Gia o trnh Mang in

Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Ky thut a nng. Trang 65

CHNG IV

GIAI TICH MANG DIN

Nhim vu cua vic giai tch mang in la xac nh s phn b cng
sut, dong in trn cac nhanh, tn tht cng sut, in nng trong mang
in, in ap tai cac nut cua mang. Trn c s cac tnh toan chung ta se
anh gia c cac ch tiu kinh t - ky thut cua mang in.

$4-1TNH CH MANG H.

4.1.1. Mang ho din ap 110 - 220KV.
Muc ch tnh toan la xac nh phn b dong in,cng sut, tn tht
cng sut trn cac nhanh, in ap tai cac nut cua mang in vi cac s liu
ban u la cng sut phu tai tai cac nut S
pt
; in ap nut xa nht.
Xet mang h ng dy in ap 110 - 220KV co hai phu tai S
2
; S
3

va in ap ta i nut xa nht U
3
cho trn hnh 4-1.i vi ng dy 110 -
220KV khng xet n vng quang. S thay th tnh toan cua ng dy
hnh 4-2.















Theo s thay th ta xac nh cng sut phan khang do in n
B
22
phat ra la:
P
2
+jQ
2
P
3
+jQ
3

N 3 2

l
2
l
1

Hnh 4-1
S
1

S
1
Z
1

S
1

jB
22

jB
21
jB
12

Hnh 4-2
jB
11

1 2
S
3

S
2

S
2
Z

S
2

3
Giao trnh mang in.

Trang Khoa in-Trng ai hoc Ky thut a Nng 66
Q
c 22
= U
2
3
B
22

Cng sut sau tng tr ng dy Z
2
la:
S''
2
= S
3
- jQ
c 22
= P
3
+j Q
3
- jQ
c 22
= P''
2
+ jQ''
2

- in ap giang trn tng tr Z
2
la:

U
P R Q X
U
j
P X Q R
U
2
2 2 2 2
3
2 2 2 2
3
=
+
+


- in ap tai nut 2: U
2
= U
3
+ U
2

- Tn tht cng sut trn tng tr Z
2


S
P Q
U
R j
P Q
U
X
2
2 2
3
2 2
2 2
3
2 2
=
+
+
+

- Cng sut S'
2
trc tng tr ng dy Z
2
la:
S'
2
= S
2
+ S''
2
= P'
2
+ jQ'
2

- Cng sut phan khang trong nhanh in dn B
21
; B
12

Q
c 21
= U
2
2
B
21
; Q
c 12
= U
2
2
B
12

- Cng sut cui tng tr ng dy Z
1
la:
S''
1
= -j Q
c12
+ S
2
+ S'
2
- j Q
c21
= P''
1
+ jQ''
1

- in ap giang trn tng tr ng dy Z
1
la:

U
P R Q X
U
j
P X Q R
U
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1
1
=
+
+


- in ap tai nut 1: U
1
= U
2
+ U
1

- Tn tht cng sut trn tng tr ng dy Z
1
la:

S
P Q
U
R j
P Q
U
X
1
2 2
2
2 1
2 2
2
2 1
=
+
+
+

- Cng sut u ng dy Z
1
la:
S'
1
= S
1
+ S''
1
= P
1
'' + jQ''
1

- Cng sut phan khang trong nhanh in dn B
11

Q
c 11
= U
1
2
B
11

- Cng sut tai nut ngun 1 la:
S
1
= -j Q
c 11
+ S'
1
= P
1
+ jQ
1

- Tng tn tht cng sut trong mang in la:
S = S
1
- S
2
- S
3

Trong thc t thng gp bai toan tnh ch mang in vi cac s
liu ban u la cng sut tt ca cac nut tai va in ap nut cung cp.
Gia o trnh Mang in
Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Ky thut a nng. Trang 67
Trong trng hp nay phai dung phng phap tnh gn ung. Trc ht ly
in ap tt ca cac nut tai bng in ap nh mc U = U
m
va tin hanh xac
nh s phn b cng sut trn cac oan ng dy theo hng t nut tai xa
nht n nut ngun cung cp. Sau o da vao dong cng sut va tnh c
trn va in ap nut cung cp, tin hanh xac nh in ap giang trn cac
nhanh va in ap tai cac nut trong s .
V du, nu cac s liu ban u cua mang in (hnh 4-1a) la in ap
nut ngun U
1
va cng sut tai la S
2
, S
3
khi o ly U
2
= U
3
= U
m
va tin
hanh xac nh:
- Cng sut phan khang trong cac nhanh dn in B
21
va B
22

Q
c21
= Q
c22
= U
2
m
.B
22

- Cng sut cui tng tr Z
2


' '
2
' '
2 3 22 c
' '
2
jQ P S Q j S + = + =
& &

- Tn tht trn tng tr Z
2
la:
2
2
m
2
' '
2
2
' '
2
2
Z
U
Q P
S
+
=

- Cng sut u tng tr Z
2


& & &
' ' ' ' '
S S S P jQ
2 2 2 2 2
= + = +

- Cng sut phan khang trong cac nhanh in dn B
11
va B
12

Q
c11
= Q
c12
= U
2
m
.B
11

- Cng sut cui tng tr Z
1


' '
1
' '
1
'
2 21 c 2 12 c
' '
1
jQ P S Q j S Q j S + = + + =
& & &

- Tn tht trn tng tr Z
1


1
2
m
2
' '
1
2
' '
1
1
Z
U
Q P
S
+
=

- Cng sut nut cung cp 1:

& &
'
S j Q S P jQ
c 1 11 1 1 1
= + = +
Da vao U
1
va S
1
,chung ta tnh c:
- in ap giang trn oan 1:

U
PR Q X
U
j
PX Q R
U
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1
1
=
+
+


- in ap tai nut 2:
U
2
= U
1
- U
1

- in ap giang trn oan 2:
Giao trnh mang in.

Trang Khoa in-Trng ai hoc Ky thut a Nng 68
U
P R Q X
U
j
P X Q R
U
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
=
+
+


- in ap tai nut 3:
U
3
= U
2
- U
2


4.1.2. Mang ho din ap dn 35KV.
Trong tnh toan mang in phn phi (mang in a phng) chung
ta khng xet n in dn cua ng dy va bo qua tn tht cng sut S
khi tnh phn b cng sut cua mang.Khi giai tch ch cua mang cac tnh
toan c tnh theo gia tr in ap nh mc U
m
.
Xet mang in phn phi trn hnh 4-3 va s thay th tnh toan
c trnh bay trn hnh 4-4.
Theo s thay th ta co cng sut trn oan 3 - 4 la:
S
34
= S
4

Cng sut trn oan 2-3 la:
S
23
= S
3
+ S
4
















Cng sut trn oan 1-2 la:
S
12
= S
2
+ S
3
+ S
4
.
Tn tht cng sut trong toan mang:
S = S
12
+ S
23
+ S
34
= ( ) ( ) ( )
.
.
.
.
.
.
S
U
Z
S
U
Z
S
U
Z
dm dm dm
12
2
12
23
2
23
34
2
34 +
+ +
P
1
+jQ
1
P
2
+jQ
2

N
N
4 3 2
S
2
S
3
S
3

1
N
Hnh 4-3
P
1
+jQ
1
P
2
+jQ
2

N
N
4 3 2
S
2
S
3
S
3

1
N
Hnh 4-4
Z
34
Z
23
Z
12

Gia o trnh Mang in
Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Ky thut a nng. Trang 69
- Tn tht in ap trn oan 3-4:
U
P R Q X
U
dm
34
4 34 4 34
=
+

- Tn tht in ap trn oan 2-3:
U
P R Q X
U
dm
23
23 23 23 23
=
+

- Tn tht in ap trn oan 1-2:
U
P R Q X
U
dm
12
12 12 12 12
=
+

- in ap tai nut 2:
U
2
= U
m
- U
12
= U
1
- U
12

- in ap tai nut 3:
U
3
= U
2
- U
23

- in ap tai nut 4:
U
4
= U
3
- U
34.


V DU 4-1 : ng dy in ap 110KV, dai 80Km, cung cp in cho phu
tai cng sut (15+j10)MVA. Bit cac tham s cua ng dy: R = 26,4; X
= 33,9 ; B = 219.10
-6
(1/). Xac nh cng sut u ng dy va in
ap cui ng dy, nu bit in ap u ng dy bng 116KV.

GIAI: S thay th ng dy hnh 4-5.









xac nh cac thng s ch cua ng dy a cho cn phai dung
phng phap tnh gn ung nh a nu trn.
Ta ly U
2
= U
m
= 110KV va tin hanh tnh:
- Cng sut phan khang trong cac nhanh in dn:
MVAr 27 , 1 10 x 219 x 110
2
1
2
B
U Q Q
6 - 2 2
m 2 c 1 c
= = = =
.
S
2

= 15 + j10 MVA
Hnh 4-5
jQc1 jQ
c2

1
S
1

S Z

S
2
Giao trnh mang in.

Trang Khoa in-Trng ai hoc Ky thut a Nng 70
-Cng sut sau tng tr Z:
S = -jQ
c2
+ S
2
= -j1,27 + 15 + j10 = 15 + j8,73 MVA.
-Tn tht cng sut trn tng tr Z:
MW 66 , 0 4 , 26 x
110
73 , 8 15
R
U
Q P
P
2
2 2
2
m
2 2
=
+
=
+
=
MWAr 85 , 0 9 , 33 x
110
73 , 8 15
X
U
Q P
Q
2
2 2
2
m
2 2
=
+
=
+
=
-Cng sut u vao tng tr Z:
S = S + S = 0,66 +j0,85 + 15 +j8,73 = 15,66 + j 9,58MVA.
-Cng sut u ng dy:
S
1
= -jQ
c1
+ S = -j1,27 + 15,66 + j9,58 = 15,66 + j 8,3MVA.
Da vao in ap U
1
va cng sut S chung ta xac nh tn tht in ap
trn ng dy:
KV 6
116
9 , 33 . 58 , 9 4 , 26 . 66 , 15
U
X Q R P
U
1
=
+
=
+
=
Nh vy in ap cui ng dy:
U
2
= U
1
- U = 116 - 6 = 110KV.


$4.2. TNH TOAN CH MANG KN.

4-2-1.Khai nim chung
Mang kn la mang trong o h tiu thu c cung cp in t nht t
hai pha. Mang in kn n gian nht la ng dy co hai ngun cung cp
in. in ap cua cac ngun cung cp co th khac nhau v tr s va goc
pha. Mang kn co hai u cung cp in in ap bng nhau (hnh 4-7) se
tng ng vi mang vong co mt ngun cung cp in (hnh 4-6). u
im cua mang in kn la tin cy cung cp in cao, tn tht in ap,
cng sut, in nng nho hn. V trong mang in kn dong cng sut i
theo ng ngn nht n h tiu thu. Tuy vy mang kn se oi hoi chiu
dai ng dy ln hn so vi mang h khng co d phong.

4.2.2.Tinh toan mang kin ch co mt mach vong va mang ho co
hai ngun cung cp bng nhau v din ap va goc pha.
Vic tnh toan phn b chnh xac cng sut trong mang in kn gp
nhiu kho khn do o trong tnh toan mang kn thng dung cac phng
phap tnh toan gn ung .Phng phap nay cho kt qua u chnh xac vi
Gia o trnh Mang in
Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Ky thut a nng. Trang 71
yu cu thc t. Khi tnh theo phng phap gn ung phu tai cac h tiu thu
in ,cng sut phat cua cac nha may in la phu tai,cng sut tnh toan.
Tc la quy i phu tai v cac nut cua s bng cng sut thc cua phu tai
cng vi tn tht cng sut trong cac may bin ap,cng sut phan khang
cua na cui cac ng dy ni n cac nut o sinh ra theo in ap nh
mc. Khi o ta se co s thay th cua mang in ma trong o ng dy
ch c thay th bng in tr va in khang.Tnh toan phn b cng sut
trong mang in kn khng xet n tn tht cng sut trn cac oan ng
dy. Lng tn tht cng sut nay se c xet n trong cac bc tnh toan
tip theo























Xet mang in hnh 4-8a.Phu tai tnh toan tai cac nut la:
S
1tt
= S
1
+ S
b1
- j Q
c1
- j Q
c2

S
2tt
= S
2
+ S
b2
- j Q
c2
- j Q
c3

A
Z
3
Z
1

Z
3

S
2
S
1

2 1
l
3
l
1

A
l
2

2 1
B
2

S
2

B
1

S
1

Hnh 4-8a
Hnh 4-8b
A
l
5
l
1

d
a
S
a
S
d

l
2
l
4

l
3

c b
S
c
S
b

A
2

A
1

l
1
a l
2
b l
3
c l
4
d l
5

S
a
S
b
Sc S
d

Hnh 4-7
Hnh 4-6
Giao trnh mang in.

Trang Khoa in-Trng ai hoc Ky thut a Nng 72
Trong o :
- Q
c1
; Q
c2
; Q
c3
: Cng sut phan khang do dung dn cua cac
oan ng dy ni vi cac nut 1, 2, 3 sinh ra.
-S
b1
; S
b2
: Tn tht cng sut tram bin ap B
1
; B
2

Sau khi quy i phu tai v cac nut (hnh 4-8b), tnh ch cua mang
co 2 u cung cp in ap bng nhau c tin hanh theo phng phap gn
ung. Trc ht xac nh s phn b cng sut trong mang khng xet n
tn tht cng sut trn cac oan ng dy va gia tr in ap tai ca c nut
trong s .
Xet mang in co hai u cung cp in in ap bng nhau(hnh 4-9)





Nu chiu quy c cua dong in chay trn cac oan ng dy cua
mang in trn hnh ve. Theo nh lut Kirchoff II ta co :
I Z I Z I Z I Z
A A
. . . . . . . .
1 1 2 2 3 3 2 4
+ = 0 (4 - 1)
V cha bit in ap tai cac nut cua mang in, nn khi tnh chon
in ap nh mc tnh. Do o:

dm
) p (
*
*
i
i
.
U 3
S
I = (4 - 2)
Chon
dm
) p (
.
U nm trn truc thc (tc
dm
) p ( dm
) p (
*
U U = ). Thay (4 - 2) vao
(4 - 1) va nhn vi
dm
) p (
*
U 3 ta co:
S Z S Z S Z S Z
A
* * * *
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
+ = 0 (4 - 3)
va:
S S S
S S S S
S S S S S
A a
b a A
A a b c A
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
2 1
3 1
2 1
=
= +
= + +
(4 - 4)
Thay (4 - 4) vao (4 - 3) ta xac nh c S
A1

S
S Z Z Z S Z Z S Z
Z Z Z Z
A
a b c
*
* * *
( ) ( )
( )
1
2 3 4 3 4 4
1 2 3 4
=
+ + + + +
+ + +
(4 - 5)
Nu t Z Z Z Z Z

= + + + ( )
1 2 3 4

A
1
I
A1
, S
A1
a I
2
, S
2
b I
3
, S
3
I
A2
, S
A2
A
2

Z
1
Z
2
Z
3
Z
4

S
a
S
b
S
c

Hnh 4-9
Gia o trnh Mang in
Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Ky thut a nng. Trang 73
Khi o S
S Z
Z
A
i
iA
i
n
*
*
1
2
1
=
=

Hay

=
*
n
1 i
2 iA
*
i
.
1 A
.
Z
Z S
S (4 - 6)
Tng t cng sut ngun A
2
:

=
*
n
1 i
1 iA
*
i
.
2 A
.
Z
Z S
S (4 - 7)
Trong o:
- Z
iA1
va Z
iA2
: Tng tr t phu tai th i n ngun cung cp A
1
va A
2
.
Tng t dong in chay t ngun A
1
& A
2
la:

=
Z
Z I
I
n
1 i
2 iA
i
.
1 A
.
(4 - 8)

=
Z
Z I
I
n
1 i
1 iA
i
.
2 A
.
(4 - 9)
Do cac s hang trong cng thc u dang s phc nn n gian
trong tnh toan ta biu din cac phng trnh trn dang sau:
Goi Y

la tng dn cua cac oan ng dy ta co:

= = jB G
Z
1
Y
Trong o : G
R
R X

=
+
2 2
- in dn tac dung cua ng dy.
B
X
R X

=
+
2 2
- in dn phan khang cua ng dy.
Khi o ta co th vit biu thc (4-6) nh sau:
S
S Z
Z
A
i
iA
i
n
*
*
1
2
1
=
=

=( ) G jB

+ S Z
i
iA
i
n
*
2
1 =

=( ) G jB

+ ( )( )
[ ]
P jQ R jX
i i iA iA
i
n
+
=

2 2
1

Khai trin ta co:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(

+ +
(

+ + =


= =

= =

n
1 i
n
1 i
2 iA i 2 iA i 2 iA i 2 iA i
n
1 i
n
1 i
2 iA i 2 iA i 2 iA i 2 iA i
1 A
*
X . Q R . P . B R . Q X . P . G j
R . Q X . P . B X . Q R . P . G S

T o rut ra:
Giao trnh mang in.

Trang Khoa in-Trng ai hoc Ky thut a Nng 74
( ) ( ) P G P R Q X B P X Q R
A i iA i iA i iA i iA
i
n
i
n
1 2 2 2 2
1 1
= + +

(
= =


. . . . . .
( ) ( ) Q G P X Q R B P R Q X
A i iA i iA i iA i iA
i
n
i
n
1 2 2 2 2
1 1
= + +

(
= =


. . . . . .
n gian ta t:
( ) M P R Q X
i iA i iA
i
n
= +
=

. .
2 2
1
, ( ) N P X Q R
i iA i iA
i
n
=
=

. .
2 2
1

T o ta co:
P G M B N
Q G N B M
A
A
1
1
= +
= +

`
)


. .
. .
(4-10)
Cng thc (4-10) cho phep chung ta xac nh c s phn b cng
sut trong mang in theo tnh toan s hoc.
Bit phn b cng sut S
A1
, S
A2
ta xac nh c im phn cng sut
trong mang in. im phn cng sut la im phu tai nhn cng sut t
hai pha n. im phn cng sut co th la hai im:im phn cng sut
tac dung (ky hiu) va im phn cng sut phan khang (ky hiu) hoc
mt im chung(ky hiu).in ap tai im phn cng sut se co gia tr
thp nht trong mang .
Khi bit im phn cng sut co th tach mang lam 2 phn va tin
hanh tnh toan nh mang h trn c s dong cng sut a tnh va in ap tai
ngun cung cp. Khi co hai im phn cng sut ta tach mang tai im
phn cng sut tac dung.

V DU 4-2:Hai tram bin ap a va b nhn in t hai tram bin ap khu
vc A va B bng ng dy in ap 110KV.Dy dn b tr trn mt phng
nm ngang,khoang cach gia cac pha la 4m.Cac s liu ng dy va phu
tai tnh toan cho trn hnh 4-10.Ca hai tram bin ap khu vc A va B co in
ap bng nhau va bng 112KV.
Xac nh phn b cng sut trong mang in.






GIAI:Theo PL1- ta tra c :
- Dy AC-120 co r
0
= 0,27 /Km; x
0
= 0,423 /Km;
b a B
A
40Km 30Km
30Km
AC-95 AC-95 AC-120
25+j20MVA
15+j12MVA
Hnh 4-10
Gia o trnh Mang in
Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Ky thut a nng. Trang 75
- Dy AC- 95 co r
0
= 0,33 /Km; x
0
= 0,429 /Km;
Tng tr cac oan ng dy nh sau:
- oan Aa: R
1
= 8,1; X
1
= 12,69;
- oan ab: R
2
= 9,9; X
2
= 12,87;
- oan bB: R
3
= 13,2; X
3
= 17,16;
- oan AB: R
AB
= 31,2; X
AB
= 42,72;
Tng dn cua toan b ng dy la:
-in dn tac dung cua ng dy:
G
R
R X
AB
AB
AB AB
=
+
=
+
=
2 2 2 2
31 2
31 2 42 72
0 0111
1 ,
, ,
, .

- in dn phan khang cua ng dy:
B
X
R X
AB
AB
AB AB
=
+
=
+
=
2 2 2 2
42 72
31 2 42 72
0 0152
1 ,
, ,
,

Cng sut tac dung t ngun A cung cp se la:
( ) ( ) P G P R Q X B P X Q R
Aa AB i iA i iA AB i iA i iA
i
n
i
n
= + +

(
= =

. . . . . .
2 2 2 2
1 1

= 0,0111.[15.13,2 + 12.17,6 +25.(9,9+13,2)+20.(12,87+17,16)] +
0,0152.[15.17,16 - 12.13,2 +25. (12,87+17,16) -20. (9,9+13,2)]
= 23,48MW
Cng sut phan khang t ngun A cung cp se la:
( ) ( ) Q G P X Q R B P R Q X
Aa AB i iA i iA AB i iA i iA
i
n
i
n
= + +

(
= =

. . . . . .
2 2 2 2
1 1

= -0,0111.[15.17,16 -12.13,2 +25. (12,87+17,16) -20. (9,9+13,2)]+
0,0152. [15.13,2 + 12.17,6 +25.(9,9+13,2)+20.(12,87+17,16)]
= 19,85MVAr
Tng t chung ta xac nh c cng sut ngun B cung cp :
P
Bb
= 16,52MW Q
Bb
= 12,15MVAr
Cng sut t b n a la:
S
ba
= S
Bb
- S
b
= (16,52 + j12,15) - (15 + j12) = 1,52 + j0,15 MVA.
Kt qua tnh toan cho thy a la im phn cng sut .





b a B
A
16,52+j12,1
5
1,52+j0,15
23,48+j19,8
5
25+j20MVA
15+j12MVA
Hnh 4-10b
Giao trnh mang in.

Trang Khoa in-Trng ai hoc Ky thut a Nng 76
4.2.3. Tinh toan mang din co 2 du cung cp din ap khac nhau.
Xet mang in hnh (4-11) co hai u cung cp in ap khac nhau v
goc pha va modul. Gia s in ap U
A1
> U
A2
va chiu dong in quy c
nh trn hnh ve.







Theo nh lut Kirchoff II ta co phng trnh cn bng ap pha:
3 3 2 2 1 1 2 A 1 A
Z . I Z . I Z . I U U
& & & & &
+ =
Ta bit :
& &
I I I
b 2 1
=
& & & & &
I I I I I I
c c b 3 2 1
= = +
Thay cac gia tr cua
&
I
2
va
&
I
3
vao biu thc trn ta co:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
& & &
.
& &
.
& & &
.
& & &
.
U U I Z I I Z I I I Z
I Z Z Z I Z Z I Z
A A b b c
b c
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 3
1 1 2 3 2 3 3
= + +
= + + +

T o ta co:
( )
&
& & & &
.
I
U U
Z Z Z
I Z Z I Z
Z Z Z
A A b c
1
1 2
1 2 3
2 3 3
1 2 3
=

+ +
+
+ +
+ +

So sanh vi gia tr dong in tnh theo biu thc (4-8) ta thy y
co thm thanh phn:
& &
U U
Z Z Z
A A 1 2
1 2 3

+ +

Thanh phn nay ln hay nho tuy thuc vao s chnh lch in ap
gia cac ngun va tng tr cua ng dy, khng phu thuc phu tai, chung
c goi la thanh phn cn bng (cng sut hay dong in cn bng).
Tng t chung ta nhn c gia tr dong in
&
I
3
:
( ) ( )
&
& & & &
.
I
U U
Z Z Z
I Z Z I Z
Z Z Z
A A c b
3
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 1
1 2 3
=

+ +
+
+ +
+ +

Nu biu din theo cng sut ta co:
( ) ( )

+ +
+

= =
Z
Z . S Z Z . S
Z
U U . U 3
I . U 3 S
3
c
^
3 2
b
^
2 A 1 A
1 A
^
1
1 A
^
b 1 A
^ & &
&

( ) ( )

+ +
+

=
Z
Z Z . S Z . S
Z
U U . U 3
S
2 1
c
^
1
b
^
1 A 2 A
2 A
^
c 2 A
^ & &

A
1
I
1
b I
2
c I
3
A
2


U
A1
Z
1
Z
2
Z
3
U
A2

I
b
I
c

A
1
I
cb
A
2


U
A1
U
A2

Z

A
1
I
1
b I
2
c I
3


U
A1
Z
1
Z
2
Z
3
U
A2

I
b
I
c

A
2

Hnh 4-11
=
+
Gia o trnh Mang in
Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Ky thut a nng. Trang 77
Hay:

+
|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|

=
^
Z
^
Z . S
^
Z
^
Z . S
^
Z
^
U
^
U .
.
U 3
S
3 c
.
3 2 b
.
2 A 1 A 1 A
b 1 A
.

+
|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|

=
^
Z
^
Z . S
^
Z
^
Z . S
^
Z
^
U
^
U .
.
U 3
S
1 b
.
2 1 c
.
1 A 2 A 2 A
c 2 A
.

Hoc chung ta co th tnh toan phn b cng sut trong mang in
kn co hai u cung cp in ap khac nhau bng phng phap xp chng 2
ch :
- Ch I: U
A1
= U
A2
va ng dy co tai.
- Ch II: U
A1
U
A2
va ng dy khng tai.
Ch I: S phn b dong hoc cng sut khi U
A1
= U
A2
c xac
nh theo cng thc (4 - 6) n (4 - 9) cac dong in tm c trong ch
nay cho trn hnh 4-11.
Ch II: U
A1
U
A2
nn co dong cn bng chay qua, dong chay t
in ap cao n in ap thp I
cb
ch phu thuc vao in ap pha hai u cung
cp va tng tr ng dy (khng phu thuc phu tai).

=
Z
U U
I
2 A
.
1 A
.
cb
.
(4 - 11)
hay

.
p
cb
*
cb
.
U I 3 S = (4 - 12)
Khi tnh gn ung ly in ap U
p
= U
p m
.
Khi xp chng 2 ch ta co s phn b dong trong mang in a
cho:

I I I
I I I
I I I
A A cb
A A cb
cb
. . .
. . .
. . .
1 1
2 2
2 2
= +
=
= +

Hay

S S S
S S S
S S S
A A cb
A A cb
cb
. . .
. . .
. . .
1 1
2 2
2 2
= +
=
= +

Giao trnh mang in.

Trang Khoa in-Trng ai hoc Ky thut a Nng 78
Vy cng thc tng quat xac nh s phn b dong in chay trn
cac oan ng dy t hai u cung cp in A
1
& A
2
la:

=
^
n
1 i
2 iA
^
i
.
^
2 A
^
1 A
^
1 A
.
1 A
.
Z
Z S
Z
) U U ( U 3
S (4 - 13)

=
^
n
1 i
1 iA
^
i
.
^
1 A
^
2 A
^
2 A
.
2 A
*
Z
Z S
Z
) U U ( U 3
S (4 - 14)

=
Z
Z I
Z
U U
I
n
1 i
2 iA
i
.
2 A
.
1 A
.
1 A
.
(4 - 15)

=
Z
Z I
Z
U U
I
n
1 i
1 iA
i
.
1 A
.
2 A
.
2 A
.
(4 - 16)
trong o cn chu y la cac in ap U u la in ap pha.

4-2-4 Mt s truong hop dc bit.
y ch xet mt s trng hp c bit cua ng dy trong mang
in kn co hai u cp in in ap ging nhau, con nu in ap khac nhau
th s phn b cng sut (dong in) cn cng thm thanh phn cn bng.

4-2-4-1 Mang din dng nht.
Nu nh trong mt mang in ma co ty s gia in khang va in
tr trong tt ca cac oan ng dy trong mang in nh nhau th goi la
mang in ng nht,ty s o la
x
r
m
m
= const.
Co th vit lai biu thc (4-6) nh sau:

= =
R
R S
R )
R
X
j 1 (
R )
R
X
j 1 ( S
jX R
) jX R ( S
Z
Z S
S
n
1
2 iA
i
.
n
1
2 iA
2 iA
2 iA
i
. n
1
2 iA 2 iA
i
.
^
n
1
2 iA
^
i
.
1 A
.

= +

P R
R
j
Q R
R
i iA
n
i iA
n
2
1
2
1

(4 - 17)



+ =
R
R Q
j
R
R P
S
n
1
1 iA i
n
1
1 iA i
2 A
.
(4 - 18)
Nu mang ng nht va tt ca cac oan ng dy co cung tit in th:
Gia o trnh Mang in
Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Ky thut a nng. Trang 79


+ = + = + =
l
l Q
j
l
l P
l r
l r Q
j
l r
l r P
jQ P S
n
1
2 iA i
n
1
2 iA i
0
n
1
2 iA 0 i
0
n
1
2 iA 0 i
1 A 1 A
1 A
.
(4 - 19)



+ = + =
l
l Q
j
l
l P
jQ P S
n
1
1 iA i
n
1
1 iA i
2 A 2 A
2 A
.
(4 - 20)
iu o co ngha la: s phn b cng sut ty l vi chiu dai cac
oan cua ng dy (l

-tng chiu dai toan b ng dy).

T biu thc (4-19) ta thy: Trong mang in ng nht, s phn b
cng sut tac dung va cng sut phan khang la c lp nhau ,co th xem
nh mt mang ch tai cng sut tac dung va mang kia ch tai cng sut phan
khang. Phn tch nh th th khi lng tnh toan giam i ang k.
Nu cac phu tai cua mang in ng nht co cung tr s cos (h s
cng sut) th ch cn xac nh s phn b cng sut tac dung hoc cng
sut toan phn la u (tc P hoc S ).
Cn chu y rng : mt mang in ma dy dn cua tt ca cac oan co
cung tit din th cha th noi ngay rng o la mang in ng nht, v con
phai xem in khang trn mi n v chiu dai cua tt ca cac oan cua
mang in co ging nhau khng.
Vi mang in khng ng nht ta co th bin thanh mang in ng
nht bng phng phap nhn tao.

4-2-4-2:Tinh toan mang din khng xet dn din khang cua duong dy.
Trong thc t tnh toan co mt s trng hp n gian ngi ta bo
qua in khang cua ng dy (tc coi X
m
= 0).V du nh tnh toan mang ha
ap.Luc nay cng thc (4-6) se c vit :



+ =
R
R Q
j
R
R P
S
n
1
2 iA i
n
1
2 iA i
1 A
&




+ =
R
R Q
j
R
R P
S
n
1
1 iA i
n
1
1 iA i
2 A
.

Do o tnh toan mang in nay co th tin hanh nh mang in ng nht.

V DU 4-3: Hai phu tai b va c c cp in t ngun A bng mt
mang in kn.Toan b mang dung dy dn AC-120; cac dy dn c b
tr trn mt phng ngang vi khoang cach gia cac pha D
tb
= 3,5m. in ap
Giao trnh mang in.

Trang Khoa in-Trng ai hoc Ky thut a Nng 80
tai in U
m
=35kV. Tr s va v tr cac phu tai cho trn hnh 4-12a. Tm
im co in ap thp nht trong mang.

GIAI: y la mang in kn ng nht,theo cng thc (4-19) ta co:
P
p L
L
MW
Ac
m im
= =
+
+ +
=

1012 118
8 8 4
10 4
. .
, ;
Q
q L
L
MVAr
Ac
m im
= =
+
+ +
=

1012 4 8
8 8 4
7 6
. .
, ;












Vy S
Ac
= 10,4 +j 7,6 MVA
; MW 6 , 10
20
12 . 11 8 . 10
L
L p
P
im m
Ab
=
+
= =

Q
q L
L
MVAr
Ab
m im
= =
+
=

108 412
20
6 4
. .
, ;
Vy S
Ab
= 10,6 +j 6,4 MVA
Dong cng sut trn oan cb se la :
S
cb
=S
Ac
- S
c
= (10,4 + j7,6) - (10 + j10)= 0,4 -j2,4 MVA
Cn c theo phu tai va cng sut chay trn ng dy (hnh 4-12b)
th im phn cng sut tac dung cua mang in tai im b, con im phn
cng sut phan khang tai im c.Vi dy AC-120 va D
tb
= 3,5m ta tra c
r
0
= 0,27/Km va x
0
= 0,4/Km.
Tn tht in ap t A n b la :
A
8 km 8 km
4 km
10+j10 MVA 11+j4 MVA
c b
A
10,4 +j7,6 MVA 10,6+j6,4 MVA
0,4 -j2,4 MVA
10+j10 MVA
11+j4 MVA
c b
Hinh 4-10b Hinh 4-10a
Gia o trnh Mang in
Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Ky thut a nng. Trang 81
U
P r Q X
U
KV
Ab
dm
=
+
=
+
=
. . , . , , . ,
,
10 6 2 16 4 6 3 2
35
1 245
Tn tht in ap t A n c la :
U
P r Q X
U
KV
Ac
dm
=
+
=
+
=
. . , . , , . ,
,
10 4 2 16 7 6 3 2
35
1 345
Qua tnh toan ta thy im c co in ap thp nht trong mang in.

4-2-5 Tinh toan mang din kin khi co xet dn tn tht cng sut.
4-2-5-1 Tinh toan phn b cng sut:
Cac tnh toan phn b cng sut trong mang in kn va trnh bay
cac muc trn u la tnh gn ung,do cha xet n tn tht cng sut trn
ng dy. muc nay trnh bay phng phap tnh toan phn b cng sut
trong mang in kn co xet n tn tht cng sut.
Trong thc t, nhng mang in khu vc v ng dy tng i dai
va truyn cng sut ln nn khng th bo qua lng cng sut tn tht trn
o .Xet mang in trn hnh 4-13.







Gia s bc tnh gn ung ta c dong cng sut
&
S
1
,
&
S
2
,
&
S
3
va xac
nh c im b la im phn cng sut.Ky hiu
&
S
2
va
&
S
3
la khi tnh toan
chnh xac, tc co xet n tn tht cng sut th kt qua cung phu hp va
tng cua chung u bng tc la :
& & & & &
S S S S S
b
= + = +
2 3 2 3

Tn tht cng sut trn oan 2 se la :
P
S
U
r
b
2
2
2
2
=
|
\

|
&
.
Q
S
U
x
b
2
2
2
2
=
|
\

|
&
.
Cng sut u oan 2 se la:
( )
& & & &
= + = + + S S S S P j Q
2 2 2 2 2 2

Cng sut cui oan 1 se la:

& & &
= + S S S
a 1 2

b a A
2

A
1

S
3
Z
3
S
13

S
2
Z
2
S
2
S
1
Z
1
S
1

S
b

S
a

Hnh 4-13
&
S
2
&
S
1
&
S
3
Giao trnh mang in.

Trang Khoa in-Trng ai hoc Ky thut a Nng 82
Tn tht cng sut trn oan 1 se la :
P
S
U
r
a
1
1
2
1
=
|
\

|
&
.
Q
S
U
x
a
1
1
2
1
=
|
\

|
&
.
Vy cng sut u oan 1 se la :
( )
& & & &
= + = + + S S S S P j Q
1 1 1 1 1 1

Tng t , tnh phn b cng sut cho oan 3 ta co:
Tn tht cng sut trn oan 3 se la :
P
S
U
r
b
3
3
2
3
=
|
\

|
&
.
Q
S
U
x
b
3
3
2
3
=
|
\

|
&
.
Vy cng sut u oan 3 se la :
( )
& & & &
= + = + + S S S S P j Q
3 3 3 3 3 3

Khi tnh toan, in ap tai im phn cng sut b va im a cha bit,
mt cach gn ung co th ly in ap nh mc cua ng dy U
m
tnh.
Sai s nhn c se khng ln lm, kt qua cho phep dung c.

4-2-5-2 Tinh toan din ap tai cac nut:
Tn tht in ap trn mt oan ng dy nao o cua mang in kn
c tnh theo cng thc a bit:


U
Qx
U
+
=
Pr

Trong o:
- P,Q- cng sut tac dung va phan khang chay trn oan ng dy
cn tnh tn tht in ap ;
- r, x : in tr tac dung va cam ng trn oan ng dy o.
Khi tnh gn ung(ngha la cha k n tn tht cng sut trn ng
dy) th tr s in ap U co th ly bng tr s in ap nh mc cua mang
in tnh, con khi tnh chnh xac in ap th cng sut oan ng dy
nao th phai ly in ap cui oan o.V du khi tnh U trn oan 1 (hnh
4-13) th phai ly in ap tai im a, tc U
a
.
Gia o trnh Mang in
Khoa in - Trng ai hoc Ky thut a nng. Trang 83
a/Trng hp trong mang kn ch co mt im phn cng sut (tc
im phn cng sut tac dung va phan khang trung nhau), v du im b trn
hnh 4-13, th im b la im co in ap thp nht trong mang.
Nu nh U
A1
= U
A2
th U
A1b
= U
A2b
, tc la :

P r Q x P r Q x
U
P r Q x
U
dm dm
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
. . . . . . + + +
=
+

Nu U
A1
U
A2
th U
A1b
U
A2b
mt gia tr la:
U
A1b
- U
A2b
= U
A1
- U
A2

b/ Trng hp trong mang kn co 2 im phn cng sut (tc im
phn cng sut tac dung va phan khang khng trung nhau) th cha th noi
ngay rng im nao co in ap thp nht,ma phai tnh tn tht in ap t
ngun n tng im phn cng sut ri so sanh vi nhau mi xac nh
c.(Xem v du 4-3)
c/ Trong trng hp mang in kn co phn nhanh (hnh 4-14) th
cung cha th kt lun ngay c im nao co in ap thp nht trong
mang.V trong mang chnh A
1
abA
2
th b la im phn cng sut, nhng
cha chc in ap tai o thp hn in ap tai c, tc la cung phai tnh toan
ln lt U t ngun n b va t ngun n c ri so sanh mi kt lun
c.


Giao trnh mang in.

Trang Khoa in-Trng ai hoc Ky thut a Nng 84









4-2-6.Khai nim v tinh toan mang din kin phuc tap.
Xac nh s phn b cng sut trong mang in kn phc tap kho
khn hn nhiu so vi mang in kn n gian v khi lng tnh toan ln.
Nu bit c s phn b cng sut th cac tnh toan co n lai nh la chon
tit din dy dn xac nh tn tht cng sut va in ap ...khng khac vi
nhng iu trnh bay i vi mang in kn n gian.
Nu s mach vong kn trong mang in phc tap t (3 n 5 vong) th
dung phng phap bin i mang in gm nhng phng phap nh:
chuyn dch phu tai, ghep song song cac ng dy, bin i s hnh
sao thanh s hnh tam giac va ngc lai . . .Bng nhng phng
phap o ta bin mang in kn phc tap thanh mang in kn n
gian:ng dy co hai u cp in. Sau khi tm c s phn b cng sut
trn ng dy o,ta lai bin i tr v mang in cu, ng thi phn b
cac cng sut a tm c gia cac ng dy cua mang in.
i vi mang in co nhiu mach vong kn th phng phap trn qua
cng knh. T Giao trnh C s ky thut in ta a bit phng phap
phng trnh mach vong da trn lut Kirchoff .i vi mang in kn, lp
h cac phng trnh tng ng vi s cng sut cha bit trn cac oan
ng dy cua mang in. Giai h cac phng trnh nay ta nhn c kt
qua, tuy co mt thi gian.Vi mang in co s phc tap, ngi ta dung
m hnh tnh toan mang in mt chiu va xoay chiu. Ngay nay, vic s
dung cac cng cu toan hoc nh ly thuyt Graph,phng phap tnh ....... cung
vi s h tr cua cua may tnh in t. vao tnh toan mang in a giup ta
giai quyt nhanh chong bai toan tnh toan cac ch cua mang in phc
tap.


b
c
a
A
2
A
1

Z
3
Z
2
Z
1

Z
4

S
b

S
c

S
a

Hnh 4-14: Mang in kn co phn nhanh
&
S
2
&
S
1
&
S
3
&
S
4