.

.



.




EUROCODE 3
.
:
: .


.

,
, ,
.
:
.
:
.
:


.
:

.
:
.


.
2008 / 6 / 15

-1-1


%0.2 -% 0.25
.


,
:
-
-
-


.



.

:
.1 :


.
.2 : ,

.
.3 :

,
.

, ,

.
3

 ,
.

S
) P (%0.07
Si , Cr
, Mn,Ni Cu Mo Al
.Ca
.
:
( St37 ) S235

( St52 ) S355

.
) ( 1-1
:
) ( 1-1

%
N

S235JR
S235JRG1

0.17

0.009

0.007

0.2
S235JRG2
S235J2G3
S355J2G1

0.045

0.045

0.035

0.035

0.035

0.035

0.20

N/mm

26

0.009
0.17

24

340
470

630-490

N/mm

t<16mm
235
2
N/mm

16<t<40
225
2
N/mm
345/355

,



4




.
-1-2

.



:
.

.

.
.
.
.


.
:

M
Q .N

) N (.

 .
.


.


:

,


6 9 12 .


mm(. 10 8 6 4 2 1 0.8
) 06
.
-1-3

:
) ( . ) ( .
.



.


,
.


.




.
)
(
) (.
-1-4



:
, , ,

X ) ( .
Z,Y > Iy

. Iz

 N

.
MY / MZ Z,Y ).(1-1
Mx .

Vy / Vy ) Z,Y ( Qy, Qz
X = .

Z , X = X ,Z = .

u ,v ,w . X,Y,Z
.

E ,G , ) (.
E.Iy / E.Iz .
fy ) ( .
fu .

) W ,W el ,( W el,Y ;W el,Z .
) W ,W pl ,( W pl,Y ;W pl,Z .
) Mel (Mel,Y ; Mel,Z

.
) Mpl (Mpl,Y ; Mpl,Z

.
= M pl / M el .
NPL .
) VPL (VPL,Y;VPL,Z
.
l .
NKi ) ( .
Sk .
F ) ( .
8

G /Q /FA / / .
M ) ( .
F .

) (1-1 I .

M .

Sd ) (.
Rd ) ( .
K .
W .
b .
-1-5



.
Sd
1
Rd

S d Rd

Rd < Sd
Sd
.


:
) ( .
.
.
.
-1-6
: F M , N , R
,
95%
, ,

:

.
Q
.
FA
.
) ( K


) (
F ) (
. d


1.5

Fd = F . FK
F = 1.35 = 1.0 :

0.9

= 1.1 , 1.0

10

)(2-1

= F



.

:
G
) ( .
G
G

F=1.35

, = 0.9

F = 1.35

Gd = F GK
Qi :
; Qi,d = F . Qi,K

; Qi,d = F Qi,K

F = 1.5

) (2-1 F
) ( .F :
) : (1 1 3 1
) (1.35
).(1.35
) : (2 1 2
. 2 ) ( 1.35
) .(1.5
) : (3 1 3 4
. 3 ) ( 1.0
)(0.9
) 1.0
(.

11

 Qi,K W S
) (S/2+w) (S+w/2

.
) : (2-1 ) (,F

1,35(1,0) 1,35(1,0) 1,0

--

1,5

--

-- 0,9

1,35

-- 1,0

--

0
Gd = F . GK

Qid = F . Qik

Qid =( F .). QiK

FA,d =F . F.A.k

FF
F = :
. 1,0
-1-7
: M

fy fu
E . G
) . ( 3-1
)
( Iy , Iz , Ix ,A
. Mk
12

 M
) (
M MK Md
. Md = MK / M :
M = 1,1
.
M = 1,2 .
M= 1,0
. ) ( 3-1
.


S235 St37

S275

S355 St52

GS20 /GS
45/GS52

) ( 3-1

t
mm
t < 40 mm
40 < t <80
mm
t < 40 mm
40 < t < 80
mm
t < 40 mm
40 < t < 80
mm
t < 100 mm

fy,k

fu,k

N/mm2
240
215

N/mm2
360

275
255

410

360
355

510

200 /230 /260

380/450/520

= 210000 N/mm2
6/K

,E

T = 12.10- ,G= 81000 N/mm

fu.k

fy.k

: , Mpl,k
Vpl.k
: , EI
.GIT

13

 : fy,d= fy,k /M
fu,d=fu,k/M :
, Mpl,d = Mpl,k / M
. Vpl.d = Vpl.,k /M
,EId=EIk/
: M

.GIT,d =GIT,k /M : R ,d = f y ,d
:
= s R , d . pl .W pl

V pl , d = (s R , d / 3 ) Asteg

pl , d

1-8 .



) (4-1 .

) ( 4-1

-
-
-

.
-
-1-9 .

.
R,d :
f y,k
M

= R ,d = f y ,d

14

R,d

f y ,k

f y ,d

M. 3

= R ,d

:
N
*A

* : A )
(
Mz , My
:
Mz
M
= zY
Wz
Iz

My

My
Iy

Wy

W y ,W z

My , Mz
:
Mz
y
Iz

My
Iy

N
*

Iz , Iy
y , z y , z
.
I :
My Mz
N

A* W y
Wz

:
1

15

R ,d



.
I
) (b/t
-
pl,z
1,25
pl,y , pl,z : :
:
My
N
M
*
* z
*
p , yW y p , zWz
A

:
*pl,y = 1,14 , *pl,z = 1,25
L

30%
. Vz , Vy
:
V y .S z
I zt

Vz .S y
I y .t

=t

Sy , Sz :
t y , z

t=S
Vz:



I
AGurt > 0,6 : AGurt
ASteg

16

ASteg, ,
:
Vz
AS

= m

A S = ( h t ). S

: AS : : h , : S ,

:t )(2-1

My , Vz I


) (1-2

.
:
V
1
R ,d

2 + 3. 2

= V

:
: .
10%
:
V
1,1
R ,d

N
My :
N My
.Z 0,8 R ,d
+
*A
Iy
N Mz
.Y 0,8 R ,d
+
*A
Iz

17

Mz ,

) V = 2x + 2y + 2z x . y x . z y . z + 3( 2x,y + 2x,z + 2y,z

x y :
0,5

R ,d

0,5

R ,d

)
( :
MX
WT

= M
X

: WT .



.
.I
I

Y , Z ) : ( 3-1

) (1-3 . I

.
W y = 2.Iy / h , ,
steg
=h-t
b.t W z = 2.Iz / b , Z

18

A
h

M pl , y ,d = 2s R ,d . max SY = s R ,d .a pl , yWy
M pl ,Z ,d = 2s R ,d . max S Z = s R ,d .a pl ,ZWZ

; N pl ,d = s R ,d . A
V pl , z ,d = t R ,d .hsteg .s
V pl , y ,d = 2.t R ,d .h.b

Mpl,y,d Mpl,z,d :
pl , yd 1.14

pl , Z , d 1.25

:
M pl ,Z ,d = 2 R ,d . max S Z = R ,d . pl ,Z .WZ
*

M pl ,Y ,d = 2 R ,d . max SY = R ,d . pl ,Y .WY
*

1-10



.

.

R ,d

N
*

* : A

:
=
) R,d f u,k / (1.25* M

ABretto 1,2St 37
>
ANetto 1,1St 52

19

,
1:
=
f y ,k / M

A

.


.


.


.
1-11


.
) ( b / t
b t
.

) ( I
.

20

 ) (b/t ) (d/t
.
) (5-1 ) (b/t
) (
) (
x -
K
.
) (6-1 ) (d/t
x
- 1
x N (N/mm2)fy,k
. N/mm2
) : (1-5

21

 ): (6-1

22

,
. .



,
,
.

.
2-1



,
)
( .
I
A

=i

: I .
: A .



33

 ,


.
T, 1/2 I , I L





.


) (2-1f
.

) (2-1 .

2-2 :
- 2-2-1 :



=E.

1744

:
EI
L2 K

Pcr = N kr = 2

34

 : E
: LK
L .

= Lk / i

N cr
E
= 2
A

= Kr = cr

.

.

) (
,




1937


e
:

N Kr
A

Kr) ( 2-2C

.
EKS

,




35

 10000
).(2-2d-e

) (2-2 .

P = N




Pcr
.


.
:
p 2E
p
2

llim

36




:
p 2E
=
p

im

.


.
2-2-2


.



,

.



,
,

.
2-2-2-1

37




,
- .
2-2-2-2


,
,

.
(EI)d
:
(EI)d = (EI) / M

.
M
)
( (EI)k
. fy,k


) (M1
10% M1
M1 0,1 M1 .

38

N
0,1
N Ki , d
fy, k

N
N
1,0
( EI ) d

K 0,3.
= .L

:
: Nki,d

Nki
.
: N
.
: = Sk/L . .


.

:
) (.
I Z v .
M 0,4

39


d = 2 mm


, .
2-2-2-3




) ( .
:
Npl,d = A . fy,d
Vpl,z,d = y,d . Av,z

Av,z .
:
Wpl = So + Su
Mpl,d = W pl . fy,d
pl = W pl / W el

: W pl .
: So ,Su

.
: pl .
: W el = I / y .
pl 1,25 :
.
2-2-2-4

40

 - -
:
o = 1 / 200 . r1 . r2

5
1
L
L :
L >5 m
1
1
)
r1 = (1 +
2
n

= : r1
.

)(2-3

)(2-4

u

41


. 2-1
1
2
3
4
5

), 2-3

(2-4

) (2-1
Wo,Vo


L /300
A
L / 250
b
L / 200
c
L / 150
d
L / 500

-
o , o .

,
qwo
.


,






2-2-3

.


)(2-5
2 E .I
2
( ..L) i

= N Ki ,i = K onst

42

 ) ( 4

) (2

) ( 1

) .( 2

) (2-5 .

Li
)( 2 . ki
:
N Ki ,i 2 ( E.I ) i
=
( EI ) i
( Lki ) 2

Ki ,i = li

, = ( .l ) i
Ki ,i i

= LKi

0 ki 2 . i
2


43

) M = 0 ( C = 0
.

.
,



.
2-2-4

2-2-4-1



:
EI
N Ki

p
= p
Ki

= S K = LK

SK
L
= K
i
i
E
la = p
f y ,k

= lK

la = 92,93 St 37
la = 75,9 St 52
= l. N /( EI ) d

M pl , y
M ki , y

= lM

44

N pl
N ki

N ki ,d
N

= ki

lk
la

= lK

 ) ( Npl ,Mpl,y
. fy,k
Nu
N
u = u
A

y Z


y Z vi .
2-2-4-2

) (



) (2-2 .
) .(a, b ,c ,d
.

Z,Y
) (2-3
) (2-6
: .

45

K 0,2 = 1
K 0,2 =

1
K+

K 2 K2

K = 0,5 1 + a (K 0,2) + K2

K > 3,0 =

K .(K + a )
L
L
Y = KY , Z = KZ
iY .a
iZ .a

: a

0.21

0,34

0,49

0,76

46

 ) (2-6 .

2-2-4-3






47

 .



.

y Z vi
.

:
] 4.C 2 [i p2 + 0.093( 2 / O2 1) Z M2
[C 2 + iM2 ]2

. 1+ 1

.L C 2 + iM2
2.C 2

C M ( .L) 2 /( 0 .L0 ) 2 + 0.039.I D ( .L) 2

IZ

iZ

= VI

= C2

: ZM
.
: ID=IT .
CM=Iw .
2
: ip i 2Y + i 2Z
=. i
P
: iM . i 2M= i 2P + Z2M
C .
: L=S )
(
: S0=L0
. .
:
.
0
A1 ,A2 ,A3 . I1 ,I2 ,I3 ,

48


Vi
:
a

Z-Z

= Vi

) (2-2 .
) (2-3 .

49

 ) (2-3 .

2-3-1
- : Nu
L
k= Sk :
Nu = min .A . fy,k

50


:
N
1
(min ).N pl , y

N (min ).N pl , d

: N : : .
z , y
Y , Z K
: Npl,d .
. :
S K , Z / iZ

= K ,Z

S K ,Y / i y

= K ,Y

a
a

.

I


Nki
.
0,2

N ki ,d

) i 1,2
N
> 0,05 max M pl

( = Ki ,i
min M pl

- :

I
.

51


.

:
N
1
Vi .N pl , d

: K :
. Z
k
)(2-4
) (2-4

52

Vi

 2-3-2 .




) . ( 2-7

53

 ) (2-7 .

): (1

Nd = -105 KN L 80x8
mm .LK = LK = 1,8 Cm
:
. min i = i = 1,55 Cm : = A
11,3 Cm2 .St37
:
-
C
a = 0,49

54

185
= 119
1,55
119
=
= 1,285
92,93

= lK

lK

K = 0,5 1 + 0,49(1,285 0,2) + 1,285 2 = 1,591

1
= 1,591 + 1,5912 1,285 2 = 0,395

24
= 268,4 KN
1,1
105
=
= 0,99 < 1OK
0,395.286,4

N pl ,d = 12,3
Nd
.N pl ,d

.
- :


:
K = vi

1/ 3

>

b
S
vi = 2,65( ) 3 + 6.( ) 3
t
b
2
b
S
t

: b
: t
: S
1/ 3

= 69,6

8
185
vi = 2,65( )3 + 6.( )3
0,8
8

119 = K > vi = 69,6

. Z M = (e 0.5t ) 2
CM = 0

I T = (2b t )t 3 / 3

55

 )(2-8

): (2
Nd = -360 KN
1/2 IPE240 St37

2
i = 2,74, A = 21,9 Cm . LKZ = LKY = 1,4 Cm (2-
)9

: - :

)(2-9

140
=
= 15
2,74
15
=
= 0,549
92,93

c
- :

K
K

a = 0,49

vi

56

=1

=1

So

SK=LO=LK

= 0

I2

IT = 8,6Cm4

= 0

CM

0,039 *140 2 * 8.6
= C
= 40,1Cm 2
164
2

:
1,08
= 2.17Cm 2
2

Z M = e = 2,71

ip =3,442 + 2,742 = 19,34 Cm2

iM2 =19,34 + 2,172 = 24,05 Cm2

} = 55.9 > k

1 *140 40.1 + 24.05

4 * 40.1 *19.34
* 1 + 1
2.74
2 * 40.1
(40.1 + 24.05) 2

= vi

a = 0,49

55,9
= 0,602
92,9

= lK

K = 0,5 1 + 0,49(0,602 0,2) + 0,602 2 = 0,78

1
= 0,78 + 0,78 2 0,602 2 = 0,784

24
= 477,8KN
1,1
360
=
= 0,96 < 1;OK
0,784 477,8

N pl ,d = 21,9

57

Nd
.N pl ,d

58




)(My 0 ,N=0

3-1

I U

) .(3-1 (EI)z
) ( )(GIT

:
) (EIw S )(Zp

.


.


) (3-2 .

I

59

 ) (3-1 .

C
,


. C

) (3-2 .

).(3-3

60

1/5

) (3-3

-3-2

,
.

) X-Z
(
MY VZ

= My = My,d , VZ
VZ,d . Iy

:
Z

My
Iy

> 0 . < 0

ZD

,ZZ

Iy
Iy
=
= WZ,y
, WD,y
ZZ
ZD

:
:
61

My
WD , y

= D

My
WZ , y

= Z

) (3 -4 .

) (3-4 .

.
Max
VZ :
VZ . max SY
I y .s

: Sy . y
: S h
:
VZ
VZ
=
Asteg (h t ) s

= m

%5 % 8
. I

:
)

( VZ .S y

I y . aw

= w

: aw .
.

62



.
Z X X Z
= X ,Z = x,Z
.
:
) H = 0.5( X + Z ( X + Z ) 2 + 4 2

V = X2 + Z2 X . Z + 3 2 :
Z
X V = 2 + 3 2 :


,
.
)(3-5

) (3-5 .

:
63

 V = 2 + 2 + 2

3-3

) (3-6

-
MY , VZ I ,A
.
R ,d = f y ,d = f y ,k / M

) R ,d = f y ,d / 3 = f y ,k /( M 3

:
V = 2 + 3 2 R ,d

% 10
:
V = 2 + 3 2 1.1. R ,d

,
= *M Y R ,d : *pl , y = 1.14
pl , y .W y

64

) (3-6 .

3-4


I,U,C



) (3-7 I
.
). (3-7


.
Mki,y
.
M pl , y
M ki , y

= lM

:
.
) (0.3 .
. Z . Y

.

3-5

I
l
:

65

M pl , y , d
C.K C
0.5
i z , g .la
My

= lM

: C .
: la

75.88 ST52
92.93 ST37
: My .
iz,g
Z )(3-8
.
.
.
), I Z , g = 0.5.I Z , Ag = b.t + (hs .S / 5

I Z ,g
Ag

= iZ , g

iz,g ) AS = S ( h t
A , Iz t,b hs ,S
h.
IZ
A 0.6 AS

=i

: KC KC
.

) (3-8 I .

66

 : Mpl,y,d
f y ,k

M pl , y ,d = W pl , y .
Wpl,y

1.1 : fy,k ,
.
. l = C.K
:
c

iZ , g .la

:


, .
:
1

0.843 * M y

M * .M pl , y , d

: M :
1

2
K 2 lM

K+

= M

2
K = 0.5 1 + a (lM 0.2) + lM

f y,k

M pl , y , d = W pl , y

lM

.
: C . a = 0.49
: D
:
h
240
44
t
f y ,d

a = 0.76

:
,
C , U , I
67

 ,
, :
.M y
1
M .M pl , y , d
:M :
;M = 1

)n

1
2n
1 + lM

( = ;M

M pl , y ,d
M Ki , y ,d
MKi,y,d

l M 0.4
l M 0.4

M pl , y
M Ki , y

= lM

) M Ki , y ,d = .N Ki ,Z ,d .( C 2 + 0.25.Z P2 + 0.5Z p
I w + 0.039l 2 .I T
IZ

2 .E.I Z
l 2 . M

= C2

= N Ki ,Z ,d

C2 L=L0
:
C M ( .L) 2 /( 0 .L0 ) 2 + 0.039.I T ( .L) 2
IZ

= C2

N ki,z .
: Zp
. ) . (6 5-
L =SK,z h 60 cm
:Mki,y
) 1,32.b.t.( E.I y
L.h 3

= M Ki , y

: yM=ZM
.
: ID=IT .
CM=Iw .

68

 : ip . iP = iY + iZ
: iM
2

. iM = iP + Z M
:C .
:L=S )
( : S0=L0.
. .
:
.
0
.
A1 ,A2 ,A3 I1 ,I2 ,I3 ,
. Z-Z
: (3-
). 9
2

) (3-9

M M=1
60 Cm ) ( b*t
:

b.t
240
200.
h
f y ,k

fy,k

N/mm2

n ). (3-10

69

) (3-10 . Kn

*n
2.5
2
2
1.5

n n = n* . Kn

) (3-11 * n .

IPB 600 St 37

.VK= 550 KN
.
.
M 0 N= 0

70

= 3:

Cm4 b =300 5700 Cm4

,t

Cm

17100

H = 60 hs =1.5
= A = 270 Cm2 Iy

13530 Cm4
gd = 1.35 * 2.12 = 2.86 KN/m :
KN

)(8-11

=Wy
= Iz

Vd = 1.5*550 = 825

: A
7.0
+825=835 KN
* max V= 2.86
2
1
2
1.3
* M1 = 835*1.3 2.86
= 1083 KN.m
2
V1.1= 835 2.86 * 1.3 = 831 KN
m
2
7.0
* max M = 2.86
+ 825 * 1.3 = 1090 KN.m
8
V = 0

71

109000
= 19.12 KN / Cm 2
5700
19.12
=
= 0.88 < 1
21.8

= max

R ,d

Av = Asteg = 1.55(60 3.0) = 88.4 Cm 2

835
= 9.45 KN / Cm 2
88.4
9.45
=
= 0.75 < 1
12.6

= max m

R ,d

AGurt
(270 88.4) / 2
=
= 1.03 > 0.6
88.4
Asteg

1
.
1.55 * 48.6 2
= 2752 Cm3
8

S y ,G = S y S ( h 2C ) 2 / 8 = 3210

109000 48.6
= 15.49 KN / Cm 2
*
171000
2
831* 2752
= 8.63 KN / Cm 2
= 1
171000 *1.55

= 1

V = 15.49 2 + 3 * 8.632 = 21.53 KN / Cm 2

V
21.53
=
= 0.99 < 1
R ,d
21.8

:
13530
= 7.9 Cm
270 0.6 * 88.4

C = 440

= i z ,G

Mpl,y,d = 1402 KNm

Kc = 1.0
1402
1.0 * 440
= 0.6 < 0.5
= 0.64
=l
1090
7.9 * 92.9

72

max f =

VK .a
(3 * L2 4 * a 2 ) =
24 * E I y

550 *130
= (3 * 700 2 4 *130 2 ) = 1.16 Cm
24 * 21*10 3 *171000
L
max f = 1.16 Cm =
603

max f =

73



)(My 0 ,N0
-1-4 :


.



.
I,U,T


.
-2-4



.
.

:
N
0,1
.N pl ,d

,

.

75

 -3-4 )
(


) e=(M/N


,
.
:
f y,k
M

N
M II
+
= R ,d
A
W

2.A G

h2
A
=
,A
G.
2

)(4-1 .

=
=
W

: MII

MI :

76

1 (N / N

)
ki,d

N
N ki,d

(N.0 + M qI ).

=M II

:M1q
:
q . 2
8

= M Iq

fy,k / M

:
1
N
N ki,d

.
1

N. 0 +
N
+
N pl,d
M pl,d

M Iq

MqI =0 N Npl,d Npl,d,R = . :
Npl,d 0 :
(1 )(1 .l K2 ) M pl ,d
= 0
.

N pl ,d

:
:

N ki ,d = N pl ,d / l2K

N
.M
+ m
+ n 1
min N pl , d M pl , d

.
-1-3-4
M,N

77



:
.M
N
+ m
+ n 1
.N pl ,d
M pl ,d
: lk
.
: m ) ( 6-7 m 1

) (
.
max M = M .
n :
N
N
2
.(1
). y .lK2 , y 0.1
y .N pl , d
y .N pl , d

= n

. 0.1
pl 1,25
. Mpl,d=fy,d . W pl :
M=0 .
%10 )(1.1Mpl,d ) Mpl,d
( )
.(N/Npl,d<0.2
:
Asteg 0,18A

:

MI

78


:
1
2

K2 lK

K+

y .N pl ,d

K K
:
M / M pl ,d
N / N pl ,d

K = K + 0,5

N Ki ,d

) 1,2
N
0,05. max M pl

( = Ki ,i

. min M pl

Nki
.


:
1

M / M pl ,d
1 1,15 / Ki
ki > 1,15

-4-4
M,N

) (





79




)(
[

. T
. Mki
lk
.


:
) M Ki , y = .N Ki , z ( C 2 + 0,25 z 2p + 0,5Z p

:
)(4-2
N ki,z :
2 EI z
L2k , z

= N Ki , z

: C :
) ( I + 0,039 2 .I T
Iz

= C2

: Zp
). (4-2

80

 ) (4-2 .

L =SK,z
h60cm
Mki,y
) 1,32.b.t.( E.I y
L.h 3

= M Ki , y

Mki,y
) .(4-5


Mki,y
.

81

 ) (4-3 M ,m .

:
My
N
+
.K y 1
Z .N pl,d M .M pl,y,d

: Z :
N
,Z
=
l
pl

N Ki

82

K ,Z

E.I
N Ki

L K = SK =

Nki,z
.
: M,y
) : Ky .(4-3 :
N .a y
) ( z .N pl , d

K y 1,0; K y = 1

)a y 0,9; a y = 0,15.(lK , Z . M , y 1

:M
lM :
M 0,4, M = 1
)1 / n

1
2n
M

( = M > 0,4, M

1+

:n
). (4-4
-5-4
T M,N
*n = Kn . n

T
lvi M 0
]) 4.C 2 [i p2 + a (rx a
) .L C 2 + iM2 + a (rx 2 yM
.
1
1
+

2.C 2
[C 2 + iM2 + a (rx 2. yM )]2
iZ

M/N

= Vi

= a lvi vi
N
1
vi .N pl,d

83

 ) (4-4 n .M

84

 ) (4-5 Mki,y .

): (1

IPB 400
ST37 Vd = 65 KN , Nd= 520 KN

85


)( 4-6
( .
( .

M = 65* 6,9 = 448,5 KN.

)( 4-6

:
.
iZ = 7,4 Cm , iy = 17,1 Cm , A = 198 Cm2

:
:
LK = 2 . h =2 .
690 =1380 Cm
1380
= 80,7
17,1
80,7
=
= 0,869
92,9

= ) K( y
K

:
h 400
=
= 1,33 > 1,2
b 300
t < 40 mm

= 0,21

K = 0,5. 1 + 0,21(0,869 0,2) + 0,869 2 = 0,948

1
= 0,948 + 0,948 2 0,869 2 = 0,754

II . n

86

24
= 4320KN
1,1
520
520
(1
).0,754 2.0,869 2 = 0,058
= n
0,754 * 4320
0,754 * 4320
N pl ,d = 198

Mpl,d :
M pl , y = 705KN / m

fy

m=1

M pl , y = 2.S y .

.M
N
+ m
+ n 1
.N pl ,d M pl ,d
520
1,0 * 448,5
+
+ 0,058 = 0,858 < 1
0,754* 4320
705

- :
lM Mki,y
.

:
M ki , y = Vki . = 5,5 EI z GI T
= EI z .GI T = (21*10 3 *10820 * 8,1*10 3 * 356).10 8
= 655,2.10 4 KN 2 .m 4
5,5
655,2.10 4 = 2040KN .m
6,9

= M ki , y

1,1* 705
= 0,617
2040

= M

n
:

= 2,5

1
)1 / 2,5 = 0,966
2*2 , 5
1 + 0,617

( = M

87


= 0,7 SK = 0,7* 690 = 483 :
Cm b a = 0,34
483
= 65,3
7,4
65,3
=
= 0,703
92,93

= lK ,Z

lK ,Z

K = 0,5. 1 + 0,34.(0,703 0,2) + 0,7032 = 0,833

1
= 0,833 + 0,8332 0,7032 = 0,781

= 0
Ky ay : K

M = 0

a y = 0,15.(0,703 *1,81,0) = 0,04

520*0,04
= 0,994
0,781* 4320
520
448,5
+
.0,994 = 0,81 < 1
0,781* 4320 0,966 * 7705

K y = 1

88




)(N 0,My 0,Mz 0

-1-5




,
.
-2-5

.II

:
.
) ( .

.
-3-5
) (N ,M y , M z


:


89

.

.
-4-5


.
:
:
My
N
MZ
KY +
+
KZ 1
M PL ,Z ,d
N PL ,D M pl , y ,d

) = min (y , z
y ,z .
Mpl,Z,d

. PL,Z1,25
: PL ) PL ( PL = Mpl,d / Mel,d
.
MZ ,MY Z,Y
) (.
KY,KZ :
N .a z
1,5
Z .N PL ,d
1,5

az ,ay

N .a y

Y .N PL ,d

KZ = 1
KY = 1

aY = Y (2 * MY 4 ) + ( PL ,Y 1) 0,8

a Z = Z (2 * MZ 4 ) + ( PL ,Z 1) 0,8

90


PL,y1,25 , PL,Z1,25 1.5
.
:
:
M
.M
N
+ mY Y KY + m , Z Z K Z + n 1
N PL , d M PL ,Y , d
M PL , Z , d

) = min (y , z
y ,z .
: Mpl,Z,d .
: PL ) ( PL = Mpl,d / Mel,d
.
: MZ,MY Z,Y
) (.
: my , mz .
: KY,KZ,CY,CZ .
: n . . y
N
N
2
= n
(1
) 2 .k 0,1
Kz =cz

N PL , D
Ky = 1

N PL , D

> y

z
= y

Kz =1

Ky = 1

Kz =1

Ky = cy

z
< y
z
N
2
. k , y
N pl ,d
1
=
=
N
2
cY
1
. k , Z
N pl ,d
1

-5-5 ) (
91

cZ


:
N
MY
MZ
+
KY +
KZ 1
Z .N PL , d M .M PL ,Y , d
M PL , Z , d

KY,KZ :
N .aY
KY = 1
1
Z N PL , D
:
a Y = 0,15 * (K , Z . M ,Y 1) 0,9
:
N .az
1,5
KZ = 1
Z .N PL , d
:
4 ) + ( PL , Z 1) 0,8

M .Z ,

(2.

K ,Z

aZ =

: M Y
:
M 0,4, M = 1

)1 / n

1
2n
M

( = M > 0,4, M

1+

-6-5

N = 0
N PL , y ,d

:
:
:
:

92

MZ
M * PL,Z ,d

My
M pl , y ,d

) (5-1
Z,Y . N
N PL , y ,d

: )
(
MY
MZ
+
1
M .M PL ,Y , D M PL , Z , D

) (5-1 Z,Y

N
N PL , y ,d

:1


= Wl
1.35 KN/m .
N = - 680 KN
MF = 29.9 KNm = MF,y
MSt = - 25.9 KNm = MSt,y

93

MF,z = 0.046 Wd * L2 = 0.045 * 1.35 * 5.02 = 1.55 KNm

MSt,z = - 0.079 * Wd * L2 = - 0.079 * 1.35 * 5.02 = - 2.67 KNm

= 1.25
24 2
)10 = 54.5 KNm
1.1

M = (1.25 * 200

:
= y = 0.82 > z = 0.51

K = Ky = 0.82

; Kz = 1

Ky = Cy ,

1 1 680 * 0.63 2 / 1704

=
= 1.526
Cy 1 680 * 1.06 2 / 1704
Ky = Cy = 0.66

m, = 1.1 ; M,a = 1.55 + 2.67 = 4.22

4.22 + 2.67 * 1.1
= 1.039
4.22 + 2.67

= m, z

680
680
(1
)0.512 * 1.06 2 = 0.05
0.51 * 1704
0.51 * 1704

= n

:
680
1.032 * 28.9
1.039 *1.55
+
* 0.66 +
1.0 + 0.05 = 1.003 1.0
0.51*1704
140
54.5

1.039 * 2.67
680
1.032 * 25.9
* 0.66 +
1.0 + 0.05 = 1.009 1.0
+
140
54.5
0.51*1704

Kz M,z :

94

 M , Z , = 1.8 0.7 *1.0 = 1.1

M , Z ,Q = 1.3
=1

MQ
M

M , Z = 1.1 + 1.0(1.3 1.1) = 1.3

Z = 1.06(2 *1.3 4) + (1.5 1) = 0.984
680
* (0.984) = 1.77 > 1.5
0.51 * 1704

KZ = 1
K Z = 1.5

1.5
= 65.4 KNm
1.25

* M pl , z = 54.5

: :

680
28.9
1.55
+
* 0.94 +
* 1.5 = 1.0 1
0.51 * 1704 1.0 * 140
65.4

680
25.9
2.67
+
* 0.94 +
* 1.5 = 1.0 1
0.51 * 1704 1.0 * 140
65.4

95



-1-6 :


. )
(
) ( .




.
-2-6 .

) (


)6-1
(
hy

.



)( 6-1
6-
) ( 2a
) (6-2b
97

 ) (6-1a

Y
Z
) ( 6-2
z y .

)( 6-2

) (



)6-
(3a
. ) (6-3b


) ( 6-3c

.

98

)) ( 6-3 ( .

.
1
.N
N Ki ,G Ki ,G
N Ki , S

= , N Ki
1+

1
1
1
=
+
N ki N ki ,G N Ki , S

: NKi,G )
( .
NKi,S )
(

II
99

1
N
N Ki , a

= a
1

-3-6

= i y ,G

2.I y ,G
2 AG

= iy

My
.


.
-4-6


.

:
: Iz
Z

) Iz = ( AG .YS2 + I z .G

* : Iz
) ( .
) I z* = ( AG .YS2 + I z .G

100

 :
).( 6-4
* : Iz
.
) I z* = ( AG .YS2

* : Wx
.
*I Z
yS

= *WZ

:Lx,z=Sx,z
.
iz = I Z / A

) ( .
: A = AG .
: k,z = Sk,z / iz

) ( 6-4 .

: AG , Iz

.
.

:
101

N Vo
N
1
N Ki , Z , d
1
1
=
1
1
l2
1
* +
* +
2
*
N
S
( EI Z ) d S Z ,d
Ki , z , d
Z ,d
Mz
L

= MZ

= N Ki , Z , d

max V y = .

: SZ,d: .
: m .

X
)
L
X
) V y ( z ) = max V y .Cos ( .
L
M Z ( x) = M Z .Sin( .

Sk,1 2,1
1
. i1

) (6-5

102

 -5-6 ) , (

-1


:
N Mz
. AG
+
*r W z

= NG

: r .

:
) k ,1 = S k ,1 /(i1.a

i1
.
.
)( 6-6
-2

) Vy(z
:
N D = max V y / Sina

: a ) (
.


:
) ( Sk,D = 0.9 LD
103

) (

= Sk,D

1.0 LD

-6-6


) Vy(z ) ( 6-6


:
)N M z ( X = 0
+
. AG
r
*WZ

= NG

max V y a
.
r
2
max V y

= MG

= VG

) ( 6-6 )Vy(z

104




-1-7
) (
t ),(a , b


.
) w(x,y
.

) .(7-1
:
) (
.

,
.

107

 ) ( 7-1 -

) (

.
-2-7 .


.
-1-2-7


t ) = ( X
X
X
) ( . XPI
108

 ) (
. ). ( 7-2

) (1 ) ( dx
nX = t. XPi
. :
dx w" .dx
.

qzl X,Y
:
q z ( x, y ) = XPi .t.w" .dx

w"<0 qZ
) qZ (X,Y
:
W""+2W"**+W****=-qZ/k

)W(X,Y

:
W "** = 4 w / x 2 .y 2
=W

W "" = w / x

) ( 7-2 - .

4 w / y 4
= **** W

109

E.t 3
=K
) 12(1 2

 : .

:
X = 0 , a: W=W''= 0 X
Y = 0 , b: W=W''= 0 Y



:
m.x
n.y
.sin
a
b

w(x, y) = A mn .sin

m,n :
y ) = a (
X

:
m .x
n . y m 2
n 4 2
2
. sin
(
)
2
.
n
+
+
a
b
m 2
m .x
n . y
t b
. sin
XPi .( ) 2

a
b
K

.
2

m
.n 2
(
)
(
)
+

XPI

Amn . sin

Amn . sin

2 .E.t 2
12.(1 2 ).b 2

= XPI

m , n
e

:
XPI = Kx . e
] [KN / cm
2

t
100.t 2
2 .E.t 2
(( ) 2 = 1.898.
)
b
12.(1 2 ).b 2 b

110

= e

)2

( = K x

K x n=1,2,3,4

)( 7-3 XPI
X
=1.41
1.41< < 2.45
K x K x = 4 :
K x = ( + 1 / ) 2
K x = 4

<1
1

= E. ).( 7-3

) ( 7-3

K x

.
XPI

111


K K ). ( 7-1

)( 7-1 K K . XPI
2-2-7
.

112

 .
Nki
NU Nki
.
b

N Ki = X ( y ).dx
0

) (7-4a
.

) . (7-4b

.

) ( 7-4 .

3-2-7 .


:
) (
.
.
.
.

113


.
7.3 .


7.3.1

P ) ( ,fy,k
P
a
.
7.3.2
.
) ( aG , bG )( 7-5
) ) ( ai , bG (
) ( ai , bik


.

) ( 7-5 .

)
( )( 7-5

114


.



. bG
bik
).( 7-6

) ( 7-6 .

). (7-7 X

1 2 :
< 1

2
1

2 = 1

. X
max
max .

115

 ) ( 7-7 .

7.3.3 .

) (


1
).(7-8

) ( 7-8

:
)
(.

) ( .
116


.
.

. ) ( 7-2

:
E
f y,k

) [ KN / cm 2

t
b

, ,

1
2

a =

Pi = K . e
P
a

e = 1.898(100 ) 2
=

, yPi = Ky . e

= P

Pi 3

a
b

xPi = Kx . e

P =

Pi

P =

XPI PI

.
:
X , P , R ,d = X . f y , K / M
Y , P , R ,d = Y . f y , K / M
) P ,R ,d = . f y ,K /( 3. M
1

P , R ,d

Y , P , R ,d

117

X , P , R ,d

) 1

0.22
2

( = c

P
c = 1.25 0.12 1.25
0.84

) 1

0.22
2

( = c

0.7

0.84

f y,K
= P
Pi
1

Pi 3

p + 0.51

f y,K

P
c = 1.25 0.25 1.25
1

f y,K
= P
Pi
1

p 1.38

p > 1.38

1.16

p
2

f y,K
= P

Pi

f y,K
= P
u
Pi 3

Pi 3

0.84

f y,K

= P

f y,K

Pi 3

= P

= P

1
2
3
4
5
6

fy,k
.


.

Nu
' Nu Nu' < Nu
) (7-9
.
118

 ) ( 7-9 .

K
:
X , P , R , d = K . X . f y , K / M

X Y

:
1

P , R ,d

Y , P , R ,d

1 ,

X , P , R ,d
X Y

X . Y
e3
(+
( X )e1 + ( Y )e 2 V
) 1
X , P, R,d
Y , P, R,d
X , P , R , d . Y , P , R , d
P, R,d
e3 = 1 + X Y 2

e2 = 1 + Y4

e1 = 1 + X4

= 1 e3 V
X Y :
:

V = ( X . Y ) 6

119

) V = sin g ( X . Y

)(V = 1

. = 1
-7-3-4 .

<<1

X Y


) ( 7-10 .

)( 7-10

Q
Q=0 .
Q=1 Q>0

. pk Q :
Pi / KI
>0
1
24

=Q

= p + 0.5

KI .
Pi / KI
X Pi / KI = K . 2 1 :
Y a b :
120

 PK = (1 Q 2 ). P + Q 2 . K
: P
: K b
:
K 0,2 = 1

1
K 2 K2

K+

= K 0,2

K = 0,5 1 + a (K 0,2) + K2

Q<0 :
1

P , R ,d

Y , P , R ,d

1 ,

X , P , R ,d

:
)e3 1

P, R,d

(+

X . Y
X , P , R , d . Y , P , R , d

e3 = 1 + X Y 2

)e 2 V

e2 = 1 + Y4

Y , P, R,d

(+

)e1

X
X , P, R,d

e1 = 1 + X4

-7-4 .



.
)
(



) . ( 7-11

121

 .
) ( .

)( 7-11

-7-4-1

:



.
.
) (

. )(7-12

)( 7-12

)( 7-13

122

 )( 7-13

-7-4-2 Euro code 3-1-5

. :
Z ,Ed 2 X ,Ed 2 X ,Ed Z , Ed

() +
()
()
) + 3( X ,Z , Ed ) 2 1
f y ,d
f y ,d
f y ,d
f y ,d
f y ,d

:
1

I rd 3
)
tw

( * , leff = 3.25

FZ ,d
t w .leff

= Z , Ed

X ,Z ,Ed : Z ,Ed X ,Ed

). ( 7-14

)( 7-14

: fy,d .
: tw .
: Leff .
:Irf Irf=Ir + If,eff.
: Ir ,
: If,eff < beff = bfr + dr
b

123

 : b : dr,
). ( 7-15
: bfr .

)( 7-15

Fcr
)( 7-16
hw 2
)
a

(K F = 6 + 2.

t 3w
hw

Fcr = 0.9.K F .E.

hw = b : t = tw , .

)( 7-16

124




1-8




.


.



.
.


.

) (8.1
.

127

 )(8.1

2-8

.


)

(.

128



.

:

.

.
-1-2-8






.



.


,

.
-2-2-8 :


129




.


.
-3-2-8 :








.
-4-2-8 :





.

.
.

). (8-2

130

 )(8.2

-5-2-8





.
-5-2-8 :




.

131


.
-3-8 :





.



). (8.3
) ( g
P S
) ( W

)(8.3

) ( ...., Rp , Rg , Rp , Rm , Rs , RB
.

.
.

132


.


.



.


). (8.4

)(8.4


.

.
.
) (8.5

) (- ) (+ .

)(8.5

) (

133


.

.
Ix >> Iy


.

.

.
-1-3-8 ) (:



.

) (8.6
.

)(8.6

.

)(80 KN

)(125KN
134






) (8.7
.




.

)(8.7

135



).(8.8

)(8.8

.



125KN
L > 9 m
80 KN 9 m L
.



136
)(8.9

 RB

). (8.9





120
.
96
.

) (8.10
144
.

)(8.10

) (8.11

6
I

10 .
137

)(8.11

-2-3-8 :
:
a b c
.
) (8.12
.

)(8.12

a ,
,


b ,
,


.
c ,
,
138



) (30 .

.

.
-3-3-8 .

18m

.


) (


,
.


).(8.13

139

 -4-3-8


. ) (8.14
) (a,b,c


.
)(8.14,c,d,e,l
d

-4-8 :

)(8-14

140

 -1-4-8 :





.









. ) (8.15
.
.

141

 )(8.15

. :



BDD

,
.


.



.







142

10

18
30

2,5
% .%10

-2-4-8 :


.

.


.
:

) (8.16 :

143

 )(8.16

0,05KN/m
%10
40mm: 50mm

... IE, I, IPE, IE,I
0,8mm 1mm 1,2mm
1,5 3 .
M8
16m

300mm

350mm

.
:
0,7
1,2mm )(8.17
:
200mm

144

 .18 m
1,25 mm, 0,8 mm
. %10
40 mm : mm
.
. [E , [ , IPE , IE , I
3 .

)(8.17

50

M6

400 mm
.



). (8.18

)(8.18

2,0KN/m2
2
1,7KN/m 80mm
% 2,5 . % 10
30mm

100mm

145

 I 160 IE 140
1 1,5 3
IPE 140

100mm

5-80FL50

:
6m
12
). (8.19

)(8.19

1,5KN/m2
2
12m
2KN/m
% 5 % 10 % 30
50mm
100m
.
:
) (8.20
.
6m

)(8-20

2,5m
0,2KN/m2
% 10
146

)(8.20


1150mm
I, I P E ,I E , I

200

:


) (pur

.
.
pur - ).(8-21

)(8-21

pur )(8-22

)(8-22

pur ).(8-23 -8-5 :

147

 -8-5-1 :

.

)(8-23

-8-5-2 :
:


> 600mm
.100mm
:

) (8-24 .

148

 )(8-24

:

).(8-25

)(8-25

- :
) (pur
.
-8-6 :
-8-6-1 : )(



.





.
q
q x = q sin , q y = q cos
).(8-26

149

 )(8-26

q y
) (x-x q x ) (y-y
) . (Z Z

.



. ).(8-27

)(8-27

150

[ I,IE, IPE,
. Z
).(8-28

)(8-28

1.25mm 2mm
12m R
).(8-29

[

q
q x
W
q x
) (8-30

.

151

 )(8-30

-8-6-2 :
:
q . q = ( q pf + q D + s.cos ) b
W : q pf : .
0.09KN / m2 . 0.15KN / m2 0.06KN / m2 . 0.12KN / m2 g D )(. S .

. ).(8-31

152

 )(8-31

) (
b b1 + b2
2

qy

=
q y q cos .B

B = 1.25 .
B = 1.1 )
(.
B = 1.14 )
(.
B = 1.13 )
(.
-8-6-3 :
:
. . . -1 :


.
q y L2
q x L2
=
= MX
mY
8
8

153


Y
.
5q y L2
5.M x .L2
voh 12
=
=
= f
f 0.99206.102
384.EI x
48EI x
h
l2
1

f voh

voh
: l .
: h .cm
f
N / mm 2

L
200

-2 .




) (I,IPE,IPN
).(8-32

)(8-32

ql2
= ME
11

154

 :
ql2
= MI
= MS
16

:
%80

0,5.Q
W* =WT 1.1
wt
h.s.zul

Q : Q = ql q .
2
zul h S

.
:
ql4I
.K.101
Ix

=f

q x L1 KN/m I x m
Cm f Cm K
.K=1

.
.
).(8-33

155

 )(8-33

.

.
m
) ( m 2 )(8-34

156

 )(8-34

:
ql2
= MI
= MS
16

:
ql2
11

=
M E 0.0957.ql2

lE = 0.853L [.


[ [
).(8-35

157

 )(8-35

.
-8-6-4 :


[ mD )(8-36
h
2

mo = q y a + q x .

)(8-36

158





.

:
Mx
Zul
Wx

My
Ws

.

my
) .( 8. 39

) ( 8. 39

) ( 8. 40

159

 ) ( 8. 40

) ( 8. 41

) ( 8. 41

) ( 8. 42

) ( 8. 42

-5-8 :

160



.

.




5 .
-1-5-8 :

:

gb = 0.1 KN / m2 0.22 KN / m2
0.02 KN / m2 gr = 0.01






.


) ( 8. 43

161

 ) ( 8.43

) ( 8. 44 a = 100 - 200 mm L = e1 -
. 2a

L
15

L
10

) ( 8.44

L
10

L
7

) ( 8.45 .

30

.
162

 ) ( 8.45

)(8 .46

) ( 8. 46

.




) (8.47
.

163

 )(8.47

L1
) 1 = L1 50 (i1 = i
i1

). (8.48

)(8-48

164

)(8.49

 )(8-49

U V
:
:

V = S0S1s
EA

: S0
: S1 P = 1

: S : E
: A
.
-3-5-8 :


165

 .
.
,

L
a q
KN/m2
b a ,L b
:
b = 0.28( L + 1)a 0.18 .q 0.28

) (8.50 , b = 4.2 m
. IPE 140

5
.

)(8.50

166



.




%30
.



) (8.51 .
.

)(851

-3-5-8 :




167


.


W ) (8.50



). (8.51

)(8.52

). (8.52
Ni

) M (X ) Q ( X
x
M ( x ) = Ni . V ( x ) = Ni Vm sin L

x
L Q ( x ) = M(X) = Ni Vm cos L

168

 Ni .
L
max Vm = 1000

1
1000
Ni

l
2

=
=M
b

L ni
b 1000

max M

= S

Ni
300

max Q = N i .Vm .

L ni .
= S
b 900

169





:
1
.
2

:
.
) (.
.
:

,
, .


.



) (
)(

) ( 9-1

173

 ) ( 9-1

:




)(9-1
:

) (9-1

174



.
-2-1-9







,
.


). (9-2
-2-9 :


-1-2-9 :
:
)
( .
-1-1-2-9 :
G

.

175

 )(9-2

.
2-1-2-9 :
.
-3-1-2-9 :
1 : Rg

). (9-3

176

 )(9-3

: Rp





) max (Rp+Rg

Rp ) (9-4 )
Rp ) Rp+
(Rg ( Rg ). (9-4

)(9-4

3 : Rm

177



Rm = .RP :
= (0.05 + 0.125VH )
= 0.05
VH / m/min


:
.
= 15
.
.
= 13
.
.
= 10 .
-4 : Rf



:
Rp

f = 0.03 + a .Vf

Rg

Rf = f . Rg

: Vf /
: a
a = 0.001
0.0002

f > f Rp
Rg :
Rf = f . Rp

178

:Rb , Rz


Rb Rz
Rz h
)
(e*0.6 e
h < 0.6 e
. Rb

:
)Rb = (Rg+Rp

= 0.02 ) (

= 0.12
=0.007

)(9.5

)(9-5

- 6 : Rs

Rs


179


.
) (L/e
. Rs/R
) (9-6 Vf e
: : L .
.

)(9-6

: R
) (Rp, Rg ) (L/e
Rs
) (L/e 8 < L/e
8 ). (9-7

)(9-7

Rs

)9-
. (7

Rs

180

 Rs
Rs = R/20
-7 :




.

-8 :

1.5KN/m2
0.3KN
4-1-2-9 ) (:


.

mo.V 2
2

=E

V = 0.85 Vf

Vf /
.
mo ) KN
)(
(
Pu = 74.E 0.54

181

 Pu = 50.E 0.6 .
-5-1-2-9 :




.


.


.
Rs , Rb

) (Rb ,Rs


.
)) (( W
Rs

)S ( RS
2
) S( W
S (W + R S ) = S (R S ) +
2
S
S (W + R S ) = S ( W ) +

.
2-2-9 :

Rs W

182



.


:



:

.


Rg , RP , Rm , R f

.

R1 Z

b
2

=Z

R 2 .a
R1 + R 2

=b

)(9-8

Rg , RP , Rm , R f
.
R1
. Z = a a > 0.586 L
4

R1

183

 )(9-8

:


R
R
2

)( 9-8b

) R1 ( + b) + R 2 . b R 4 c R 5 (c + d
5

Ri
i =1

184

max M = R i i
i=1

-3-2-9
:




.


.

St 60 ,
St 70 H52-3 ) (9-9a
) (9-9b



%25
. ). (9-9

) ( 3 -7


Vf > 63
/.

Rg + RP > 275 kN
.

185

 )(9-9 a+b

))((
2mm


.
:
)(


.
186

 :

.





.
: ) 9-
( 10

). (9-9 a

)(9-10

.
:
Rv
Lv .b

= y

: y
.
: RV .

187

 : b h
.
: Lv )Lv= ( 50+2h


.

.


.

.
:

I
6
6
.

12
6
.
I )
(
.

.
) . ( 9-11

188

 )(9-11

)9-
(11 .

e = 240 N/ mm 2 ; St 37

e = 36oN / mm 2 ; St 52

.
St52
St37 St52


)(1-12
St37




). (1-13
189

 )(1-12

)(1-13

I :
R
t2

r = 1.6

: R Rg , R P , R m

: t

)(L L/10, L/12



.
-3-9 ) ( :



:
190


1
R,d
f y,k
M

= R ,d = f y ,d

R,d

f y ,k
M. 3

f y ,d
3

= R ,d

V
1 :
R,d
) V = 2x + 2y + 2z x . y x . z y . z + 3( 2x ,y + 2x ,z + 2y ,z

%25

, y , Z , y , z
.
-4-9




Rp, Rg
1/400


.


Rs 1/800 .
-5-9

Rs
191





.
) 12/1 , 14/1
( .
Rs

)(9-14

)(9-14

R .C :
M
=
S

yG

)(9-15

192

 )(9-15

)(9-16
.
-6-9 :




:

) (


.

193

 )(9-16

) (

.


.

194

 .

) (9-17

)(9-17

-6-9 .






.
Zul
, Zul
Zul
Be,,Zul
:
195

1,1

Zul

z y
Zul B Zul B

y
+
Zul

Be,y

Zul Be,z

:
:





.
:

/1/
9


.
:

.
:


.

10%


:
.
196

min
max
x0
= x

min
max

= x0

+1 1

x = - 1
x = 0
.
:



.




.





) (
.

:
x= +1

Zul Be = .Zul D , X

V
(18 ) (B7-B0
0 9 ) ( B7 - B0
) (9-19 N
)9-

197

 K
.

)(9-18

)(9-19

, Zul
min
max

= x

min
max ,

= x

. ) (9-20
.

198

199



10.1 :

.



.

)(

) ( 10.1

201

 )(10.1

.


0.1 %0.4

.




24
) ( 10.2
202

 )(10.2

:
1 "

" .
2 :



70 - 60
.
3 .
)(10.3

203

 10.2 :

)(10.3

.

.

.

) (1.2
.


.
) ( 10.4

.

204

 )(10.4

.



.

% 30 . )(10.5

.

1/5

5KN



205

)(10.5

)


(

:
20 KNZ 650/850 mm
40 KNZ 1000/1200 mm


206


.

) %0(
. 100 mm
%10
. 300 mm
%20
500 mm
10.3 :

1900mm
. 200 m ) (10.6

.

.

.

207

 )(10.6

.

2000 mm 500 mm - 400
- 815 - 1645
.


"" 60
.

208

 " ) (10.7
.

)(10.7

10.4 :

40-1
. )(10.8

209

 )(10.8

.


1.5 6


1 :
W. Zul t
q

Li = 2.9

2 :
Et . I . f Zul
q

Li = 4.4

3 :
I
A

Li = 250

Le = 0.8 Li

210

 : Li
: Le mm
: W mm3
: t Zul
N/mm2
: q
: Et
mm

N/mm2
:I

:A mm2
: f Zul mm da/60 :

mm4

10 mm f Zul 2mm
da/60

da
120

2mm. f Zul

: da .

.
). (10.9
5-6

) ( 10-9 .

211

 )(10-9

a
.
b
.


"
"

) (10-10

212

 )(9-10

)(10-11

)(10-11

) (10.12
.
213

 )(10-12

214