811.

111(072)
74.261.7+81.2
81

( 1044 22.07.98)

:
.
. . . , . . ,
. . .

..
81 :
- / .. , .. ;
. . . . 6- ., . . .:
, 2010. 128 .
ISBN 978-966-08-3729-4
-
, ,
, .
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
811.111(072)
74.261.7 +81.2

..,
.., 2006
ISBN 978-966-08-3729-4
, 2010


........................................................................................... 6
............................................................................. 7
.................................................................................................. 8
....................................................................................... 8
.................................................................................. 9
................................................................................ 10
......................... 10
................................................................. 21
(The Noun) ........................................................................... 27
.................................................... 28
.......................... 30
, .................................. 31
, ............................... 31
................................................... 32
.................. 32
(The Article) . ....................................................................... 33
.................................. 34
..................... 35
(The Pronoun) ................................................................... 36
................................................................... 36
.................................. 37
................................................................ 38
.............................. 39
.................................................................. 40
................................ 41
some, any ............................ 42
some, any .............................. 43
a little, a few........................................................... 44
little, few................................................................ 44
all............................................................................ 45
.................................................................. 46
(The Adjective) ............................................................... 47
............................. 47
............................................... 48
.... 49
........................... 50

(The Adverb) . .................................................................. 51

.................................................................... 51
............................................................. 52
...................................................................... 53
..................................................... 54
................................................ 55
............................................................................................ 56
(Mood) ......................................... 56
(Indicative Mood) . ............................................... 57
Present Simple (Indefinite). ................................ 57
Present Simple.................................................. 58
Present Simple (Indefinite). ............................. 59
Present Continuous. .......................................... 60


Present Continuous............................................ 61

Present Continuous. ........................................ 62

Present Simple Present Continuous?.......................................... 63
Past Simple (Indefinite) .............................................................. 64
Past Simple (Indefinite). .................................. 65
Past Continuous. . ................. 66
Past Simple Past Continuous?.................................................. 67
Present Perfect. . .................. 68
Present Perfect Past Simple?................................................... 69
Present Perfect Continuous. . ... 70
Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous?.............................. 71
Past Perfect. . ...................... 72
Past Perfect Continuous. . ...... 73
The Future................................................................................ 74
Passive...................................................................................... 75
Present Simple, Past Simple Present Perfect..... 75
Future Passive. ................................. 76
............................................... 77
................................ 77
(
)............. 79
do............................................................................... 80
do () . .............................................................. 81
, , ,
.............................................................................. 81
be . ............................................................................. 82
, , ,
.............................................................................. 83
have............................................................................ 84
have ()..................................................... 85
(Imperative Mood). ................ 86
..................................................................... 87
, ,
............................................................. 87
can. .................................. 88
could. ................................ 89
an be able to?....................................................................... 90
may. ................................................ 91
might. ............................................. 91
will (will, ll, wont). ........... 92
would. ............................... 93
shall. ............................................... 94
should. .............................. 94
must. ................................ 95
have to, ll have to.
, ,
........................................... 96
have to, ll have to. ............. 97
ought to.


.
........................................ 98

( ) . ................................................................. 99

( ) ................................................................100

( ) ......................................................................101

() .........................................................102
+ ing ...........................................104
+ ing .....................................105
+ ing ...........................................106
. .
..............................................................107
(Subjunctive Mood).
.
. ...................................108
. .
..............................................................109
(The Numeral) ..................................................................110
................................................................110
...............................................................111
...................................................................112
(The Preposition) . ..........................................................113
..................................................................113
..............................................................114
....................................................................115
..........................................................................................116
..................................................................................117
.....................................................................................118
............................................119
there is/there are..............................................120
there is/there are some/any/no/none................121
.........................................................................122
............................................................124
...................................................126
..........................................................................127

!

, .
, , ,
,
, ,
- .
, , .
,
.


.
. ,
.
,
,
( ) ,
.
, ,

.


,
.
,
.
!

Aa

Bb

Cc

Dd

[e]*

[bi:]

[si:]

[di:]

Ee

Ff

Gg

Hh

[i:]

[ef]

[d4i:]

[et6]

Ii

Jj

Kk

Ll

[a]

[d4e]

[ke]

[el]

Mm

Nn

Oo

Pp

[em]

[en]

[3\]

[pi:]

Qq

Rr

Ss

Tt

[kju:]

[%:]

[es]

[ti:]

Uu

Vv

Ww

Xx

[ju:]

[vi:]

[d2blju:]

[eks]

Yy

Zz

[wa]

[zed]

. 8.

[] big, started
[2] run, son
[5] hot, what
[\] put, wood
[0] bad, back
[e] bed, breath
[3] again, teacher

[i:]
[%:]
[1:]
[u:]
[:]

[e] play, great

[a] by, buy
[1] boy, spoil
[3\] no, though
[a\] now, house
[3] here, hear
[e3] chair, where
[\3] poor, sure

feet, these
car, heart
door, law
moon, juice
bird, earth

[a3]
[a\3]
[ju3]
[e3]

fire, liar

hour, tower

during, mature

player, greyer

[p]

[f]

[t]

[k]
[s]
[6]

put,
happy
foot,
photo
two,
looked
cat, kind
sun, cell
she,
session

[t6] chair,

[7]

future

thin,
path

[b]

ball, bed

[v]

visit, live

[d]

[g]
[z]
[4]

dog,
played
girl, mug
zoo, lends
pleasure,
vision

[m] my, bomb

[l] look, sell
[r] run, write
[n] run, knee
[j] yes, opinion
[8] song, ring
[h] hot, hand
[w] way, when

[d4] jeans,

[9]

gym

this,
mother

( )

[e]
plate, cake, pale, make

( )

[0]

Aa
[e ]

bag, cat, fat, parrot

:
castle, past, staff

[a:]

ar ( )
[%:]
farm, start, bar, carpet

are (IV )
[e3]
care, share, dare, fanfare

[3]
about, ago, balloon, forward

10

air
[e3]
hair, chair

ay, ai
[e]
play, sail

al; al+l; al+k

[1:]
always, small, chalk

w+ar, w+a
[1:]

au(gh)

warm, want, wasp

:
waste, wage

[e]

[1:]
autumn, daughter

aw
[1:]
law, saw, paw

11

( )

[i:]
meter, we, me, fever

( )

[e]
pen, desk, rest, tennis

Ee
[i :]

er (III )
[:]
her, nerve, service, berth
:
clerk

[a:]

ere (IV )

[3]

here, mere
:

[-:]

[e3]
there, where
were

12

[3]

[]

absent

begin

er
[3]
teacher

ee, ea
[i:]
green, peace

[e] peasant, bread

[e]

great

eer, ear
[3]
deer, near

ew
[ju:]
new, few, nephew

ei
[i:]
ceiling, receive

ey ( )
[]
money, hockey

13

( )

[a]
like, kite, bike, time
:

[] pity

( )

[]
big, sit, pillow

Ii
[a]

ir (III )
[:]
first, bird, skirt, birthday

ire (IV )
[a3]
fire, desire, hire, wire

[]
music, topic, lyric, family

14

ie ( .)
[i:]
field, brief, thief, believe
:

[e] friend

ie ( )
[a]
lie, die
:

[i:] auntie

igh
[a]
night, flight

ier
[3]
pier, fierce

15

( )

[3\]
hope, note, phone, alone
:
prove,
money

[u:]

[2]

( )

[5]
stop, pot, rock, doll

Oo
[3 \ ]

or (III )
[1:]
born, short, forth, horse
:
work, world

[:]

ore (IV )
[1:]
more, score, bore, explore

16

[3]

[3\]

doctor, solution

metro, piano

oo

[u:]
moon, cool

[2] blood, flood

oo+k

[\]
book, cook

ou; ow

[a\]
house, bow

[3\] mould, crow; [u:]

oor

could;

[2] touch

[1:]

door, floor
:
poor

[\3]

ough+t

[1:]
brought, thought

our, ower
:

[a\3]
hour, shower
mourn, course, four

[1:]

ou+s ( )
[3]
dangerous, moustache

17

( )

[ju:]
tube, pupil, duke, union
:
sugar, lucid

[\]

( )

[2]
:

Uu
[j u:]

bus, duck, mug

put, pudding, bull

[\]

ur (III )
[:]
fur, burst, curtain, turn

ure, uri (IV )

[j\3]
during, curiosity, pure, secure
s:
sure

[\3]

r, j

[u:]
rule, June

18

g+u+
[]
guess [ges], guide [gad]

ue
[ju:]

due, sue, Tuesday, cue

tue, ture
[j\3]

mature

r, l+ue
[u:]
:

blue, true
cruel, fluent

[\3]

[3]

[ju:]

success

unite

tue, ture

[t6u:]

virtue, nature

19

( )

[a]
my, type, hygiene

( )

[]
system, mystery, bicycle

Yy
[wai ]

yr (III )
[:]
myrmidon, myrtle

[j]
year, yes, yesterday

[]
city, busy

20

Bb

m+b
[b]

[]

back, double

climb, bomb, comb

[klam] [b5m] [k5m]

c e, i, y
[s]

[k]

centre, icy
:
celts

[k]

Cc

cc e, i, y
[ks]

country, cap

cc

[k]

success, accent

occupy, occur

ch, tch
[t6]
cheese, match
:
mechanic

[k]

ck
[k]
black, neck

21

Dd

Ff

[d]
dog, end, badminton

[f]
father, life, off

g e, i, y
[d4]
page, gin

Gg

g
[g]
grey, go, gun, game

gh

[]

[]
handkerchief; grandma
[ h08k3t6f] [ gr0nma:]

:
of [3v]

[g]

give, girl, get

gh
[g]
ghost, ghastly
:

[f]
laugh, enough

though, high, taught

Hh

22

Hh

[h]
house, his

h
[]
hour, ghost

Jj

Kk

[d4]
joke, major

jabot [ 40b3\]

kn
[n]

[k]
keep, king

know, knife

Ll

Mm

[l]
lemon, salt, film

:
palm, calm
[pa:m] [ka:m]

mn
[m]

[m]
meet, moon

autumn, column

[n]
number, thunder

Nn

ng
[8]
thing, bring

n+k
[8]
drink, sink

23

ph
[p]

[f]

pool, people

Pp

phone, physics,
elephant

n, s, t
.

[]
cupboard; receipt
[k2b3d] [rsi:t]

[]

neumonia; psalm
p
[njum3unj3] [sa:m]

s ,

[6]

[s]

sure, sugar

swim, books

[s]

[z]

bus

beds, pies

sure

Ss

sc e, i, y
[s]

[43]
leisure, pleasure

science, scene

sh

[]
isle, aisle, corps
[al] [al] [k1:]

24

ss

[6]

issue,
mission

[s]

fussy,
grass

[6]
crash, shy

[z]

dessert,
scissors

Qq

qu

[kw]

question, square

rh

[r]

red, merry

Rr

:
queue [kju:]
antique [0nti:k]

[]

[]

star, door

first, farm

[]

[t]
tree, take, pity

th

listen, Christmas
[lsn] [ krsm3s]

[t]

[7]

Tt

[r]

rhythm, rhyme
[r9m] [ram]

thing, teeth

Thames, Thomas

th . ,
[9]
this, weather

ture

tion

[t63]

[6(3)n]

nature, culture

mention, intention

25

[v]

Vv

view, velvet, voice

[w]
way, wet

Ww
wh

[w]
when, what

x .

Xx

[gz]
exam, example

x
[ks]
exercise, box, excuse

Zz

[r]
write, wrong

wh
[h]
who, whose

x
[z]
xerox, xylophone
[z3r5ks] [ zal3f3\n]
:

[k6]
anxios, luxury

[z]
zoo, zero, ozone

26

wr

[ts]
pizza

(The Noun)

Volga ( )
London ()
Peter ()
Sunday ()
May ()

boy ()
country ()
family ()
water ()
darkness ()

boy ()
table ()

day ()
metre ()

happiness ()
knowledge ()

water ()
gold ()

27

[s] caps, cats, rats

+s

[z] beds, rooms, bees

sh, ch, s, x, ss, o

+es

:+s

28

[iz]
[z]

dishes, watches,
heroes

[z] pianos, photos, kilos

+y

ies

a fly flies,
()

[z]

a story stories
()

+y

+s

a day days,
()

[z]

a boy boys
()

f fe
a wife wives
()
a knife knives
()
a leaf leaves
()
a life lives
()

ves

:+s

[s]

a roof roofs,
()
a chief chiefs
()

29

a man men

()
a woman women

()
a tooth teeth

()

a child children

()
a mouse mice

()
a louse lice

()

a foot feet

()

an ox oxen ()

a goose geese

()

people ()
a person

persons
( (.))

=
a sheep sheep ()
a deer deer ()
a fish fish ()
a fruit fruit ()

The sheep is from Australia.

.
The sheep are from Australia.
.

datum ( )
analysis ()
crisis ()
phenomenon ()

30

data
analyses
crises
phenomena

,

billiards ()

Billiards is an interesting
game.
.

knowledge
()
information ()
news ()

The news has been good today.

.

advice ()
His money is on the table.
.

money ()
progress (, )

,

clothes ()
trousers ()
jeans ()
shorts ()
glasses ()
scissors ()

These trousers are too long.

.
Your scissors are very sharp.

.
Your shorts were dirty yesterday.

.

31

her students book ( )

his sons flat ( )

s
s

her students book ( )

his sons flat ( )

the childrens toys ( )
those mens hats ( )

tomorrow

tomorrows* meeting
( )

today

todays newspaper
( )

+s + noun
yesterday

yesterdays discussion
( )

last year

last years conference

( )

32

: tomorrow/today/yesterday/last year meeting

 (The Article)

a/an

shops
engineers

,
,
happiness
ink

the shop

the shops

the happiness

the engineer

the engineers

the ink

a shop
an engineer

the
a
the
an
the

[3] a boy, a teacher

[93] the boy, the teacher

[3n] an apple, an engineer

[9i] the apple, the engineer

a unit

[3 ju:nit]

a hair [3 he3]

an uncle

[3n 28kl]

an hour [3n a\3]

33

the

, ,

Susan, Mr Brown
President Clinton

the President
the Prince of Wales

Europe, Spain, South-East Asia

the United States

of America,
the Netherlands,
the Crimea

London, Paris

: the Hague

(Mount) Everest
Mount Kilimanjaro

:
the Andes,
the Himalayas

Jamaica, Borneo

: the Isle of
Wight
:
the Cook Islands

Lake Michigan

the (River) Thames

the Pacific (Ocean)
the Black Sea
the Panama Canal

Baker Street
Hyde Park

: the High

Street

Newsweek, Vogue,
Time

: the Economist
:
the Times, the Wa
shington Post

34

a lot of
a few (.)
a little (.)
its a pity
to have a good time
to go for a walk

the

in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening
on the one (other) hand ()

the day before yesterday

the day after tomorrow
to tell the truth
to play the piano (violin)

()
to go to the theatre (cinema)
( )

at night
at home
at school
by tram (train, bus) (,
)
by heart
in time
to go to bed
to go to school
to play football

35

 (The Pronoun)

-

36

I ()

me (, )

you ()

you (, )

he ()

him (, )

she ()

her (, )

it () ()

it (, , )

we ()

us (, )

you ()

you (, )

they ()

them (, )

Where is Tom?
He is playing football.
?
.

I met him in the street.

.

The window is open.

.
It is open.
.

Leave it open.
.

My Dad and
car.

We are in the

Have you received a letter

from us?

?

I are in the
.
car.
.

The bags are on the floor.

.
They are on the floor.
.

I quite agree with them.

.

37

38

we

they

it

she

you

he

you

their ()

your ()

our ()

its ()

her ()

his ()

your ()

my ()

theirs ()

yours ()

ours ()

its ()

hers ()

his ()

yours ()

mine (, )

( .)

( .)

They dont know my address.

.

This is not my coat, mine is

brown.
,
.

Your elder brother lives in

London.

.

I cant find my pen. Give me

yours, please.

. ,
.

This is our house.

.

This is not your house. It

is ours.
. .

39

+ self

+ selves

myself

ourselves

yourself

yourselves

himself
herself
itself

themselves

40

oneself

Mark, dont hurt yourself.

, .
Children, dont hurt yourselves.
, .
He hurt himself and asked
me to help him.

.
Tom himself found a new
job.

.
I saw it myself.
.
Nobody likes to talk about
themselves.

.

She washed, dressed and
went to the kitchen.
,
.

Hide behind the trees

and bushes.

.
How do you feel?
I feel well.
?
.

He behaved like a child.

.

41

42
any

anybody

anything

anywhere

not any
no

not anybody
nobody

not anything
nothing

not anywhere
nowhere

somebody
(, -)

something
(, -)

somewhere
(, )

some
(, ,
-)

some , any

She wants to go somewhere.

.

I want to tell you something.

.

He invited somebody.

.

He asked me some questions.

.

He asked me no ques
tions. He didnt ask me
any questions.

.
He didnt invite anybody. He invited nobody.

.
I dont want to tell you
anything. I want to tell
you nothing.

.
She doesnt want to go
anywhere. She wants to
go nowhere.

.

Does she want to go

anywhere?

-?

Do you want to tell me

anything?

-?

Did he invite
anybody?

-?

Did he ask you any questions?

- ?

some , any

43

a little, a few

a little
(, )

a few
(, )

We have a little water.

I have a few books on this
. subject.

.
I have got a little time.
Id like to say a few words
. about her.

.

little , few

little
(, )

few
(, )

There is very little water in There are very few English

the kettle.
books in the library.
.

.
I have got little time.
He has few friends.
. ( )
.

44

all

+
All the students have passed
the examination.
(
) .

All students should be in

time for the lessons.

.

+
They all work here.
.

of them work here.

= All
.

Ill see you all tonight.

.

Ill see all of you tonight.

.

all

Mr Brown knows all.

Thats all (that) I want.

, .

I told him all (that) I knew.

,
.

45

this
(, , )

these
()

that
(, , )

those
()

What

this?
is

Who

that?

What

these?

are
Who

46

my money

This

That

the bank
manager

These

red books

those children?

is

Those

are

my cousins

dress

frame

cotton

bronzed
aluminium

pink
and
blue
carved

huge
impressive

delightful

beautifully

her

Indian

private

library

wine

French

sparkling

classic

this

,
,

(The Adjective)

47

kind
()
big

er
est

()

kinder
()
bigger
()

(the) kindest
()

(the) biggest
()

,
er, ow, y, le
clever
()
easy
()

cleverer
()
easier
()

(the) cleverest
()
(the) easiest
()

more

afraid
(
)

more afraid
(
)

(the) most
afraid
(
)

the
most

48

beautiful
()

more
beautiful
(
)

(the) most beautiful

()

good

()

(the) best
()

()

()

(the) worst
()

little
()

smaller
()

(the) smallest
()

far

farther
( )

(the) farthest
()

further
( ,
,
)

(the) furthest
()

older

(the) oldest
()
(the) eldest
(
)

better
()

bad

worse

()

old

()

elder

()

(
)

49

as
(
)

strong
afraid

not so
(
)

as
()

forgetful

Patrick
I am

Bill is
me
stronger
You seem

more afraid

than
()

before

less forgetful

strongest
the

50

most intelligent

in the world

least forgetful

of the boys


(The Adverb)

here
(,
)

there
(,
)

I think somebody was here.

, .
Come here, Bob.
, .

We shall stay there till tomorrow.

.
Would you like to go there tonight?
?

far

The station is far from his house.

.

near

I parked my car near the house.

.

()

()

51

well
()

fast
()

Dont speak so fast. Its very difficult

to understand anything.
.
- .

quickly

He came into the room very quickly.

()

slowly

He spoke so slowly that I couldnt

stand it.

()

52

I know him well.

,
.

carefully

He listened to me carefully and then he

asked several questions.

(,
)

,
.

today,
tomorrow,
now, last week,
at five oclock
( )

We are going to the theatre tomorrow.

.
I shall visit him on Sunday.
.

daily,
monthly,
twice a week,
once a year

I pay my newspaper bill monthly.

.

( )

always, often, seldom, usually, ever,

never, regularly

(
, be)

I never go to the theatre.

.
He is often late.
.

already, just, since,

still
(
)

lately, recently
( )

I had just paid for this suit.

.
He hasnt seen much of her
lately.

.

53

much

My son doesnt read much.

.

little

She eats very little.

.

very

This game is very noisy.

.

too

He is too young to play in this team.

,
.

so

She was so glad to see all these people.

.

rather

This jacket is rather expensive.

.

quite

He is not quite right.

.

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

hardly
()

54

When I saw him I could hardly

recognize him.
,
.

early
er/
est

fast
()
early
()

faster

()

earlier

()

(the) fastest

()

(the) earliest

( )

,
ly
more/
(the)
most

clearly
()

more clearly

()

(the) most clearly

()

er /
oftener
oftenest
often
est
more
often
(the)
most often
()
more/
()
()
(the)
er
est
quick
quick
quickly
most
(the) most quickly
() more quickly
()

()

well
()
badly
()
much, many
()
little
()
far
()

better

()

worse

()

more

()

less

()

farther
further

()

(the) best
()
(the) worst
()
(the) most
()
(the) least
()

(the) farthest
(the) furthest

(i)

55



(Mood)

56

(Indicative Mood)

(Imperative Mood)

(Subjunctive Mood)

I was a student ten years ago.

.

Come here, please!

, !
Do help me!
!

If I were you Id tell her everything.

.
I wish you were here.
, .

(Indicative Mood)
Present Simple (Indefinite)

/
I
you
we
they

write
(dont write)

he she it

writes
(doesnt write)

Do

I
you
we
they

Does

he she it

write?

Yes
(No)

I
you
we
they

do
(dont)

he she it

does
(doesnt)

57

Present Simple
3

(I, you, we, they) talk

(He, she, it) talks

[s]

+s

speaks [spi:ks]
bites [bats]

[z]

runs [r2nz]
sees [si:z]

[z] (sh, ss, ch, x)

+es

kisses [ksz]
catches [k0t6z]
mixes [mksz]
washes [w56s]
: goes [g3\z]

does [d2z]

[z] +y+s ies

y+s

58

marry marries [m0rz]

try tries [traz]
: +y+sys

play plays [plez]

Present Simple (Indefinite)

What do you usually do on Saturdays?
?
My son plays the guitar when he has time.
,
.

Water boils at 100C.

100.
He speaks five languages!
!

,

Next Wednesday is a national holiday.

.
Classes start tomorrow.
.

,
Im sorry I dont understand you.
, .
What do you think about it?
?

59

Present Continuous

/
I

m (not)
am (not)

he she it

s (not)
is(nt)

we
you
they

re (not)
are(nt)

running

Am
Is
Are

he

she

it

running?

we
you
they

am
(m not)

he she it

is(nt)

we
you
they

are(nt)

Yes
(No)

60

Present Continuous
... + ing
i
walk walking
brush brushing

+
eat eating
blow blowing

+
put putting
swim swimming

e
live living
smile smiling

ie y
die dying
lie lying

y
try trying
play playing

61

Present Continuous


Are you feeling all right?
?
Whos playing the piano upstairs?
?

, ,

Were looking for a new house.

.
( )
Shes living there.
. ( )

( )

When are they flying to the States?

?
Im leaving early tomorrow.
.

62

Present Simple
Present Continuous?
Present Simple

Present Continuous

He always writes letters to

his friends.

.

Dont trouble him. He

is writing a letter.
.
.

Hes a writer. He writes

detective stories.
.
.

He looks so excited.
Hes writing a new book.
.
.

Water boils at 100 C.

100.

Look! The water is boiling.

Take the kettle off!
, .
!

The train arrives at

5 oclock.
5.
( )

Mary is arriving at
5 oclock tomorrow.
5.
(
)

63

Past Simple (Indefinite)

/

I
you
we
they
he she it

watched
(didnt watch)

Did

I
you
we
they
he she it

watch?

I
you
we
they
he she it

did(nt)

Yes
(No)

64

Past Simple (Indefinite)

,
We went to the cinema yesterday.
.
John left five minutes ago.
.

Anna opened the door of her car and listened carefully.

Suddenly she heard a strange noise...
.
...

(used to)

When I was a child I lived in a big house.

, .
He used to walk many miles every day.
.

65

Past Continuous

I
he she it
you
we
they

was(nt)
looking
were(nt)

Was

I
he she it

Were

you
we
they

Yes
(No)

looking?

I
he she it

was(nt)

you
we
they

were(nt)

,

Who was speaking to you at five?
?

I was writing a letter when my Dad came.
, .

66

Past Simple
Past Continuous?
Past Simple

Past Continuous

I talked to her at five yesterday.

.

I was talking to her at five

yesterday.

.

What did you do when they

came?
,
?

What were you doing when

they came?
,
?

I showed them the way in.

.

I was writing a report.

.

I bumped into a man who reads the news on TV

when I was shopping.
,
.

67

Present Perfect

I
you
we
they

have(nt)
ve (not)

he she it

has(nt)
s (not)

Have

I
you
we
they

Has

he she it

Yes
(No)

I
you
we
they
he she it

opened
gone

opened?
gone?

have(nt)
has(nt)

,

I have lived here for months.
.

,

Have you seen Hamlet? If not, lets go tonight.
? ,
.

68

Present Perfect
Past Simple?
Present Perfect

Past Simple

I havent seen her since

Tuesday.
.

I didnt see her on Tuesday.

.

Have you eaten this morning?

?
( )

Did you eat this morning?

?
( )

Weve been married for

27 years.

We were married for

27 years.

27 .
( )

27
. ( )

since ever

yet

Have you ever been to Paris?

-
?

ago

I was in Paris 5 years ago.

5
.

69

Present Perfect Continuous

I
you
we
they
he she it

Have

have(nt)
been looking
has(nt)
I
you
we
they

Has

he she it

Yes

I
you
we
they

(No)

he she it

been looking?

have(nt)

has(nt)

, ,

I have been feeling ill all day, doctor.
, .

,

Her eyes are red. Shes been crying all evening.
. .

70

Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous?
Present Perfect

Present Perfect
Continuous

Ive chopped onions.

.
( )

Ive been chopping onions.

.
(,
)

Theyve discussed it.

.
( )

Theyve been discussing it.

.
(,
)

Ive thought about it.

.
()

Ive been thinking about it

a lot.
.
()

Have you bought a new car

yet?
?
( )

Ive been shopping* it for

a month.
.
(,
)

Buying .

71

Past Perfect

I
you
we
they
he she it

had(nt)

done

Had

I
you
we
they
he she it

done?

Yes

I
you
we
they
he she it

(No)

had(nt)

,
I was nervous because I had never
driven before.
,
.

(Past Simple Past Perfect)
John said she had gone on the bus.
, .

72

Past Perfect Continuous

I
you
we
they
he she it

had(nt)

Had

I
you
we
they
he she it

Yes

I
you
we
they
he she it

(No)

been working

been working?

had(nt)

,
He found the book hed been looking for.
, .

He said hed been waiting for us all day long.
, .

73

The Future
will, ll, wont
, ,
There will be a warm weekend.
.

Oh, I forgot to tell her. Ill talk to her now.
, . .

(be) going to...

Look at those clouds, its going to rain.
, .

I take an alarm clock with me.
Im going to wake up early.
.
.

Present Continuous

What are you doing tonight?
Im having dinner with Ally.
?
.

Present Simple

My birthday is Wednesday this year.
.

74

Passive
Present Simple,
Past Simple Present Perfect
/

Present
I

m (not)

Am

he she it

is(nt)
s (not)

Is

he she it

asked?

we
you
they

are(nt)
re (not)

Are

we you
they

written?

Was

I
he she it

Were

we
you
they

written?

have (nt) been

asked Have

I
you
we
they

been
asked?

asked
written

Past
I
he she it was (nt)
we
you
were (nt)
they

asked
written

asked?

Perfect
I
you
we
they
he she it

has (nt)

been
written

Has

been
written?
he she it

75

Future Passive
/

I
will (not) be
you
asked
we
they
wont be
he she it
written

Will

I
be
you
asked?
we
they
be
he she it written?

Passive
English

is spoken in Canada.

Canadians speak

English

Active
, ,

The letter was sent more than a month ago.
.

76

I leave tomorrow.

He says he leaves tomorrow.

, .
He said he left tomorrow.
, .
I left yesterday.

He says he left yesterday.

, .
He said he had left yesterday.
, .

watch(es)
He watches.
He said he watched.

watched

watched
.
, .

had watched

He watched.
.
He said he had watched. , .

77

()
will watch

would watch

He will watch.
He said he would watch.

can (may) watch

.
,
.

could (might) watch

They can (may) watch.

.
They could (might) watch, he said.
,
.

is watching

was watching

Hes watching.
He said he was watching.

was watching

had been watching

He was watching.
He said he had been watching.

has watched

.
, .

.
,
. ( )

had watched

He has watched.
.
He said he had watched. , .

78

(
)

Past

Present

Future

Simple

yesterday
in 1960
days
ago
years

year
last week
month

several

Perfect

Continuous

usually, always, every day,

as a rule, often, seldom
last

month
year

days
several
ago
years

tomorrow
next month

today, now,
this week,
at present

in 1960, then

in future
the day after
tomorrow

all day/week/month

yet, already
lately
recently

79

do

Present Indefinite, 3
Do you understand me?
?
Yes, I do.
.
They dont know me.
.

Do

do washing/shopping

(/ )
do cooking
()
do good/harm
( /)
do ones best
( )
do somebody a favour
( - )

Do try and find it.

.
She does believe him.
.
I did visit her.
.

80

do ()
,
, ,

Present

Past

/
I
you
we
they

do
dont do

he she it

does
doesnt do

I
he she it
you
we
they

did
didnt do

Do

Does

I
you
we
they

do ?

Did

he she it

I
he she it
you
we
they

do ?

Yes
(No)

I
you
we
they

do(nt)

he she it does(nt)

Yes
(No)

I
he she it
you
did(nt)
we
they

81

be


He is six feet tall.
.
I was really cold.
.

(Perfect) Continuous Passive
Are you leaving now?
?
It was sold two days ago.
.

He is to come at five oclock.

.
They were to become his partners.
.

82

,
, ,

Present

Past

/
I

am (not)
m (not)

you
we
they

are(nt)
re (not)

he she it

is(nt)
s (not)

I
he she it

was(nt)

you
we
they

were(nt)

Am

I?

Are

you we they?

Is

he?
she?
it?

Was

I?
he she it?

Were

you?
we?
they?

Yes
(No)

am
(m not)
Yes

you
we
they

are(nt)

he she it

is(nt)

(No)

I
he she it was(nt)
you
we
they

were(nt)

83

have

*
She has a nice dog.
.

**
Present Past Perfect, Present
Past Perfect Continuous
They have been talking.
.

have

I have lunch at work.

.
Shes having a shower now.
.

(have to)***
I have to wear a suit.
.
They didnt have to take an exam.
.

*
** .
*** .

84

to have .
. . 68, 70, 72, 73, 75.
. . 96.

have ()
breakfast, lunch, dinner
, ,

a wash, a bath
,

a good time, a nice evening

,

a good trip/journey/flight
,

a talk (a word), a quarrel, a fight

, ,

to have

a rest, a dream, a sleep

, ,

a try, a look

a swim, a walk, a dance

, ,

difficulty/trouble with...

a baby

an operation, an accident
,

They are having a walk.

She didnt have trouble in doing it.

.
Have you had a good rest?

85

(Imperative Mood)

,
Hurry up! Were late.
, .
Dont tell her anything!
!

,
Keep off the gate.
.
Push.
.
Keep cool and dry.
.

(lets do)
Lets do it now.
.
Lets not go there.
.

Please come in, make yourselves comfortable.

, , .

86

,
,

/
I
you
we
they
he she it

can* (not)
cant

say

Can

I
you
we
they
he she it

say?

Yes
(No)

I
you
we
they
he she it

can (not)
(cant)

(could, may, might, will, would,

shall, should, must) .

87

can

Can you help me with my paper today?
?
They can come up to you tomorrow.
.

Can he speak Chinese?

?
John is seven but he can swim.
, .

Can you open the window, please?

? ( , .)
Can I ask you?
?

Can I baby-sit for you?
Can he give you a lift?

?
?

( )
It cant be him, its too early.
, , .
She cant have left without saying goodbye.
, , .

88

could

Could you possibly spare a minute for me?
?
Could you pass me some salt?
?

*
We couldnt pass the border without passports.
.
( )

It could happen to anybody.
.
He could have lost the money at the party.
.

They said he could go anywhere.
, .
*

managed to, was able to, failed to ( ).
We failed to pass the border without passports.
.

89

can be able to ?

I am able to come.
. ()
I can come.
. ( )

Ill be able to come tomorrow.
.
I can come tomorrow. .

I was able to come yesterday.
.
I could come yesterday.
() .

*
Id love to be able to come.
.
I like being able to come any time.

- .
Ive never been able to come.
.
*

90

can .

may.

I may have time to talk to you tomorrow.
, , ,
.

May I borrow your text-book?

?

might.

,
, may
It might be John.
, , . ( )

You might have helped me.

.

He might have broken his leg.
.

He said he might go there tomorrow.
, .

91

( will , ll , wont )

will

Ill have pizza and salad, please.
, .

Youll miss the train if you drive like that.
,
.

,

Well be back in a minute.
.

Will you come up here, please?

, .

OK. I will invite him. , .

,

The car wont start.

92

would

Would you drop me at the corner, please?

, .

Would you like to come with us?
?

I would have a rest.

. ( )

,

The children wouldnt fall asleep last night.
.

I think an aspirin would help you.

, .

93

shall *.

Shall I get a taxi for you?
?

I shall tell you as soon as I know.

, .

,
You shall break your neck if you cycle here.
,
.

should

I think my cars been stolen!

You should ring the police.
, !
.

The tape-recorder I bought last month wont
work. Should I complain to the maker?
,
, . ,
?
*

shall . .

94

must

, ,
I really must find something cheaper.
This is too expensive.
- .
.

When must we arrive there?
?

Must you do it in my presence?

?

()
I see a green car, it must be him!
,
!

You mustnt wash this jumper. It has to be
dry cleaned.

. .

95

have to, ll

have to

,
,

Present

Past

/
I
you
we
they

(dont)
have to

has to
he she it (doesnt
have to)

tell

I
he she it
had to
you
(didnt
we
have to)
they

tell

Do

Does

I
you
we
they

have
to tell?

Did

he she it

I
he she it
have
you
to tell?
we
they

Yes
(No)

96

I
you
we
they

do(nt)

he she it does(nt)

Yes
No

I
he she it
you
we
they

did(nt)

have to, ll

have to

,
(, )
We have to wear this uniform.
.

(dont have to)

They dont have to give me a report about it.

.

, ,
(ll have to)
Youll have to give me your telephone number.
.
.:
You have to give me your telephone number.
.
(, , )

97

ought to

I
you
we
they
he she it

ought to

give

I
you
we
they
he she it

ought not to


oughtnt to

give

( )
You ought to ring Jim, hes ill.
, .

ought to .
should.

98

( )
(100 %)
,

will (ll)

Hell be there now, certainly.

.

(75 %)

should

He should be there now, I think.

, , , .

(50 %)

may

He may be there now, but Im not sure.

, , ,
.

(75 %)

might

He might be there, but I doubt it.

,
.

(100 %)

wont
(will not)

He wont be there, Im sure.

, .

99

( )
(100 %)
,

must
(will)

They must know it, they were told.

, .

(75 %)

should

They should know it, it was announced.

, , , .

(50 %)

may

They may know it, Im really not sure.

, , ,
.

(75 %)

might

They might know it, but they were out of town.

,
.

(100 %)

cant

100

They cant know it, it was announced right now.

,
.

( )
(100 %) ()

must have
(will have )

They must have arrived by now,

its already 9 oclock.
, , ,
9 .

(75 %) ()

should
have

They should have arrived by now,

I would think.
, , ,
.

(50 %) ()

may have

They may have arrived by now,

but the trains are often late.
, , ,
.

(75 %) ()

might have

They might have arrived by now,

but I doubt it.
, .

(100 %) ( )

cant have

They cant have arrived by now,

its too early.
,
.

101

()

must
have to
*

You must tell me everything.

.
They have to attend lessons.
.

should
ought to

You should go to bed now.

.
You ought to keep children under control.
.

may
can
*

They may stay at home today.

.

must had to:

He had to work harder.
.

102

dont
have to
neednt
dont
need to

He doesnt need to go there.

.
You neednt worry
.
Its a day off. They dont have to
go to school.
.
.

shouldnt

You shouldnt talk in the cinema.

.

mustnt
cant

You mustnt scream in the church.

.
The car cant be parked here.
.

103

+ ing
I agree to do this.
.
I avoid doing this.
.

agree ()
decide (
)
hope ( )
want ()

He decided to leave.
.

+ ing

avoid ()
finish ()
go on ()
suggest ()

I go on jogging.

.

+ / + ing

like ()
hate ()
start ()

I started to read.
I started reading.
.

+ + ing ( )

forget + .

( )

forget + ing

( , )

104

I forgot to buy the soap.

.
I forgot buying the soap.
, .

+
ing
Im afraid to see her.
.
Im fed up with studying.
.

afraid ()*
happy ( )
ready ( )
wrong ()

I was wrong to see her.

,
.

+ ing

good at ( )
bad at ( )
fed up with

()

Im good at cooking.
.

fond of

()

to be,
, to be afraid.

105

+
ing
She made a decision to leave.
.
She had no hope of leaving.

.

need ()
plan ()
wish ()

Is there any need to tell

Peter?

?

+ ing

hope ()
idea (, )
thought ()

106

I hate the idea of leaving

you.

.

will
may

should
can
must
Imperative

if

Present
Present Perfect
Present Continuous

will
may
should
can/must

if Present

Ill tell him if I see him.

,
.

will
may
if Pr.Perfect
should
can/must

He will pass the exam if he

has worked hard.
,
.

107

(Subjunctive Mood)

.

would

could

might

if

Past Simple

were

would
could + if Past Simple
might

If I had a million I would open

a new theatre.
,
.

,
would
could
might

108

+ if were

If I were you Id tell him.

.

would have

could have

might have

if

Past Perfect

, ,

If I had known her better I would have never

married her.
,
.

109

 (The Numeral)

1

one

11

eleven

two

12

twelve

three

13

thirteen

30

thirty

four

14

fourteen

40

forty

five

15

fifteen

50

fifty

six

16

sixteen

60

sixty

seven

17

seventeen

70

seventy

eight

18

eighteen

80

eighty

nine

19

nineteen

90

ninety

10

ten

20

twenty

100

a (one)
hundred

1,000 a (one) thousand

1,000,000 a (one) million
24 twenty-four
324 three hundred and twenty-four
5324 five thousand three hundred and twenty-four

!
:

110

400 four hundreds

4,000 four thousands
4,000,000 four millions
hundreds (thousands, millions) of people

1st

the first

11th the eleventh

2nd

the second

12th the twelfth

3rd

the third

13th the thirteenth

30th the thirtieth

4th

the fourth

14th the fourteenth

40th the fortieth

5th

the fifth

15th the fifteenth

50th the fiftieth

6th

the sixth

16th the sixteenth

60th the sixtieth

7th

the seventh

17th the seventeenth 70th the seventieth

8th

the eighth

18th the eighteenth

80th the eightieth

9th

the ninth

19th the nineteenth

90th the ninetieth

20th the twentieth

100th the (one)

hundredth

10th the tenth

32 the thirty-second
571 the five hundred and seventy-first
2468 the two thousand four hundred and sixty-eighth

He was born on the 15th of May in 1948.

15 1948 .

111

1
2
1
3
2
3
1
4

2
5
5
6
11
2

21
3

a (one) half

0.1*

zero point one

a (one) third

0.01

zero point zero one

two thirds

4.86 four point eight six

a (one) quarter
a (one) fourth
two fifths

five sixths

one and a half

two and a third

* 0 nought [n1:t];
0.1 nought point one; 0.01 nought point nought one.

112

 (The Preposition)

on

in

()

at

near

by

under

above
over

between

among

in front of

behind
,

on
the left
to

on
the right
to

in the
middle of

113

to
towards

from
off

out of

into

()

up

down

across

through

over

along

114

at 6 oclock

by 5 oclock

in 2 hours
between one and two oclock
from till
since last year
for 3 months
during the lesson
before classes
after classes
till

next week

until
in 1997
in the 1970s
in the 18th century
on the 2nd of December
on Monday

2



3

1997
1970
18-

115

Its ten minutes to twelve.

.

Its a quarter to twelve.

.

Its ten minutes past twelve.

.

Its a quarter past twelve.

.

Its half past twelve.

.

116

Who?
?
Which?
?
( )

What?
?
?

( )

Where?
?
?

Who brought you the book you are

reading now? ,
?

Which of them will go to the theatre

on Tuesday?
?

What can you tell me about this TVprogram?

Where are you going to celebrate the

New Year?
?

When?
?

When did he come home yesterday?

Whose?
?

Whose book is this?

How?

How can I get to your office?

?
How many?
?
( . .)

How much?
?
( . .)

How many books did you give him

last week?

How much water have we got?

?

117

(yes/no questions)
Do
Have

write

you

written

Were

it?

writing

(or questions)

Do

Have

you

Were

write
written

or

writing

draw?
drawn?
drawing?

(tag questions)
You write it, dont you?
You havent written it, have you?
You are writing it, arent you?

(whquestions)

118

Why

What

Where

How

do you write?

does he?
Your friend doesnt speak German,
, ?

doesnt he?
Your friend speaks French,
, ?

No, he
Yes, he does.
doesnt. ,

[], .
.

Yes, he does. No, he

,
doesnt.
. ,
.

, ,

119

there is / there are

There is a book on the

table.
.

There are books on the

table.
.

There isnt a cushion

on the sofa.
.

There arent any

cushions on the sofa.
.

Is there a spoon in the
cup?
?

120

Are there any spoons in the

cups?
?

there is / there are
some / any / no / none

Is there any plate?
Is there any money?

Are there any plates?

Are there any apples?

There
There
There
There
There

isnt any money.

isnt any plate.
is no money.
is no plate.
is none.

There
There
There
There
There

arent any apples.

arent any plates.
are no apples.
are no plates.
are none.

There
There
There
There
*

is
is
is
is

a plate.
one.*
some money.
some.

There are some plates.

There are some apples.
There are some.

some, any, none, no .

121

II

be
beat
become
begin
break
bring
build
buy
catch
choose
come
cut
do
drink
eat
fall
feel
fight
find
fly
forget
forgive
get
give
go
have
hear

was/were
beat
became
began
broke
brought
built
bought
caught
chose
came
cut
did
drank
ate
fell
felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
forgave
got
gave
went
had
heard

122

III
been
beaten
become
begun
broken
brought
built
bought
caught
chosen
come
cut
done
drunk
eaten
fallen
felt
fought
found
flown
forgotten
forgiven
got
given
gone
had
heard

II

III

keep
kept
kept
know
knew
known
learn
learnt
learnt

leave
left
left
let
let
let
lose
lost
lost
make
made
made
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
pay
paid
paid
put
put
put
read
read
read
ring
rang
rung
run
ran
run
say
said
said
see
saw
seen
sing
sang
sung
sit
sat
sat
sleep
slept
slept
speak
spoke
spoken
swim
swam
swum
take
took
taken
teach
taught
taught
think
thought
thought
understand
understood
understood
wear
wore
worn
win
won
won
write
wrote
written

123

America
American
an American
(the)
(the USA) Americans
Australia
Australian
an Australian (the)
Australians
Austria
Austrian
an Austrian
(the)
Austrians
Belgium
Belgian
a Belgian
(the)

Belgians
Britain
British
(a Briton)
Britons
(the British)
Bulgaria
Bulgarian
a Bulgarian
(the)
Bulgarians
Canada
Canadian
a Canadian
(the)
Canadians
China

Chinese

a Chinese

(the) Chinese

Czech Republic Czech

a Czech

(the) Czechs

Denmark

a Dane

(the) Danes

Danish

Egypt
Egyptian
a Egyptian
(the)
Egyptians
England
English
an Englishman Englishmen
(the English)
Finland

Finnish

a Finn

(the) Finns

France
French
a Frenchman
Frenchmen
(the French)
Germany

124

German

a German

(the) Germans

Great Britain
British
(a Briton)
Britons
(the British)
Greece

Greek

a Greek

(the) Greeks

Holland
Dutch
a Dutchman
Dutchmen
(the Netherlands) (the Dutch)
Hungary
Hungarian
a Hungarian
(the)
Hungarians
Ireland
Irish
an Irishman
Irishmen
(the Irish)
Israel

Israeli

an Israeli

(the) Israelis

Italy

Italian

an Italian

(the) Italians

Japan

Japanese

a Japanese

(the) Japanese

a New
Zealander

New Zealanders

New Zealand
New Zealand

Norway
Norwegian
a Norwegian
(the)
Norwegians
Poland

Polish

a Pole

(the) Poles

Russia

Russian

a Russian

(the) Russians

Scotland
Scottish

a Scotsman
Scotsmen
(a Scot) (the Scots)

Spain
Spanish
a Spaniard
(the) Spanish,
Spaniards
Switzerland

Swiss

a Swiss

(the) Swiss

Ukraine
Ukrainian
a Ukrainian
(the)
Ukrainians
Wales
Welsh
a Welshman
Welshmen
(the Welsh)

125

126

met

He

We
discussed a lot of
at the

questions
office

Nick

by chance

from him

a letter

received

They

a book

to her
brother

reads

She
gave
the bag

Jane

the day
before
yesterday

last week

yesterday

.
-

anti- -/-

anti-American

ex-

ex-President -

/-

mis-
mis-understand


non-

non-existent

over-

over-cook

post-

-/-

post-war

pre-

-/-

pre-war

pro- -
pro-American

re-

/-/-

re-do

un-

unmarried

-able .
washable ,

(wallpaper)
()
-en
.
widen

-ful

cupful

-ish
-
greenish

( )
-less
homeless

-ness ..
darkness

127

I
6- ,
. .
. .
. .
92. 29.09.2009. 6084/16. .
. . . . 7,47.

. 3323 26.11.2008.
61064 , . , 8.
: 61145 , . , 21.
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