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MALAYSIA.
Malaya consists of a ‘"plural society" which was formed by different races with various
backgrounds and customs. In The Malaysian Development Experience, Changes and
Challenges book that published by INTAN, states that Malaya is "a colonial creation
with ethnic groups living side by side but never mixed". Many factors have caused this
situation.
The first can be traced back to the "divide and rule" policy during British colonization.
This kind of administration greatly limited interaction and communication among the
different ethnic groups and segregated them according to their economic functions.
The Malays were known to be farmers and fishermen and lived in the rural areas or
kampung. Since there were also Malays who were involved in the government sector as
ordinary officers and clerks, they were perceived to be dominant in politics and the first
group of people that the British negotiated with.
Most of the Chinese were involved in the commercial and mining sectors and were found
mainly in urban areas. The Indians, on the other hand, worked as labourers in estates and
plantations. Hence, these two races were perceived to be more dominant in the economics
of the country.
The education system, as it was long before we know it today, also varied according to
the different ethnic groups in terms of syllabus, curriculum and methods of
dissemination. There was no such thing as a standardized education system back then.
While the Malays and Indians felt that a minimal amount of literacy was sufficient, the
Chinese were vying to strengthen their bond with China through education, since most of
the teachers and textbooks were imported from China. The same concept was practiced in
Tamil schools.
Since these vernacular schools comprised a single race, lessons were conducted in its
respective language, such as Malay, Mandarin and Tamil. Due to the inconsistencies and
differences in the education system, there existed barriers and gaps among the different
races in Malaya.
The Japanese occupation only widened the rift between the races, especially the Chinese
and Malays. While the Malays were given better treatment by the Japanese who were in
need of their support, the Chinese were tortured and brutally mistreated. This led to the
formation of the Malayan Peoples’ Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) to fight the Japanese.
To ward off attacks from resistance groups which comprised mainly Chinese, the
Japanese instigated the anti-Chinese feeling by forming paramilitary units which
consisted mainly of Malays, and thus, further widened the gap among the two races.
When the Communists began their violence in the 1948, the British were forced to
declare a state of Emergency throughout Malaya. It was during this period that inter-
racial relations became worse since the British had formed forces, comprising mostly
Malays, to fight the guerilla groups led by the Communists, who were mainly Chinese.
All of these factors caused a great division in the Malayan society and much effort had to
be taken to resolve the problem.
Sometime in 1955, and later in 1959, Singapore had suggested that it be merged with
Malaya. This proposal, however, was rejected by Malaya. At the time, Singapore’s
population comprised mainly Chinese and Malaya feared that this would affect its racial
composition, which was predominantly Malay. There was also the fear that the
Communists, whose activities were still rampant in Singapore, might influence Malaya
and impede its struggle to be rid of the threat of Communism.
Four years after Malaya’s independence, however, Malayan Prime Minister Tunku Abdul
Rahman took the region by surprise on 27th May 1961, when he made a speech stating
his proposal to merge Malaya, Singapore and the Borneo territories of Sabah, Sarawak
and Brunei. His sudden change of mind was influenced by the state of politics and
economy in Singapore and the other territories.
CONCLUSION
Singapore decided to withdraw from Malaysia on 9th August 1965 to form her own
Republic due to some disagreements, particularly about special rights of the natives.
Hence, Malaysia today comprises Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak.
Malaysia has now been enjoying independence for 46 years and is known to the world as
a sovereign country. We are able to achieve economic, political and social stability and
move rapidly towards a developed country.
Although Malaysia is a plural society that consists of various races, they are able to live,
co-operate and co-exist in harmony to build a strong and developed country. The
understanding among the races, which creates unity in the country, plays a very important
role in moulding Malaysia to be a politically stable country.