Giao trnh mang in.

Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Bach khoa - ai hoc a Nng Trang 1

CHNG 1

GIOI THIU CHUNG V MANG DIN

$1-1 . CAC KHAI NIM C BAN

1.1.1. H thng din.
nh ngha: H thng in la tp hp nha may in, mang in,tram
bin ap , tram ong ct,h tiu thu in.
Nha may in la x nghip cng nghip co nhim vu san xut ra in
nng cung cp cho cac h tiu thu in thng qua ng dy tai in va
cac tram bin ap. Cac may phat in c ni vi ng c s cp la cac
tuc-bin.Tuy thuc dang nng lng lam quay tuc-bin ngi ta phn nha
may in thanh cac loai nha may khac nhau nh nha may nhit in,nha
may thuy in, nha may in nguyn t....in nng do nha may phat ra
c truyn tai theo ng dy trn khng hay dy cap cua mang in vi
nhng chiu dai khac nhau,in ap khac nhau tuy thuc vao khoang cach t
nha may n h tiu thu. Cac tram bin ap co nhim vu tng ap tai in
i xa va giam ap cung cp in cho cac h tiu thu.

1.1.2. Djnh ngha Mang din:
nh ngha:Mang in la tp hp cac ng dy trn khng,ng
dy cap, tram bin ap va thit b ong ct. Mang in co nhim vu truyn
tai va phn ph i in nng n cac h tiu thu in.
Yu cu mang in phai am bao cac ch tiu : tin cy cung cp
in,cht lng in nng, kinh t, an toan, tin li vn hanh, co kha nng
phat trin.
H thng nng lng bao gm h thng in va h thng nhit.

1.1.3. Din ap djnh muc.
nh ngha: in ap nh mc la gia tr in ap quy nh ng vi cac
cp khac nhau, in ap nay dung tnh toan la chon cac thit b in nh
may phat, may bin ap, thit b in, cach in ng dy...
in ap nh mc la gia tr in ap am bao cho cac thit b hoat
ng bnh thng va mang lai hiu qua kinh t tt nht.
Giao trnh mang in.

Trang 2 Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Bach khoa - ai hoc a Nng


Do phu tai in lun lun thay i dn n in ap U U
m
tao nn
lch in ap . lch in ap c xac nh theo biu thc:

U
U U
U
dm

=
Do co lch in ap lam cho cht lng in nng,giam gy thit hai
v mt kinh t cho cac h tiu thu in. Do trn ng dy co tn tht in
ap U U U =
1 2
nn am bao in ap h tiu thu nm trong gii han
cho phep cn phai co cac bin phap iu chnh in ap. Thng U
1
la in
ap u ng dy ln hn U
2
in ap cui ng dy (U U
1 2
> ), con cac
ng dy siu cao ap U
1
co th nho hn U
2
iu nay phu thuc vao ch
lam vic cua mang in, tham s, in ap ng dy.

1.1.4. H tiu thu:
La tp hp cac thit b s dung in. Phu tai in la ai lng c
trng cho cng sut tiu thu cua cac h dung in.Tuy theo mc yu cu
am bao cung cp in co th chia lam 3 loai h tiu thu
- H loai mt la nhng h tiu thu nu ngng cung cp in co th
gy nguy him cho con ngi,gy thit hai ang k cho nn kinh t,lam ri
loan cac qua trnh cng ngh phc tap,pha hoai s hoat ng cua nhng
khu kinh t c bit quan trong.
- H loai hai la nhng h tiu thu nu ngng cung cp in co th
gy thit hai hang loat san phm,cng nhn phai ngh vic,can tr sinh hoat
bnh thng cua mt s ln dn c thanh th.
- H loai ba la nhng h tiu thu khng thuc nhom loai mt va loai
hai v du nh: nhng phn xng phu,nhng xom nho...
Tuy nhin vic phn loai h tiu thu se khng con y ngha trong
tng lai khi cac h thng in phat trin va cac phu tai u c am bao
cung cp in vi tin cy cao.

1.1.5. Cu truc duong dy.
Chia lam : ng dy trn khng, dy cap, ng dy trong nha.
- Cac loai ct : St, Btng, g.
- Cac loai dy: AC, Al, Cu , Fe .
- Cach in: S, thuy tinh, vt liu tng hp. Dang treo hoc .


Giao trnh mang in.
Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Bach khoa - ai hoc a Nng Trang 3

$1-2. PHN LOAI MANG IN.

Mang in c phn loai theo nhiu cach khac nhau nh: theo dong
in, theo in ap,theo hnh dang,theo chc nng truyn tai,cung cp,phn
phi, mang kn,mang h....

1.2.1. Phn loai theo dong din:
* Mang in xoay chiu:San xut,truyn tai,phn phi,tiu thu la
dong in xoay chiu ba pha.
* Mang in mt chiu:Mang in mt chiu c s dung cac
thit b co nhim vu c bit.Mang in mt chiu con c s dung trong
vic tai in i xa,cng sut truyn tai ln, tai in bng dong mt chiu co
nhiu u im nh vn u t xy dng mang nho,tn tht trong mang
nho,khng phai xet n tnh n nh cua h thng...Tuy vy con co nhiu
kho khn nh ch tao cac b chnh lu,nghch lu cng sut ln,cac thit b
ng lc,bao v t tin...

1.2.2. Phn loai theo din ap.
Theo cach phn loai nay ngi ta phn chia mang in thanh:mang
in ap ln hn 1000 V(con goi la mang cao ap) mang in ap nho hn
1000 V(con goi la mang ha ap)

1.2.3. Phn loai theo hinh dang:
Theo cach phn loai nay ngi ta phn chia mang in thanh:
* Mang in h la mang in trong o cac h tiu thu ch c cung
cp in t mt pha. Khi ng dy b s c vic cung cp in cho cac
phu tai b gian oan.
* Mang in kn la mang in trong o cac h tiu thu c cung cp
in t nht t hai pha.Khi mt ng dy b s c vic cung cp in cho
cac phu tai vn c duy tr nh ng dy con lai. i vi mang in kn
vn u t xy dng cao, tn tht cng sut, in nng ln hn mang in
h nhng mc am bao cung cp in tt hn.

1.2.4. Phn loai theo khu vuc phuc vu :
Theo cach phn loai nay ngi ta phn chia mang in thanh:
Giao trnh mang in.

Trang 4 Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Bach khoa - ai hoc a Nng


* Mang truyn tai:U 330KV. Truyn tai in nng gia cac khu
vc, lin lac gia cac h thng in vi nhau.
* Mang cung cp : U 110KV. Cung cp in cho cac khu vc,
chiu dai ng dy ln, lin kt cac tram bin ap trung gian vi nhau (goi
la mang khu vc).
* Mang phn phi : U 35KV.Co nhim vu cung cp in cho cac
phu tai, chiu dai ng dy ngn. Mang phn phi c chia lam ba
loai:mang thanh ph ,mang x nghip cng nghip, mang nng nghip (con
goi la mang a phng).
Ngoai nhng cach phn loai trn ngi ta con phn loai mang in
theo nhiu cach khac nh: mang in trong nha; mang in ngoai tri;
mang in trn khng; mang cap ngm...

$1-3 CAC YU CU I VI MANG IN.

Mang in phai am bao cac yu cu c ban sau:
1- Chi ph xy dng va vn hanh mang in la t nht ng thi vn
am bao mc an toan cn thit cho vic cung cp in, phu hp vi yu cu
cua loai h tiu thu.
2- am bao tt cht lng in nng.
3- Co kha nng phat trin trong tng lai khi phu tai tng.
Tnh kinh t trong vic xy dng mang in c biu th qua vn u
t. Tnh kinh t cua vic vn hanh mang in c biu th qua gia thanh
truyn tai, phn phi in nng. Gia thanh o phu thuc chi ph vn hanh
hang nm cua mang in. Chi ph nay bao gm chi ph v phuc vu, tu sa
mang in,tin khu hao, tin tn tht in nng trong mang. Khi xac nh
vn u t va chi ph vn hanh nm cua mang in con phai tnh n nhng
thit hai kinh t cua cac h tiu thu do vic cung cp in b gian oan.

$1-4 YU CU CHUNG I VI TNH TOAN MANG IN.

xy dng mang in am bao cac yu cu a nu trn khi tin
hanh thit k mang in chung ta cn phai thc hin nhng tnh toan sau:
1/ Chon i n ap tai in cua mang in.
2/ Chon tit din dy dn hp ly v mt kinh t.
Giao trnh mang in.
Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Bach khoa - ai hoc a Nng Trang 5
3/ Kim tra s phat nong cua dy dn trong ch lam vic bnh
thng.
4/ Kim tra tn tht va lch in ap.
5/ Kim tra phat sinh v ng quang trn ng dy tai in.
6/ Kim tra phat nong cua dy dn khi ngn mach.
Trn c s tnh toan kinh t -ky thut, chon in ap tai in cua mang
sao cho vn hanh am bao tnh kinh t, cac ch tiu cht lng ky thut cn
thit nh:mc in ap yu cu, tn tht cng sut va in nng nho...
Tit din hp ly v mt kinh t cua dy dn, cap cn c chon sao
cho am bao tnh kinh t vn hanh mang in trong o co xet n vn u
t, chi ph vn hanh hang nm,ph tn kim loai mau nho nht...
Theo iu kin phat nong, tit din dy dn c chon sao cho khi
dong in phu tai i qua nhit cua dy dn, rut cap khng ln hn tr s
cho phep khng lam h hong kim loai lam dy dn hoc cach in.
Khi tnh toan theo iu kin tn tht va lch in ap, chon tit
din dy dn sao cho tn tht trn ng dy khng vt qua nhng tr s
cho phep.Trong nhng trng hp c bit cn phai xet n cac phng
tin c bit iu chnh in ap .
Ngoai ra trong mt s trng hp chung ta cn co nhng tnh toan
khac nh:tnh toan qua in ap, tnh n nh cua h thng in,tnh toan
anh hng cua ng dy in lc i vi ng dy thng tin ...i vi
cac ng dy in ap cao.
Phn tnh toan c ban cho tt ca cac mang khi a bit in ap tai in
la chon tit din dy dn hp ly v mt kinh t, cac tnh toan con lai la tnh
toan kim tra. i vi cac loai mang in khac nhau , cac muc tiu tnh
toan khac nhau:mang khu vc tnh chon tit din dy dn theo iu kin
phat sinh vng quang, mang phn phi tnh chon tit di n dy dn theo iu
kin tn tht va lch in ap cho phep, mang cap tnh chon tit din dy
dn theo iu kin phat nong do dong in phu tai va dong in ngn mach.

$1-5 CAC CH LAM VIC CUA THI T B IN.
1.5.1.Cac h tiu thu din.
Ch lam vic cua cac h tiu thu in phu thuc vao nhim vu va
cach s dung chung,chung lun thay i theo thi gian. S thay i phu tai
in cua cac h tiu thu hoc cua nhom h tiu thu in trong mt ngay
m hoc mt nm c biu din bng th phu tai trong h toa
Giao trnh mang in.

Trang 6 Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Bach khoa - ai hoc a Nng


vung goc, truc hoanh biu din thi gian (t) la mt ngay,mt nm. Truc
tung biu din cng sut phu tai tiu thu co th la cng sut tac dung P
(KW), cng sut phan khang Q (KVAr), cng sut toan phn S (KVA).
Phu tai cc ai ngay (P
max
) la gia tr phu tai ln nht trong ngay va
tn tai t na gi tr ln.Vi mt ty l xch nht nh th phu tai biu
din cng sut tac dung se tr thanh th phu tai biu din lng in
nng tiu thu A (KWh) cua cac h tiu thu in.
Phu tai trung bnh hang ngay cua cac h tiu thu c xac nh theo
biu thc sau:
P
tbng
=
A
ng
24
(1-1)
Trong thc t thng s dung th phu tai nm. Phu tai cc ai
(P
max
) la gia tr phu tai ln nht trong nm va tn tai t na gi tr ln.Vi
mt ty l xch nht nh din tch th phu tai biu din cng sut tac
dung se tr thanh th phu tai biu din lng in nng tiu thu A
(KWh)cua cac h tiu thu in trong mt nm.Phu tai trung bnh hang nm
cua cac h tiu thu c xac nh theo biu thc sau:
P
tb
=
A
n
8760
(1-2)
Do c im lam vic cua cac thit b trong mt nhom h tiu thu
khng phai ng thi vi nhau, do o gia tr phu tai cc ai Pmax cua
chung c xac theo biu thc:
P
max
=k
t
.k
t
. P
tth
(1-3)
Trong o:- P
tth
:Tng cng sut tiu thu t mang.
- K
t
: H s ng thi lam vic cua cac thit b. H s nay
phan anh lng cng sut tiu thu cua cac thit b in trong thi gian lam
vic vi phu tai cc ai chim bao nhiu phn trm cng sut t cua cac
thit b in ni vao mang.
-K
t
: H s tai cua cac thit b in, biu din mc tai cua chung
trong thi gian lam vic phu tai cc ai.
Cac h s K
t
,K
t
1 tuy theo ch lam vic cua cac thit b tiu thu
in.
i vi cac thit b tiu thu in c biu th bng cng sut t
(P

) c xem nh la cng sut nh mc (P

m
) theo ly lch may.Ring cng
sut t cua ng c in la cng sut sinh ra trn truc cua no khi y tai.
Do o phu tai cc ai P
max
cua nhom cac thit b tiu thu in cung co th
Giao trnh mang in.
Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Bach khoa - ai hoc a Nng Trang 7
c xac nh theo tng cng sut t (nh mc) P
d
va tr s hiu sut
trung bnh (
tb
) theo cng thc:
P
max
=
k k P
dt t d
tb

(1-4)
hoc la: P
max
= K
nc
. P
d
(1-5)
Trong o: Knc la h s nhu cu cua nhom cac thit b tiu thu in.
K
nc
=
k k
dt t
tb

(1-6)
1.5.2. Cac h s biu thj ch d lam vic cua cac thit bj din.
Mc khng ng u cua ch lam vic cua cac trang b in
c biu th bng cac h s phu tai cua no ( h s in kn biu ):











K
A
TP
P
P
pt
tb
= =
max max
( 1- 7)
Trong o:
T - S gi lam vic cua trang b in trong khoang thi gian ang xet
co th la trong mt ngay m T = 24 gi ; trong mt nm T = 8760 gi
A - Lng in nng san xut ra hoc tiu thu cung trong khoang
thi gian mt ngay m hay mt nm KWh;
P
tb
; P
max
- Phu tai trung bnh va cc ai cua thit b cung trong
khoang thi gian mt ngay m hay mt nm KW.
Khi K
pt
=1( tr s ln nht co th co ) biu bin thanh mt ng
thng song song vi truc hoanh ( ng chm ngang trn hnh 1 va hnh 2)
H s phu tai K
pt
ch ro lng in nng san xut (tiu thu) trong khoang
thi gian ang xet nho hn bao nhiu ln lng in san xut ( tiu thu )
trong cung khoang thi gian o, vi phu tai cua trang b lun at gia tr cc
ai, tc la P
max
( K
pt
bng ty s din tch cua biu co din tch bng A so
Pmax
P
P
t t
Pmax
0 0
8760 24 Tmax Tmax
Ptb Ptb
Pmin
Pmin
Hnh 1-1: Biu phu tai ngay Hnh 1-2: Biu phu tai nm
Giao trnh mang in.

Trang 8 Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Bach khoa - ai hoc a Nng


vi din tch cua hnh ch nht P
max
x T - xem hnh 1-1 va hnh 1- 2 ) So
sanh K
pt
cua cac trang b khac nhau (tnh trong mt khoang thi gian nh
nhau ) co th bit trang b nao lam vic vi biu bng phng hn, nu
biu cang bng phng th K
pt
cang gn ti 1.iu nu trn con c
biu th bng thi gian s dung phu tai cc ai:

T
A
P
max
max
= ( 1- 8 )
T
max
ch ro trang b cn phai la m vic bao nhiu gi trong khoang
thi gian ang xet ( mt ngay m, mt nm ) vi phu tai cc ai khng i
san xut ( tiu thu ) mt lng in nng thc t a san xut ( tiu thu )
trong khoang thi gian nay ( T
max
bng canh ay cua hnh ch nht co chiu
cao bng P
max
va din tch bng A, tc la bng din tch th phu tai - xem
hnh 1-1 va hnh 1-2 )Hin nhin la T
max
T.
Mc s dung cng sut t cua trang b c biu th bng h s s
dung cng sut t.
K
A
TP
P
P
sd
d
tb
d
= = ( 1- 9 )
Hoc bng thi gian s dung cng sut t

T
A
P

d
=
( 1- 10 )
Trong o:-P

: Tng cng sut t cua tt ca cac t may k ca cac t

may d phong, KW.
Thi gian s dung cng sut t ch rng tt ca cac t may a t (
nha may in - may phat; tram - may bin ap ) cn phai lam vic y tai
bao nhiu gi trong khoang thi gian ang xet san xut (tiu thu) mt
lng in A thc t a san xut trong thi gian nay, thng thng T

< T.
Thi gian s dung phu tai cc ai hang nm T
max
cua cac nha may
in va cac tram bin ap phu thuc tnh cht phu tai cua chung va bng
2000 4000 gi ( K
pt
= 0,23 0,45) cung nh i vi cac phu tai thp sang
va cac nha may in lam vic ring le. i vi cac trang b co cng sut
ln, cung cp chu yu cho cac phu tai ng lc co tr s T
max
kha ln va
bng 4000 7000 gi (K
pt
= 0,45 0,8), trong o s gi ln hn thuc v
trang b cung cp cho cac x nghip cng nghip lam vic 3 ca.