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HW35

Due: 11:59pm on Thursday, December 3, 2009


Note: To understand how points are awarded, read your instructor's Grading Policy. [Return to Standard Assignment View]

Graphical Analysis of AC Voltage Source Conceptual Question


The figure shows a graph of the output from an AC voltage source.

Part A What is the maximum voltage Hint A.1 AC voltage Hint not displayed ANSWER: =3 of the source?

Correct

Part B What is the average voltage Hint B.1 Average voltage of the source?

The AC voltage source illustrated symmetrically alternates between positive and negative voltages. Mathematically, it can be described by . ANSWER:

=0

Correct

Part C What is the root-mean-square voltage Hint C.1 Root-mean-square voltage or has an average value of zero when averaged over a complete of the source?

Any physical quantity described by

cycle. However, if the quantity is first squared and averaged and then the square root taken, the value is positive and gives information about the magnitude of the physical quantity. This is referred to as the quantity's root-mean-square (rms) value. The rms value of any quantity described by or is equal to the maximum value of the quantity divided by .

Express your answer to three significant figures. ANSWER: = 2.12 Correct

Part D What is the period Hint D.1 Period Hint not displayed Express your answer in seconds to two significant figures. ANSWER: = 0.08 Correct of the source?

Part E What is the frequency of the source?

Hint E.1

Frequency

The frequency of the AC voltage source is the number of cycles of the source per second. The frequency of the source is the inverse of the period of the source. Express your answer in hertz to three significant figures. ANSWER: = 12.5 Correct

Part F What is the angular frequency Hint F.1 of the source?

Angular frequency Hint not displayed

Express your answer in radians per second to three significant figures. ANSWER: = 78.5 Correct

Inductive Reactance
Learning Goal: To understand the concept of reactance (of an inductor) and its frequency dependence. When an inductor is connected to a voltage source that varies sinusoidally, a sinusoidal current will flow through the inductor, its magnitude depending on the frequency. This is the essence of AC (alternating current) circuits used in radio, TV, and stereos. Circuit elements like inductors, capacitors, and resistors are linear devices, so the amplitude of the current will be proportional to the amplitude of the voltage. However, the current and voltage may not be in phase with each other. This new , and

relationship between voltage and current is summarized by the reactance, the ratio of voltage and current amplitudes, : Part A To find the reactance the voltage Hint A.1 of an inductor, imagine that a current , where the subscript L indicates that this formula applies to an inductor.

, is flowing through the inductor. What is

across this inductor? Voltage and current for an inductor Hint not displayed

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER:

, and the inductance

= Correct

Part B What is the reactance Hint B.1 of an inductor?

The definition of reactance Hint not displayed

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER:

and the inductance

= Correct

Part C In thinking of an inductor as a circuit element, it is helpful to consider its limiting behavior at high and low frequencies. At one extreme, the inductor might behave like a short circuit, that is, like a resistor with almost no resistance (an ideal wire) having essentially no voltage drop across it no matter what the current. Alternatively, the inductor might behave like an open circuit, that is, like a resistor with large resistance so that essentially no current will flow no matter what the applied voltage. Based on the formula you obtained for the reactance, how does an inductor behave at high and low frequencies? ANSWER: like a short circuit at both high frequencies and low frequencies like an open circuit at both high frequencies and low frequencies like an open circuit at high frequencies and a short circuit at low frequencies like an open circuit at low frequencies and a short circuit at high frequencies Correct

Determining Inductance from Voltage and Current


An inductor is hooked up to an AC voltage source. The voltage source has EMF the inductor is Part A . and frequency . The current amplitude in

What is the reactance Hint A.1

of the inductor?

Definition of reactance Hint not displayed

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct

and

Part B What is the inductance Hint B.1 of the inductor? and Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct , , and .

Reactance in terms of

Part C What would happen to the amplitude of the current in the inductor if the inductance Hint C.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed ANSWER: There would be no change in the amplitude of the current. The amplitude of the current would be doubled. The amplitude of the current would be halved. The amplitude of the current would be quadrupled. Correct were doubled?

Note that, in "A Resistor and a Capacitor in a Series AC Circuit" you do NOT know the amplitude of the driving EMF. It is instructive to calculate that driving amplitude once you have successfully completed the problem. You will find the answer in the "Answers to Homework Problems" link on our course webpage. GBA

A Resistor and a Capacitor in a Series AC Circuit


A resistor with resistance and a capacitor with capacitance are connected in series to an AC voltage source. The time. dependent voltage across the capacitor is given by Part A What is the amplitude Hint A.1 of the total current in the circuit?

How to approach the problem Hint not displayed

Hint A.2

Applying Ohm's law to a capacitor Hint not displayed

Hint A.3

The reactance of a capacitor Hint not displayed

Express your answer in terms of any or all of ANSWER:

, and

= Correct

Part B What is the amplitude Hint B.1 Relating of the voltage across the resistor? to Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: , , , and .

ANSWER:

= Correct

Part C If Hint C.1 , , , and , what is ?

Calculating the answer

Use the equation obtained in Part B to work out the answer. Be careful of powers of ten in your calculation. Express your answer numerically, in millivolts, to the nearest integer. ANSWER: =3 mV

Correct

Five Voltmeters in an AC Circuit


Five infinite-impedance voltmeters, calibrated to read rms values, are connected as shown in figure . Let 0.400 , 6.00 , and 30.0 . 200 ,

Part A What is the reading of the voltmeter ANSWER: = 5.44 Correct if 200 ?

Part B What is the reading of the voltmeter ANSWER: = 2.18 Correct if 200 ?

Part C What is the reading of the voltmeter ANSWER: = 22.7 Correct if 200 ?

Part D What is the reading of the voltmeter ANSWER: = 20.5 Correct if 200 ?

Part E What is the reading of the voltmeter ANSWER: = 21.2 Correct if 200 ?

Part F What is the reading of the voltmeter ANSWER: = 13.8 Correct if 1000 ?

Part G What is the reading of the voltmeter if 1000 ?

ANSWER:

= 27.6 Correct

Part H What is the reading of the voltmeter ANSWER: = 11.5 Correct if 1000 ?

Part I What is the reading of the voltmeter ANSWER: = 16.1 Correct if 1000 ?

Part J What is the reading of the voltmeter ANSWER: = 21.2 Correct if 1000 ?

The following two problems are a reminder that AC circuits have a wide range of applications beyond the 60-Hz circuits we use to deliver power to our homes. The alternating current in audio circuits is not current of a single frequency; instead, the audio "signals" consist of current of a mixture of frequencies, from 20 Hz up to 20 kHz. The following two circuit designs are used to suppress the low frequencies (high-pass filter) or to suppress the high frequencies (low-pass filter); these designs frequently appear in audio circuits. In "High-Pass Filter", I suggest that you ignore MP's comment following a correct answer to Part A. In my opinion, Parts B and C are much easier to answer by considering the answer to A in the form sqrt(R^2+X_L^2)/Z (i.e. just think about adding the three curves for the resistor, capacitor, and inductor voltages). GBA

A High-Pass Filter
A series L-R-C circuit consisting of a voltage source, a capacitor of capacitance of resistance is driven with an AC voltage of amplitude and frequency , an inductor of inductance . Define , and a resistor to be the amplitude of the voltage

across the resistor and the inductor.

Part A Find the ratio .

Hint A.1

Find Hint not displayed

Hint A.2

Find Hint not displayed

Express your answer in terms of either

and

, or

, and

ANSWER: = Correct For the following questions it will be useful to write the voltage ratio in the following form:

Part B Which of the following statements is true in the limit of large ( )?

Hint B.1

Implications of large Hint not displayed

ANSWER:

is proportional to is proportional to is proportional to is close to 1.

. . .

Correct

Part C Which of the following statements is true in the limit of small ( )?

Hint C.1

Implications of small Hint not displayed

ANSWER:

is proportional to is proportional to is proportional to is close to 1.

. . .

Correct When is large, , and when is small, . Therefore, this circuit has the property that only the

amplitude of the low-frequency inputs will be attenuated (reduced in value) at the output, while the amplitude of the high-frequency inputs will pass through relatively unchanged. This is why such a circuit is called a high-pass filter.

In "Constructing a Low-Pass Filter", I suggest that you ignore MP's comment following a correct answer to Part A. In my opinion, Parts B and C are much easier to answer by considering the answer to A in the form X_C/Z (i.e. just think about adding the three curves for the resistor, capacitor, and inductor voltages). GBA

Constructing a Low-Pass Filter


A series L-R-C circuit is driven with AC voltage of amplitude voltage across the capacitor. The resistance of the resistor is inductor is . and frequency . Define to be the amplitude of the , and the inductance of the , the capacitance of the capacitor is

Part A What is the ratio ?

Hint A.1

Find Hint not displayed

Hint A.2

Find Hint not displayed

Express your answer in terms of either

, and

or

, and

ANSWER: = Correct

For the following questions it will be useful to write the voltage ratio in the following form: .

Part B Which of the following statements is true in the large limit (that is, for )?

Hint B.1 In the large ANSWER:

Implications of large limit, , and , so becomes the only significant term in the denominator.

is proportional to is proportional to is proportional to is close to 1.

. . .

Correct

Part C Which of the following statements is true in the small limit (that is, for )?

Hint C.1 In the small ANSWER:

Implications of small limit, and , so all terms in the denominator involving can be neglected.

is proportional to is proportional to is proportional to is close to 1.

. . .

Correct When omega is large, ; and when omega is small, . Therefore, the circuit of this problem has the

property that only the high-frequency inputs will be attenuated (reduced in value) at the output, while low-frequency inputs will pass through relatively unchanged. That is why such a circuit is called a low-pass filter.

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 99.6%. You received 49.8 out of a possible total of 50 points.

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