Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
ghlbghU
1.
a 1
ciugFia ca
fw fj braghLf
x gfhd ciueil
xl goj, ika br
gFia FL ca
fUjj, dh
thJ
cUthFj,
UFw
dhnfw
ciueil
ilaj,
jjhjh
FbgLj,
c.nt.rh.
tj, jhnd fw
Jizghl
bghUslfij
filtiu eif
btgLJkhW dhfis
yfz
cUthF g : miu
iz vGJf
gF miuf
mj, F, beo
(Gaf) btgLkhwhd
mj
dhf. vLJfhlhf
bkhw g
y dhf bfhLJ,
F, beo
ntWghil
vLJfhljf
thaf.
xiw bfh,
uil bfh
fh, miu,
KW Matiw
ftJ gof gHFj.
br, ciueil gFia
bfhLJ, mt
mtiw nghw w
dhfis cUthF
g.
y brhf, ilf tujf
dhf mikf g
mj.
ciueil gia bfhLJ
vGJf bfhl
mj ika bghU
thaf,
khwhjthW F rlf
brhbwhlf, d
jahj. y
vGJf bfhl
vLJfhLfis bfhLJ
thaf,
brhbwhlf,
brhf mj.
gFYs gFfSF
F vGj gWj.
F rlf bfhLJ J
ghlbghU
fw fj braghLf
vGJ gf bfhLj.
bfhLfgLs br,
ciueil gF rhj
Gaf, eilKiw
thif uid
bjhlghd dhfis
bfhLJ il vGj
brhYj.
F, beo ntWghLfis
vLJfhljf
brhbwhlfis vGJ
g. (v-L) ir
iz ir . . . . . . .
xiwbfh,
uilbfh cila
brhf cila
brhbwhlfis vGJj.
(btlbt, ntfhjnrhW. . )
td, bkd, ild
tiria fhL brhfis
vGJj, (fil, ril,
jil, gil)
2.
fw gFYs brfis
bkh MSik w:
a 2
brhngh gnfW,
br
nknfhfho brhbgh
ca cznthL
ehyoah
jahj.
ngRj.
ghuj njr
ciueil
gwitf gyj
Jizghl
ghf X
ghlbghU
fw fj braghLf
ciuahl
bfhnl fJj
yfz
F, beo brhyhf
F, beo
clhtJ vgo?
vGJfS cw
bkhw g
v, vQFa
vGJ tot,
brhfis nrJ
J vGJj,
j dbtGJl
kL nrU
gf
dbtGJf miktJ nghw
brhfis vGJj. (rf,
jf, tf...) (cliy
bkkaf brhf, gf,
ghf)
vGJf
3.
fLiu, foj,
a 3
fw gFYs brfis
zgfis ca
br
nknfhfho mwiu,
totJl, Wj
ehkfoif
Ffis gagL
ciueil
vGJj, jid
Muhnuh Munuh
w mj
Jizghl
u Wt
gaj.
fw gFYs ciueil
ghlf vLjhsgLs
Wj Ffis
vLbjGJj. mt
yfz
njitid g, Wj
brhf tiff
Ff lhjjh VgL
bga brh,
id brh
fhLj.
mKf
bgabrh, idbrh
bkhw g
ntWghil sf jf
xW iH,
gaj.
kabfh iH,
bga brh, id
brh nghwtiw
idbrhfUJ, wtif
brhfis tUF g.
tbyhW iH (ulh
ghlbghU
ma brj
fw fj braghLf
ntWik bjhif, )
fw bghUshf cs ghl
gFia goJ
a 4
fUJfis bjhFJ,
br
xbthU gF
tifgL,
iraKJ
btgLJ bghUis
btgLj mj.
gHbkh eh}W
a brhf, wbkh
ciueil
brhf, iz
kf uhF
brhf, Madtiw
btgLJj
Jizghl
C UHh xU
jiyghf bfhL WW
gFf vGJj.
(vLJfhL: kiH mKj,
kiHbah, cHtU kiH.
bris nknfhfho
vGj brj).
glf fhzgL ff
fiyHh
FJ jjna tJ
yfz
uils
bkhw g
bghf.
uils
Xiw bfh,
uilbfh,
F, beo
ntWghL mj
xF brhfis
gagL brhbwhl
vGJ gaj.
xiwbfh, uilbfh
khwij brhffho
bghUkhwij RL
gaj..
fwgF ciueil cs
wbkh brhfis
vLbjGJ gj. (vL. KaJt, eht. . . .)
F, beo ntWghlh
bghU khWgLtij
sF gaj.
fw fj braghLf
ghlbghU
5.
tuyhW ffis
a 5
id Tw kW
br
thif Kiw g
kjcw
j ghl
thj.
bgUikid
jhf - J fij
sFj
ciueil
sik bgah
nfl nf
Jizghl
vLJfhLj.
jfkhgHK
xWiH F gaj.
NLnfhY
yfz
Fyhf kh brhfis
iHfis fisj
cUthFj
bkhg
iHfis fisj
xW iHf,
F, beo
iHf, Jiz
vGJ iHf,
kabfh iH,
kj cwf nkikid
sF ffis
bjhFj.
tuyhW ffsh
bgwjf goidfis
g J TW
gaj.
brhfSl c
nrJ vGJj
6.
weh}W br fUij
ciuahl, ehlf
a 6
mikJ vGJj,
br
btgLJkhW ciuahl
f mfis
weh}W
vGj gWj.
ugl, Ritgl
izia
TWj, vGJj
oJ bjUthF
J fij
m tot brhbwhlfis
vGJj. m
brhyhfis
wtUJ ntWgLJ
ghlbghU
ciueil
nja fhj
brk
Jizghl
vJ bga cik?
yfz
RblGJ
bkhw g
fw fj braghLf
gf tHf.
br, dh Kja brhbwhl
tiff btgL
jftfis
RitljfthW
tUzid, mil brhfis
gagLj gWj.
ugl mikj ff
tirKiwia kh
RblGJf, m,
Ritgl TW cfis
, c mKf
fhL gfmj.
(ndhF, fijkhwhk
TWj Kjad)
br Ritgl miktjfhd
brhyhfis
milahsgLJj.
RblGJf bkh
gagL jikid
sF gf
7.
gJiw m bgWj.
a - 7
ma fLo bjhlghd
(j kUJt, E
br
fiyf, isahL,
UFw
jf jiyfis bfhLJ
iwa ma
ait Tw
fLof) a
ciueil
brhf bghUsj,
fny
mfuKjia
fiytz
gagLj mj,
Jizghl
kW w mj
rhjid bgk
g. va brhf,
yfz
msbgil, iz,
gh
bjhlila
fLofis
fLoj ma
mPfis g vGj
brj.
ma fiy brhyhf
wbkh brhyhia
jJ brhbwhlfis
ghlbghU
fw fj braghLf
brikahf vGJ g.
brhf tifghil
bkhw g
msbgil c
msbgil,
xwsbgil
iz caiz,
m~iz
majf gf (v-L)
bga, vr, id nghwd)
yfz bgafis
mKfgLjhk, ntWgl
mikfis milahs
fhQj.
`msbgil brhyh
gh - M gh,
eilKiw gaghil
bg gh, gy gh,
bjF vLJfhLf
xw gh, gy
jUj.
gh
8.
bkh ea mj.
a - 8
ciueil, br tot, fw
ctikf, gHbkhf,
br
gDtf RitFa
ku bjhlf,
jghl
bkh TWfis
xUbrh gybghU,
mj fhy j
gybghU xUbrh
fhy
mj, brhfsa
ciueil
bgUFj
jaf
jnyna ngRnth
njbjLF g
br ctik, gHbkh,
kubjhl Kjadtiw
khaikJ vGJ g
bkhts TWfshd bjhif
brhfis, xU brh
Jizghl
gbghU, xU bghU
ehL efuK
yfz
gDtfis cUthF
khiu, v, l
gaj.
bkhw g
khiu msf
v - xUik, gik
l - jik,
Kiy, glif
X mobrhiy bfhL
gtifahd brhfis
cUthF gaj.
yfz gFid a
Kiw mJ bfhS
gfis mj.
ghlbghU
9.
ea ghuhLj,
a 9
gilghw
br
Fwhy Fwt
nyil ghl
ciueil
vJ gghL?
Jizghl
fw fj braghLf
br ea TWfis
goaLj
x, brh, bghU eaTWfis
btgLjjf bjhlf,
brh bjhFfis vGJ
g.
eilKiwF njitahd
Kiu brhbwhlf
tzf Iah!
(sgu jikilait)
yfz
fhy mj
; nkY canth)
bkh g
fhy - wj fhy,
brhfis vGj
f fhy, v
gaj
fhy
id totfis khW
gaj.
VHh tF
w
1.
ghlbghU
fw fj
braghLf
gntW Wj
ciugFia ca
a 1
xl goj,
br
Ffis
ika fUjj,
thJ, UFw
gagLj
dh cUthFj,
ciueil
gaj.
dhnfw
brbkh j
(gfhd gF
ilaj,
Jizghl
fw
FbgLj,
CU ngU
gDtUJ,
tj,
yfz
gDt
rhbgGJf
rhuhjdthf
w mj
tifbjhif.
mik)
bkhw g
UFw
gFYs
xbthU Fw
fUij y
brhf TW
g (v.fh) thik
vd. . . .
...
. . . . . . . . . . . .brh
ikaw brhny
thik
y brhf
ilahf tujf
dhf mikj.
ghlbghU
fw fj
braghLf
rhbgGJfSF
vLJfhLfis
bfhLJ bgafis
vGJ gaj.
td Fjfhd
vLJfhLf
vGJ
gaj.
2.
ciueil
bkh MSik w
a 2
brhngh gnfW,
br
gFfSF Vw
Vw wffSl
weh}W,
Jiz jiy
ngRj, vGJj
KJbkhfh
vGj gaj.
ciueil
brhnghUfhd
kfhJth dh
gFfis vGJ
Rjudh
gaj.
Jizghl
fUij VF,
Wfij
kWF cfis
yfz
vLJfhLj.
rhbgGJf
czfSF Vw
cbk, Mj
brhfis
bkhw g
njbjLF g
fw br gFia
nknfhfho,
nkil ngR
jahj.
Jizghl
gFUJ,
Gafis
ghlbghU
fw fj
braghLf
btgLJ
sf F
jahj.
bfhLfgl F
mogil jH
gghL wig
btgLJ g.
3.
br fUid
gFia goJ
a 3
fUJfis bjhFJ,
br
tifgL TW
tifgL,
fLf
g. (v-L)
btgLj mj.
ciueil
kd jik,
a brhf, wbkh
fjnkij uhkhDr
bkh jik,
brhf, iz
Jizghl
bk jik
brhf mj, kW
Wfij
brfis
w mj
yfz
bghU fhLj.
ehtifbrhf
bkhw g
ciueil
gFYs
wbkh
brhfSF a
j brhf
cUthF g.
Jizghl
gFUJ,
iz brhf,
a brhf,
wbkh brhf
Kjadtiw
goal brj.
jiy xiw
ghlbghU
fw fj
braghLf
jJ, mjF tY
nrf Toa
fUJfis
bjhFF g.
ehtif
brhfis F
g
4.
fLiu, foj,
a 4
bghUSila
zgfis ca
br
brhfis
totJlD, Wj
jghl
milahs fhQ
Ffis gagL
ciueil
g. mtiw
vGJj, kj cw
fhaof foj
bghUjkhf
w mj
brhbwhl
Jizghl
Wfij
mikj.
gntW NHf
yfz
vGjgL
LFbgaU
zgf ga
fhuzbgaU
mKf ;
bkhw g
zgf
vGJj.
fijfUJ
bgwjf
miufis
goaL w
vLJfhLf
jUj.
KHf
brhbwhlfis
bfhLJ
ghlbghU
fw fj
braghLf
bghUjkhd
tuyhW fia
vGJ g.
bga brhfis
tifgLJ g
5.
tuyhW, gghL mj
a 5
br bghU
br
dia
Uth% ehkkhiy,
btgLJ g.
thjhr ghl
br
ciueil
btgLJ
fh ef
miuid
Jizghl
sF g.
Wfij
goj brfis
yfz
nknfhgL,
mWtif bgabrhf
brhngh jahj.
bkhw g
Jizghl
gFYs
tuyhW Ffis
sFkhW
jftfis
uLj.
mWtif bgafis
tifgLJ g
6.
fij tfis
ciuahl, ehlf
a 6
mikJ vGJj,
br
nknfhgL
kUjfh ghl,
ciuahl vGJj.
mfis ugl,
e. r_ fij
fij tfSF
ghlbghU
fw fj
braghLf
Ritgl TWj,
ciueil
bghUjkhd KHf
vGJj
ber ehlf
thaf vGJj.
Jizghl
thif tuyhW
j ehlf Kndhof
wig sF
yfz
nknfh
idKW, bgabur,
brfis
idbar
vLJfhLj.
bkhw g
7.
gJiwf
gJiw m bgWj.
a 7
(j kUJt,
br
gagL brhf
isahL, iwa
UFw, KTl gS
cUthFj
ma
ciueil
fLof) a
aif ntshik
fLof
brhf bghUsj,
nefhz
bjhlghd
mfuKjia
Jizghl
brfis WW
gagLj mj
Wfij
jiyf
yfz
vGJj.
ntWik, milbkh
bkhw g
ma
aif ntshik
ga wfis
WW jiyf
vGJ g.
8.
bkh ea mj.
a 8
(ctikf, gHbkhf,
br
fw gDtYs
bkhea TWfis
ghlbghU
fw fj
braghLf
ku bjhlf,
jghl,
xUbrh gybghU,
jhyhL ghl
gybghU xU brh
ciueil
ctik, gHbkh,
mj)
jHf
kubjhl
mbgr
izJ Ritgl
Jizghl
kh vGJ g.
Wfij
btgLJ g.
fw gDtiy,
Jizghl gF
yfz
cs brfis
_tifnghf
WW jiyF
bkhw g
vGJj.
fw gDt cs
bkhts TWfis
milahsgLJj.
mtiw gagL
brhbwhlf
vGJj.
wbkh
brhfSF
izahd j
brhf vGJj.
bkh
nghfSfhd
vLJfhLf
jUj.
9.
fw gDt cs
brhfsa
a 9
bgUFj
br
a brhfis
mkhid,
goaLj.
tfjhk
ciueil
goal brhfis
tifgLJj
ghlbghU
braghLf
jHf isahLf
brhfis
Jizghl
yfz
Wfij
Jiw
yfz
mik
brh
bkh
bkhw g
10
fw fj
ea ghuhLj,
a 10
gilghw
br
ghujhr ghl
fg ghl
ciueil
vd tifgLJj.
br ea ghuhl
g
ea TWfis
goal
fw gDt
Xafiy
bjhlghd
Jizghl
brafis eagl
Wfij
ciufjf
yfz
gHbkhf,
myfz,
kubjhlf,
WjFf
KHfbjhlf
bkhw g
jahj.
Xafiy
bjhlghd
brhfis
uLj.
mfis sF
vLJfhL
brf
jiyfSnfg
kd tiugl tiuj.
vlh tF
w
1.
ghlbghU
fw fj
braghLf
ciugFia ca
a - 1
jhkhdt
xl goj, ika
br
bghJthd
fUjj, dh
thJ, UFw
flbfhif
cUthFj,
ciueil
btgLkhW fj;
dhnfw
cyfj brbkh
UFwfUJfis
ilaj,
khehL wf
khzhf
FbgLj, tj,
Jizghl
csbfhsjf
jhndfw, jid
.. ngh
fijf ff
w mj
yfz
jJ fj;
FaYfu, Fafu,
brbkh khehL
KaYfu
bjhlila Ff
bkhw g
bfhLJ fLiu
tiua brj.
Jizghl
fLiuia khzhf
jhnk gof,
FbgLf
gWj.
2.
bkh MSik w,
a - 2
br jU bghU
thjf gnfW
br
cznfg Fu
Vw wffSl
ait ehgJ,
Vw jhl gof
ghlbghU
fw fj
braghLf
ngRj, vGJj,
mayffP ghl
fj, mfuKj
jid w mj
ciueil
mik g
mfuKj tuyhW
jidia l ;
Jizghl
ya tif
Wfij
brhfSfhd
yfz
vLJfhLfis
yatif brhf
ghl cs
bkhw g
ghlgF t
fj.
3.
gFia goJ
a - 3
br gF
fUJfis gFJ,
br
fUJfis khzhf
bjhFJ,
UtSt khiy,
bjhFJ Tw
tifgL,
esbtgh
tfhLj.
ciueil ghlij
brhf, w bkh
cyf csif
ikakhf bfhL
brhf, iz
Jizghl
a brhf,
brhf mj
Wfij
wbkh brhf,
yfz
iz brhfis
tHF
khzhfnu
bkhw g
dfhQkhW gw.
briz,
Kuiz
brhfis goal
brj.
4.
fLiu, foj,
a - 4
br ea
zgfis ca
br
czJtnjhL ika
toY, KiwY,
ntfjhk,
fUid khzhfnu
WjFfis
ghujjh
TWkhW gw ;
gagL vGJj,
ciueil
ciueil brfis
ghlbghU
kW w mj
fw fj
braghLf
a Ljiy ngh
fLiu, foj
jHf bgf gF
thyhf bjf
Jizghl
fj;
Wfij
tUKiw
yfz
bjhifiy
bjhifiy bjhlf
bjhlfis fj.
bkhw g
5.
tuyhW, gghL mj
a - 5
fhto JF ca
br
irnahL ir
fhto J,
njhw fj
uknrhHcyh
ff brj ; br
ciueil
cUthF tuyhiw
br cUthF tuyhW
tuyhW Kiw
Jizghl
fj ; Ff
Wfij
bfhLJ thf
yfz
vGj brj.
bjhfhiybjhlf
bkhw g
6.
ciuahl, ehlf
a - 6
Uku
mikJ vGJj.
br
cbghU
f mfis
Uku, njght
btgLkhW fj.
ugl, Ritgl
ciueil
njght ea
TWj, vGJj
ehlf fiy
btgl fj
Jizghl
ff brj; ehlf
ehlf
fiy tsia
yfz
Ritahf TWj
MFbga
Tw brj;
bkhw g
ehlf fJj.
thifUJ ca
ghlbghU
fw fj
braghLf
vLJfhLf jJ
MFbgaiu fj.
khzhfiu
vLJfhLf
bjhFJtu brj.
7.
gJiw m bgWj.
a - 7
UFw fUJfis
(j kUJt,
br
khzhf
isahL, iwa
UFw, UtUgh
csbfhsjf
ma fLof
ciueil
tha ff
...) a brhf
jH tha
fijf rhnwh
bghUsj,
Jizghl
thif tuyhWf
mfuKjia
fnah f
T fj ;
gagLj mj, kj
yfz
ciueil ghl
cw w mj
ntWik
t a brhf
bkhw g
bghU fiybrhf
Kjyhdtiw
dfhz brj
bjhFf brj.
tUKiw
ntWik yfz
fj.
8.
bkh ea mj.
a 8
j a br
(ctikf, gHbkhf,
br
gFia Kiwahf
ku bjhlf xUbrh
ghuj, Koaur
fgnjhL, mtWl
gybghU, gybghU xU
ghl
fUJ bjhlila
brh mj)
ciueil
ctikf, gHbkhf,
njtnea ghthz
ku bjhlf
Jizghl
Kjyhdtiw
Wfij
fj, khzhfiu
ghlbghU
fw fj
braghLf
yfz
bjhFf brj,
z a, fhu
ciueilt xU brh
bkhw g
gybghU, gy bghU
xU brh fhQ
gaj. a
fhu zFa
vLJfhLfis
ghlUJ
vLJfhl brj.
9.
brhfsa
a 9
bgUFj
br
btgl
fguhkhaz,
uhkhazij
ghujhr ghl
fj, ghntj
ciueil
fs
fhLf
btgLkhW ghliy
Jizghl
fj. ciueil,
mUfhaf
Jizghl
yfz
fLiu Jizl
z cW, bkpW
brhfsa
bkhw g
bgUf
gaj,
yfz gFia K
gF Roa
Kiw fj
mthnw ff brj.
10.
ea ghuhLj,
a-10
bris Xirea
gilghw
br
btgl fj
KJFkhuRth
ff brj. ea
isj
czj. Jtiu
ghlbghU
fw fj
braghLf
ciueil
fl br
ya eifRit
gFfSfhd
Jizghl
eafis khzhfnu
Wfij
bjhFf gWj.
yfz
ciueilia fj
ahyfz,
wF eifRit
myfz
JQFf gilf
bkhw g
brj.
ah, m yfz
gFfF
ghlYs br
gFf Jizl
fj ff
brj.