReybelt.1I5,5468

._~~~-P,l\lbert R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378, DO 110, 1 038/J51i119019 Barabasi AI., 1~9, SCI EN DE, V286;, P501l, DOl W.11'26Jsc:ience.2~,&I:>9,5Il9 IIIbe-r 1999, NA TUR E, V401 o P13IJ

R,

• IBiastowards physics • Older publications influential to physicists are prominent • Archaeologists working in plhysics tradition stand out

Conclusions and future work

Citation anill:ysis .lIowed to: • Confirm !I1<11 <lnd, new arcih<!eologiC<!1 i!pp!!c<!tion~ ol'd
inHu:encing archaeologists emerged independently , Identify the key publications

• Identify key publlcatlons

in other dlscjplines with [potential applications in archaeology , Hint of thee~i;;tence' or acadEmic CommLinities with slrnllar citation behaviour • Explore evolving citation behaviour of archaeologists

• Suggest ponentiilily fruitful

future research avenue;

Solutions? , broad rrrultl-dlsclpllnary

scope research

, letting the specific archaeological

context

dominate

the application

Future citatton analysls , Co-authorship , Contexw,alise citation behsvlour detection of erchaeolog lsts , Academic community

, Influences of older applications

Citation analysis aillowed to:

• Confirm that old and new archaeologtcal applications emerged independently • Identify the key publications influencing archaeologists • Identify key publications in other disciplines with potential applications in archaeology • Hint of the existence of acadlemic communities with similar citation behaviour • Explore evolving citation behaviour of archaeologists • Suggest potentially fruitfull future research avenues

Solutions?

Solutions? • broad multi-disciplinary scope • letting the specific archaeological research context dominate the application

Future citation analysis • Co-authorship • Contextualise citation behaviour of archaeologists • Academic community detection -Jnfluences of older applications

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Cooper, Iza Romanowska, Networks Anna Collar,

Fiona Coward, [eroen Poblorne, the

Network,. Johannes PreiserKappeiller, the social systems modelling group, Jason Noble, Seth Bullock, John Terrell, Carl Knappett, Tim Evans