MAGNETISM

4.DEFLECTION MAGNETOMETER
POINTS TO REMEMBER
Deflection Magnetometer : 1. i) Deflection magnetometer works on the principle of tangent law. ii) According to tangent law when two uniform magnetic fields act at right angles to each other on a magnetic needle, it comes to rest in the direction of B H resultant field. B = BH tan where B is the magnetic induction due to bar magnet BH is the horizontal component of earths magnetic field is the angle through which the needle is deflected.
iii) The pointer is of aluminium because it is a paramagnetic substance.
B

iv) The mirror under the pointer helps to take readings without parallax error. v) The zero of the horizontal scale coincides with the centre of the circular scale. vi)Deflection magnetometer does not work at the magnetic poles of the earth, because at poles BH = 0. vii)The deflection magnetometer has minimum relative error when the deflection is 45. viii) The deflection is independent of the strength of the magnetic needle. Tan A position or Gauss A position or End on position : i) Arms of the magnetometer are perpendicular to the magnetic meridian i.e. arms lie in East West direction. ii) The Aluminium pointer should show 0 0 reading. iii) The centre of the magnetic needle should lie on axial line of the bar magnet. iv)
0 2Md 4 d2 l 2

2.

iv)

0 4

3.

Tan B position or Gauss B position or broad side on position : i) arms are in the magnetic meridian i.e, in the north south direction. ii) The Aluminium pointer should show 0 0 reading. iii) The centre of the magnetic needle should lie on axial line of the bar magnet.

(d

+l

0 M = BH tan (For 4 d3

4.

5.

Deflection magnetometer is used to i) compare magnetic moments ii) compare earths magnetic inductions iii) verify inverse square law and iv) determine the horizontal component of the To compare magnetic moments :

0 2M = BH tan (For 4 d3

3 2

= BH tan (For

short bar magnet)

= BH tan (For long bar magnet)

short bar magnet)

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long bar magnet)

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Ba

i) Equal distance method : For Tan A or TanB position www.sakshieducation.com

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earths magnetic induction.

M1 tan 1 = M2 tan 2

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ii) Null deflection method : For Tan A or TanB position 6.

M1 d3 = 1 M2 d3 2

To verify inverse square law by Gauss method : When a short magnet is placed at a distance d in tanA and then tanB positions and A and B are the average deflection then
tan A tan B

=2(verification of inverse square law)

Deflection magnometer is more accurate when the deflection is 45. Therefore the reading should lie between 30 to 60 for accurate results. Long Answer Questions :

7.

1.

State inverse square law and explain how can it be verified by Gauss method?

Ans: Coulombs Inverse square law: The force of attraction (or) repulsion between two magnetic poles is directly proportional to the product of their pole strengths and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them and it acts along the line joining the poles.

Consider two magnetic poles of pole strengths m1 and m2 separated by a distanced in any medium. Let F be the force of attraction (or) repulsion between them.

F m1m2

(or)

where 0 is the permeability of free space and r is the relative permeability of the medium.

Fmedi =

But, for air (or vacuum r = 1

Fair =

Here 0 = 4 10 7 Newton/amp2 (or) Henry / meter Verification of Inverse square law Gauss Method: D.M.M is arranged in Tan A position. The wooden arms of the magnetometer must be in East West direction. The Aluminium pointer should show 0 0 reading.
N S

0 m1m2 4 d 2

0 r m1m2 4 d 2

F =

m1m2 Where is called the permeability of the medium and = 0 v 4 d 2

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F =k

m1m2 d2

Where k =

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et
0 90 0 90

1 d2

is the constant of proportionality 4

Ba

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Explanation:

A short bar magnet of moment M1 is placed on one of the arms of the magnetometer at a distance d from the centre of the magnetic needle. The centre of the magnetic needle should lie on the axial line of the bar magnet. The deflections of the Aluminium pointer 1 and 2 are noted. The bar magnet is reversed pole to pole at the same position and the deflections 3 and 4 are noted. Now the bar magnet is placed on the other arm of the magnetometer at the same distance d and the deflections 5 , 6 , 7 and 8 are noted. The average reading A of these eight deflections is calculated.

o 2M = BH Tan A --------- (1) 4 d 3

D.M.M is arranged in Tan B position. The wooden arms of the magnetometer must be in North South direction. The Aluminium pointer should show 0 0 reading. A short bar magnet of moment M1 is placed on one of the arms of the magnetometer at a distance d from the centre of the magnetic needle. The centre of the magnetic needle should lie on the equatorial line of the bar magnet. The deflections of the Aluminium pointer 1 and 2 are noted. The bar magnet is reversed pole to pole at the same position d

2.

Ans :

Description :

Deflection Magnetometer consists of a compass box in which a small magnetic needle is pivoted on a frictional less point so as to rotate freely in the horizontal plane. A long Aluminium pointer is attached perpendicular to the needle at its centre. The Aluminium pointer rotates along a circular scale along with the needle. The circular scale is divided into four quadrants, which is graduated in degrees ( 0 90 0 90 ) . A plane mirror is placed below the pointer to take the readings without parallax error. The compass box is an evacuated brass box provided with a glass top.The compass box is placed at the centre of a horizontal wooden board. The arms of the wooden board are provided with two linear scales graduated in mm. The zeroth readings of these scales coincide with the centre of the magnetic needle. Principle: The D.M.M. works on the principle of Tangent law.When a magnetic needle is freely suspended it comes to rest in the magnetic meridian plane due to horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field (BH). When a short bar magnet is brought nearer to the needle it experiences an additional field 'B'. www.sakshieducation.com

Describe the principle of working of deflection magnetometer. Explain how the magnetic moments of two short bar magnets can be compared in Tan A position by (i) Equal distance method. (ii) Null Method?

Precautions: 1) The bar magnet must be placed at the same level as the magnetic needle of the magnetometer 2) All other magnets and magnetic materials are removed from the vicinity of the deflection magnetometer.

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o M = BH Tan B ------- (2 ) 4 d 3 Tan A From equations (1) and (2), = 2 (Nearly) Tan B

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and the deflections 5 , 6 , 7 and 8 are noted. The average reading B of these eight deflections is calculated.

When a freely suspended magnet is acted upon by these two mutually perpendicular fields, it rests in the resultant field direction as shown in the figure. Let be the angle made by the resultant field direction with the magnetic meridian. Then from the figure,
BH P R

O Q B

Tan =

OQ B = (or) B = BH Tan OP BH

Tan A (or) Gauss A (or) End - on position : The wooden arms of the magnetometer should be perpendicular to the magnetic needle (or) they must be in the East - West direction. The Aluminium pointer should show 0 0 reading. A bar magnet is placed so that the centre of the magnetic needle should lie on the axial line of the bar magnet.
N S

90 0 90

B=
From Tangent law, B = BH Tan

For a short bar magnet,

Comparision of magnetic moments : Tan A Position Equal distance method : D.M.M is arranged in Tan A position. The wooden arms of the magnetometer must be in East West direction. The Aluminium pointer should show 0 0 reading. A short bar magnet of moment M1 is placed on one of the arms of the magnetometer at a distance d from the centre of the magnetic needle. The centre of the magnetic needle should lie on the bar magnet. The deflections of the Aluminium pointer 1 and 2 are noted. The bar magnet is reversed pole to pole at the same position and the deflections 3 and 4 are noted. Now the bar magnet is placed on the other arm of the magnetometer at the same distance d and the deflections 5 , 6 , 7 and 8 are noted. The average reading

1 of these eight deflections is calculated.

o 2M1 = BH Tan 1 ---------- (1) 4 d 3
Now the above procedure is repeated with another short bar magnet of moment M2 for the same distance d and the average reading 11 of the eight deflections is calculated www.sakshieducation.com

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o 2M = BH Tan 4 d 3

et

o 2 Md = BH Tan 4 d 2 l 2

Ba
)

di

o 2 Md 4 d 2 l 2

.in

 o 2M 2 = BH Tan 11 ------ (2) 4 d 3 M 1 Tan 1 From equations (1) and (2), = M 2 Tan 11
Comparision of Magnetic Moments : Tan A position Null method : D.M.M is arranged in Tan A position. The wooden arms of the magnetometer must be in East West direction. The Aluminium pointer should show 0 0 reading. A short bar magnet of moment M1 is placed on one of the arms of the magnetometer at a distance d1 from the centre of the magnetic needle. The centre of the magnetic needle should lie on the axial line of the bar magnet. Hence the magnetic needle gets deflected. A second short bar magnet of moment M2 is placed on the other arm of the magnetometer co-axially with the first bar magnet. The like poles of the two bar magnets should face the magnetic needle. The distance of the second magnet is adjusted until the Aluminium pointer shows 0 0 (i.e.) null deflection and the distance of the second magnet x1 from the centre of the needle is measure. The poles of both the magnets are reversed and by keeping the first magnet at a distance d1, the distance of the 2nd magnet x2 for null deflection is measured.

M1 N M1 N M1 S M2 S M2 N

S S N N S

Ba
0
x1

d1 d1 d1 x3

di
0
S N N S N M2 S M2 S M1 N M1

et
0
0 0 0 0 0

x2

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d1 d1

Now the magnets are interchanged on the wooden arms of the magnetometer. Keeping the first magnet at a distance d1, the distances of the 2nd magnet x3 and x4 for null deflections are noted as above. The average distance of the 2nd bar magnet for null deflection d2 is calculated.

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x4

For the first magnet,

B1 = B2 =

For the second magnet, Hence for null deflection B1 = B2

o 2 M 1 o 2 M 2 = 3 4 d13 4 d 2
M 1 d13 = 3 M 2 d2
(Nearly) Precautions : www.sakshieducation.com From equations (1) and (2),

.in
o 2M1 4 d13 o 2M 2 3 4 d 2

Tan A =2 Tan B

1) The bar magnet must be placed at the same level as the magnetic needle of the magnetometer 2) All other magnets and magnetic materials are removed from the vicinity of the deflection magnetometer.

3.

Define Magnetic moment of a bar magnet. Explain the method of comparing the magnetic moments of two short bar magnets in tan B positions in (i) Equal distance method, (ii) Null method. Ans: Magnetic Moment :The product the pole strength and the length of the bar magnet is known as Magnetic moment M = 2l x m
Description : Deflection Magnetometer consists of a compass box in which a small magnetic needle is pivoted on a frictional less point so as to rotate freely in the horizontal plane. A long Aluminium pointer is attached perpendicular to the needle at its centre. The Aluminium pointer rotates along a circular scale along with the needle. The circular scale is divided into four quadrants, which is graduated in degrees ( 0 90 0 90 ) . A plane mirror is placed below the pointer to take the readings without parallax error. The compass box is an evacuated brass box provided with a glass top. The compass box is placed at the centre of a horizontal wooden board. The arms of the wooden board are provided with two linear scales graduated in mm. The zeroth readings of these scales coincide with the centre of the magnetic needle. The D.M.M. works on the principle of Tangent law. B = BH Tan Tan B (or) Gauss B (or) Broad side position : The wooden arms of the magnetometer should be in the direction of the magnetic needle (i.e) along North South direction. The Aluminium pointer should show 0 0 reading. A bar magnet is placed so that the centre of the magnetic needle should lie on the equatorial line of the bar magnet.

Ba

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32

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B=

From Tangent law, B = BH Tan

M 4 d 2 + l 2

90 0 0 90

o M 4 d 2 + l 2

32

= BH Tan

For a short bar magnet,

o M = BH Tan 4 d 3

Comparision of Magnetic Moments :Tan B Position Equal distance method : D.M.M is arranged in Tan B position. The wooden arms of the magnetometer must be in North South direction. The Aluminium pointer should show 0 0 reading. A short bar magnet of moment M1 is placed on one of the arms of the magnetometer at a distance d from the centre of the magnetic needle. The centre of the magnetic needle should lie on the equatorial line of the bar magnet. The deflections of the Aluminium pointer 1 and 2 are noted. The bar magnet is reversed pole to pole at the same position and the deflections 3 and 4 are noted. Now the bar magnet is placed on the other arm of the magnetometer at the same distance d and the deflections 5 , 6 , 7 and 8 are noted. The average reading 1 of these eight deflections is calculated. www.sakshieducation.com

 o M1 = BH Tan 1 --------- (1) 4 d 3

Now the above procedure is repeated with another short bar magnet of moment M2 for the same distance d and the average reading 11 of the eight deflections is calculated.

From equations (1) and (2),

o M 2 = BH Tan 11 ------ (2) 4 d 3

M 1 Tan 1 = M 2 Tan 11
Comparision of Magnetic Moments :Tan B Position Null Method : D.M.M is arranged in Tan B position. The wooden arms of the magnetometer must be in North South direction. The Aluminium pointer should show 0 0 reading. A short bar magnet of moment M1 is placed on one of the arms of the magnetometer at a distance d1 from the centre of the magnetic needle. The centre of the magnetic needle should lie on the equatorial line of the bar magnet. Hence the magnetic needle gets deflected. A second short bar magnet of moment M2 is placed on the other arm of the magnetometer parallel to the first bar magnet. The unlike poles of the two bar magnets should lie on one side. The distance of the second magnet is adjusted until the Aluminium pointer shows 0 0 (i.e.) null deflection of the second magnet x1 from the centre of the needle is measured. The poles of both the magnets are reversed and by keeping the first magnet at a distance d1, the distance of the 2nd magnet x2 for null deflection is measured.

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M1

Ba
M1
S S

di
N N

M1
N

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M2
S

M2
S N

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d1

d1

d1

x3

x4

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0
x1
S N

0 0
x2
N

0 0
d1
S S

0 0
d1
N N

M2

M2

M1

M1

Now the magnets are interchanged on the wooden arms of the magnetometer. Keeping the first magnet at a distance d1, the distances of the 2nd magnet x3 and x4 for null deflections are noted as above. The average distance of the 2nd bar magnet for null deflection d2 is calculated For the first magnet,

B1 = B2 =
o 2M 2 3 4 d 2

o 2 M 1 4 d13

For the second magnet,

Hence for null deflection B1 = B2 www.sakshieducation.com


From equations (1) and (2),

M 1 d13 = 3 M 2 d2
Tan A = 2 (Nearly) Tan B

Precautions: 1) The bar magnet must be placed at the same level as the magnetic needle of the magnetometer 2) All other magnets and magnetic materials are removed from the vicinity of the deflection magnetometer. Short Answer Questions :

1.

State and explain Tangent Law in magnetism? ( March2011 ) Ans: The D.M.M. works on the principle of Tangent law.
When a magnetic needle is freely suspended it comes to rest in the magnetic meridian plane due to horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field (BH). When a short bar magnet is brought nearer to the needle it experiences an additional field 'B'. When a freely suspended magnet is acted upon by these two mutually perpendicular fields, it rests in the resultant field direction as shown in the BH figure. R P

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S

Ba

Let be the angle made by the resultant field direction with the magnetic meridian. N

O Q B

Ans : Tan A (or) Gauss A (or) End - on position :

The wooden arms of the magnetometer should be perpendicular to the magnetic needle (or) they must be in the East - West direction. The Aluminium pointer should show 0 0 reading. A bar magnet is placed so that the centre of the magnetic needle should lie on the axial line of the bar magnet.

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N

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S

2.

Explain Tan A and Tan B positions of a deflection magnetometer. ( March 2010,March2009)

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0

(or) B = BH Tan

B=
From Tangent law,

et
90 0 90

OQ B = Then from the figure, Tan = OP BH

o 2 Md 4 d 2 l 2

B = BH tan

o 2 Md = BH Tan 4 d 2 l 2

For a short bar magnet,

www.sakshieducation.com

 o 2M = BH Tan 4 d 3
Tan B (or) Gauss B (or) Broad side position : The wooden arms of the magnetometer should be in the direction of the magnetic needle (i.e) along North South direction. The Aluminium pointer should show 0 0 reading. A bar magnet is placed so that the centre of the magnetic needle should lie on the equatorial line of the bar magnet.

B=

M 4 d 2 + l 2

32

From Tangent law, B = BH Tan

90 0 0 90

o M 4 d 2 + l 2

32

= BH Tan

For a short bar magnet, Very Short Answer Questions

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Ba

1.

In equal distance method of a deflection magnetometer, the deflections produced by two bar magnets are 300 and 600 . What is the ratio of their magnetic moments?

Sol:

M 1 : M 2 = 27 : 8 and d1 = ? and d 2 = 10cm = 0.1 m

M1 d13 = 3 M 2 d2
2.

The ratio of magnetic moments of two bar magnets is 4:5. If the deflection due to first bar magnet in the deflection magnetometer is 450, then what is the deflection due to second bar magnet?
M 1 tan 1 and = M 2 tan 2
M1 : M 2 = 4 : 5

Sol:

4 Tan 450 1 5 = = Tan 2 = = 1.25 2 = tan 1 (1.25) = 51.340 5 Tan 2 Tan 2 4

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d3 3 0.1 27 = 15cm = 1 3 d1 = 8 (0.1) 2

1.

Two short bar magnets having magnetic moments in the ratio 27 : 8 are placed on opposite arms of a deflection magnetometer. Find the distance of stronger magnet if the weaker magnet is at a distance of 10cm from the centre of the magnetometer for null deflection.

Solved Problems

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Ans:

M 1 Tan1 Tan 300 For equal distance method, = = = M 2 Tan 2 Tan 600

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1

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3 = 1 M : M = 1: 3 1 2 3 3

o M = BH Tan 4 d 3

Unsolved Problem 1.

A short magnet produced a deflection of 450 when placed at a some distance in Tan A position of the deflection magnetometer. If another magnet of same length and pole strength is kept at the same distance in Tan B position, what is the deflection produced?

Sol: Tan A position:

Ba = BH Tan
Tan B position:

0 2 M 1 = BH tan 450 ............(1) 3 4 d1

Since m1 = m2 , length is same then M 2 = M 1 & d 2 = d1

BH tan =

0 M 2 ........(2) 3 4 d 2

From (1) and (2) ,

2.

A short bar magnet placed end on to a compass needle with its centre at 0.15 m from the centre of the needle deflects the needle through 450 . By how far the magnet should be moved away so that the deflection may fall to 300 ?

In Tan A position,
3 d2 =

Distance to be moved = d 2 d1 = 0.18 0.18 = 0.03 m

3.

Two bar magnets A and B are placed on the arms of a deflection magnetometer. When their distances from the centre of the needle are 20cm and 40cm respectively, the needle lies in the magnetic meridian. If the moment of the magnet A is 100 Am2 , calculate the moment of the magnet B.

Sol: Distance of magnet A = 20 cm ; Distance of magnet B = 40 cm

Magnetic moment of magnet A = 100 A m2 ; Magnetic moment of magnet B =?

d13 Tan 2 Tan 450 = (0.15)3 = 0.153 3 = 0.15 31/3 = 0.18m Tan 1 Tan 300

M 1 Tan 1 d13 = = 3 M 2 Tan 2 d 2

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Sol: In end on position or Tan A position, d1 = 0.15m ; 1 = 450 ; 2 = 300 ; d 2 = ?

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Ba

M 1 d13 40 = 3 M 2 100 = 100 23 = 800 A.m 2 In null deflection method, M 2 d2 20

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3

Tan =

1 = 0.5000 = Tan 260 34 = 260 34 2

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M d3 Tan 1 = 32 1 = 0 Tan 45 d 2 2M 1 2

4.

A magnetometer is in Tan A position. A magnet produces in the needle a deflection of 300 . How many such similar magnets must be tied together such that like poles are touching each other to increase the deflection to 600 ? (Hint: the magnetic moments add up when the bar magnets are tied together such that like poles are touching each other)

Sol: Let magnetic moment of the magnet = M 1 ; 1 = 300 ; 2 = 600

In tan A position

tan 1 tan 600 M 1 Tan 1 M 2 = M1 = M1 = 3M 1 = tan 2 tan 300 M 2 Tan 2

M 2 = 3M 1

To produce a deflection of 600 , three similar magnets must be placed with like poles adjacent to each other.

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1. What is the net force acting on the magnetic needle shown in the figure? Ans:

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P

ASSESS YOURSELF:

BH R

Zero

O Q B

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