May Dien 1

DAI HOC DA NNG
Ik0ONG AI HOC 8ACH KHOA

KHOA IN
8O MON : IN CONG NGHI F

MAY IN 1

Nm 2005

1
Lo| no| du
May in nghin cu nhng ng dung cua cac hin tng in t nhm bin
i nng lng. May in la phn t quan trong nht cua bt ky thi t b in nng
nao. No c s dung rng rai trong dn dung, nng nghip, cng nghip, giao
thng vn tai, cac h iu khin va t ng iu chnh, khng ch.
in nng c s dung rng rai trong moi lanh vc v cac u im sau:
in nng c san xut tp trung vi ngun cng sut ln.
in nng co th truyn tai i xa vi hiu sut cao.
in nng d dang bin i thanh cac ca c da ng nng lng khac.
Nh in nng co th t ng hoa moi qua trnh san xut, nng cao nng
sut lao ng.
in nng tuy c phat hin chm hn cac nng lng khac, nhng vi vic
phat hin va s dung in nng a thuc y cach mang khoa hoc cng ngh tin
nh vu bao sang ky nguyn in kh hoa va t ng hoa. Vao cui th ky 19,
nganh ky thut in t ra i va gia th ky 20 ch tao c linh kin in t cng
sut co iu khin, t do in t cng sut phat trin a thuc y va lam thay i
tn gc r lanh vc ky thut in. Ky thut in va ky thut in t hoa nhp phat
trin, cung vi cng ngh thng tin a a nn san xut xa hi sang giai oan kinh
t tri thc. May in cung khng ng ngoai s phat tri n y.
Giao trnh May din I nay gm ba phn :
Phn I cung cp cac kin thc v may bin ap.
Phn II cung cp cac kin thc chung v may in xoay chiu.
Phn III cung cp cac kin thc nguyn ly, cu tao, c tnh va ng dung cua
may in khng ng b.
Giao trnh May in I c bin soan da trn kinh nghim giang day nhi u
nm nhom chuyn mn in Cng Nghip - Khoa in - Trng ai Hoc Bach
Khoa - ai Hoc a Nng va tham khao giao trnh cua cac trng ban. y la giao
trnh a ln mang nhm giup cho sinh vin chuyn nganh in lam tai liu tham
khao va hoc tp.
Do trnh co han, giao trnh May in I khng tranh khoi thiu sot, xin hoan
nghnh moi s gop y cua ban oc. Cac y kin ong gop xin gi v tac gia nhom
chuyn mn in Cng Nghip - Khoa in - Trng ai Hoc Bach Khoa - ai
Hoc a Nng.
8u| In Lo|
2
o| Hoc o Nng - Iruong o| hoc 8och Khoo
Khoo |n - Nhom Chuyn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1
8|n soon: 8u| In Lo|

Chuong 0
KHAI NI M CHbNG V MA Y I N

0.1 DJNH NGHIA VA PHN LOAI
0.1.1. |nh ngho.
May in la thit b in t, nguyn ly lam vic da vao hin tng cam ng
in t, v cu tao gm mach t (loi thep) va mach in (dy qun), dung bin
i cac dang nng lng nh c nng thanh in nng (may phat in) hoc ngc
lai nh in nng thanh c nng (ng c in), hoc dung bin i cac thng
s in nng nh in ap, dong in, tn s, s pha ...
0.1.2. Fhn |oo| moy d|n.
May in co nhiu loai va co nhiu cach phn loai khac nhau. y ta phn
loai may in da vao nguyn ly bin i nng lng nh sau :
1. May in tnh :
May in tnh lam vic da vao hin tng cam ng in t, do s bin i t
thng trong cac cun dy khng co s chuyn ng tng i vi nhau. May in
tnh thng dung bin i cac thng s in nng nh may bin ap bin in ap
xoay chiu thanh in ap xoay chiu co gia tr khac,..
2. May in quay (hoc co loai chuyn ng thng):
May in quay lam vic da vao hin tng cam ng in t, lc in t do t
trng va dong in trong cac cun dy gy ra. Loai may ny dung bin i
dang nng lng nh c nng thanh in nng (may phat in) hoc ngc lai nh
in nng thanh c nng (ng c in). Qua trnh bin i nng lng ny co tnh
thun nghch ngha la may in co th lam vic ch may phat in hoc ng
c in.
S phn loai may in thng gp:
3

May in quay
May
bin
ap
May in xoay chiu May in mt chiu
May
phat
in
mt
chiu
ng
c
in
mt
chiu
May
phat
in
khng
ng b
ng
c in
khng
ng
b
May in
khng ng b
May in
ng b
May
phat
in
ng
b
ng
c
in
ng
b
May in tnh
Moy d|n

0.2 CAC DJNH LUT DIN TU CO BAN DUNG TRONG MAY DIN
Trong nghin cu may in ta thng dung cac nh lut sau: nh lut ca m
ng in t, nh lut lc in t va nh lut mach t. Cac nh lut ny a c
trnh bay trong giao trnh vt ly, y nu lai nhng im chnh ap dung cho
nghin cu may in.
0.2.1. |nh |ut com ung d|n tu
1. Trng hp t thng xuyn qua vong dy bin thin.
Khi t thng = (t) xuyn qua vong dy bin thin trong vong dy se cam
ng sc in ng (s) e(t). S o co chiu sao cho dong in do no sinh ra tao
ra t thng chng lai s bin thin cua t thng sinh ra no (hnh 0.1).
S cam ng trong mt vong dy c tnh theo
cng thc Mcxoen :

dt
d
e

= [V] (0.1)
Nu cun dy co N vong, s cam ng la:

dt
d
dt
d
N e

=
= (0.2)
trong o, [Wb] goi la t thng moc vong
cua cun dy
= N

e
Hnh 0.1 Chieu cucng :cc
ccm ung phu hcp vci Iu Ihcng
Ihec ui Icc vcn nuI chci
4
2. Trng hp thanh dn chuyn ng trong t trng.
Khi thanh dn chuyn ng thng goc vi
ng sc t trng (y la trng hp thng
gp nht trong may in), trong thanh dn cam
ng s co tr s la:
Hnh 0.2 Xcc cnh :cc ccm ung
Ihec ui Icc Lcn Icy phci
e = Blv (0.3)
trong o : B: cng t cam [T].
l : chiu dai tac dung cua thanh dn
[m].
v: tc dai thanh dn [m/s]
Con chiu s cam ng xac nh theo qui
tc ban tay phai (hnh 0.2).
0.2.2. |nh |ut |uc d|n tu.
Khi thanh dn mang dong in t thng goc
vi ng sc t trng, thanh dn se chu mt lc
in t tac dung co tr s la:
Hnh 0.3 Xcc cnh |uc cien Iu
Ihec ui Icc Lcn Icy Irci
i
f = Bil (0.4)
Trong o, B : cng t cam, [T].
i : dong in chay trong thanh dn, [A].
l : chiu dai thanh dn, [m].
f : lc in t o bng Niuton, [N]
Chiu cua lc in t f c xac nh theo qui tc
ban tay trai (hnh 0.3).
0.2.3. |nh |ut moch tu. Inh toon moch tu.
1. nh lut mach t:
Loi thep cua may in la mach t. Mach t la mach khep kn dung dn t
thng. nh lut mach t la nh lut dong in toan phn ap dung vao mach t.
Ni dung cua nh lut dong in toan phn nh sau:

H
r

l d
r

i
1
i
2
i
3
(L)
Hinh 0.4 Minh hoa nh
lut dong in toan phn

i
1
N
1
l
1
,S
1
l
2
,S
2
i
2
N
2
Hinh 0.6 Mach t co khe h
khng kh va hai cun dy

i
N
l(L)

Hinh 0.5 Mach t ng
nht co mt cun dy

5
Nu la vect cng t trng do mt tp hp dong in i H
r
1
, i
2
, ... i
k
, ...,
i
n
. tao ra va nu L la mt ng cong kn bao quanh chung th:

=
) L (
k
i l d H
r r

Vi l d
r
la di vi phn trn (L) .(hnh 0.4). Du cua i
k
xac nh theo qui tc
vn nut chai: Quay cai vn nut chai theo chiu l d
r
, chiu tin cua vn nut chai
trung vi chiu dong in i
k
th dong in i
k
mang du dng, con ngc lai ly
du m.
nh lut dong in toan phn ap dung vao mach t ng nht co mt cun
dy nh hnh 0.5, ta co nh sau:
H.l = Ni = F
Vi: =
=

R
S
l 1
l
B
Hl
Vy F Ni R Hl = = =

(0.5)
Trong o:
H[At/m]: Cng t trng trong mach t.
B=H [T] : T cam (mt t thng) trong mach t.
=
r

o
[H/m]: t thm tuyt i cua mach t.

o
= 4.10
-7
[H/m] : t thm cua khng kh.

r
= /
o
: t thm tng i cua mach t.
L[m] : Chiu dai trung bnh cua mach t.
N: S vong dy cua cun dy.
I[A]: goi la dong in t hoa, tao ra t thng cho mach t.
F = Ni [At/m]: goi la sc t ng (st)
H.l : goi la t ap ri trong mach t.
S[m
2
] : tit din ngang cua mach t.
S
l 1
R
[At/Wb] t tr cua mach t.

Cung ap dung nh lut dong in toan phn vao mach t gm hai oan co
hiu dai l
1
va l
2
tit din S
1
va S
2
, hnh 0.6, ta co:
H
1
.l
1
- H
2
.l
2
= N
1
.i
1
- N
2
.i
2

Trong o:
H
1
,H
2
[At/m]: Cng t trng tng ng trong oan mach t 1, 2.
l
1
, l
2
[m] : Chiu dai trung bnh cua oan mach t 1, 2.
i
1
.N
1
,i
2
.N
2
[At]: St cua cun dy 1, 2.
Mt cach tng quat, mach t gm m oan ghep ni tip nh lut mach t
c vit:
6
(0.6) F F i N R l H
n
1 k
k
n
1 k
k k
m
1 j
j
m
1 j
j j
= = = =

= = =

=
trong o, dong in i
k
nao co chiu phu hp vi chiu t thng a chon theo qui
tc vn nut chai se mang du dng, con ngc lai se mang du m; j - ch s tn
oan mach t; k - ch s tn cun dy co dong in.
2. Tnh toan mach t:
Vic tnh toan mach t thng gp hai loai bai toan sau :
Bai toan thun : Cho bit t thng , tm st F = Ni tao ra t thng o.
Cach giai : Tin hanh gm ba bc sau :(xet mach t gm j oan ni tip, t
thng bng nhau moi tit di n S
j
trong cac oan mach t ).
Buoc 1: Tnh t cam mi oan mach t : B
j
= /S
j
; j la ch s tn oan mach
t.
Suy ra cng t trng H
j
nh sau:
Nu oan mach t la vt liu s t t, tra ng cong t hoa B = f(H) tm H.
Nu oan mach t la khe h khng kh th H
0
= B
0
/
o
.
Buoc 2: Suy ra st tng tao ra t thng t cng thc (0.6):
(0.7)
=
=
m
1 j
j j
l H F
Buoc 3: Tuy theo bai toan ma ta tm c dong in i hoc s vong dy W.
Bai toan nguoc : Bit st F, tm t thng .
Loai bai toan ny phc tap. Do vt liu t co t thm phu thuc t thng
nn t tr R
cung phu thuc . V cha bit nn cung cha bit R. Phng

trnh (0.6) tr thanh:
() (0.8). F ) ( R
m
1 j
j
=
=

y la phng trnh phi tuyn, thng dung phng phap gn ung giai.
0.3. CAC VT LI U CH TAO MAY DIN
Vt liu ch tao may in gm vy liu cu truc, vt liu tac dung va vt liu
cach in. Vt liu cu truc la vt liu ch tao cac chi tit chu cac tac ng c
hoc nh truc, truc, thn may, np. Vt liu tac dung la vt liu dung ch tao
nhng b phn dn in va t. Con vt liu cach in dung cach in gia phn
dn in vi khng dn in va gia cac phn dn in vi nhau.
0.3.1. Vt ||u dn d|n
Vt liu dn in ch tao may in tt nht la ng v chung khng t l m
va co in tr sut nho. Ngoai ra con dung nhm va cac hp kim khac nh ng
7
thau, ng phtpho. Dy ng hoc dy nhm c ch tao theo tit in tron
hoc tit in ch nht co boc cach in. Vi nhng may co cng sut nho va
trung bnh, in ap di 1000V thng dung dy dn boc may v lp cach in
cua no mong va at bn yu cu.
0.3.2. Vt ||u dn tu
Vt liu dn t trong may in la vt liu st t nh thep ky thut in, gang,
thep uc, thep ren ...
cac phn dn t co t thng bin i vi t n s 50Hz thng dung thep la
ky thut in day 0,35 1mm, trong thanh phn thep co t 2 5% silc tng
in tr cua thep, giam dong in xoay. Thep ky thut in c ch tao bng
phng phap can nong hoc can ngui. Hin nay thng dung thep can ngui
ch tao cac may in v thep can
ngui co t thm cao hn va
sut tn hao nho hn thep can
nong. Trn hnh 0.7 trnh bay
ng cong t hoa cua mt s
vt liu dn t khac nhau. Cung
mt dong in kch t, ta thy
thep ky thut in co t cam ln
nht, sau o la thep uc va cui
cung la gang.
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
B
H
Gang
Thep uc
Thep KT
Hnh 0.7 ucng ccng Iu hcc cuc mcI :c vcI |ieu Iu
cac phn dn t co t
thng khng i thng dung
thep uc, thep ren, hoc thep la.
0.3.3. Vt ||u coch d|n
Vt liu cach in trong may in phai co cng cach in cao, chu nhit
tt, tan nhit tt, chng m va bn v c hoc. Cach in boc dy dn chu c
nhit cao th nhit cho phep cua dy dn cang ln va dy dn chu c
dong tai ln.
Cht cach in cua may in phn ln th rn va gm co 4 nhom:
a) Cht hu c thin nhin nh giy, lua
b) Cht v c nh aming, mica, si thuy tinh.
c) Cac cht tng hp.
d) Cac loai men va sn cach in.
Cht cach in tt nht la mica nhng t. Giy, va i, si... re nhng dn nhit
va cach in kem, d b m. V vy chung phai c tm sy cach in tt hn.
8
Cn c bn nhit, vt liu cach in c chia ra cac cp nh sau:
- Cp Y : Nhit cho phep la 90
0
C, bao gm bng, giy, vai, t lua, si
tng hp, khng c tm sy bng sn cach in.
- Cp A : Nhit cho phep la 105
0
C, bao gm vai si xenlul, si t nhin
hoc nhn tao c qua tm sy bng sn cach in.
- Cp E : Nhit cho phep la 120
0
C, bao gm mang vai, si tng hp gc
hu c co th chu c nhit tng ng.
- Cp B : Nhit cho phep la 130
0
C, bao gm cac vt liu gc mica, si
thuy tinh hoc aming c lin kt bng sn hoc nha gc hu c co th chu
c nhit tng ng.
- Cp F : Nhit cho phep la 155
0
C, ging nh loai B nhng c tm sy
va kt dnh bng sn hoc nha tng hp co th chu c nhit tng ng.
- Cp H : Nhit cho phep la 180
0
C, ging nh cp B nhng dung sn tm
sy hoc cht kt dnh gc silic hu c hoc cac cht tng hp co kha nng chu
c nhit tng ng.
- Cp C : Nhit cho phep la >180
0
C, bao gm cac vt liu gc mica, thuy
tinh va cac hp cht cua chung dung trc ti p khng co cht lin kt. Cac cht v
c co phu gia lin kt bng hu c va cac cht tng hp co kha nng chu c
nhit tng ng.
Ngoai ra co n co cht cach in th kh (khng kh) va th long (du bin ap).
Khi may in lam vic, do tac ng cua nhit , chn ng va cac tac ng ly
hoa khac cach in se b lao hoa ngha la mt dn cac tnh bn v in va c. Thc
nghim cho bit, khi nhit tng qua nhit lam vic cho phep 8-10
0
C th tui
tho cua vt liu cach in giam i mt na.
0.4. PHAT NONG VA LAM MAT MAY DIN
Trong qua trnh bin i nng lng lun co s tn hao. Tn hao trong may
in gm tn hao st t (do hin tng t tr va dong xoay) trong thep, tn hao
ng trong dy qun va tn hao do ma sat ( may in quay). Tt ca ca c tn hao
nng lng u bin thanh nhit la m cho may in nong ln.
lam mat may in, phai co bin phap tan nhit ra mi trng xung quanh.
S tan nhit khng nhng phu thuc vao b mt lam mat cua may ma con phu
thu c vao s i lu khng kh xung quanh hoc cua mi trng lam mat khac nh
du may bin ap... Thng vo may in c ch tao co cac canh tan nhit va may
in co h thng quat gio lam mat.
Kch thc cua may, phng phap lam mat phai c tnh toan va la chon
cho tng nhit cua vt liu cach in trong may khng vt qua tng nhit
9
cho phep, am bao cho vt liu cach in lam vic lu dai, tui tho cua may
khoang 20 nm.
Khi may in lam vic ch nh mc, tng thit cua cac phn t khng
vt qua tng nhit cho phep. Khi may qua tai tng nhit cua may se vt
qua nhit cho phep, v th khng cho phep may lam vic qua tai lu dai.
0.5. PHUONG PHAP NGHIN CUU MAY DIN
Vic nghin cu may in gm cac bc sau:
1. M ta cac hin tng vt ly xay ra trong may in.
2. Da vao cac nh lut vt ly, vit phng trnh toan hoc m ta s lam vic
cua may in. o la m hnh toan cua may in.
3. T m hnh toan thit lp m hnh mach, o la s thay th cua may
in.
4. T m hnh toan va m hnh mach, tnh toan cac c tnh va nghin cu
may in, khai thac s dung theo cac yu cu cu th.

] R R ^

1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Phn I MAY BIN AP

Chuong 1
NGbYN LY VA Cb IAO M.8.A

1.1 KHAI NIM CHUNG V M.B.A
1.1.1. Vo| tro vo cng dung.
dn in t nha may phat in n h tiu thu cn phai co ng dy tai
in (hnh 1.1). Nu khoang cach t ni san xut in n h tiu thu ln, mt vn
t ra la vic truyn tai in nng i xa lam sao cho kinh t nht.

MBA
gam ap
MBA
tng ap
Z tai in
May pha t in
H tiu
thu in
Hnh 1.1 S cung cp in n gian

Ta co, dong in truyn tai trn ng dy:
I = P/(Ucos)
Va tn hao cng sut trn ng dy:
P = R
I
2
= R
d
P
2
/(U
2
cos
2
)
Trong o: P la cng sut truyn tai trn ng dy; U la in ap truyn tai cua li
in; R
d
la in tr ng dy tai in va cos la h s cng sut cua li in,
con la goc lch pha gia dong in I va in ap U.
T cac cng thc trn cho ta thy, cung mt cng sut truyn tai trn ng
dy, nu in ap truyn tai cang cao th dong in chay trn ng dy se cang be,
do o trong lng va chi ph dy dn se giam xung, tit kim c kim loai mau,
ng thi tn hao nng lng trn ng dy se giam xung. V th, mun truyn
2
tai cng sut ln i xa t tn hao va tit ki m kim loai mau ngi ta phai dung in
ap cao, thng la 35, 110, 220, 500kV. Trn thc t cac may phat in ch phat ra
in ap t 3 21kV, do o phai co thit b tng in ap u ng dy. Mt khac
cac h tiu thu thng yu cu in ap thp, t 0.4 6kV, v vy cui ng dy
phai co thit b giam in ap xung. Thit b dung tng in ap u ng dy
va giam in ap cui ng dy goi la may bin ap (MBA).
1.1.2. |nh ngho.
May bin ap la thit b in t tnh, lam vic theo nguyn ly cam ng in t,
dung bin i mt h thng dong in xoay chiu in ap ny thanh mt h
thng dong in xoay chiu in ap khac, vi tn s khng thay i.
1.2. NGUYN LY LAM VIC CUA MAY BIN AP LY TUONG
May bin ap ly tng co cac tnh cht nh sau :
1. Cun dy khng co in tr.
2. T thng chay trong loi thep moc vong vi hai dy qun, khng co t
thng tan va khng co tn hao trong loi thep.
3. t thm cua the p rt ln ( = ), nh vy dong t hoa cn phai co
sinh ra t thng trong loi thep la rt nho khng ang k, do vy st cn sinh ra
t thng trong loi thep cho bng khng.
Hnh 1.2 ve s nguyn ly cua MBA mt pha hai dy qun. Dy qun 1 co
N
1
vong dy c ni vi ngun in ap xoay chiu u
1
, goi la dy qun s cp. Ky
hiu cac ai lng pha dy qun s cp u co con s 1 kem theo nh u
1
, i
1
, e
1
, ..
Dy qun 2 co N
2
vong dy cung cp in cho phu tai Z
t
, goi la dy qun th cp.
Ky hiu cac ai lng pha dy qun th cp u co con s 2 kem theo nh u
2
, i
2
,
e
2
, ..
t in ap xoay chiu u
1
vao dy qun s, trong dy qun s se co dong i
1
.
Trong loi thep se co t thng moc vong vi ca hai dy qun s cp va th cp,
cam ng ra cac s e
1
va e
2
. Khi MBA co tai, trong dy qun th se co dong in i
2

a ra tai vi in ap la u
2
. T thng moc vong vi ca hai dy qun s cp va
th cp goi la t thng chnh.
Gia th in ap u
1
sin nn t thng cung bin thin sin, ta co:
t sin
m
= (1.3)
Theo nh lut cam ng in t, cac s cam ng e
1
, e
2
sinh ra trong dy qun
s cp va th cp MBA la:
) 90 t sin( E 2 ) 90 t sin( N
dt
d
N e
0
1
0
m 1 1 1
= =
= (1.4)
3
) 90 t sin( E 2 ) 90 t sin( N
dt
d
N e
0
2
0
m 2 2 2
= =
= (1.5)
trong o, E
1
, E
2
la tr s hiu dung cua s s cp va th cp, cho bi:

m 1 m 1
m 1
1
fN 44 , 4 fN 2
2
N
E = =

= (1.6)

m 2 m 2
m 2
2
fN 44 , 4 fN 2
2
N
E = =

= (1.7)
T s bin ap k cua MBA:

2
1
2
1
N
N
E
E
k = = (1.8)
Hnh 1-2. S nguyn ly cua
MBA mt pha hai dy qun

u
2
u
1
i
1
i
2
Z
t

Nu gia thit MBA a cho la MBA
ly tng, ngha la bo qua sut ap gy ra
do in tr va t thng tan cua dy
qun th E
1
U
1
va E
2
U
2
:
k
N
N
E
E
U
U
2
1
2
1
2
1
= = (1.9)
Nu bo qua tn hao trong MBA th:
U
1
I
1
= U
2
I
2

Nh vy, ta co:
k
I
I
U
U
2
1
2
1
= = (1.10)
Nu N
2
> N
1
th U
2
> U
1
va I
2
< I
1
: MBA tng ap.
Nu N
2
< N
1
th U
2
< U
1
va I
2
> I
1
: MBA giam ap
1.3. CU TAO MAY BIN AP
May bin ap co cac b phn chnh sau dy : loi thep, dy qun va vo may.
1.3.1. Lo| thep M8A.

Hnh 1.3 Mach t MBA kiu loi: a) mt pha. b) ba pha
(a) (b)

4
Loi thep MBA dung dn t thng, c ch tao bng cac vt liu dn t tt,
thng la thep ky thut in co b day t 0,35 1 mm, mt ngoai cac la thep co
sn cach in ri ghep lai vi nhau thanh loi thep. Loi thep gm hai phn: Tru va
Gng (hnh 1.3). Tru T la phn t dy qun con gng G la phn ni lin gia
cac tru tao thanh mach t kn.
1.3.2. Dy qun M8A.

Nhim vu cua dy qun MBA la nhn nng lng vao va truyn nng lng
ra. Dy qun MBA thng lam bng dy dn ng hoc nhm, tit din tron hay
ch nht, bn ngoai dy dn co boc cach in. Dy qun gm nhiu vong dy va
lng vao tru thep. Gia cac vong dy, gia cac dy qun va gia dy qun va loi
thep u co cach in. May bin ap thng co hai hoc nhiu dy qun. Khi cac
dy qun t trn cung mt tru th dy qun in ap thp t sat tru thep con dy
qun in ap cao t bn ngoai. Lam nh vy se giam c vt liu cach in.
Dy qun MBA co hai loai chnh nh :
Hnh 1-4. Dy qun May bin ap
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
1. Dy qun ng tm : dy qun ng tm tit din ngang la nhng vong
tron ng tm. Nhng kiu dy qun ng tm chnh gm : Dy qun hnh tru
(hnh 1.4a,b), dung cho ca dy qun ha ap va cao ap; Dy qun hnh xon (hnh
1.4c), dung cho dy qun ha ap co nhiu si chp; dy qun hnh xoay c lin tuc
(hnh 1.4d), dung cho dy qun cao ap, tit din dy dn ch nht .
2. Dy qun xem ke : Cac bamh dy cao ap va ha ap ln lt xen ke nhau doc
theo tru thep.
5

Hnh 1-5 Moy b|n op du bo pho 1000kVAJ110kV

1. moc vn chuyn; 2. S cao ap 110kV; 4. S trung ap 38.5kV; 5. S ha ap 10.5kV; 7.
ng pho ng n; 8. Bnh gian du; 10. Thc ch du; 12. Xa ep gng; 13. Bnh hut m;
16. Dy qu n cao ap; 18. B loc i lu; 22. Vo thu ng; 23.B tan nhit; 24. Ca p cp
in cho ng c; 25. ng c quat gio lam mat. 26. B truyn ng chuy n mach.

1.3.3. Vo M8A.
Vo MBA lam bng thep gm hai b phn : thung va np thung.
1. Thung MBA: Trong thung MBA (hnh 1-5) t loi thep, dy qun va du
bin ap. Du bin ap lam nhim vu tng cng cach in va tan nhit. Luc MBA
lam vic, mt phn nng lng tiu hao thoat ra di dang nhit lam dy qun, loi
thep va cac b phn khac nong ln. Nh s i lu trong du va truyn nhit t cac
b phn bn trong MBA sang du va t du qua vach thung ra mi trng xung
quanh.
2. Np thung MBA : Dung y trn thung va trn o co cac b phn quan
trong nh:
+ S ra cua dy qun cao ap va dy qun ha a p. Lam nhim vu cach in.
+ Bnh dan du (bnh du phu) co ng thuy tinh xem mc du.
6
+ ng bao him : lam bng thep, thng lam thanh hnh tru nghing, mt
u ni vi thung, mt u bt bng mt a thuy tinh. Nu v ly do nao o, ap sut
trong thung tng ln t ngt, a thuy tinh se v, du theo o thoat ra ngoai
MBA khng b hong.
+ L nho t nhit k.
+ Rle hi dung bao v MBA.
+ B truyn ng cu dao i ni cac u iu chnh in ap cua dy qun
cao ap.
hiu ro hn v MBA ta xem hinh dang bn ngoai MBA ba pha hai dy
qun cng sut 250kVA, in ap 22/0.4kV cua nha may ch tao Thit B in
(hnh 1.6).

Hnh 1. MBA du ba pha, hai dy qun

1.4. CAC DAI LUONG DJNH MUC CUA MBA
Cac ai lng nh mc cua MBA qui nh iu kin ky thut cua may. Cac ai
lng ny do nha may ch tao qui nh va ghi trn nhan cua MBA.
1. Dung lng (cng sut nh mc) S
m
(VA hay kVA) la cng sut toan phn
hay biu kin a ra dy qun th cp cua MBA.
2. in ap dy s cp nh mc U
1m
(V, kV) la in ap cua dy qun s cp.
7
3. in ap dy th cp nh mc U
2m
(V hay kV) la in ap cua dy qun th
cp khi MBA khng tai va in ap t vao dy qun s la nh mc U
1
= U
1dm
.
4. Dong in dy s cp nh mc I
1m
(A hay kA) va th cp nh mc I
2m
la
nhng dong in dy cua dy qun s cp va th cp ng vi cng sut va in ap
nh mc.
i vi MBA mt pha:

dm 1
dm
dm 1
U
S
I = ;
dm 2
dm
dm 2
U
S
I = (1.11)
i vi MBA ba pha:

dm 1
dm
dm 1
U 3
S
I = ;
dm 2
dm
dm 2
U 3
S
I = (1.12)
5. Tn s nh mc f
m
(Hz). Cac MBA in lc co tn s cng nghip 50Hz.
Ngoai ra trn nhan MBA con ghi cac s liu khac nh: tn s, s pha m, s
va t ni dy...
1.5. CAC LOAI MBA CHINH.
1. MBA in lc truyn tai va phn phi cng sut trong h thng in lc.
2. MBA chuyn dung s dung lo luyn kim, cac thit b chnh lu, MBA han ...
3. MBA t ngu dung lin lac trong h thng in, m may ng c khng
ng b cng sut ln.
4. MBA o lng dung giam cac in ap va dong in ln a vao cac dung
cu o tiu chun.
5. MBA th nghim dung th nghim in ap cao.
MBA co rt nhiu loai song thc cht hin t ng xay ra trong chung u ging
nhau. thun tin cho vic nghin cu, sau y ta xet MBA in lc mt pha hai
dy qun.

] R R ^

1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Chuong 2
IO NOI DY VA MACH I0 M.8.A

2.1. KHAI NIM CHUNG
MBA ba pha co th lam vic c, cac dy qun s cp va th cp phai ni
vi nhau theo mt qui lut nht nh. Ngoai ra, vic phi hp kiu ni dy qun s
cp vi kiu ni dy qun th cp cung hnh thanh cac t ni dy qun khac nhau.
Hn na, khi thit k MBA, vic quyt nh t ni dy qun cung phai thch ng
vi kiu kt cu cua mach t tranh nhng hin tng khng tt nh s khng
sin, tn hao phu tng ...
Trong chng nay ta se ln lt xet cac loai t ni dy va mach t, ng thi
xet cac hin tng xay ra khi t hoa loi thep va nu ln cach tnh toan mach t cua
MBA.
2.2. T NI DY MAY BIN AP
nghin cu t ni dy MBA, trc ht ta hay xet ky hiu cac u dy va
cach u dy qun pha vi nhau.
2.2.1. Coch ky h|u coc du dy

C

Hnh 2.1 cnh ccu ccu ccy M8/
A
X
B
Y
C
Z
(b)

A
A
U
AB
U
CA
U
CA
B
(a)

2
Mt cun dy co hai u tn cung: mt u goi la du du; con u kia goi
la du cui. i vi dy qun mba mt pha : u u hoc u cui chon tuy y.
i vi dy qun mba ba pha : cac u u va u cui chon mt cach thng nht
theo mt chiu nht nh (hnh 2.1a), nu khng in ap ra cua ba pha se khng
i xng (hnh 2.1b).
n gian va thun tin cho vic nghin cu, ngi ta thng anh du cac
u tn cung ln s dy qun cua mba vi qui c sau dy :
anh du cac u dy tn cung:
Cao ap Ha ap Trung ap
u u A,B,C A,b,c A
m
,B
m
,C
m
u cui X,Y,Z x.y,z X
m
,Y
m
,Z
m
Trung tnh 0 o O
m
2.2.2. Coc k|u du dy qun
1. u hnh sao (Y) : u ba im cui X,Y,Z lai vi nhau.

A B C
X Y Z
Hnh 2.3 cu Icm gicc
A
B
C

A
X
B
Y
C
Z
Hnh 2.2 cu :cc

A
B
C
2. u hnh tam giac () :
u im u cua pha nay vi im cui cua pha kia (hnh 2.3)
3. u zc-zc (Z) : Mi pha dy qun mba gm hai na cun dy trn hai tru
khac nhau mc ni tip va u ngc chiu nhau (hnh 2.4). Kiu dy qun nay t
dung v tn ng nhiu hn, loai nay chu yu gp trong mba dung cho thit chnh
lu.
Hnh 2.4 cu Zic- Zcc
A B C
X Y Z
-c
A
B
a
c
b
C

3
2.2.3. I n| dy cuo mbo.
T ni dy mba c hnh thanh do s phi hp kiu dy qun s cp so vi
kiu dy qun th cp. No biu th goc lch pha gia sdd dy cua dy qun s
cp va sdd dy cua dy qun th cp va goc lch pha nay phu thuc vao cac yu
t sau :
+ Chiu qun dy,
+ Cach ky hiu cac du dy ra,
+ Kiu du dy qun s cp va th cp
Xet mba mt pha co hai dy qun (hnh 2-5) : s cp : AX ; th cp : ax.
Cac trng hp xay ra nh sau :
a) Hai dy qun cung chiu va k hiu tng ng (hnh 2-5a).
b) Hai dy qun ngc chiu (hnh 2-5b).
c) i chiu k hiu mt trong hai dy qun (hnh 2-5c).
T ni dy cua mba mt pha : k t vector s s cp n vector s th cp
theo chiu kim ng h :
+ Trng hp a : lch pha 360
o
+ Trng hp b, c : lch pha 180
o
.

AX
E
&

360
o
180
o
180
o
Hnh 2.5 Su |ech phc cuc mLc mcI phc
AX
E
&
AX
E
&
ax
E
&
ax
E
&
ax
E
&

(b)
A
X
a
x
(a)
A
X
a
x
(c)
A
X
x
a

I n| dy cuo mbo bo pho : mba ba pha, do ni Y & vi nhng th
t khac nhau ma goc lch pha gia s dy s cp va s dy th cp la 30
o
, 60
o
,
90
o
, .., 360
o
.
Thc t khng dung ch goc lch pha ma dung kim ng h (hnh 2.6)
biu th va goi tn t ni dy mba, cach biu th nh sau:
4
+ Kim dai c nh con s 12, ch s s cp.
+ Kim ngn ch 1,2,.., 12 ng 30
o
,60
o
,..,360
o

ch s th cp.
Hnh 2. 8ieu Ih gcc |ech phc
Truong hop mba mt pha :
+ Trng hp a : I/I-12.
+ Trng hp b,c : I/I-6.
Truong hop mba ba pha :
+ Mba ba pha ni Y/Y:
V du mt mba ba pha co dy qun s va dy qun th ni hnh sao, cung
chiu qun dy va cung ky hiu cac u dy (hnh 2.7) th vector s pha gia hai
dy qun hoan toan trung nhau va goc lch pha gia hai in ap dy se bng 360
o

hay 0
o
. Ta noi mba thuc t ni dy 12 va ky hiu la Y/Y-12 hay Y/Y-0.
nguyn dy qun s, dch ky hiu dy qun th ab, bc, ca ta co t u dy
Y/Y-4, dch tip mt ln na ta co t u dy Y/Y-8. Nu i chiu dy qun th
ta co t u dy Y/Y-6,10,2. Nh vy mba khi ni Y/Y, ta co t ni dy la s chn.

x y z
a b
c
A B C
C
A
B
E
AB
E
ab
a
c
b
E
AB
E
ab
360
o
Y/Y -12

Hnh 2.7 Iim Ic nci ccy

+ Mba ba pha ni Y/ :
V du cung mba ba pha co dy qun s ni hnh sao va dy qun th ni
hnh tam giac, cung chiu qun dy va cung ky hiu cac u dy (hnh 2. 8) th
vector s pha gia hai dy qun hoan toan trung nhau va goc lch pha gia hai
in ap dy se bng 330
o
. Ta noi mba thuc t ni dy 11 va ky hiu la Y/-11.
nguyn dy qun s, dch k hiu dy qun th a b, b c, c a th ta co t u
dy Y/-3, dch tip mt ln na ta co t u dy Y/-7. Nu i chiu dy qun
th ta co t u dy Y/-5,9,1. Nh vy mba khi ni Y/, ta co t ni dy la s le.
5
A B C

2.3. MACH TU MAY BIN AP
2.3.1. Coc dong moch tu moy b|n op
1. May bin ap mt pha
+ Mach t kiu loi (hnh 1.3a)
+ Mach t kiu boc
2. May bin ap ba pha
+ H thng mach t ring :
T thng ba pha c lp (hnh 2.9).
Ta co t mba ba pha.
+ H thng mach t chung (hnh 1.3b) : T thng ba pha lin quan nhau. Ta
co mba ba pha ba tru.

Nu :
= + + 0
C B A
U U U
& & &
0 = + +
C B A
& & &
Nh vy cac tru ghep chung co t thng tng
= 0
&
, nn ta bo tru ghep
chung. Sau khi bo tru ghep chung, ta thy loi thep khng gian nn ch tao kho
khn. V vy phai rut ngn tru gia ba tru mba cung nm trong mt phng, luc
Hnh 2.10 Ghep Lc Iru mLc mcI phc
B
A

A
B
C
B
A
B
C
B
A
B
C
Hnh 2-8. Iim Ic nci ccy mLc nci Y/

B
E
AB
E
AB
C
A
E
ab
330
o
Y/Y -11

x
y z
b
c a
b
E
ab c
a
Hnh 2. Ic mLc Lc
A
X
a
x
Y
b
y
Z
c
z
B
C
A
A

A
6
nay ta thy kt cu loi thep mba khng i xng, tru gia ngn hn hai tru hai bn
nn dong t hoa cua ba pha cung khng i xng :
I
oA
= I
oC
(1,2 1,45)I
oB

2.3.2. Nhung h|n tuong xut h|n kh| tu hoo |o| thep M8A
Xet trng hp :
+ MBA khng tai (hnh 2.11).
+ S cp t vao in ap u hnh sin.
Hnh 2.11 Sc cc nguyen |y
cuc mLc mcI phc

u

i
o

X
a
x
A
1. Mba mt pha
in ap u co dang :
t sin U u
m
=
Bo qua in ap ri trn dy qun, ta co :

dt
d
W e u

= =
T thng trong loi thep co dang :
) / t sin(
m
2 =
Khng xet tn hao trong loi thep :
Khi khng xet n tn hao trong loi thep th dong i
o
i
ox
, ngha la dong t hoa
gn bng dong in phan khang. Ta co quan h = f(i
o
) cung chnh la quan h B
= f(H). T quan h = f(i
o
) va = f(t) ta ve c i
o
= f(t).
T hnh 2.12, ta thy :
+ T thng (t) co dang hnh sin
+ Dong in i
o
(t) co dang nhon du (k
0
sin)
+ (t) va i
o
(t) trung pha nhau
Dong i
o
(t) khng sin, ta phn tch thanh tng song hnh sin :
i
o
(t) = i
o1
+ i
o3
+ i
o5
+ i
o7
+ ..

i
o
i
o
t
i
o
(t)
(t)
(i
o
)
0
Hnh 2.12 Dcng Iu hcc

7
+ i
o1
la song c ban (song bc 1)
+ i
o3,5,7..
la cac song bc cao. Song bc 5 tr ln co bin nho, ta bo qua.
Nh vy chnh dong in bc ba i
o3
lam dong i
o
co dang nhon u. Thc cht dong
i
o
co dang nhon u la do hin tng bao hoa trong loi thep.
Co k dn tn hao trong loi thep :
Khi co xet n tn hao trong loi thep, quan h = f(i
o
) cung chnh la quan h
ng cong t tr B = f(H). T quan h = f(i
o
) va = f(t) ta dung phng phap
ve tm c quan h i
o
= f(t) nh trn hnh 2.13.
T hnh 2.13, ta thy :
+ T thng (t) co dang hnh sin
+ Dong in i
o
(t) co dang nhon du (k
0
sin)
+ i
o
(t) vt trc (t) mt goc .
Goc nho hay ln phu thuc vao mc tr cua B = f(H), ngha la phu thuc
vao ng cong t tr v th goc goi la goc tn hao t tr.

Hnh 2.14 biu din vect dong in va t thng khi co k n tn hao
trong loi thep. V dong in i
o
I
&
m
&
o
khng sin nn ta ch ve gn ung vi thanh phn bc
1. Ta thy dong in khng tai I
o
gm hai thanh phn :
+ I
ox
: thanh phn dong in phan khang t hoa loi thep.
+ I
or
: thanh phn dong in tac dung, vung goc vi , nn :

2 2
ox or o
I I I + = (2.1)
Thc t I
or
< 10%I
o
, ngha la goc thng rt be, nn dong in I
or
khng
anh hng my n dong in t hoa va ta coi nh I
ox
I
o
.
Hnh 2.14 c Ih vecIc ccng l
c

I
&

or
I
&
ox
I
&
E
&

U
&

&

i
o
(t)
t
i
o
i
o
Hnh 2.13 Dcng Iu hcc khi cc Icn hcc
8
2. Mba ba pha
Khi mba khng tai va xet tng pha th dong in bc ba trong cac pha :
t sin I i
m o A o
= 3
3 3
(2.2a)
t sin I ) t ( sin I i
m o
o
m o B o
= = 3 120 3
3 3 3
(2.2b)
t sin I ) t ( sin I i
m o
o
m o C o
= = 3 240 3
3 3 3
(2.2c)
T cac phng trnh trn ta thy, ba pha trung nhau v thi gian, ngha la
moi thi im chiu dong in bc ba trong cac pha hoc hng t u n cui
hoc hng t cui n u, tc la lun lun tn tai.
) Trng hp mba ni Y/Y
S cp u Y nn dong i
o3
khng tn tai, dong i
o
se co dang sin va t thng
do no sinh ra se co dang vat u. Ta phn tch t thng trong loi thep thanh song
c ban va song bc cao :
.. + + + + =
7 5 3 1

Cac song
5,7..
nho, ta bo qua, ch xet
1
va
3
.

Trng hp t mba ba pha :
(Mba ba pha5 tru)
1 Loai nay mach t ring, nn

3

tn tai va khep mach qua loi thep,
do vy
3
tng i ln, s e
3
do
no sinh ra cung ln theo (E
3f
= (45-
60)% E
1f
) lam cho s pha tng
ln. Con s U
d
khng co thanh
phn e
3
.
3

e=e +e

Hai:
+ Choc thung cach in dy qun
+ H thit b o lng.
+ Anh hng ng dy thng tin
1 3
e
1
e
3
3A

3B

3C
Hnh 2.15 Iu Ihcng vc :cc
Ircng Ic mLc Lc phc nci Y/Y

9
Mba ba pha ba tru :

Hnh 2.1 Iu Ihcng Lcc Lc Ircng |ci Ihep mLc nci Y/Y

H thng mach t chung, nn
3
cung chiu (hnh 2.16). moi thi im t
thng
3
khng khep mach qua mach t tru ma b y ra ngoai, va khep mach qua
mi trng co t tr ln, nn
3
khng ln lm, nh vy xem t thng trong mach
t la sin, va s cam ng ra E
f
se sin.
Chu y :
3
khep mach qua gng va vach thung lam tng tn hao nn hiu
sut cua may giam.
) Trng hp mba ni /Y
Dy qun s cp ni nn dong i
o3
se khep kn trong tam giac, v vy dong i
o

se co dang nhon u. Ging mba mt pha.
) Trng hp mba ni Y/

i
03
i
23
i
23
i
23 23
I
&
Y 3
&
23
&

23
E
&

nho
3
&

Hnh 2.17 MLc nci Y/

Dy qun s cp u Y nn dong i
o3
khng tn tai, dong i
o
se co dang sin va t
thng do no sinh ra se co dang vat u. Kt lun ging trng hp . Thanh
phn t thng bc ba cam ng trong dy qun th cp s e
3 23
, do dy qun th
10
ni nn sinh ra dong i
23
chay trong dy qun, dong in ny sinh ra trong loi
thep t thng
23
va ta co t thng tng bc ba , nn anh hng
nay khng ang k (hnh 2.17).
0
23 3
+

& &
Y

] R R ^

1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Chuong 3
QbAN H IN I0 IkONG M8A

Trong chng nay chung ta se nghin cu s lam vic cua mba luc tai i
xng va moi vn co lin quan u c xet trn mt pha cua mba ba pha hay
trn mba mt pha.
3.1. CAC PHUONG TRINH CN BNG CUA MAY BIN AP
thy ro qua trnh nng lng trong mba, ta hay xet cac quan h in t
trong trng hp nay.
3.1.1. Fhuong trnh cn bng d|n op [sdd}

Trn hnh 3.1 trnh bay mba mt pha hai dy qun, trong o dy qun s cp
ni vi ngun, co s vong N
1
, dy qun th cp ni vi tai co tng tr Z
t
, co s
vong N
2
. Khi ni in ap u
1
vao dy qun s cp, trong dy qun s cp co dong
in i
1
chay qua. Nu pha th cp co tai th trong dy qun th cp se co dong
in i
2
chay qua. Cac dong in i
1
va i
2
se tao nn st s cp i
1
N
1
va st th cp
i
2
N
2
. Phn ln t thng do hai st i
1
N
1
va i
2
N
2
sinh ra c khep mach qua loi thep
moc vong vi ca dy qun s cp va th cp c goi la t thng chnh . T
thng chnh gy nn trong cac dy qun s cp va th cp nhng s e
1
va e
2

nh a bit chng 2 nh sau :
Hnh 3.1 Iu Ihcng mLc mcI phc hci ccy ucn

u
2
u
1
i
1
+
_
_
Z
t
+

t2
t1
i
2
2
dt
d
dt
d
N e
1
1 1

=
= ; (3.1a)
dt
d
dt
d
N e
2
2 2

=
= . (3.1b)
trong o
1
= N
1
va
2
= N
2
la t thng moc vong vi dy qun s cp va th
cp ng vi t thng chnh .
Ngoai t thng chnh chay trong loi thep, trong mba cac st i
1
N
1
va i
2
N
2
con
sinh ra t thng tan
t1
va
t2
. T thng tan khng chay trong loi thep ma moc
vong vi khng gian khng phai vt liu st t nh du bin ap, vt liu cach in
... Vt liu ny co t thm be, do o t thng tan nho hn rt nhiu so vi t
thng chnh va t thng tan moc vong vi dy qun sinh ra no. T thng tan
t1

do dong in s cp i
1
gy ra va t thng tan
t2
do dong in th cp i
2
gy ra.
Cac t thng tan
t1
va
t2
bin thin theo thi gian nn cung cam ng trong dy
qun s cp s tan e
t1
va th cp s tan e
t2
, ma tr s tc thi la:
dt
d
dt
d
N e
1 t 1 t
1 1 t

=
= ; (3.2a)
dt
d
dt
d
N e
2 t 2 t
2 2 t

=
= . (3.2b)
Trong o: la t thng tan moc vong vi dy qun s cp;
la t thng tan moc vong vi dy qun th c p.
1 t 1 1 t
N =
2 t 2 2 t
N =
Do t thng tan moc vong vi khng gian khng phai vt liu st t nn t l
vi dong in sinh ra no :
; (3.3a)
1 1 t 1 t
i L =
2 2 t 2 t
i L = (3.3b)
Trong o: L
t1
va L
t2
la in cam tan cua dy qun s cp va th cp.
Th (3.3) vao (3.2a,b), ta co:

dt
di
L e
t t
1
1 1
= (3.4a)
dt
di
L e
t t
2
2 2
= (3.4b)
Biu din (3.4) di dang phc s :

1 1 1 1 t 1 t
I jx I L j E
& & &
= = ; (3.5a)
2 2 2 2 t 2 t
I jx I L j E
& & &
= = (3.5b)
trong o: x
1
= L
t1
la in khang tan cua dy qun s cp,
x
2
= L
t2
la in khang tan cua dy qun th cp.
3
1. Fhuong trnh cn bng d|n op dy qun so cp :
Xet mach in s cp gm ngun in ap u
1
, sc in ng e
1
, s tan cua dy
qun s cp e
t1
, in tr dy qun s cp r
1
. Ap dung nh lut Kirchhoff 2 ta co
phng trnh in ap s cp vit di dang tr s tc thi la:
u
1
= - e
1
- e
t1
+ r
1
i
1
(3.6a)
Biu din (3.6) di dang s phc:

1 1 1 t 1 1
I r E E U
& & & &
+ = (3.6b)
Thay (3.5a) vao (3.6b), ta co :

1 1 1 1 1 1
I r I jx E U
& & & &
+ + =

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I Z E I ) jx r ( E U
& & & & &
+ = + + = (3.7)
trong o: Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
la tng tr phc cua dy qun s cp.
Con la in ap ri trn dy qun s cp.
1 1
I Z
&
2. Fhuong trnh cn bng d|n op dy qun thu cp
Mach in th cp gm sc in ng e
2
, sc in ng tan dy qun th cp
e
t2
, in tr dy qun th cp r
2
, in ap hai u cua dy qun th cp la u
2
. Ap
dung nh lut Kirchhoff 2 ta co phng trnh in ap th cp vit di dang tr s
tc thi la:
u
2
= e
2
+ e
t2
- r
2
i
2
(3.8a)
Biu din (3.8) di dang s phc:

2 2 2 t 2 2
I r E E U
& & & &
+ = (3.8b)
Thay (3.5b) vao (3.8b), ta co :
2 2 2 2 2 2
I r I jx E U
& & & &
= (3.9)

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
I Z E I ) jx r ( E U
& & & & &
= + = (3.10)
trong o Z
2
= r
2
+ jx
2
la tng tr phc cua dy qun th cp.
Con la in ap ri trn dy qun th cp.
2 2
I Z
&
Mt khac ta co: (3.11)
2 t 2
I Z U
& &
=
3.1.2. Fhuong trnh cn bng dong d|n
nh lut Ohm t (0.6), ap dung vao mach t (hnh 3.1) cho ta:
N
1
i
1
- N
2
i
2
= R

(3.12)
Trong biu thc (3.7), thng nn E
1 1 1
E I Z
& &
<<
1
U
1
. Vy theo cng thc
(2.6) t thng cc ai trong loi thep:

1
1
m
fN 44 , 4
U
= (3.13)
y U
1
= U
1m
, tc la U
1
khng i, theo (3.13) t thng
m
cung khng i.
Do o v phai cua (3.12) khng phu thuc dong i
1
va i
2
, ngha la khng phu thuc
4
ch lam vic cua mba. c bit trong ch khng tai dong i
2
= 0 va i
1
= i
0
la
dong in khng tai s cp. Ta suy ra:
N
1
i
1
+ N
2
i
2
= N
1
i
0
(3.14)
Hay: (3.15)
0 1 2 2 1 1
I N I N I N
& & &
= +
Chia hai v cho N
1
va chuyn v, ta co:
) I ( I )
N
N
I ( I I
'
2 0
1
2
2 0 1
& & & & &
+ = + = (3.16)
trong o:
k
I
I
2 '
2
&
&
= la dong in th cp qui i v pha s cp, con k =
2
1
N
N
.
T (3.16) ta thy rng: dong in s cp gm hai thanh phn, thanh phn
dong in khng i dung tao ra t thng chnh trong loi thep mba, thanh
phn dong in dung bu lai dong in th cp , tc la cung cp cho tai.
Khi tai tng th dong in tng, nn tng va dong in cung tng ln.
1
I
&
0
I
&
2
' I
&
2
I
&
2
I
&
2
' I
&
1
I
&
Tom lai, m hnh toan cua mba nh sau:
(3.17a)
1 1 1 1
I Z E U
& & &
+ =
(3.17b)
2 2 2 2
I Z E U
& & &
=
'
2 0 1
I I I
& & &
+ = (3.17c)
3.2. MACH DIN THAY TH CUA MAY BIN AP
c trng va tnh toan cac qua trnh nng lng xay ra trong mba, ngi ta
thay mach in va mach t cua mba bng mt mach in tng ng gm cac
in tr va in khang c trng cho mba goi la mach in thay th mba.

Trn hnh 3.2a trnh bay MBA ma tn hao trong dy qun va t thng tan
c c trng bng in tr R va in cam L mc ni tip vi dy qun s va th
cp. co th ni trc tip mach s cp va th cp vi nhau thanh mt mach in,
L
1t
i
2
r
2

u
2
u
1
i
1
r
1
(a)
L
2t
Z
t
e
1
e
2
+

+

+

Hnh 3-2. M8/ khcng Iu Ihcng Icn vc Ic n hcc Ircng ccy ucn

5
cac dy qun s cp va th cp phai co cung mt cp in ap. Trn thc t, i n ap
cua cac dy qun o lai khac nhau. V vy phai qui di mt trong hai dy qun v
dy qun kia cho chung co cung mt cp in ap. Mun vy hai dy qun phai
co s vong dy nh nhau. Thng ngi ta qui i dy qun th cp v dy qun
s cp, ngha la coi dy qun th cp co s vong dy bng s vong dy cua dy
qun s cp. Vic qui i ch thun tin cho vic nghin cu va tnh toan mba,
v vy yu cu cua vic qui i la qua trnh vt ly va nng lng xay ra trong may
mba tr c va sau khi qui i la khng i.
3.2.1. Qu| d| coc do| |uong thu cp v so cp.
Nhn phng trnh (3.15b) vi k, ta co:

k
I
) Z k (
k
I
) Z k ( E k U k
2
t
2 2
2
2
2 2
& &
& &
= = (3.18)
t : (3.19)
2
'
2
E k E
& &
=
(3.20)
2
'
2
U k U
& &
=
(3.21) k / I I
2
'
2
& &
=
; ; (3.22)
2
2 '
2
Z k Z =
2
2 '
2
r k r =
2
2 '
2
x k x =
; ; (3.23)
t
2 '
t
Z k Z =
t
2 '
t
r k r =
t
2 '
t
x k x =
Phng trnh (3.12b) vit lai thanh:
(3.24)
'
2
'
t
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
I Z I Z E U
& & & &
= =
Trong o: , , , , tng ng la s, in ap, dong in, tng tr
dy qun va tng tr tai th cp qui i v s cp.
'
2
E
&
'
2
U
&
'
2
I
&
'
2
Z
'
t
Z
Tom lai m hnh toan mba sau khi qui i la :
(3.25a)
1 1 1 1
I Z E U
& & &
+ =
(3.25b)
2
'
t
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
I Z I Z E U
& & & &
= =
) I ( I I
'
2 0 1
& & &
+ = (3.25c)
3.2.2. Moch d|n thoy th chnh xoc cuo M8A.
Da vao h phng trnh qui i (3.25a,b,c) ta suy ra mt mach in tng
ng goi la mach in thay th cua MBA nh trnh bay trn hnh 3.3.
Xet phng trnh (3.23a), v phai phng trnh co Z
1 1
I
&
la in ap ri trn tng tr
dy qun s cp Z
1
va la in ap ri trn tng tr Z
1
E
&
m
, c trng cho t thng
chnh va tn hao st t. T thng chnh do dong in khng tai sinh ra, do o ta co
th vit :
6

0 0 1
I Z I ) jx r ( E
m m m
& & &
= + = (3.26)
trong o: Z
m
= r
m
+ jx
m
la tng tr t hoa c trng cho mach t.
r
m
la in tr t hoa c trng cho tn hao st t.
p
Fe
= r
m
2
0
I (3.27)
x
m
la in khang t hoa c trng cho t thng chnh .

Hnh 3-3. Mcch cien Ihcy Ihe cuc M8/ mcI phc hci ccy ucn

2
' U
&
1
U
&
1
I
&
x
1
r
1
) I (
'
2
&

x
2
r
2
Z
t
+
+

o
I
&
r
m
x
m
1
E
&
+

3.2.3. Moch d|n thoy th gn dung cuo M8A.
Trn thc t thng tng tr nhanh t hoa rt ln (Z
m
>> Z
1
va Z
2
), do o
trong nhiu trng hp co th bo qua nhanh t hoa (Z
m
= ) va thanh lp lai s
thay th gn ung trnh bay trn hnh 3.3a.
Khi bo qua tng tr nhanh t hoa, ta co:
Z
n
= Z
1
+ Z
2
= r
n
+ jx
n
(3.28)
Trong o Z
n
= r
n
+ jx
n
la tng tr ngn mach cua mba; r
n
= r
1
+ r
2
la in tr ngn
mach cua mba; x
n
= x
1
+ x
2
la in khang ngn mach cua mba.
Trong MBA thng r
n
<< x
n
, nn co th bo qua in tr ngn mach (r
n
= 0).
Trong trng hp nay mach in thay th MBA trnh bay trn hnh 3.3b.

Hnh 3-3. Mcch cien Iucng cucng gcn cung cuc M8/ mcI phc hci ccy ucn

1
U
&

1
I
&

(a)
jx
n r
n
'
2
U
&
'
2
I
&
Z
t
1
U
&
1
I
&
(b)
jx
n
'
2
U
&

'
2
I
&

Z
t

7
3.3. D THJ VECTO CUA MAY BIN AP
Ve th vect cua mba nhm muc ch thy ro quan h v tr s va goc lch
pha gia ca c ai lng vt ly , , , ... trong MBA, ng thi thy ro c
s thay i cac ai lng vt ly o cac ch lam vic khac nhau.
&
U
&
I
&

Hnh 3-4 c Ih vecIcr cuc mcy Lien cp
c, Ici I|nh ccm: L. Ici I|nh cung
1
E
&

1
E
&

1
U
&

1 1
I r
&

&

0
I
&

1
I
&

'
2
I
&

'
2
I
&
1 1
I jx
&

1
'
2
'
2
I jx
&

'
2
'
2
I r
&

'
2
U
&

1 1
I Z
&

1
E
&

1
E
&

1
U
&
1 1
I r
&

&

0
I
&

1
I
&
'
2
I
&

'
2
I
&

1 1
I jx
&
1
'
2
'
2
I jx
&

'
2
'
2
I r
&
'
2
U
&
1 1
I Z
&
'
2
'
2
I Z
&

Hnh 3-4a la th vect mba trong trng hp phu tai co tnh cht in cam.
th vect c ve da vao cac phng trnh cn bng in ap va st cua MBA.
Cach ve th vect nh sau :
+ t vect t thng theo chiu dng truc hoanh truc hoanh.
m
&
+ Ve vect dong in khng tai ,vt trc mt goc .
0
I
&
m
&
+ Ve cac vect s va do sinh ra, chm sau no mt goc 90
1
E
&
1
'
2
E E
& &
=
m
&
o
.
+ Do tai co tnh in cam nn dong in chm sau mt goc
'
2
I
&
'
2
E
&
2
.

'
t
'
2
'
t
'
2
2
r r
x x
arctg
+
+
= (3.29)
+ Theo phng trnh (3.25c), ta ve vect dong in bng vect dong in
cng vi vect dong in .
1
I
&
0
I
&
) I (
'
2
&
+ Ve cac vect khac da vao cac phng trnh cn bng (3.25a,b).

th vect mba khi phu tai co tnh dung ve tng t, nhng dong in
vt trc mt goc
'
2
I
&
'
2
E
&
2
(hnh 3-4b).
8
D thj vecto don gian mba
Hnh 3-5 c Ih vecIc ccn gicn mLc
1
U
&
1 n
I r
&

'
2 1
I I
& &
=
1 n
I jx
&

2
) U (
'
2
&

3-5
o
1 n
I Z
&
x
2
1
U
&
r
1
r
2
r
m
x
1
x
m
0 1
I I
& &
=
0
I
&
Hnh 3-. Sc cc Ihcy Ihe mLc khi khcng Ici

0 I
2
=
&
'
=
& & &
+ =
Trong s thay th gn ung (hnh 3-
3a), ta cho la dong in
&
, nn :
&
. 0 I
o
=
2 1
I I
&
Phng trnh cn bng in ap :
U (3.30)
n 1
'
2 1
Z I U
Ta ve c th vector tng ng khi
phu tai co tnh cam nh hnh 3.5.

3.4. XAC DJNH CAC THAM S CUA MAY BIN AP
Cac tham s cua MBA co th xac nh bng th nghim hoc bng tnh toan.
3.4.1. Xoc d|nh coc thom s bng th ngh|m
Hai th nghim dung xac nh cac tham s la th nghim khng tai va th
nghim ngn mach.
1. Thi nghim khng tai mba.
Ch khng tai mba la ch ma th cp h mach (I
2
= 0), con s cp c
cung cp bi mt in ap U
1
. Trn hnh 3.6 la mach in thay th may bin ap khi
khng tai.

1
E
&

V
W A
Hnh 3-7. Sc cc Ih| nghiem khcng Ici
V

Khi khng tai (hinh 3.6) dong in th cp I
2
= 0, ta co phng trnh la:
(3.31a)
1 0 1 1
Z I E U
& & &
+ =
hoc (3.31b)
0 0 1 0 1
Z I ) Z Z ( I U
m
& & &
= + =
trong o: Z
0
= Z
1
+ Z
m
= r
o
+ jx
o
la tng tr khng cua tai mba;
r
o
= r
1
+ r
m
la in tr khng cua tai mba;
x
o
= x
1
+ x
m
la in khang khng cua tai mba;
9
xac nh h s bin ap k, tn hao st t trong loi thep p
Fe
, va ca c thng s
cua mba ch khng tai, ta th nghim khng tai. S ni dy th nghim
khng tai nh trn hnh 3.7. t in ap U
1
= U
1m
vao dy qun s cp, th cp
h mach, cac dung cu o cho ta cac s liu sau: oat k W o c P
0
la cng sut
khng tai; Ampe k o I
0
la dong in khng tai; con vn k ni pha s cp va th
cp ln lc o U
1m

va U
20
la in ap s cp va th cp.
T cac s liu o c, ta tnh :
a) T s bin ap k:
'
2 1
E E
& &
=
1
E
&

1
U
&
o 1
I r
&

&

0
I
&

o 1
I jx
&

o
o 1
I Z
&

Hnh 3.8 c Ih vecIc cuc
M8/ khcng Ici
20
m 1
2
1
2
1
U
U
E
E
N
N
k = = (3.32)
b) Dong in khng tai phn trm
% 10 % 1 100
I
I
% i
dm 1
0
0
= = (3.33)
c) Tng tr nhanh t hoa
+ in tr khng tai :
r
o
=
2
o
o
m 1
I
P
r r = + (3.34)
in tr t hoa r
m
>> r
1
nn ly gn ung bng:
r
m
= r
0
(3.35)
+ Tng tr khng tai :

0
dm 1
0
I
U
Z = (3.36)
+ in khang khng tai :

2
0
2
0 m 1 0
r Z x x x = + = (3.37)
in khang t hoa x
m
>> x
1
nn ly gn ung bng:
x
m
= x
0
(3.38)
d) Tn hao khng tai
T mach in thay th hnh 3.6, ta thy tn hao khng tai la tn hao ng trn
dy qun s va tn hao st trong loi thep. Nh vy tn hao khng tai :
P
0
= r
m
I
o
2
+ r
1
I
0
2
p
Fe
(3. 39)
Do in tr cua dy qun s va dong in khng tai nho nn ta bo qua tn hao
ng trn dy qun s luc khng tai. Nh vy t hao khng tai P
o
thc t co th
xem la tn hao st p
Fe
do t tr va dong in xoay trong loi thep gy nn.
10
V in ap t vao dy qun s khng i, nn , do o B cung khng i,
ngha la tn hao st, tc tn hao khng tai khng i.
e) H s cng sut khng tai.
0 dm 1
0
0
I U
P
cos = ( 0,1) (3.40)
T th vect MBA khng tai hnh (3.8), ta thy goc lc pha gia va
la
1
U
&
o
I
&
o
90
o
, ngha la h s cng sut luc khng tai r t thp, thng cos
o
0,1.
iu nay co y ngha thc t rt ln la khng nn MBA lam vic khng tai hoc
non tai, v luc o se la m xu h s cng sut cua li in.
2. Thi nghim ngn mach mba
Ch ngn mach mba la ch ma pha th cp b ni tt, s cp t vao
mt in ap U
1
. Trong vn hanh, nhiu nguyn nhn lam may bin ap b ngn
mach nh hai dy dn pha th c p chp vao nhau, ri xung t hoc ni vi nhau
bng tng tr rt nho. y la tnh trang ngn mach s c, cn tranh.

1
U
&

r
n
x
n
n
I I
& &
=
1
Hnh 3.8 Mcch cien Ihcy
Ihe m.L.c khi ngcn mcch

A
W A
Hnh 3. Sc cc Ih| nghiem ngcn mcch
V
I
2m
I
1m
U
n
P
n
B
iu
chnh
in
ap

U
1

Khi m.b.a ngn mach U
2
= 0, mach in thay th m.b.a ve trn hnh 3.8.
Dong in s cp la dong in ngn mach I
n
.
Phng trnh in ap cua mba ngn mach:

n n n n n n 1
Z I I ) jx r ( I U
& & & &
= + = (3.41)
T phng trnh (3.41), ta co dong in ngn mach khi U
1
= U
m
:

n
m
n
Z
U
I = (3.42)
hay
% u
100 I
100
100
U
I z
I
100
100
I
I
z
U
I
n
m
m
m n
m
m
m
n
m
n

= = = (3.43)
Do tng tr ngn mach rt nho nn dong in ngn mach rt ln khoang bng
(10 25)I
m
. y la trng hp s c, rt nguy him cho may bin ap. Khi s dung
mba cn tranh tnh trang ngn mach ny.
11
Tin hanh thi nghim NM nhu sau: Dy qun th cp ni ngn mach, dy
qun s cp ni vi ngun qua b iu chnh in ap. Ta iu chnh in ap vao
dy qun s cp sao cho dong in trong cac dy qun bng nh mc. in ap o
goi la in ap ngn mach U
n
. Luc o cac dung cu o cho ta cac s liu sau: Vn k
ch U
n
la in ap ngn mach; oat k ch P
n
la tn hao ngn mach; Ampe k ch I
1m

va I
2m
la dong in s cp va th cp nh mc. T cac s liu o c, ta tnh :
a) Tn hao ngn mach
Luc th nghim ngn mach, in ap ngn mach U
n
nho (u
n
= 4-15%U
m
) nn t
thng nho, co th bo qua tn hao st t. Cng sut o c trong th nghim
ngn mach P
n
la :
P
n
= r
n
I
n
2

= r
1
I
2
1m
+ r
2
I
2
2m
(3.44)
Nh vy tn hao ngn mach chnh la tn hao ng trn hai dy qun s cp va
dy qun th cp khi tai nh mc.
b) Tng tr, in tr va in khang ngn mach.
+ Tng tr ngn mach:
Z
n
=
m 1
n
I
U
(3.45)
+ in tr ngn mach:
r
n
= r
1
+ r
2
=
2
1m
n
I
P
(3.46)
+ in khang ngn mach:
x
n
= x
1
+ x
2
=
2
n
2
n
r Z (3.47)
Trong m.b.a thng r
1
= r
2
va x
1
= x
2
. Vy in tr va in khang tan cua dy
qun s cp:
r
1
= r
2
=
2
r
n

(3.48)
x
1
= x
2
=
2
x
n

va in tr va in khang tan cua dy qun th cp:
r
2
=
2
'
2
k
r
; x
2
=
2
'
2
k
x
(3.49)
c) H s cng sut ngn mach
n
n
m 1 m
n
n
Z
r
I U
P
cos = = (3.50)
d) in ap ngn mach
12
in ap ngn mach phn trm:
U
n
% = % 100
U
U
% 100
U
I Z
1
n
1
1 n
m m
m
= (3.51)
in ap ngn mach U
n
gm hai thanh phn: Thanh phn trn in tr r
n
, goi la
in ap ngn mach ta c dung , Thanh phn trn in khang x
nr
U
n
, goi la in ap
ngn mach phan khang .
nx
U
+ in ap ngn mach tac dung phn trm:
u
nr
% =
n n
m 1
nr
m 1
m 1 n
cos % u % 100
U
U
% 100
U
I r
= = (3.52)
+ in ap ngn mach phan khang phn trm:
u
nx
% =
n nx
m 1
nx
m 1
m 1 n
sin % u % 100
U
U
% 100
U
I x
= = (3.53)
in ap ngn mach tac dung cung co th tnh :

) kVA ( S . 10
) W ( P
100
I
I
U
r I
100
U
U
% u
m
n
m
m
m
n m
m
nr
nr
= = = (3.54)
3.4.2. Xoc d|nh coc thom s bng tnh toon
1. Tng tro nhanh tu hoa
in tr nhanh t hoa :

2
0
Fe
m
I
P
r = (3.55)
vi W ;
50
f
) G B G B ( p p
3 , 1
g
2
g t
2
t 50 / 1 Fe

+ = va
2
ox
2
or o
I I I + = (3.56)
in khang nhanh t hoa :

x 0
1
m
I
E
x = (3.57)
vi
1
g g . t t t . t
1
0
x 0
mU
S nq G q G q
mU
Q
I

+ +
= = (3.58)
2. Tng tro ngn mach
in tr ngn mach
= ,
S
l N
k r
1
1 . tb 1
75 r 1
0 ; = ,
S
l N
k r
2
2 . tb 2
75 r 2
0 (3.59)
13

2
2
2
1
1 n
r )
N
N
( r r + = (3.60)
k
r
: h s la m tng tn hao do t trng tan

75
: in tr sut cua dy dn lam dy qun.
in khang ngn mach
Vic xac nh x
1
va x
2
lin quan n vic xac nh s phn b t trng tan
cua tng dy qun. dy ta xac nh x
1
va x
2
gn ung vi gia thit n gian.
Xet cho trng hp dy qun hnh tru (hnh 3-8). Chiu dai tnh toan cua dy
qun l
ln hn chiu dai thc l cu a dy qun mt t :

R
k
l
l =
(3.61)
i
2
N
2
i
1
N
1
i
2
N
2
i
1
N
1
a
1
a
12
a
2
H
x3 H
x1
H
x2
H
x
x
Hnh 3-10 Iu Ihcng Icn

k
R
= 0,93-0,98 : h s qui i t trng tan ly
tng v t trng tan thc t (h s Rogovski)
Theo nh lut toan dong in :

= i Hdl
i vi thep =
Fe
, nn H
Fe
= 0, v vy :
Trong pham vi a
1
(0 x a
1
) :
,
a
x
i N i l H
1
1 1 1 x
= =

do o ,
a
x
l
i N
H
1
1 1
1 x
=

Trong pham vi a
12
(a
1
x a
1
+a
12
) :
, i N Ni l H
1 1 2 x
= =
do o ,
l
i N
H
1 1
2 x
=
Trong pham vi a
2
( a
1
+ a
12
x a
1
+ a
12
+ a
2
) :
,
a
) a a ( x
i N i N i l H
2
12 1
2 2 1 1 3 x
+
+ = =

, i N
a
a a x
i N
1 1
2
12 1
1 1

= vi (i
1
N
1
= -i
2
N
2
)
do o ,
a
x a a a
l
i N
H
2
2 12 1 1 1
3 x
+ +
=

Xac nh bin gii t thng tan cua hai dy qun se rt kho khn, do o vic
tnh toan ring re cac tham s x
1
va x
2
khng th thc hin c. Ta co th xac
14
nh x
1
+ x
2
vi qui c bin gii phn chia t trng tan cua hai ng dy s cp va
th cp la ng gia khe h a
12
.
Goi D
tb
la ng knh trung bnh cua ca hai dy qun va bo qua s thay i
ng knh theo chiu x th vi phn t thng cach x mt khoang trong pham vi a
1
:
dx D H d
tb 1 x o 1
=
moc vong vi s vong dy :

1
1
x
N
a
X
N =
Vy trong pham vi a
12
t thng moc vong vi mt s vong dy la N
1
vong :
dx D H d
tb 2 x o 2
=
T thng moc vong vi toan b dy qun 1 la :
dx D
l
i N
N dx D
a
x
l
i N
N
a
x
tb
2
a
a
a
1 1
o 1 tb
1
a
0
1 1
o 1
1
1
12
1
1
1
+ =

+

)
2
a
3
a
(
l
D i N
12 1 tb 1
2
1 o
+

=

Tnh tng t, ta co t thng moc vong vi toan b dy qun 2 la :
)
2
a
3
a
(
l
D i N
12 2 tb 1
2
1 o '
2
+

=

in khang ngn mach :

1
'
2 1
2 1 n
i
f 2 ' x x x
+
= + =
x
n
)
3
a a
a (
l
k D i N
f 2
2 1
12
R tb 1
2
1 o
+
+

= (3.62)
Ta thy x
n
phu thuc vao kch thc hnh hoc cua cac dy qun a
1
, a
2
, a
12
va l.
Kch thc nay c chon sao cho gia thanh cua may la thp nht.

]R R^

1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Chng 4
M.8.A LAM VIC O IAI OI X0NG
Trong iu kin lam vic bnh thng cua li in, ta co th phn phi u
phu tai cho ba pha, luc o m.b.a lam vic vi in ap i xng va dong in trong
cac pha cung i xng. Ta xet s cn bng nng lng va s la m vic cua mba
trong iu kin in ap s cp U
1
= const, va tn s f = const.
4.1. GIAN D NNG LUONG CUA M.B.A
Trong qua trnh truyn tai nng lng qua MBA, mt phn cng sut tac
dung va phan khang b tiu hao trong may. Xet mba lam vic tai i xng, s
cn bng nng lng da trn s thay th chnh xac hnh 4.1.

x
2
r
1
r
2
x
1
P
1
jQ
1
P
2
jQ
2
P
t
jQ
t
p
cu1
jq
1
p
Fe
jq
m
p
cu2
jq
2
Hnh 4-2 Gian nng l ng mba

1
U
&
r
m
0
I
&
1
I
&
'
I
&
2

x
m
'
2
U
&
1
E
&
t

Hnh 4-1 S thay th may bi n ap

Goi P
1
la cng sut ta c dung a vao dy qun s cp mba:
P
1
= m
1
U
1
I
1
cos
1
(4.1)
Mt phn cng sut nay bu vao :
Tn hao ng trn in tr cua dy qun s: p
cu1
= m
1
r
1
I
2
1

Tn hao st trong loi thep mba : p
Fe
= m
1
r
m
I
o
2

Cng sut con lai goi la cng sut in t chuyn sang dy qun th cp:
P
t
= P
1
- (p
cu1
+ p
Fe
) = m
2
E
2
I
2
cos
2
(4.2)
2
Cng sut u ra P
2
cua mba se nho hn cng sut in t mt lng chnh
bng tn hao ng trn in tr cua dy qun th : p
cu2
= m
2
r
2
I
2
2
=m
1
r
2
I
2
2
:
P
2
= P
t
- p
cu2
= m
2
U
2
I
2
cos
2
(4.3)
Cung tng t nh vy, ta co cng sut phan khang nhn vao dy qun s cp:
Q
1
= m
1
U
1
I
1
sin
1
(4.4)
Cng sut nay tr i cng sut tao ra t trng tan dy qun s cp q
1
=
m
1
x
1
I
2
1
va t trng trong loi thep q
m
= m
1
x
m
I
o
2
, phn con lai la cng sut phan
khang chuyn sang dy qun th cp:
Q
t
= Q
1
- (q
1
+ q
m
) = m
2
E
2
I
2
sin
2
(4.5)
Cng sut phan khang a n phu tai:
Q
2
= Q
t
- q
2
= m
2
U
2
I
2
sin
2
(4.6)
Trong o q
2
= m
2
x
2
I
2
2
tao ra t trng tan dy qun th.
Tai co tnh cht in cam (
2
> 0) th Q
2
> 0, luc o Q
1
> 0 va cng sut phan
khang truyn t dy qun s cp sang dy qun th cp.
Tai co tnh cht in dung (
2
< 0) th Q
2
< 0, nu Q
1
< 0, cng sut phan
khang truyn t dy qun th sang dy qun s hoc Q
1
> 0, toan b cng sut
phan khang t pha th cp va s cp u dung t hoa MBA.
S cn bng cng sut tac dung va phan khang trnh bay trn hnh 4.2
4.2 D THAY DI DIN AP THU CP MBA
thay i in ap th cp mba U la
hiu s s hoc gia tr s in ap th cp luc
khng tai U
20
(iu kin U
1
= U
1m
) va luc co tai
U
2
.
A
0
I
2
U
2*
U
rn*
U
nx*
U
1dm
=1
P H
K
2
Hnh 4-3 Xac nh U cua mba

'
20
'
2
'
20
20
2 20
U
U U
U
U U
U

=
=

'
* 2
m 1
'
2
m 1
'
; 2 m 1
U 1
U
U
1
U
U U
U = =
= (4.7)
Xac nh U bng phng phap giai tch.
Goi
'
m 2
'
2
m 2
2
I
I
I
I
= = : h s tai cua mba.
cos
2
: h s cng sut cua mba.
Ta co:
* nr
'
m 2
'
2
m 1
'
m 2 n
'
m 1
'
2 n
U
I
I
U
I r
U
I r
BC = = =
3
* nx
'
m 2
'
2
m 1
'
m 2 n
m 1
'
2 n
U
I
I
U
I x
U
I x
AB = = =
T A ha ng thng goc AP xung 0U
2*
va goi AP = n va CP = m, ta co:
m n 1 U
2 '
* 2
=
m
2
n
1 U
2
'
* 2

2
n
m U 1 U
2
'
* 2 *
+ = = (4.7)
Tnh m va n, ta c :
m = CK+KB = (U
nr*
cos
2
+U
nx*
sin
2
)
n = AH-HP = (U
nx*
cos
2
-U
nr*
sin
2
)
Vy U
*
= (U
nr*
cos
2
+U
nx*
sin
2
) +
2
(U
nx*
cos
2
-U
nr*
sin
2
)
2
/2
S hang sau rt nho co th bo qua nn:
U
*
= (U
nr*
cos
2
+ U
nx*
sin
2
) (4.8)
Tnh U
*
theo %, ta vit lai biu thc trn:
U
*
% = (u
nr
%cos
2
+ u
nx
%sin
2
) (4.9)
hoc U
*
% = u
n
%(cos
n
.cos
2
+ sin
n
.sin
2
) (4.10)

=1
U%
1 0
0
cos
2
u
nx
%
u
nr
%
-u
nx
%
2
> 0
cos
2
=0.8
cos
2
=0.8
U%
0
2
< 0
cos
2
=1
(b)
Hnh 4-4
a.Quan h U=f()
cos
2 = const
b. Quan h U= f(cos
2
)
= const
(a)

Hnh 4.4 cho bit cac quan h U = f() khi cos
2
= C
te
va U = f(cos
2
)
khi = C
te
.
4
4.3 CAC PHUONG PHAP DIU CHINH DIN AP CUA M.B.A.
Ta thy U=f(,cos
2
) nh vy U
2
phu thuc vao va cos
2
, gi cho U
2
=
const khi tng tai th t s bin ap k phai thay i, ngha la ta phai thay i s vong
dy N.
Mt cun dy co hai u ra, gia hoc cui cun dy ta a ra mt s u
dy ng vi cac vong dy khac nhau thay i in ap.
4.3.1. Ihoy d| s vong dy kh| moy ngung |om v|c:
Dung cho cac may bin ap ha a p khi in ap th cp thay i hoc khi iu
chnh in ap theo th phu tai hang nm.
i vi mba cng sut nho : mt pha co 3 u phn nhanh : 5%U
m
.
i vi mba cng sut ln : mt pha co 5 u phn nhanh: 2x 2.5%U
m

Vic thc hin i ni khi may ngng lam vic, nn thit b i ni n gian,
re tin, t trong thung du va tay quay t trn np thung.
Cac u phn ap a ra cui cun dy th vic cach in chung d dang hn
(hnh 4.5a).
Cac u phn ap a ra gia cun dy th lc in t i xng va t trng
tan phn b se u (hnh 4.5b).

Hnh 4-5 Cac kiu iu chnh i n a p cua mba
(a) (b)

4.4.1. Ihoy d| s vong dy kh| moy dong |om v|c [d|u op duo| to|}
Trong h thng in lc cng sut ln, nhiu khi cn phai iu chnh in ap
khi may bin ap ang lam vic phn phi lai cng sut tac dung va phan khang
gia cac phn oan cua h thng. Cac MBA nay co tn goi la MBA iu chnh
di tai. in ap thng c iu chnh tng 1% trong pham vi 10%U
m
.
5

K
K
K
X
1
X
1
X
2
X
1
X
2
X
2
C
2
C
2
C
2
C
1
C
1
C
1
T
1
T
1
T
1
T
2
T
2
T
2
(b) (a) (c)
Hnh 4- Thit b i ni va qua trnh i u chnh in a p cua mba iu chnh di tai

Vic i ni cac u phn ap trong MBA iu chnh di tai phc tap hn va
phai co cun khang K (hnh 4.6) han ch dong in ngn mach cua b phn dy
qun b ni ngn mach khi thao tac i ni. Hnh 4.6 cung trnh bay qua trnh thao
tac i ni t u nhanh X
1
sang u nhanh X
2
, trong o T
1
, T
2
la cac tip xuc
trc; C, C
2
la cng-tc-t. v tr (a va c) dong qua cun khang K theo hai chiu
ngc nhau, nn t thng trong loi thep gn bng khng, in khang X cua cun
khang rt be. Trong v tr trung gian (b) dong ngn mach chay qua K cung chiu
nn co t thng va X ln, lam giam dong ngn mach I
n
.
Cng-tc-t C
1
, C
2
t ring trong thung du phu gn vao vach thung du, v
qua trnh ong ct cng-tc-t lam bn u.
Trn hnh 4.7 trnh bay s nguyn ly cua b iu ap di tai dung in tr
R. in tr R lam chc nng han ch dong in ngn mach. Con hinh 4.8 cho ta
thy vic b tr b iu ap di ta i trong thung mba.

Hnh 4-7 Nguyn ly iu ap di tai dung in tr R
R
A

X

4.4. HIU SUT CUA M.B.A
Hiu sut cua mba la t s gia cng sut u ra P
2
va cng sut u vao P
1
:
100
P
P
%
1
2
= (4.11)

6

Hnh 4-8 V tr b iu ap di tai trong thung MBA

Hiu sut mba nho hn 1 v qua trnh truyn tai cng sut qua mba co tn hao
ng va tn hao st. Ngoai ra con k n tn hao do dong in xoay trn vach
thung du va bu lng lp ghep.
Nh vy biu thc (4.11), co th vit lai :
100 )
p P
p
1 ( %
2
+
= (4.12)
vi p = p
cu1
+ p
cu2
+ p
Fe

Ta a co phn trc:
p
Fe
= P
0

p
cu1
+ p
cu2
=
2
n
2
'
dm 2
'
2 2 '
dm 2 n
2 '
2 n
2 '
2
'
2
2
1 1
P )
I
I
( I r I r I r I r = = = +
P
2
= U
2
I
2
cos
2

2 m 2
m 2
2
m 2 m 2
cos S cos
I
I
I U =
Th vao (4.12), ta co :
7
100 )
P P cos S
P P
1 ( %
n
2
0 2 m
n
2
0
+ +
+
= (4.13)
Thng th cac tn hao rt nho so vi cng sut truyn tai nn hiu sut mba
rt cao. i vi mba dung lng ln, hiu sut at ti trn 99%.
Ta thy = f(,cos
2
), cho cos
2
=
const, ta tm hiu sut cc ai
max
:
.95

0.5

0 1
1
cos
2
=0.8
cos
2
=1
Hnh 4- Quan h =f()
cos
2
=const
.9

0 n
2
max
P P 0
d
d
= =

n
0
max
P
P
= (4.14)
Hiu sut m.b.a at gia tr cc ai
khi tn hao khng i bng tn hao bin
i hay tn hao st bng tn hao ng.
25 . 0 2 , 0
P
P
n
0
=
5 0 45 0 . .
max
=
Trn hnh 4.9 trnh bay quan h hiu sut = f() khi cos
2
= const.

4.5 MAY BIN AP LAM VIC SONG SONG
Ly do ni mba lam vic song song:
1. Cung cp in lin tuc cho cac phu tai
2. Vn hanh cac mba mt cach kinh t nht.
3. May qua ln th vic ch tao va vn chuyn se kho khn.
Th nao la lam vic song song ?
Dy qun s cp cac mba ni chung vao mt li in va dy qun th c p
cung cung cp cho mt phu tai.
iu kin ni mba lam vic song song:
1. Cung t s bin ap.
2. Cung t ni dy.
3. Cung in ap ngn mach.
4.5.1. |u k|n cung t n| dy :
Cung t ni dy in ap th cp se trung pha nhau. Khac t ni dy /ap th
cp se lch pha nhau, va s lch pha ny phu thuc vao t ni dy.
8
VIDU 4.1
Ni hai mba: May th nht I ni Y/-11 va may th hai II ni Y/Y-12 lam
vic song song. Vy in ap th cp hai may se lc pha nhau mt goc 30
0
, trong
mach ni lin dy qun th se xut hin mt s:
E = 2Esin15
0
= 0.518E
Khi may khng tai, trong y qun se co dong in cn bng :

nII nI
cb
Z Z
E
I
+
= (4.15)
Gia th Z
nI
=Z
nII
=0.05, 18 . 5
05 . 0 05 . 0
518 . 0
I
cb
=
+
= ln I
m

Nh vy ong in I
cb
= 5,18I
m
se lam hong may bin ap.

I
cbI
I
cbII
E
2II
E
2I
E
E
Hnh 4-11. th vect in ap va
dong in cua cac mba co t ni dy
khac nhau la m vic song song
Hnh 4-10. S ghep song song mba
I

II
A
A
X
X
a
a
x
x
U
1
U
2

4.5.2. |u k|n cung t s b|n d| d|n op:
Nu t s bin i in ap cua hai may khac nhau ma hai iu kin con lai thoa
man th khi mba lam vic song song, in ap th cp khng tai se bng nhau (E
2I
=
E
2II
), trong mach ni lin dy qun th cua mba se khng co dong in chay qua.
Gia th k
I
k
II
th E
2I
E
2II
va khi khng tai, trong mach ni lin qun th cua
mba se co dong in I
cb
chay qua c sinh ra bi in ap :
(4.16)
II 2 I 1
E E E =
nII nI
cb
Z Z
E
I
+
= (4.17)
9
Dong in ny se cha y trong dy qun mba theo hai chiu ngc nhau va chm
pha mt goc 90
0
v r << x. Luc ny in ap ri trn dy qun se bu tr vi s, kt
qua la trn mach th co in ap thng nht U
2
.

Kt qua khi mba mang tai, dong in tai I
t
se cng vi dong cn bng lam cho
iu kin lam vic cua may se xu i, ngha la dong trong may khng t l vi
cng sut cua chung, anh hng ti s li dung cng sut cua chung.
Chu y : Cho phep K khac nhau 0.5% so vi tr s trung bnh cua no.
4.5.3. |u k|n d|n op ngn moch bng nhou:
Tr s ngn mach cua cac may bng
nhau th phu tai se phn b t l vi cng
sut cua chung. Tht vy, xet ba mba lam
vic song song co in ap ngn mach u
nI
,
u
nII
, u
nIII
.N u bo qua dong in t hoa th
mach in co dang nh hnh 4- 12.
Tng tr tng ng mach in :

=
+ +
=
ni nIII nII nI
Z Z Z Z
1
1
1 1 1
1
Z
in ap ri trn mach tng ng:
(4.18) I . Z U U U
'
& & & &
= =
2 1
trong o dong in tng cac mba, do o dong in tai cua mi mba :
'
I I I
2 1
& & &
= =
U
2
E U
2 2I
I
tI
I
2I
I
tII
I
2II
E
2II
I
cbI
I
cbI
I
cbII
I
cbII
Hnh 4-11. th vect va s phn ph i tai cua cac mba lam
vic song song vi K khac nhau. a/ Khi khng tai. b/ Khi co tai
Hnh 4-12 Mach in thay th
cua mba lam vic song song
1
U
&
-
'
2
U
&

Z
n1
I
I
&
Z
nII
I
II
Z
nIII
I
III
1
I
&
'
I
2
&

'
I
I
&

U

10

= =
ni
nI
nI
I
Z
Z
I
Z
I . Z
I
1
2
& &
&
(4.19a)

= =
ni
nII
nII
II
Z
Z
I
Z
I . Z
I
1
2
& &
&
; (4.19b)
= =
ni
nIII
nIII
III
Z
Z
I
Z
I . Z
I
1
2
& &
&
(4.19c)
Thng th
nI

nII

nII
nn chuyn tnh t s phc sang tnh mun:
Ta co :

m
m
n n
I
U
u z =
T dong mba I, ta co :

=
ni
mi
mI
nI
I
u
I
I
u
I
I
2
, (4.20)
nhn hai v cho
m m
m
m
m
I U
U
S
U
= , ta co h s tai cu a cac may :

=
ni
mi
nI
I
u
S
u
S
(4.21a)

=
ni
mi
nII
II
u
S
u
S
(4.21b)

=
ni
mi
nIII
III
u
S
u
S
(4.21c)
Nh vy, t (4.21a,b va c) ta thy h s tai cua cac MBA lam vic song song t l
nghch vi in ap ngn mach cua chung :

I
:
II
:
III
=
nI
u
1
:
nII
u
1
:
nIII
u
1
(4.22)
Nh vy, cac mba lam vic song song, co in ap ngn mach u
n
bng nhau,
tai se phn b t l vi cng sut cua may. Nu u
n
khac nhau MBA nao co u
n
ln,
nho con u
n
nho, ln. Khi may co u
n
nho lam vic nh mc th MBA co u
n
ln
se hut tai, kt qua la khng tn dung ht cng sut thit k cua mi may.
Chu y : Cho phep u
n
khac nhau 10% va cng sut MBA co t l: 3:1
11
VI DU 4.2
Cho ba MBA co cung t ni dy qun va t s bin i vi cac s liu sau : S
mI
=
180kVA, S
mII
= 240kVA, S
mIII
= 320kVA; u
nI
% = 5,4, u
nII
% = 6,0, u
nIII
% = 6,6.
Hay xac nh tai cua mi MBA khi tai chung cua cac MBA bng tng cng sut
cua chung va tnh xem tai ti a cua cac MBA khng MBA nao b qua tai ?
Giai
Tng cng sut cua ba may :
S = 180 + 240 + 320 = 740 kVA
H s tai cua cac may :
125 , 1
)
6 , 6
320
6
240
4 , 5
180
( 4 , 5
740
u
S
u
S
ni
mi
nI
I
=
+ +
= =

01 , 1
)
6 , 6
320
6
240
4 , 5
180
( 6
740
u
S
u
S
ni
mi
nII
II
=
+ +
= =

92 , 0
)
6 , 6
320
6
240
4 , 5
180
( 6 , 6
740
u
S
u
S
ni
mi
nIII
III
=
+ +
= =

Cng sut tai cua cac may :
S
I
=
I
.S
mI
= 1,125 x 180 = 202,5 kVA
S
II
=
II
.S
mII
= 1,01 x 240 = 243 kVA
S
III
=
III
.S
mIII
= 0,92 x 320 = 294,5 kVA
Ta thy MBA I co u
n
nho nht b qua tai nhiu, trong khi o MBA III co u
n
ln b
hut tai. Tai tng ti a khng MBA nao b qua tai ng
I
= 1. Luc o ta co :
1
)
6 , 6
320
6
240
4 , 5
180
( 4 , 5
S
u
S
u
S
ni
mi
nI
I
=
+ +
= =

S = 657,72 kVA
Ro rang la phn cng sut t cua cac MBA khng c li dung se bng :
740 - 658 = 82 kVA.

] R R ^
1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Chuong 5
M.8.A LAM VIC O IAI KHONG OI X0NG

5.1. DAI CUONG
Tai khng i xng cua mba la tai khng phn phi u cho ca ba pha, lam
cho dong in trong ba pha khng bng nhau, gy anh hng xu n tnh trang
lam vic bnh thng trong mba nh:
+ in ap dy va pha se khng i xng.
+ Tn hao phu trong dy qun va loi thep tng ln.
+ chnh nhit cua mba vt qua qui nh.
nghin cu tnh trang lam vic khng i xng cua mba ta dung phng
phap phap phn lng i xng. H thng dong in khng i xng cua mba
, , c phn tch thanh ba h thng dong in i xng:
a
I
&
b
I
&
c
I
&
+ Th t thun: , ,
a1
I
&
b1
I
&
c1
I
&
+ Th t ngc: , ,
a2
I
&
b2
I
&
c2
I
&
+ Th t khng: , ,
a0
I
&
b0
I
&
c0
I
&
va quan h gia chung ta a hoc phn ly thuyt mach in nh sau :

0 2 1 a a a a
I I I I
& & & &
+ + =

0 2 1
2
0 2 1 a a a b b b b
I I a I a I I I I
& & & & & & &
+ + = + + =

0 2
2
1 0 2 1 a a a c c c c
I I a I a I I I I
& & & & & & &
+ + = + + =
Vit lai dang ma trn:

2
1
0
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
a
a
a
c
b
a
I
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
&
&
&
&
&
&
= (5.1)
va
c
b
a
a
a
a
I
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
&
&
&
&
&
&
2
2
2
1
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
= (5.2)
2
Trong o: , va 1 + a + a
0
120 j
e a =
0
240 j 2
e a =
2
= 0.
Chu y :
Khi tai mba khng i xng, bao gi cung phn tch thanh cac thanh phn:
TT thun, TT ngc va TT khng. Ring thanh phn TT khng trong mba
do co tr s bng nhau va trung pha v thi gian nn ch tn tai khi mba ni
Y
0
va ..
Phng phap phn lng i xng da trn c s nguyn ly xp chng, nn
khi ap dung nguyn ly o ta gia thit mach t mba khng bao hoa.
Khi phn tch ta xem nh a qui i t pha th cp v pha s cp va
n gian ta bo qua du phy.
5.2. MACH DIN THAY TH VA TNG TRO CUA MBA
DI VOI CAC THANH PHN DI XUNG.
+ Di voi h thng dong din thu tu thun : H thng dong in ny i xng
nn mach in thay th va cac tham s cua mba nh a xet chng 3.

I
a0
I
A0
I
B0
I
C0
3I
A0
I
A0
I
a0
I
B0
I
C0
3I
A0
I
b0
I
c0
3I
A0
I
b0
I
c0

A
C
B
0
A
C
B
0
a
b
c
0
a
b
c
Z
1
Z
2
Z
m0
U
A0
-U
A0
I
A0
I
a0
I
m0
Z
1
Z
2
Z
m0
U
A0
I
A0
I
a0
I
m0
U
&
A0
Z
n
Z
n
I
A0
= -I
a0
I
A0
= -I
a0
- U
&
A0
U
&
A0
Hnh 5.1 Mcch cien Ihcy Ihe mcy Lien cp cci vci Ihcnh phc n Ihu Iu khcng
c. Nci Y
c
/Y
c
: L. Nci Y
c
/
(a) (b)
3
+ Di voi h thng do ng din thu tu nguoc : dong ny co tac dung hoan toan
ging dong in th t thun v nu i 2 trong ba pha pha s va pha th th hin
tng trong mba khng co g thay i nn mach in thay th va cac tham s cua
mba khng khac g so vi dong in th t thun.
+ Di voi h thng dong din thu tu khng : h thng dong in th t khng 3
pha sinh ra trong mba t thng th t khng
t 0
trung pha v thi gian.
T mba 3 pha: T thng
t 0
khep mach qua loi thep nn dong I
a0
=

I
b0
=
I
c0
du nho cung u sinh ra
t 0
ln v t tr thep nho.
Mba 3 pha ba tru:
t 0
khep mach qua vt liu khng phai st t nn
to

nho hn trn.
T thng
t0
sinh ra trong dy qun s cp va th c p cac s t cam va h
cam va ta thanh lp s thay th hnh T tng t nh i vi trng hp dong
in th t thun. Xet trng hp co dong in th t khng nh sau :
- Khi mba ni Y
0
/Y
0
hoc Y
0
/:
Dong th t khng tn tai ca dy qun s cp va th cp nn mach in thay
th i vi phn lng th t khng khng co g khac dang mach in thay th cua
phn lng th t thun.
- Khi mba ni Y/Y
0
:

A
C
B
I
a0
I
b0
I
c0
a
b
c
3I
A0
0
Z
1
Z
2
Z
m0
U
A0
-U
A0
I
A0
I
a0
I
m0
-U
A0
Z
m0
+
Z
2
I
a0
Hnh 5.2 Mcch cien Ihcy Ihe mcy Lien cp nci Y/Y
c
cci vci
Ihcnh phc n Ihu Iu khcng

S cp khng co dy trung tnh nn I
&
A0
= 0 va pha ny xem nh h mach.
* Ta thy cac mach in thay th trn:
+ Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
va Z
2
= r
2
+ jx
2
: nh tng tr th t thun va ngc.
+ Z
m0
: tng tr t hoa th t khng phu thuc vao cu tao mach t:
_ Mach t t mba 3 pha: Z
m0
= Z
m
.
_ Mach t mba 3 pha ba tru: Z
m0
nho (thng Z
m0
= (7-15)Z
n
)
+ S th t khng do t thng
t0
sinh ra nh sau :
0 0 0 m m t
I Z E
& &
= (5.3)
4
+ Khi mba ni Y
0
/Y
0
hoc Y
0
/ : ca s cp va th cp u co dong TT K

nn dong
0 0 a A
I I
& &
vy
0 m
I
&
sinh ra
t0
rt nho. Trong trng hp
n y Z
m0
= 0 va Z
n
= Z
1
+ Z
2
.
Xac djnh tng tro thu tu khngZ
t0
bng thi nghim :

I
t0
V
A
U
W
T
Hnh 5.3 Sc cc nci ccy
xcc cnh Icng Irc Ihu Iu
khcng mcy Lien cp

T: m, nu pha th c p khng co dong th t khng.
T: ong, nu pha th cp co dong th t khng.
Theo s li u o c ta tnh:

I 3
U
Z
0 t
= ; (5.4)
2
0 t
I 3
P
r = (5.5)
2
0 t
2
to 0 t
r Z x = . (5.6)
5.3. TAI KHNG DI XUNG CUA MBA
5.3.1. Kh| co dong d|n thu tu khng:
1. Trng hp dy qun ni Y/Y
0
:
Khi tai khng i xng ta co:
S: 0 I I I
C B A
= + +
& & &
(5.7)
Th:
d c b a
I I I I
& & & &
= + + (5.8)
Phn tch dong in pha s cp va th cp thanh cac thanh phn, ta co:
+ Cac dong in t hoa TT thun va ngc
1 m
I
&
,
2 m
I
&
cua cac pha se sinh ra
cac s .
C B A
E , E , E
& & &
+ Con dong in t hoa TT khng I
a0
= I
b0
= I
c0
= I
d
/3 tn tai pha th cp
khng c cn bng v I
a0
=I
b0
=I
c0
= 0 se sinh ra
t 0
va s tng i ln.
0 m
E
Phng trnh cn bng in ap pha s cp la:

0 m A 1 A A
E E Z I U
& & & &
=
(5.9)
0 m B 1 B B
E E Z I U
& & & &
=

0 m C 1 C C
E E Z I U
& & & &
=
do va nn: 0 E E E
C B A
= + +
& & &
0 I I I
C B A
= + +
& & &
5
(5.10)
0 m 0 m 0 m C B A
Z I 3 E 3 U U U
& & & & &
= = + +
Khi dy qun ni Y, ta co:

B A AB
U U U
& & &
=
C B BC
U U U
& & &
= (5.11)
A C CA
U U U
& & &
=
Tnh:
) U U ( ) U U ( U U
B A A C AB CA
& & & & & &
=

A C B A
U 3 U U U
& & & &
+ + =
A
B C
'
A
U
&
'
B
U
&

mo ao
Z I
&
'
C
U
&
A
U
&

B
U
&
C
U
&

Hnh 5-4 ien cp khcng cci xung
cc ciem Irung I|nh L xe cch
) U Z I ( 3 U 3 Z I 3
A 0 m 0 A A 0 m 0 m
& & & &
= =
Vy:
0 m 0 a
'
A 0 m 0 a
CA AB
A
Z I U Z I
3
U U
U
& & &
& &
&
+ = +
=
0 m 0 b
'
B 0 m 0 b
AB BC
B
Z I U Z I
3
U U
U
& & &
& &
&
+ = +
= (5.12)
mo co
'
C mo co
BC CA
C
Z I U Z I
3
U U
U
& & &
& &
&
+ = +
=
T th vect hnh 5.4 ta thy : Anh hng cua dong in th t khng lam
cho im trung tnh cua in ap s cp b lch i mt khoang bng
mo ao
Z I
Phng trnh cn bng in ap pha th cp la:
2 a 1 A A a
Z I Z I U U
& & & &
+ =

2 ao 2 a 1 a 1 2 A 1 A Ao mo
'
A
Z ) I I I ( Z ) I I ( I Z U
& & & & & & &
+ + + + + =
V ; va Z
1 1 a A
I I
& &
=
2 2 a A
I I
& &
=
mo
+ Z
o
= Z
to
, cho nn :
to ao n A
'
A a
Z I Z I U U
& & & &
+ = (5.13a)
Cung tng t , ta co :
to bo n B
'
B b
Z I Z I U U
& & & &
+ = (5.13b)
to co n C
'
C c
Z I Z I U U
& & & &
+ = (5.13c)
Ta thy, t cac phng trnh trn chng to rng, do co dong in th t khng
nn im trung tnh th cp mba b lch mt khoang ln hn khoang lch
s cp . Thc t, s khac nhau khng ang k, vi
to ao
Z I
&
mo ao
Z I
&
to mo
Z Z .
Nh vy : s x dch im trung tnh lam :
in ap pha khng i xng bt li cho tai dung in ap pha.
han ch x dch im trung tnh, qui nh :
Dong trong dy trung tng I
d
< 0,25I
m
.
Vi t mba ba pha khng ni Y/Y
o
v Z
mo
qua ln.
Con mba ba pha ba tru ni Y/Y vi S
m
< 6000kVA.
6
2. Trng hp dy qun ni Y
0
/Y
0
va Y
0
/:
Trong trng hp ny dong inh th t khng tn tai ca hai pha s va th va
cn bng nhau nn khng sinh ra t thng
to
va nh vy phng trnh in
ap th cp se nh sau:
to
E
n A
'
A a
Z I U U
& & &
=
n B
'
B b
Z I U U
& & &
= (5.14)
n C
'
C c
Z I U U
& & &
=
V :
d C B A
I I I I
& & & &
= + +
Nn t (5.14) ta suy ra c :
(5.15)
d n c b a
I Z U U U
& & & &
= + +
im trung tnh se b lch mt khoang
n d n ao
Z I Z I
3
1
= . S x dch nay la
khng ang k v Z
n
rt nho.
5.3.2. Kh| khng co dong d|n thu tu khng:
Trng hp nay ng vi cac t ni dy : Y/Y ; /Y ; Y/ ; /. V khng
co dong in th t khng, hn na cac dong in th t thun va ngc pha s
cp va th cp cn bng nhau nn khng cn thit phai phn tch thanh phn lng
i xng ma ch cn dung phng phap thng thng phn tch in ap tng
pha.
Chu y : Khi tai khng i xng, in ap U pha khng bng nhau, nhng v
Z
n
nho nn s khng cn bng v in ap pha va dy la khng nghim trong. Trn
thc t, nu tai khng i xng vi mc phn lng th t ngc va th t thun
khng qua 5% th in ap c xem nh i xng.

5.4. NGN MACH KHNG DI XUNG CUA MBA
Ngn mach khng i xng xay ra khi do s c pha th cp mt pha b ni
tt vi dy trung tnh, hai pha ni tt nhau hoc hai pha ni vi dy trung tnh.
Nhng trng hp k trn co th xem nh la nhng trng hp gii han cua tai
khng i xng. phn tch cac trng hp ngn mach khng i xng, ta cung
ap dung phng phap phn lng i xng noi trn.
Hnh 5.5 trnh bay kt qua phn tch v s phn phi dong in gia cac pha
cua mt s trng hp ngn mach khi khng co dong in th t khng (hnh
5.5a,b,c) va khi co dong in th t khng (hnh 5.5d,e).
7

67%
A
B
C
33%
33%
A
B
C
100%
100%
100%
100%
A
C
B
100%
100%
100%
a
b
c
100%
100%
A
C
o
B

] R R ^
67%
A
B
C
T
33%
33%
67%
33%
33%
a
c
100%
100%
a
c
b
100%
o
a
100%
b
c
100%
100%
100%
100%
a
b
c
Hnh 5.5 Su phcn Lc ccng cien giuc ccc phc khi ngcn mcch
1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Chuong QbA IkNH QbA O IkONG M.8.A

6.1. KHAI NIM CHUNG
Qua trnh qua trong mba la qua trnh mba chuyn t ch xac lp ny
sang ch xac lp khac khi co s thay i mt trong cac ai lng xac nh ch
lam vic cua mba nh : tn s, in ap, phu tai..
Theo yu t dong in ngi ta phn ra : qua dong in va qua in ap.
6.2. QUA DONG IN
Xet qua dong in xay ra trong hai trng hp :
1. ong mba vao li khi khng tai.
2. Ngn mach t nhin.
.2.1. ong mbo voo |uo| kh| khng to|.
Ta thy :
Luc lam vic bnh thng dong in khng tai : I
0
10 % I
m
.
Luc ong mba vao li in : I
0
>> I
m
. V sao ?.
Gia th in ap t vao dy qun s cp (hnh 6.1) luc ong K la:
u
1
= U
1m
sin(t +
0
).

0
: la goc pha cua in ap luc ong mba vao li.
Phng trnh cn bng in ap cua dy qun s la:
u
1
= U
1m
sin(t +
0
) =
dt
d
W i r
1 0 1

+ . (6.1)
Ta thy quan h = f(i
0
) la quan h phi
tuyn. tnh toan n gian, ta gia thit t
l vi i
0
, ngha la :
1
1
0
L
W
i

= .
Hnh .1 S ong mba
vao li in luc khng tai
K
u
1

W
1
W
2
Vi L
1
: h s t cam cua dy qun s.
Vit lai phng trnh (6.1), ta co:

dt
d
L
r
) t sin(
W
U
m

+ = +
1
1
0
1
1
.
2
Giai phng trnh trn, ta co nghim la:
=
.
Thanh phn xac lp cua t thng:

=
m
sin(t +
0
-
2
).
= -
m
cos(t +
0
).
Vi :
2
1
2
1 1
1 1
) L ( r W
U L
m
m
+
= .
Thanh phn t thng t do:

t
L
r
' '
Ce
1
1
= .
Xac nh hng s C vi iu kin t = 0 trong loi thep co t thng d
d
, nn:

t=0
= (
+ )
t=0
= -
m
cos
0
+ C =
d
.
C =
m
cos
0

d
.
Vy : = (
m
cos
0

d
)
t
L
r
e
1
1
.
Ta co, sau khi giai phng trnh :
= -
m
cos(t +
0
) + (
m
cos
0

d
)
t
L
r
e
1
1
.
T phng trnh trn ta thy :
1. iu kin thun li nht khi ong mba vao li in la :

0
=
2
tc in ap u
1
= U
1m
va t thng
d
= 0, luc o:
= -
m
cos(t +
0
) =
m
sint .
tc la xac lp ngay khi ong mba vao li, khng xay ra qua trnh qua .
2. iu kin bt li nht khi ong mba vao li in la :

0
= 0 tc in ap u
1
= 0 va t thng
d
> 0, luc o:
= -
m
cost + (
m
+
d
)
t
L
r
e
1
1
max

t
d

Hnh .2 S bin thin t thng
(t) luc dong mach bt li nht
0
Khi t = th =
max
v r << L
1
.
Nn :
t
L
r
e
1
1
= 1
1
1
L
r
e .
T thng luc ny :

max
2
m
+
d

Vy, t thng
max
> 2
m
luc lam
vic bnh thng, nn luc ny loi thep
m.b.a rt bao hoa va dong t hoa I
0

trong qua trnh qua se rt ln, c
100 ln dong I
0

3
V DU 1 : Luc bnh thng : I
0
= 5%I
m
.
Luc qtrnh qua : I
0
= 5I
m
. Mba b ct khoi li khi ong khng tai.
.2.2. Quo dong d|n kh| ngn moch
y ch xet qua trnh qua t luc bt u xay ra ngn mach n khi thanh
lp ch ngn mach xac lp.
Tnh dong in I
n
qua trnh qua .

x
n r
n
u
1 u
1
i
n
Hnh 6.3 S luc mba b ngn mach

Vi r
n
= r
1
+ r
2
x
n
= x
1
+ x
2
= L
n

Vit phng trnh cn bng in ap :
u
1
= U
1m
sin(t +
n
) =
dt
di
L i r
n
n n n
+ .
Trong o
n
: la goc pha cua in ap luc mba xay ra ngn mach.
Giai phng trnh trn vi iu kin ban u t = 0 th i
n
= 0, ta c :
i
n
= i + i
=
t
L
r
n n n n
n
n
e cos I ) t cos( I

+ + 2 2
vi :
2 2
1
) L ( r
U
I
n n
n
+
= .
Ngn mach xay ra bt li nht khi
n
= 0, vi r
n
<< L
n
.

t
L
r
n n n
n
n
e I t cos I i

+ = 2 2
Dong at gia tr cc ai khi t = , luc o :

xg n
L
r
n xg
K I ) e ( I i
n
n
2 1 2 = + =

Trong o, K
xg
phu thuc vao dung lng mba, mba cang ln th K
xg
cang ln.
Thng K
xg
= 1.2 1.8.
V DU 2 :
Mba cng sut 1000kVA, u
n
% = 6.5, u
nr
% = 1.5, u
nx
% = 6.32.
K
xg
= 1 +
nx
nr
n
n
u
u
L
r
e e
+ =1 = 1.475
Dong in xung bng :
7 22 475 1
100
2 2 . .
% u
K I i
n
xg n xg
= = = ngha la i
xg
= 22.7I
m
.
4
Hai mba :
1. Dy qun nong va b chay cach in.
2. Gy lc c hoc pha kt cu dy qun.
Bao v :
1. Dung relais tac ng nhanh ct ch s c ra khoi mba.
2. Mba b nm cac vong dy bn trong, ngi ta thng dung relais hi,
relais so l ch bao v ct mba ra khoi li.
6.3. QUA IN AP TRONG M.B.A
.3.1. Nguyn nhn gy quo d|n op :

MBA
U
m
U
m
U
m0
0.5U
m
1.2
50

t (s)
U

P
Khi mba lam vic trong li in thng chu nhng in ap xung kch, con
goi la qua in ap, co tr s gp nhiu ln tr s in ap nh mc.
Nguyn nhn gy qua in ap :
1. Thao tac ong ct ng dy hoc cac may in.
2. Ngn mach cham t kem theo h quang.
3. Set anh vao ng dy tai in trn khng va song set truyn n mba.
y la song nguy him nht i vi mba, v co tr s hang triu vn.T
song qua in ap, ta thy :
a. T ni xut hin lan truyn v hai pha vi tc gn bng C.
b. Dang xung khng chu ky vi u song rt dc, con ui bng phng
hn.
c. Thi gian tng t 0 U
m
khoang s (hnh 6.1).
giam bin U
m0
cua song qua in ap ta dung b chng set phong in P
(hnh 6.2), dn in tch cua song xung kch xung t. Ta thy U
m0
la bin
trc chng set rt ln. Sau tac ng cua b chng set, in ap cua song xung kch
giam i nhiu U
m
. Bin sau b chng set U
m
nho hn tr s th bn cach in
cua mba.
Hnh 6.4 Song qua in ap Hnh 6.5 Song qua in ap trc va sau chng set
5
.3.2. Moch d|n thoy th vo phuong trnh v| phn
Tn s song qua in ap (xung kch) la :
Hz . ,
. , .
t T
f
d x
x
x
5
6
10 08 2
10 2 1 4
1
4
1 1
2
= = = =
=

Thanh lp s thay th :
Goi : C
d
la in dung gia cac phn t cua dy qun vi nhau.
C
q
la in dung gia cac phn t cua dy qun vi t.
Khi qua in ap dung khang x
c
<< r, x
L
nn bo qua r, x
L
v f
x
rt ln.

Hnh . S thay th cua
dy qun mba khi co qua
in ap
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
C
q
C
d
r, x
l
A
X

Ta thy in dung co thng s rai gm n vong dy:
in dung doc toan phn :
n
C
C /
C
'
d
d
d
= =
1
1
.
in dung ngang toan phn :
'
q
'
q q
nC C C = =

Khi ly dai cua dq la mt n v, i vi mt nguyn t nho cua dq co
dai dx co th tm c in dung ngang C
q
dx va tham s vi phn ngang Kdx, trong
o K=1/C
d
.
i vi in tch ngang nguyn t Kdx :
Kdx
du
Q
x
x
= (6.1)
in ap trn in dung :
dx C
dQ
u
q
x
x
= (6.2)
Thay (6.1) vao (6.2), ta co : 0
2
2
=
x
d
q
x
u
C
C
dx
u d

Giai pt trn ta c nghim dang:
x x
x
e D e D u

+ =
2 1
vi la nghim cua pt c trng :
d
q
d
q
C
C
C
C
= = 0
2
.
Dung iu kin bin vi dy qun ni t :
X A
C
d
C
q
6
1. khi x =1
m
x x
x
U e D e D u = + =

2 1
2. khi x = 0 0
2 1
= + =
x x
x
e D e D u
Ta tm c :
=
sh
x sh
U u
m x
(6.3)
Trng hp dy qun khng ni t, ta cung co :
=
ch
x ch
U u
m x
. (6.4)
.3.3. Su phn b d|n op bon du doc dy qun:
Ve cac quan h (6.3) va (6.4), ta c s phn b in ap ban u :

Hnh . S phn b in ap ban u doc dy qun.
a/. Khi ni t. b/. Khi khng ni t.

=5
=10
U
m
1

1

.4

.2

.2
.4

.6

.6

.8

Ta thy :
= 0 s phn b in ap ban u doc theo dy qun u : u
x
= xU
m
.
cang ln s phn b in ap ban u doc theo dy qun khng u, ma
tp trung chu yu vao u dy qun.
> 5 s phn b in ap khng phu thuc vao s ni t hay khng.
V rng gian thay th mba gm r, L, C hnh thanh, nn mt loat nhng
mach vong dao ng va qtq t in ap ban u n in ap cui cung mi im
cua dy qun u mang c tnh dao ng. Do tn hao trn in tr cac dao ng
se tt dn. Bin dao ng va qua in ap xut hin khi o tng ln vi s tng
v khac nhau gia phn b in ap u va cui.
giam nguy him do dao ng o cn giam n mc co th. Giam se
tng kch thc mba nh vy se tng gia thanh, ngha la khng thc hin c.
.8

0
A
X

(a)

=0
U
m
=1
=0
=5
=10
1
1

.2

.8

.6

.2

.4

.8

.6

.4

0

X
A
(b)

7
Bao v mba khoi qua in ap :
1. Tng cng cach in u va cui dy qun.
2. Tao ra in dung man chn tnh in, di dang nhng vong kim loai h
co boc cach in.

] R R ^

1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Chuong 7
MAY 8IN AF C 8II

7.1. MBA BA DY QUN
Mba ba dy qun la mba co mt dy qun s va hai dy qun th, dung cung
cp in cho cac li in co in ap khac nhau, ng vi cac t s bin i :

2
1
2
1
12
W
W
U
U
k = = ;
3
1
3
1
13
W
W
U
U
k = = (7.1)

3

1

2

2

1 3
2
U
&

1
U
&

3
U
&
2
I
&
1
I
&

3
I
&
Hnh 7.1 MLc Lc ccy ucn
I

u im cua mba ba dy qun so vi mba hai dy qun :
1. Gia thanh san xut re hn mba hai dy qun.
2. Mt bng chim ch be hn.
3. Lin tuc truyn tai nng lng t dy qun s sang hai dy qun th hoc
truyn t dy qun th ny sang dy qun th khac.
4. Tn tht nng lng be hn mba 2 dy qun khoang chng hai ln.
Khuyt im cua mba ba dy qun so vi mba hai dy qun :
1. tin cy cua mba 3 dy qun be hn mba 2 dy qun v ...
2. Vic b tr u ra cua mba 3 dy qun phc tap hn mba 2 dy qun.
Cung nh may bin ap hia dy qun, ngi ta ch tao mat bin ap ba dy
qu n theo kiu t may bin ap ba pha hoc may bin ap ba pha ba tru, mi pha t
2
ba dy qun nh hnh 7.1. Tiu chun t ni dy mba 3 dy qun Y
0
/Y
0
/-12-11 va
t mba 3pha hay mba 3pha ba tru Y
0
//-11-11.
Theo qui nh tiu chun v cng sut ch tao mba 3 dy qun:
S
1m
/S
1m
S
2m
/S
1m
S
3m
/S
1m
.
1 1 1
1 1 2/3
1 2/3 2/3
(1 2/3 1)
7.1.1. Fhuong trnh co bon, so d thoy th, d th| vecto cuo mbo 3 dy qun.
Qua trnh in t trong mba 3 dy qun c m ta mh mba 2 dy qun, tt ca
cac ai lng cua hai dy qun th 2, 3 quy i v s vong cua dy qun s:

1
2
2 2
W
W
I I
'
= ;
1
3
3 3
W
W
I I
'
= ;
2
1
2 2
W
W
U U
'
= ;
3
1
3 3
W
W
U U
'
=
Cung nh mba 2dy qun, dong t hoa mba3dy qun rt nho c xac nh :
(7.2) 0
0 3 2 1
= + + I I I I
' '
& & & &
S h cam : vi Z
0 2 1
I Z E E
m
'
& & &
= =
m
= r
m
+ jx
m
.
S tan trong mi dy qun: ; ; .
'
I jx E
1 1 1
& &
=
' ' '

I jx E
2 2 2
& &
=
' ' '

I jx E
3 3 3
& &
=
Vi dong cn bng h cam :

1 0 1 1
I I I I
'
& & & &
=
in khang : x
1
, x
2
, x
3
la in khang tan tng ng cua dy qun, c tm
thy khi co tnh n anh hng cua cac dy qun khac. (Ngu hp t thng tan).
Phng trnh cn bng in ap cua mba ba dy qun :

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I Z E I r E E U
& & & & & &
+ = + =

. (7.3)
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
I Z E I r E E U
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
& & & & & &
= + =

.
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
I Z E I r E E U
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
& & & & & &
= + =

Hnh 7.2 Sc cc Ihcy Ihe mLc 3 ccy uc n

1
U
&

2
U
& 3
U
&
Z
1 Z
2
Z
m
Z
3
1
I
&

0
I
&
'
I
2
& '
I
3
&

3
Tng tr nhanh t hoa Z
m
tm c bng tnh toan hoc th nghim.
Cac tng tr Z
1
,Z
2
,Z
3
, c xac nh t th nghim ngn mach (hnh 7.3) nh:
Z
n12
= Z
1
+ Z
2
= r
n12
+ jx
n12

Z
n13
= Z
1
+ Z
3
= r
n13
+ jx
n13
(7.4)
Z
n23
= Z
2
+ Z
3
= r
n23
+ jx
n23
.
Giai h phng trnh ta tm c :Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
3
.
Z
1
=
2
1
(Z
n12
+ Z
n13
- Z
n23
);
Z
2
=
2
1
(Z
n12
+ Z
n23
- Z
n13
); (7.5)
Z
3
=
2
1
(Z
n13
+ Z
n23
- Z
n12
).

U
n
Z
1
Z
3

Z
2

U
n
Z
1
Z
3
Z
2
U
n
Z
1
Z
3

Z
2

U
n
U
n
U
n
1
1

2
3
2
3
1

2

3

Hnh 7.3 Sc cc vc mcch cien Ihcy Ihe khi Ih| nghiem

T th vect cua mba ba dy
qun (hnh 7.4), ta thy U
2
khng
nhng phu thuc vao I
2
ma con phu
thuc vao I
3
. Va U
3
khng nhng phu
thuc vao I
3
ma con phu thuc vao I
2
.
giam anh hng ny ta cn
giam tng tr Z
1
bng cach t cun
dy 1 vao gia 2 dy qun 2 va 3, luc
o x
1
co th co gia tr m.

ngcn mcch mLc Lc ccy uc n
Hnh 7-4 c Ih vecIc mLc 3 ccy ucn
jx
1
I
1
jx
2
I
2
-E
2
r
2
I
2
U
2
-I
3
-I
2 I
1
I
0
U
3

4
7.1.2. thoy d| d|n op thu cp mbo bo dy qun.
Dy qun 1 va 2 :
dm
'
dm
*
U
U U
U
1
2 1
12
= .
= u
nr*12
cos
2
+ u
nx*12
sin
2
+ u
nr*(3)
cos
3
+ u
nx*(3)
sin
3
(7.6)
Trong o:

dm
'
n
* nr
U
I r
u
1
2 12
12
= ;
dm
'
n
* nx
U
I x
u
1
2 12
12
= ;
dm
'
) ( * nr
U
I r
u
1
3 1
3
= ;
dm
'
) ( * nx
U
I x
u
1
3 1
3
= ;
Dy qun 2 va 3 :
dm
'
dm
*
U
U U
U
1
3 1
13
= .
= u
nr*13
cos
3
+ u
nx*13
sin
3
+ u
nr*(2)
cos
2
+ u
nx*(2)
sin
2
.(7.7)
Trong o:

dm
'
n
* nr
U
I r
u
1
3 13
13
= ;
dm
'
n
* nx
U
I x
u
1
3 13
13
= ;
dm
'
) ( * nr
U
I r
u
1
2 1
2
= ;
dm
'
) ( * nx
U
I x
u
1
2 1
2
= ;
I
2
, I
3
: dong in tai.
cos
2
,cos
3
: h s cng sut.
7.2. MAY BIN AP T NGU.
Mba t ngu la loai mba ma o ngoai s lin h v t con co s lin h trc
tip vi nhau v in gia dy qun s cp va dy qun th cp .
Hnh 7.5 Sc cc cuc mLc Iu ngcu mcI phc

U
CA
E
2
I
2
E
1
I
1
U
HA
I
CA
U
CA
E
2
I
2
E
1
I
1
U
HA
I
CA
I
HA
A X
a x
I
HA
x a

A
X

I
CA
Ni ngc (b)
U
CA
U
HA
I
HA
I
CA
x
a
A
X
E
1
I
1
E
2
I
2
U
1
U
2
a

Ni thun (a)
U
CA
U
HA
E
2
I
2
U
2
I
HA
x
A
E
1
I
1
U
1
X
5
Hnh 7.4 trnh bay hai kiu ni dy cua mba t ngu : Ni thun hnh 7.5a va
ngc 7.5b
Ta thy cng sut truyn tai cua mba t ngu gm hai thanh phn :
1. Truyn qua nh t trng trong loi thep.
2. Truyn dn trc tip.
Dung lng thit k mba t ngu la dung lng truyn dn nh t trng:
S
tk
= E
1
I
1
= E
2
I
2
(7.8)
Dung lng mba t ngu truyn qua luc vn hanh thc t :
S
ttai
= U
CA
I
CA
= U
HA
I
HA
(7.9)
T s bin i n ap cua mba TN:
K
I
I
E
E
U
U
= = =
1
2
2
1
2
1
(7.10)
T s bin i n ap cua li in :
K
I
I
U
U
CA
HA
HA
CA
= = thng K< 2.5. (7.11)
Xet trng hp ni thun (hnh a):

K I U
I ) U U (
I U
I E
S
S
CA CA
CA HA CA
CA CA ai tt
tk
1
1
2 2
=
= = (7.12)
Xet trng hp ni ngc (hnh b):
1
1
1
2 2
= =
= = K K )
K
(
I U
I ) U U (
I U
I E
S
S
CA CA
HA HA CA
CA CA ai tt
tk
(7.13)
Nh vy kiu ni thun co li hn nn c dung trong thc t.
Cng dung cua mba TN :
1. Mba t ngu dung lin lac gia cac h thng in co cac cp in ap
khac nhau trong h thng in nh : 110-220; 220-500; 330-750 kV.
2. Mba t ngu dung m may cac ng c khng ng b cng sut ln.
3. Mba t ngu dung rng rai lam ngun cho cac thit b in sinh hoat.
4. Mba t ngu dung ca c phong th nghim thay i in ap lin tuc.
u nhc im cua mba t ngu :
u im :
1. Mba t ngu ch ta o re hn mba 2 dy qun cung cng sut.
2. Luc vn hanh tn hao trong mba t ngu cung nho hn:
)
k
(
S
p
S
p
tke ttai
1
1 =

ngha la tn hao ch con (
k
1
1 ) so vi mba 2 dy
qun.
6
3. in ap u
n
cua mba tn nho con (
k
1
1 ) so vi mba 2 dy qun cung
cng sut.
4. Sut ap trong mba t ngu nho v u
n
nho.
Nhc im :
1. V u
n
nho nn dong in I
n
tng i ln.
2. Khi vn hanh vi li in trung tnh mba t ngu phai ni t nu
khng se khng an toan.
3. Mba t ngu yu cu cach in cao hn mba thng.
7.3. MAY BIN AP O LNG
7.3.1. Moy b|n d|n op
May bin in ap (hnh 7.6a) dung bin in ap cao thanh in ap nho o
lng va iu khin. Cng sut may bin in ap 251000VA.
May bin in ap co dy qun s ni vi li in va dy qun th ni vi Vn
met, cun dy ap cua Watt k, cun dy cua cac rle bao v, hoc cac thic b iu
khin khac (hnh 7.6b). Cac loai dung cu ny co tng tr Z rt l n nn may bin
in ap xem nh lam vic ch khng tai, do o sai s v tr s nho va bng :
100
1
1
2
1
2
U
U
W
W
U
% U
= (7.14)
Goc
u
gia U
1
va U
2
(hnh 7.6c) cung nho.

u
U
1
U
2
Hnh 7. Mcy Lien cien cp

(a)
U
1
U
2
A X
a x
(b)
V
W
(c)

7
Cp chnh xac va sai s cua mba :
Cp chnh xac 0.5 1 3
Sai s U 0.5% 1% 3%
Sai s
u
20 40 K
0
qui nh
Chu y : Khi s dung mba khng c ni tt mach th cp v ni tt mach th
cp tng ng ni t t mach s cp ngha la gy s co ngn mach li in.
7.3.2. Moy b|n dong d|n :
May bin dong in dung bin dong in ln thanh dong in nho o
lng bng cac dung cu o tiu chun va iu khin.
Cng sut May bin dong in : 5100VA.
May bin dong in (hnh 7.7a) co dy qun s gm t vong dy mc ni ti p
vi mach cn o dong va dy qun th gm nhiu vong dy ni vi ampe met, cun
dy dong cua Watt met, cun dy cua cac rle bao v, hoc cac thic b iu khin
khac (hnh 7.7b). Cac loai dung cu ny co tng tr Z rt be nn may bin dong in
lam vic trang thai ngn mach, khi o loi thep may bin dong in khng bao hoa
va = (0.81)Wb, do o sai s o lng v tr s nho va bng :
100
1
1
1
2
2
I
I
W
W
I
% i
= (7.15)
Goc
i
gia I
1
va I
2
(hnh 7.7c) cung nho.

i
I
1
I
2
Hnh 7.7 Mcy Lie n ccng cien

(a)
I
1
I
2
A W
(b) (c)
8
Cp chnh xac va sai s cua may bin dong in :
Cc xac 0.2 0.5 1 3 10
Ss I 0.2% 0.5% 1% 3% 10%
S.s
i
10 40 80 K qui nh
Chu y : Khi s dung may bin dong in khng c d dy qun th h mach
v nh vy dong t hoa I
0
= I
1
rt ln va loi thep bao hoa nghim trong se nong ln
lam chay dy qun, hn na t thng bng u se sinh ra s nhon u dy qun
th co th xut hin in ap cao hang nghn vn lam cho dy qun th va ngi s
dung khng an toan.
7.4. MAY BIN AP HAN H QUANG
Khe h khng kh
Hnh 7.8 Sc cc mcy Lien c p hcn hc ucng
U
1
K
La loai may bin ap c bit dung han bng phng phap h quang in.
May c ch tao co in khang tan ln va cun dy th cp ni vi in khang
ngoai K han ch dong in han. V th ng c tnh han rt dc, phu hp vi
yu cu han in (hnh 7.8).
Cun dy s cp ni vi ngun in, cun dy th cp mt u ni vi cun
in khang K ri ni ti que han, con u kia ni vi tm kim loai c n han.
May bin ap lam vic
ch ngn mach ngn han
dy qun th cp. in ap
th cp nh mc cua may
bin ap han thng la 60
70V. Khi d que han vao
tm kim loai, se co dong
in ln chay qua lam nong
ch tip xuc. Khi nhc que
han cach tm kim loai mt khoang nho, v cng in trng ln lam ion hoa
cht kh, sinh h quang va toa nhit lng ln lam nong chay ch han.
iu chnh dong in han, co th thay i s vong dy cua dy qun th cp
may bin ap han hoc thay i in khang ngoai bng cach thay i khe h khng
kh cua loi thep K.

]R R^
1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Phn II NHNG VN CHUNG
CUA MAY IN XOAY CHIU

Chuong 8
MACH I0 LbC KHONG IAI

8.1. AI CNG.
T trng trong may in la sinh ra s va mmen in t. Trong hu ht
may in hin nay, t trng luc khng tai u do dong in mt chiu chay qua
dy qun kch thch t trn cc t sinh ra.
Muc ch cua vic nghin cu mach t luc khng tai cua may in mt chiu
hay cac may in khac nh may in khng ng b, may in ng b ... la xac
nh st cn thit tao ra t thng khe h u sinh ra trong dy qun phn
ng mt s va mmen in t theo yu cu thit k. Trong chng ny se trnh
bay cach tnh toan cu th mach t may in mt chiu. Phng phap ny co tnh
tng quat nn cung co th ng dung tnh toan mach t cua cac loai may in
quay khac.
11.1.1. Iu truong chnh vo tu truong ton.
Hnh 8.1 Xcc cnh Iu Irucng mc y cien mcI chieu
Trong may in, cac cc t co
cc tnh khac nhau c b tr xen
ke nhau. T thng i t cc bc N
qua khe h va vao phn ng ri tr
v hai cc nam N nm k bn. T
hnh 8.1 ta thy, ai b phn t
thng di mi cc t i qua khe h
vao phn ng, co mt phn rt nho
2
t thng khng qua phn ng ma trc tip qua cac cc t bn canh, gng t, np
may ... Phn t thng i vao phn ng goi la t thng chnh hay t thng khe h
0
. T thng ny cam ng s trong dy qun khi phn ng quay va tac dung vi
dong in trong dy qun sinh ra momen. y la phn chu yu cua t thng cc
t
C
.
Phn t thng khng i qua phn ng goi la t thng tan
. No khng cam
ng s va sinh ra mmen trong phn ng song no vn tn tai lam cho bao hoa
t cua cc t va gng t tng ln.
Vy t thng cua cc t bng:

0
0
0 0 c
) 1 ( =
+ = + =

(8.1)
trong o
0
1
+ =

h s tan t cua cc t chnh. Thng = 1,15 1,28.
11.1.2. Std cn th|t d s|nh ro tu thng.
Cn phai co st F
0
sinh ra t thng chnh
0
. St ny do s ampe vong trn
i cc t cua may in sinh ra. Theo nh lut toan dong in, ta co:

=
L
Wi Hdl
Ap dung nh lut ny vao mt i cc t cua may (hnh 8.1), ta co:

= = l . H Wi F
0

= 2H
+ 2H
r
.h
r
+ H
.l
+ 2H
c.
l
c
+ H
g
l
g
.
= F
+ F
r
+ F
+ F
c
+ F
g
(8.2)
trong o, cac ch nho , r, , c, g ch khe h, rng, phn ng, cc t va gng t; h -
ch chiu cao va l - ch chiu dai.
Cng t trng c tnh theo cng thc:

=
B
H (8.3)
trong o:
S
B

= t cam trn cac oan
mach t. Con , S va ln lc la
t thng, tit din va h s t thm
cua cac oan mach t. Trong khng
kh = 4.10
-7
H/m, con trong loi
thep th khng phai la hng s, v
vy tm trc tip H theo ng cong t hoa cua vt liu B = f(H).
Hnh 8.2 Xcc cnh :Ic Ircng mcy cien mcI chie u

3
8.2. TNH ST KHE H F

St khe h bng:

=

k B
2
F
0
(8.4)
trong o:

o
= 4.10
-7
H/m h s t thm cua khng kh;
B
t cam khe h khng kh ng vi t thng chnh

0
nao o : (theo
bang).

=
l
B
0
(8.5)
vi:
la h s tnh toan cua cunh cc t;
= b
c
/ = 0,62-0,72.
la bc cc t.
l
la chiu dai tnh toan cua phn ng.

) ( , l l 5 0 l
t
=
(8.6)
l
t
- chiu dai cc t theo truc.
l - chiu dai loi st phn ng khng tnh ranh thng gio.
l = l
1
- n
g
.b
g
(8.7)
Con l
1
chiu dai thc loi st; n
g
,b
g
s ranh va b rng ranh thng gio
k
h s khe h lin quan n rng ranh, co th tnh theo cng thc sau:

+
+
=
10 b
10 t
k
1 r
1
(8.8)
vi t
1
va b
r1
la bc rng va b rng cua nh rng.
8.3. TNH ST RNG F
Z

Tnh chnh xac:
Tnh gn ung:
T cam tnh toan cua rng B
rx
cao x cua rng co th tnh nh sau:

c 1 rx
1
rx
t
rx
k l b
t l B
S
B

=
= (8.9)
t
1
x
b
Zx
b
Z2
b
rx
b
r2
1

2

3

h
Z

Hnh 8.3 Xcc cnh :Ic rcng

trong o:

t
= B
t
1
t thng i qua mt bc rng t
1
.
l
, l
1
- chiu dai tnh toan va chiu dai thc
cua loi st.
b
rx
- chiu rng cua rng cao x.
k
c
- h s ep cht.
t
1
- bc rng cua phn ng.
Trong thc t tnh toan st rng, ch cn
4
tnh H ba im trn chiu cao cua rng tit din trn, gia va di cua no la
H
r1
, H
r.tb
, H
r2
.
Tr s tnh toan cua cng t trng trung bnh:
) H H 4 H (
6
1
H
2 r tb . r 1 r r
+ + = (8.10)
St rng i vi mt i cc t bng:
F
r
= 2H
r
h
r
(8.11)
Thng n gian hn, ta ch xac nh t cam B va cng t trng H
tit din cach chn rng la h
z
/3 lam tr s trung bnh tnh toan, ta co:

r
3
1
z
r
h H 2 F = (8.12)
8.4. TNH ST LNG PHN NG
T cam lng phn ng:

c 1
o
k l h 2 S
B

=
= (8.13)
trong o:

=
0
/2 t thng phn ng.
S
= h
l
1
k
c
tit din lng phn ng.
h
chiu cao phn ng.

T B ta tm c H theo ng cong t hoa B = f(H).
St trn lng phn ng:
F
= H
(8.14)
8.5. TNH ST TRN CC T VA GNG T
T thng di cc t:

c
=
0
t
(8.15)
T thng trong gng t:

g
=
2
1
c
=
2
1
t
(8.16)
T cam cc t va gng t:

c
c
c
S
B

= va
g
c
g
S 2
B

= (8.17)
trong o: S
c
, S
g
la tit din cc t va gng t.
T ng cong t hoa cua vt liu ch tao cc t va gng t, ta tm c cng
t trng cc t H
c
va gng t H
g
.
5
St trn cc t va gng t:
F
c
= 2H
c
h
c
va F
g
= H
g
l
g
(8.18)
Trong o: h
c
chiu cao cc t ; l
g
chiu dai trung bnh cua gng t.
8.6. NG CONG T HOA
Mun co t thng
0
cn co st kch t F
0
. Quan h
0
= f(F
0
) la quan h cua
ng cong t hoa cua may in (hnh 8.4).
Do s luc khng tai E
0
t l thun vi t thng
0
va dong in kch t I
t
t l
thun vi st F
0
, nn dang cua ng cong t hoa
0
= f(F
0
) cung chnh la dang
cua c tnh khng tai.
Khi t thng tng ln loi st bao hoa, nn ng cong t hoa nghing v bn
phai. Keo dai phn ng thng
cua ng cong t hoa ta c
quan h
0
= f(F
). Khi
0
=
0

nh mc th st khe h bng
oan ab con oan bc la s.t.
ri trn cac phn st cua mach
t.
a
b c
0
F
0
F
0
F

Hnh 8.4 ucng Iu hcc cuc mcy cien mcI chieu

Lp t s:

ab
ac
F
F
k
o
= =
(8.19)
k
- h s bao hoa cua mach t,

thng bng t 1,11,35.

]R R^

1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Chuong
DY QbN MAY IN XOAY CHIb

9.1. KHAI NIM CHUNG
Dy qun cua may in quay c b tr hai bn khe h trn loi thep cua
phn tnh hoc cua phn quay. No la b phn chnh thc hin s bin i nng
lng c in trong may. Mt cach tng quat co th chia dy qun may in quay
ra lam hai loai : dy qun phn cam (dy qun kch t ); dy qun phn ng.
Dy qun phn cam co nhim vu sinh ra t trng khe h luc khng tai. T
trng nay trong cac may in quay thng co cc tnh thay i (hinh 9.1 va 9.2),
ngha la b tr cc N va S xen ke nhau.

Dy qun phn ng co nhim vu cam ng c mt s nht nh khi co
chuyn ng tng i trong t trng khe h va tao ra st cn thit cho s bin
i nng lng c in. Ro rang rng nu t trng khe h co cc tnh thay i th
s cam ng la s xoay chiu.
N
N
S S
Stator
Rotor
S N S N
Hnh .1 Dcy ucn k|ch Iu ucn Icp Irung cuc mcy cien ccng Lc
2

Nu cac cc t N va S xen ke nhau quanh khe h, dy qun phn ng c
hnh thanh t t hp cac
bi dy (phn t) vi
nhau. Mi bi dy cua
dy qun xp (hnh
9.3a) hoc dy qun
song (hnh 9.3b) gm
co N vong dy. Cac
phn ab, cd c t
trong ranh cua loi thep
goi la ca c canh tac
dung, con ad, bc nm
ngoai ranh goi la phn
u ni.

Yu cu cua dy qun:
N S
Hnh .2 Dcy ucn k|ch Iu ucn rci cu c mcy cien ccng Lc
N
S
Stator
Rotor
y
b
a
c
d
(a)
y
b
a
c
d
(b)
Hnh .3. 8ci ccy. c) Dcy ucn xep: L) Dcy ucn :c ng
i vi dy kch t th tao ra t trng hnh sin khe h, con dy qun
phn ng am bao co s va dong in tng ng vi cng sut in t
cua may.
Kt cu dy qun phai n gian.
t tn nguyn vt liu.
B v c, in, nhit, hoa.
Lp rap va sa cha d dang.
3
.1.1. Coc do| |uong dc trung cuo dy qun moy d|n xooy ch|u
1. Bc cc:
Bc cc la khoang cach gia hai cc t lin tit nhau.

p 2
Z
= /s ranh/.
Trong o, Z la s ranh, 2p s cc t.
2. Bc dy qun y :
Bc dy qun y
1
la khoang cach gia hai canh tac dung cua mt phn t.
=
p 2
Z
y /s ranh/.
Vy y
1
phai la s nguyn. Co cac trng hp:
= = y 0 dy qun bc u.
> > y 0 dy qun bc dai.
< < y 0 dy qun bc ngn.
Mun co s cam ng trong phn t dy qun ln nht e
pt.max
th y =
3. Bc tng i :
Bc tng i la t s gia y va .

=
y

Trong o, = 1 dy qun bc u.
> 1 dy qun bc dai.
< 1 dy qun bc ngn.
4. S ranh cua mt pha di mt cc t :

p m
Z
q
2
= /s ranh/.
Trong o, m la s pha; con q co th la s nguyn, cung co th la phn s.
5. Goc in gia hai ranh canh nhau :

Z
. p
p / Z
360 360
= = / in/
6. Vung pha cua dy qun:
/ in/. = q
4
.1.2. Fhn |oo| dy qun moy d|n xooy ch|u:
1. Phn theo s lp trong ranh:
+ Dy qun mt
lp : Hnh 9.4 la dy qun
mt lp, trong mt ranh ch
t mt canh tac dung. Nh
vy s phn t cua dy
qun :
Hnh .4 Dcy ucn mcI |cp

2
Z
S =
trong o S la s phn t; Z
la s ranh.

+ Dy qun hai
lp: Hnh 9.5 la dy qun
hai lp, mt ranh t hai
canh tac dung cua hai phn
t khac nhau. Nh vy s
phn t :
Hnh .5 Dcy ucn hci |cp
Z S =
2. Phn theo s pha.
Dy qun
mt pha.
Dy qun hai pha.
Dy qun ba pha.
3. Phn theo bc dy qun.
Dy qun bc u.
Dy qun bc dai.
Dy qun bc ngn.
4. Phn theo cach ni cac phn t.
Dy qun xp.
Dy qun song.
5. Phn theo hnh dang phn t dy qun.
Dy qun ng khun.
Dy qun ng tm.
Dy qun phn tan ...
5
hiu ro cach ni ca c phn t dy qun ta dung s khai trin. S khai
trin la s nhn c bng cach ct phn ng bng mt ng thng song song
vi truc may ri trai no ra trn mt mt phng.
9.2. DY QUN BA PHA CO q LA S NGUYN.
.2.1. Dy qun mt |op:
Xet s khai trin dy qun mt lp cua may in xoay chiu co s liu sau:
Z = 24; 2p = 4; m =3.
Ve hinh sao sdd cua cac ranh va phn tu:
+ Tnh cac ai lng c trng cua dy qun:

0
0 0
30
24
360 . 2
Z
360 p
= = = ( in)
2
2 . 3 . 2
24
mp 2
Z
q = = =
6
4
24
p 2
Z
= = =
6 y = =
( in)
0 0
60 2 . 30 q . = = =

(a) (b)
+ Ta thy:
Canh tac dung th 112 hnh thanh hnh sao s, cac tia lch pha nhau 30
0
,
i cc t th nht (hnh 9.6a).
Canh tac dung th 1324 hnh thanh hnh sao s, i cc t th hai, do co
v tr ging nhau trong t trng, nn hoan toan trung vi hnh sao cua i cc t
th nht.
Hnh . Hinh :cc :cc rcnh {c) vc phcn Iu {L)
6
c mt cung = 60
0
xac nh c vung pha, t o ta bit c canh tac
dung cua tng pha.
+ Cach ni dy qun: y = 6, va ni nh sau:
Pha A: (1-7), (2-8); (13-19), (14-20).
Pha B: (5-11), (6-12); (17-23), (18-24).
Pha C: (9-15), (10-16); (21-3), (22-4).
So d khai trin dy qun:

T s khai trin ta thy:
+ Mi pha co hai nhom phn t dy qun.
+ Mi nhom co q phn t dy qun.
+ Cac phn t cua mt nhom phai mc ni tip nhau.(Khng song song ?)
+ Cac nhom co th mc ni ti p hoc mc song song phu thuc vao in
ap.
+ Dy qun gm cac phn t co kch thc ging nhau goi la dy qun
ng khun (hnh 8.6).
A
1
X
1
A
2
X
2
B
1
C
1

1

2

3

4

5

7

8

1
0

1
1

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
5

1

1
7

1
8

1

2
0

2
1

2
2

2
3

2
4
Hnh .7 Dcy ucn ccng khucn

Xac djnh sdd cua mt pha:
Cng cac vect thuc pha o lai.
Ta nhn thy rng tr s s cua mt pha khng phu thuc th t ni cac
canh tac dung thuc pha o. V du pha A co th ni cac canh tac dung theo th t
(1-8), (2-7) di i cc t th nht va (13-20), (14-19) di i cc t th hai.
Nh vy ta co th ni cac canh tac dung cua cac phn t cac pha theo th t sau:
Pha A: (1-8), (2-7); (13-20), (14-19).
Pha B: (5-12), (6-11); (17-24), (18-23).
Pha C: (9-16), (10-15); (21-4), (22-3).
7
Vi cach ni dy qun nh trn, ta co s khai trin dy qun hnh 9.8

T hnh 9.8, ta thy:
A
1
X
1
A
2
X
2
B
1
C
1

1

2

3

4

5

7

8

1
0

1
1

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
5

1

1
7

1
8

1

2
0

2
1

2
2

2
3

2
4
Hnh .8 Dcy ucn ccng Icm

Cac bi dy ging nh nhng vong tron ng tm goi la dy qun ng
tm.
y la dy qun d t ng hoa trong qua trnh t dy qun vao ranh.
Khi thc hin dy qun ng tm phai be phn u ni mi nhom ln
chung khng chng cheo nhau.
Cac kiu dy qun ng tm, ng khun goi la dy qun tp trung v cac
nhom phn t tp trung di cac cc t nht nh.

Co th ni cac canh tac dung cua cac phn t theo th t khac la (2-7), (8-13)
va (14-19), (20-1). Nh vy ta co th ni cac canh tac dung cua ca c phn t cac
pha theo th t sau :
A

X

B

Hnh . Dcy ucn phcn Ic n

1

2

3

4

5

7

8

1
0

1
1

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
5

1

1
7

1
8

1

2
0

2
1

2
2

2
3

2
4
8
Pha A: (2-7), (8-13); (14-19), (20-1).
Pha B: (6-11), (12-17); (18-23), (24-5).
Pha C: (10-15), (16-21); (22-3), (4-9).
Vi cach ni trn ta c s khai trin hinh 9.9 goi la dy qun phn tan.
.2.2. Dy qun ho| |op
Co hai loai : dy qun xp va dy qun song.
u im : Lam bc ngn cai thin dang song s.
Nhc im: Lng dy va sa cha kho khn.
a/ Dy qun xp:
Xet dq xp hai lp co: Z=24; 2p=4; m=3.

0
0 0
30
24
360 2 360
= = =
.
Z
p
in
Hnh .10 Hinh :cc :cc rcnh
2
2 3 2
24
2
= = =
. . mp
Z
q
6
4
24
2
= = =
p
Z

6
5
5
1
1
=
= =
y
; y
in
0 0
60 2 . 30 q . = = =
+ Ve hnh sao s cac phn t.
T hnh sao s, ta thy:
Cac phn t lch pha nhau mt goc 30
0
. T hnh 9.10, ta thy :
+ Pha a co cac phn t: 1,2,7,8; 13,14,19,20.
+ Pha a co cac phn t: 5,6,11,12; 17,18,23,24.
+ Pha a co cac phn t: 9,10,15,16; 21,22,3,4.
Cach ni ca c pha: y
1
= 5
Pha A: lp trn: 1 2 7 8 13 14 19 20
Lp di: 6 7 12 13 18 19 24 1
Pha B: lp trn: 5 6 11 12 17 18 23 24
Lp di: 10 11 15 17 22 23 4 5
Pha C: lp trn: 9 10 15 16 21 22 3 4
Lp di: 14 15 20 21 2 3 8 9
Ve s khai trin: Ve cho pha a con pha b va c ve tng t
Ta thy:
+ Do q = 2 nn mi cc t co hai phn t.
9
+ Cac phn t trong mi nhom phai mc ni tip nhau.
+ Cac nhom co th mc song song hoc ni tip phu thuc in ap.
+ S nhanh song song nhiu nht bng s cc t (n 2p).

1
A

B

C X

Hnh .11 Dcy ucn xep hci |cp Lucc ngcn

1

2

3

4

5

7

8

1
0

1
1

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
5

1

1
7

1
8

1

2
0

2
1

2
2

2
3

2
4

b/ Dy qun song : vi Z = 18, 2p = 4, m = 3. Hnh 9.12.

Hnh .12 Dcy ucn :c ng hci |cp Lucc ngcn

1
A
1
A
2

X
2
X
1
1

2
0

2
1

2
2

2
3

2
4

1

2

3

4

5

7

8

1
0
1
1

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
5
1
1
7
1
8

9.3. DY QUN CO q LA PHN S
S phn t cua mt pha di mt cc t:
d
c
b
d
a
mp
Z
q + = = =
2

Ta thy:
+ S phn t cua mt pha di cac cc t khng u nhau.
+ Nhom co nhiu phn t goi la nhom ln: (b1) phn t.
10
+ Nhom co t phn t goi la nhom nho: b phn t.
+ Di d cc t co c nhom ln va (d-c) nhom nho.
Xet v du : Ve gian khai trin dy qun co Z = 18; 2p = 4 ; m = 3.

0
0 0
40
18
360 2 360
= = =
.
Z
p
in

2
1
1
2
3
2 3 2
18
mp 2
Z
q + = = = =
. .

0 0
60
2
3
40 = = = . q . in
5 4
4
18
2
.
p
Z
= = = ; 4 y =
Vy a = 3; d = 2; b = c = 1.
Nhom ln co b+1 = 2 phn t .
Nhom nho co b = 1 phn t.
Phn vung pha:
Pha a: 1,2,6, 10,11,15; Pha b: 4,5,9, 13,14,18; Pha c: 7,8,3, 16,17,12.
S ni dy cac pha: y = 4.
Pha a: lp trn:1 2 6 10 11 15
Lp di: 5 6 10 14 15 1
Pha b: lp trn: 4 5 9 13 14 18
Lp di: 8 9 13 17 18 4
Pha c: lp trn: 7 8 3 16 17 12
Lp di: 11 12 7 2 3 16
Ve s khai trin dy qun: (hnh 9.13)

1
A

B
C X
Hnh .13 Dcy ucn xep hci |cp vci |c phcn :c

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1

11
9.4 DY QUN NGN MACH KIU LNG SOC:
y qun ngn mach kiu lng soc c tao thanh bi cac thanh dn bng
ng t trong cac ranh cua rto, hai u cua chung han vi hai vanh ngn mach
cung bng ng. Cac thanh dn va vanh ngn mach noi trn cung co th uc bng
nhm.
S cua ca c thanh dn lch pha nhau mt goc: = 2p/Z. Trong tnh toan
thc t, thng xem mi thanh dn la mt pha: m
2
= Z
2
, va s vong dy cua mt
pha: N = 1/2, cac h s k
n

= k
r

= 1.
S mach in cua dy qun lng soc:

Hnh .15 Sc cc mcch cien Ihuc {c) vc Iucng cucng {L) cuc ccy ucn kieu |c ng :cc
1 2 3
r
t
r
v
12 v
I
&

23 v
I
&

34 v
I
&
1 t
I
&

2 t
I
&

3 t
I
&
12 v
I
&

23 v
I
&

34 v
I
&
21 v
I
&

21 v
I
&

1 2 3
r

12 v
I
&
23 v
I
&

34 v
I
&

1 t
I
&
2 t
I
&

3 t
I
&

12 v
I
&
23 v
I
&

34 v
I
&

21 v
I
&
21 v
I
&
(a) (b)

S mach in cua dy qun lng soc nh trn hnh 8.14a, trong o: r
t
- in
tr thanh dn; r
v
- in tr cua tng oan gia hai thanh dn cua vanh ngn mach;
Ta thay th mach in thc noi trn bng mach in tng ng da trn c s
tn hao cua hai mach in o bng nhau (hnh 8.14b).
i vi mt nut bt ky, th du nut hai ta co:
i
t2
= i
v23
- i
v12

2 t
I
&

12 v
I
&
23 v
I
&

Hnh .15 Cucn he giuc
ccng cien Ircng Ihcnh ccn
vc ccng Ircng vc nh ngcn
mcch
Do dong in trong cac oan cua vong
ngn mach cung lch pha nhau mt goc , ta co:

Z
p
sin I sin I I
v v t

=
= 2
2
2
va
Z
p
sin
I
I
t
v
=
2

V tn hao trn in tr cua mach in thc
va mach in thay th phai bng nhau, ngha la:
r ZI r ZI r ZI
t v v t t
2 2 2
2 = +
12
Kt hp vi phng trnh trn, ta tm c in tr pha cua dy qun kiu lng
soc:

Z
p
sin
r
r r
v
t
+ =
2
2

9.5. CACH THUC HIN DY QUN MAY DIN XOAY CHIU:
Dy qun may in xoay chiu c t trong cac ranh trn stato hay roto.
Cac ranh ny co cac dang nh sau:

Hnh .1 Ccc ccng rc nh cuc ccy ucn mcy cien
a) Ranh kn b) Ranh na kn c) Ranh na h d) Ranh h

Ranh na kn dung cho dy qun stato may in cng sut P< 100 kW, in
ap U<1000V. Loai ranh ny ch dung dy dn tit din tron dng knh < 2,5mm.
Ranh na h dung cho dy qun stato cua cac may in co cng sut ln P =
300-400 kW, in ap U<1000V
Ranh h dung cho dy qun stato may in cng sut ln, in ap cao. Dy
qun loai ny thng dung tit din ch nht, lam thanh nhng bi dy trc ri
sau o t vao ranh.
nhng may in cng sut ln, tranh lc in t rt manh luc xay ra ngn
mach tac dung ln phn u ni, lam hong phn u ni dy qun stato, b phn
ny buc cht vao cac vong thep co boulng bt vao thn may./.

]R R^

1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Chuong 10
S0C IN ONG CbA DY QbN
MAY IN XOAY CHIb

10.1. NHN XET BAN U
Khi t thng cua phn cam xuyn qua dy qun phn ng bin thn th trong
dy qun phn ng se sinh ra sc in ng (s). Trong may in quay co hai
cach tao ra s bin thin cua t thng xuyn qua dy qun phn ng. Cach th
nht la cho dy qun phn ng chuyn ng tng i trong t trng phn cam.
Cach th hai la cho xuyn qua dy qun phn ng ng yn, mt t trng phn
cam p mach hoc mt t trng khng i nhng t dn mach t hay i.
may lam vic c tt, yu cu t trng phn b doc khe h cua may hnh
sin s cam ng trong dy qun co dang hnh sin.
Thc t: khng th co, v cu tao
may, t trng cua cc t va cua dy
qun u khac sin. Ta phn tch chung
thanh song c ban (bc 1) va song bc
cao (bc 3,5,...).
Hnh 10.1 Su phcn Lc Iu ccm cuc
Iu Irucng cuc Iu cuc mcy cien
ccng Lc cuc |ci ccc Le mcI :IcIc
Ta phn t cam B thanh cac song
hnh sin B
1
, B
3
, B
5
, B
7
, .. Vi t trng
B
1
co bc cc con B
co bc cc
=/ .
Khi rto chuyn ng, t trng B
1
,
B
3
, B
5
, B
7
, .. cam ng trong dy qun
s e
1
, e
3
, e
5
, e
7
, .. Do tn s f khac nhau
nn s tng trong dy qun se co dang
khng sin.
2
10.2. SC IN NG CAM NG TRONG DY QUN
Xet s cam ng trong dy qun do B
1
, B
3
, B
5
, B
7
, .. tm s tng.
10.2.1. Sdd cuo dy qun do tu truong song co bon.
1. S cua mt thanh dn:
Thanh dn co chiu dai l chuyn ng
vi vn tc v trong t trng c ban phn
b hnh sin doc khe h :
B
x
B
m1
B
x
l

v
0
Hnh 10.2 Chuyn ng tng i cua
thanh dn trong t trng hnh sin
x
=
x
sin B B
m x

Trong thanh dn cam ng s:
x sin vl B vl B e
m x td
= =
trong o:
f
T t
x
v =
= = 2
2

do = 2f : tc goc
va
= l B
m
2
: t thng ng vi mt bc cc t.
Nn: e
td
= fsint
Tr s hiu dung s o bng:
=
= f f E
td
2
2
2

2. S cua mt vong dy. S cua mt bi dy (phn t):
S cua mt vong dy gm hai thanh dn t trong hai ranh cach nhau mt
khoang y la hiu s hnh hoc cac s lch nhau mt goc (y/) cua hai thanh dn
o. T hnh 10.3, ta co:

n td
' '
td
'
td V
k f
y
sin E E E E =
= = 2
2
2 (10.5)
trong o:
2 2
= sin
y
sin k
n
(10.6)
Thng h s
=
y
< 1, nn k
n
c goi la h s bc ngn.
Nu trong hai ranh noi trn co t mt bi dy (phn t) gm N
pt
vong dy th
s cua bi dy o bng:
=
pt n 1 p
fN k 2 E (10.7)
3

/2
E
q
A
K
Hnh 10.4 Nhom co q=3 bi dy trong t trng
Hnh 10.5 S nhom co q=3 bi
= q

0
B

'
td
E
&

' '
td
E
&

' '
td
E
&
v
E
&
Hnh 10.3 Scc cuc mcI vcng ccy

3. S cua mt nhom bi dy : 3. S cua mt nhom bi dy :
Gia thit ta co q bi dy mc ni tip va c t rai trong cac ranh lin tip
nhau. Goc lch pha trong t trng gia hai ranh canh nhau:
Gia thit ta co q bi dy mc ni tip va c t rai trong cac ranh lin tip
nhau. Goc lch pha trong t trng gia hai ranh canh nhau:

Z
p
p / Z
=
2 2
(10.8)
trong o : Z/p s ranh di mt i cc t.
Cac vect E
pt
lch pha nhau mt goc
Goc = q vung pha.

E
pt2
E
pt3
E
pt1
E
pt1
E
pt2
E
pt3
=1
B
m1

y= '
td
E
&

' '
td
E
&

y=
B
m1
=1

4
S tng cua mt nhom bi dy E
q
la tng hnh hoc cua q vect nh hnh 10.5:

2
2
1
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
= =
= =
sin
sin E
sin
sin
AK
q
sin OA AB E
q
pt
q
q

1
2
2
r pt
q
pt q
k qE
sin q
sin
qE E = =

(10.9)
Trong o:
2
2
1

= =
sin q
sin
s cac hoc s Tng
s cac hnh hoc Tng
k
q
r
(10.10)
Vy:
E
q
= =
pt dq pt r n
qW k f qW k k f 2 2 (10.11)
Vi: k
dq
: goi la h s dy qun va bng:
k
dq
= k
n
k
r
(10.12)
4. S cua dy qun mt pha:
Dy qun mt pha gm mt hoc nhiu nhanh ng nht ghep song song do
o s cua mt pha la s cua mt nhanh song song.
Mi nhanh gm n nhom bi dy co v tr ging nhau trong t trng cua cac
cc t nn s cua chung cng s hoc vi nhau:
= = Wf k f nqW k E
dq pt dq f
2 2 (10.13)
trong o: W = nqW
pt
vong dy cua mt nhanh song song hay cua mt pha.
10.2.2. Sdd cuo dy qun do tu truong song bc coo.
Nhn xet: Biu thc s t trng song bc cao ging t trng bc mt.
y ta chu y rng bc cc cua t trng bc nho ln t trng song c ban
(hnh 10.1) v vy goc in 2 cua t trng song c ban ng vi goc 2 i vi
t trng bc , nh vy:

Va
2
2
2
=
sin q
sin
k
sin k
q
r
n
(10.14)
H s dy qun cua song bc :

=
r n dq
k k k (10.15)
Tn s cua song bc :
5
f
= f
S cam ng cua song bc :

= Wf k E
dq
2 (10.16)
Vi:
=

l B l B
m m
2 2

T nhng phn tch trn ta thy rng, khi t trng cc t phn b khng
hnh sin, s cam ng trong dy qun mt pha la tng cua mt day cac s iu
hoa co tn s khac nhau. Tr hiu dung s o co tr s:
... E ... E E E E
2 2
5
2
3
2
1
+ + + + = (10.17)
10.3. CAI THIN DANG SONG S.
Nguyn nhn lam cho s cam ng khng sin la t cam B khng sin. Sau y
la cac bin phap lam cho s cam ng co dang sin.
10.3.1. Ioo d cong mt cuc d 8 s|n
Vi la khe h nho nht gia mt cc. tng dn v 2 pha mom cc t,
B hnh sin th
x
cach gia mt cc bng:

x cos
x
(10.18)
Nu goi b la b rng mt cc th b =(0,65-0,76) va
max
= (1,5-2,5).
10.3.2. kut ngn buoc dy qun
Khi y = th tt ca cac s bc cao u tn tai v: 1
2
= =

sin k
n

Khi y < th s bc cao tuy y se b trit tiu, nh:

5
4
=
=
y
vy rut ngn dy qun
5
1

0 0
2 5
4
5
5 5
= =
= E sin k
n

Tng t mun E
7
= 0 th rut ngn
7
1

Chu y:
Bc ngn khng ng thi trit tiu tt ca s bc cao v vy phai chon
bc ngn thch hp.
Rut ngn bc dy qun s bc mt cung giam i mt t nhng khng
ang k.
6
10.3.3. Ihuc h|n dy qun ro|
Khi q = 1 th k
r
= 1 ngha la cac s bc cao khng giam.
Khi q > 1 th cac s bc cao u giam nho.
Xem bang, ta thy rng co mt s bc cao khng b giam yu i ma co k
r
=
k
r1
bc cua s o co th biu th nh sau:

Z
= 2mqk 1 (10.19)
trong o: k = 1, 2, 3,...; m: s pha;
q: s ranh cua mt pha di mt cc t.
V: 2mq = Z/p nn (10.19) tr thanh:
1 = k
p
Z
Z
(10.20)
Cac song iu hoa
Z
goi la song iu hoa rng.
S d co k
r
= k
r1
la do goc lch
Z
gia cac s cua cac bi dy t trong
cac ranh lin tip do t trng bc
Z
hoan toan bng goc lch ng vi t trng
song c ban:
=
= =
k
Z
p
k
p
Z
k
Z
p
.
Z
Z
2
2
2 1
2
(10.21)
Kt lun : Qun rai khng trit tiu c song iu hoa rng, tuy nhin q tng
Z
tng theo va B
mZ
nho i, kt qua la song iu hoa rng cung nho i tng ng
va dang song s cung cai thin c mt phn.
Co th giam song iu hoa rng nhiu bng cach dung dy qun co q la phn
s.

10.3.4. Ihuc h|n ronh cheo.
Ta co:
B
mZ
Z
E

E
Hnh 10.7 Irucng hcp rc nh
chec mcI Lucc rcng

Z
=(Z/p).k 1, trng hp k = 1 la
ln nht, trit tiu c s ny ta
chon bc ranh cheo la:
b
c
= 2
Z
= 2/
Z
= 2.p/(Zp)
Thc t thng chon:
b
c
= 2..p / Z = D / Z (10.22)
Tt ca cac song iu hoa u b
giam i rt nhiu.

]R R^
1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Chng 11
SC T NG CUA DY QUN
MAY IN XOAY CHIU

11.1. ST P MACH VA ST QUAY
-/2
/2
3/2
F
t =T/6
t =T/4
t =3T/4
Hnh 10.1 St dp mach cac
thi im khac nhau
Gia thit vic khao sat c n gian:
u.
R
thep 0, ngha la
Fe
= .
11.1.1. Std dp moch.
Biu thc toan hoc cua st p mach:
= cos . t sin F F
m
(10.1)
trong o la goc khng gian.
Trong biu thc trn, nu t = const th:
) ( f cos F F
m
= =
1

trong o t sin F F
m m
=
1
la bin tc thi st p mach va luc o s phn b cua
F la hnh sin trong khng gian.
Con khi = const v tr c nh bt ky :
t sin F F
m
=
2

trong o va F v tr o bin i tun hoan theo thi gian. = cos F F
m m2
St p mach la mt song ng, no phn b hnh sin trong khng gian va bin
i hnh sin theo thi gian (hnh 10.1).
11.1.2. Std quoy tron.
Biu thc toan hoc st quay tron:
) t sin( F F
m
= m (10.2)
2

Hnh 10.2 V tr song quay ngc (a) va quay thun

0
2

2
3

2
t=T/4
t= 0
F
(b)
(-)
0
F
m
2

2
3

2
t=T/4
t= 0
F

(a)
(+)

Tht vy, gia s ta xet mt im bt ky cua song st co tr s khng i:
const ) t sin( = m
hay const ) t ( = m
Ly vi phn theo thi gian:
=
dt
d
(10.3)
Ta thy, ao ham theo t chnh la tc goc quay:
0 >
dt
d
ng voi song quay thun, tc la du (-) trong (10.2).
0 <
dt
d
ng voi song quay ngc, tc la du (+) trong (10.2).
Hnh 10.2a va b cho ta thy v tr cua cac song quay thun va quay ngc
cac thi im khac nhau.
11.1.3. Quan h gi a st p mach va st quay:
thy ro quan h gia st p mach va st quay, trc ht ta chu y rng :

2 1 m m m
F F ) t sin( F
2
1
) t sin( F
2
1
cos . t sin F + = + + = (10.4)
ngha la st p mach la tng cua hai st quay : F
1
quay thun vi tc goc+
va F
2
quay ngc cung tc goc - va co bin cua cac st quay o bng mt
na bin st dp mach.
Mt khac, ta co biu thc lng giac:
= sin . t cos F cos . t sin F ) t sin( F
m m m
=
= ) cos( ). t sin( F cos . t sin F
m m
2 2
(10.4a)
ta thy rng st quay la tng hp cua hai st p mach lch pha nhau trong khng
gian mt goc /2 va khac pha nhau v thi gian mt goc la /2.
3
11.2. ST CUA DY QUN MT PHA
11.2.2. Std cuo m t phn tu.
Gia thit:

Hnh 10.3. a. ng sc t do dong in i;
b. ng biu th st doc khe h cua may
/2 /2

a
b c
d
g e
F
pt1
F
pt

- Dy qun t stato
- Phn t co W
pt
vong dy
- Dy qun bc u (y = ).
- Cho qua phn t dy qun dong in t sin I i = 2 .
- Ta co ng sc t sinh ra nh hnh 10.3a.
Theo l toan dong in, doc theo ng sc t khep kn ta vit :

=
pt
iW l d H
r r

trong o H - cng t trng doc theo ng sc t.
Nu gia thit R
rt nho (
Fe
= ) nn H
Fe
= 0, ta co:
H2 = iW
pt
.
Nh vy st ng vi mt khe h khng kh bng:

pt pt
iW F
2
1
= (10.6)
Ta thy:
1) ng biu din st khe h di mt bc cc co th biu th bng hnh ch
nht abcd co cao bng
pt
iW
2
1
va bc cc tip theo bng hnh ch nht
dega vi qui c nu ng sc t hng ln F
pt
c biu th bng tung
dng (hnh10.3b).
2) V t sin I i = 2 nn st phn b doc khe h dang hnh ch nht, co cao
thay i v tr s va du theo dong in xoay chiu i.
St phn b hnh ch nht trong khng gian va bin i hnh sin theo thi gian
o co th phn tch thanh day Fourier co cac song iu hoa 1, 3, 5, 7... , ta co:
4
... cos F ... cos F cos F F
pt pt pt pt
+ + + + =

3
3 1

=

=
,.. , ,
pt
cos F
5 3 1

trong o:

2
4 2
2
2
sin F d . cos F F
pt pt pt
.
Va t sin IW iW F
pt pt pt
= =
2
2
2
1

Thay va ta c:

=

=
,.. , ,
m . pt pt
t sin . cos F F
5 3 1

trong o:

pt
pt pt m . pt
IW
, IW sin IW F 9 0
2 2
2
2 2

St cua mt phn t co dong in xoay chiu la tng cua song p mach
phn b hnh sin trong khng gian va bin i hnh sin theo thi gian.
11.2.3. Std cuo dy qun mt |op buoc du.
Xet st: (hnh.10.4)

F
0

F
q1
F
pt1
1 2 3
1 2 3
-
4
Hnh 10.4 St cua dy qun mt lp bc u co q=3
2
1
3
2
3
F
q1
=q

Cng st cua 3 phn t

5

1) Dy qun mt lp.
2) Co q = 3 phn t.
3) Phn t co W
pt
vong dy.
4) Goc lch pha cua hai phn t canh nhau:
Z
p
=
2

Tm St tng ? = Tng 3 st cua 3 phn t.
St bc mt cua mt nhom co q phn t : (ging biu thc s)
vi k
1 1 1 pt r q
F qk F =
r1
: h s qun rai
Song bc cua mt nhom co q phn t :
vi k

=
pt r q
F qk F
r
: h s qun rai bc .
St cua dy qun mt lp bc u :
t sin cos k qF F
.. , ,
r ptm q
=

=

5 3 1

11.2.4. Std cuo dy qun mt pho ho| |op buoc ngn.
St cua dy qun mt pha hai lp bc ngn co th dc xem nh tng st
cua hai dy qun mt lp bc u, mt t lp trn va mt t lp di nhng
lch pha nhau mt goc in (hnh 10.5).

y=
=(1-)
F
0

F
f1
F
q1
-

F
q1
F
f1
0
Cng st c ban cua hai
l p dy qun mt pha
F
q2
(1-)

Hnh 10.5 St cua dy qun mt lp bc u co q=3

i vi song c ban = 1, goc lch : = ) (1 vi = / y .
6
Ta co, i vi song bc 1 :

1 1 1
2
2
1 2
n q q f
k F ) cos( F F =
=
vi
2 2
1
1
= sin ) cos( k
n

Tng t i vi song bc :

=
=
n q q f
k F ) ( cos F F 2
2
1 2
vi
2 2
1

=
sin ) ( cos k
n

vy, st cua dq mt pha hai lp bc ngn :
t sin cos F k k q F
ptm n r
.. , ,
f
=

=

5 3 1
2
Vit lai st F
f
:
t sin cos F F
.. , ,
f f
=

=

5 3 1

Trong o : I
p
Wk
, I
p
Wk
F
dq dq
f
9 0
2 2

vi : la s vong dy cua mt pha.
pt
pqW W 2 =
Vy, st cua mt pha la tng hp cua mt day st p mach phn b hnh sin
trong khng gian bin i hnh sin theo thi gian.
10.3. ST CUA DY QUN BA PHA
Gia thit dy qun ba pha t l ch nhau mt goc 120
o
in hay 2/3 va co
dong in chay qua:
t sin I i
A
= 2
) / t sin( I i
B
3 2 2 =
) / t sin( I i
C
3 4 2 =
Tng pha sinh ra st :
=

=

cos t sin F F
.. , ,
f A
5 3 1

) / ( cos ) / t sin( F F
.. , ,
f B
3 2 3 2
5 3 1
=

=

) / ( cos ) / t sin( F F
.. , ,
f B
3 4 3 4
5 3 1
=

=

co st cua dy qun ba pha ta ly tng ba st p mach o. Mun cho s
phn tch c d dang, ta phn st bc cua mi pha thanh hai st quay thun va
7
quay ngc nh vy st tng cua dy qun ba pha se la tng cua tt ca st quay
thun va quay ngc o. Ta co :
=

cos t sin F F
f A

) t sin(
F
) t sin(
F
f f
+ + =

2 2

) / ( cos ) / t sin( F F
f B
3 2 3 2 =

+
=

)] ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
2
3
2
2
)] ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
2
3
2
2

) / ( cos ) / t sin( F F
f C
3 4 3 4 =

+
=

)] ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
4
3
4
2
)] ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
4
3
4
2

Trong o : = 1, 3, 5, . . co th chia thanh ba nhom:
1) = mk = 3k (vi k = 1, 3, 5.. th = 3, 9, 15, .. )
3) = 2mk + 1 = 6k + 1 (vi k = 0, 1, 2, 3.. th = 1, 7, 13, .. )
4) = 2mk - 1 = 6k - 1 (vi k = 1, 2, 3.. th = 5, 11, 17 , .. )
Ta xet st quay thun:
) t sin(
F
F
f
t A
=

2

] ) ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
2
1 0
2
+ =

)] ( ) t sin[(
F
F
f
t B
3
2
3
2
2

] ) ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
2
1 1
2
+ =

)] ( ) t sin[(
F
F
f
t C
3
4
3
4
2

] ) ( ) t sin[(
F
f
3
2
1 2
2
+ =

Tng cua chung la tng cac song quay hnh sin lch pha nhau mt goc ( -
1)2/3.
Xet vi nhom = 3k, ta co :

3
2
2
3
2
1 3
3
2
1

=
k ) k ( ) (
Thay vao trn ta co 3 st o lch pha nhau 1 goc 2/3 va quay cung tc
nn tng cua chung bng khng.
Xet vi nhom 6k + 1, ta co :
k ] ) k [( ) ( =
+ =
4
3
2
1 1 6
3
2
1
Vy, chung trung pha nhau nn tng cua chung bng:
8
) t sin( F F
k
f th
=

+ =

1 6
2
3

Xet vi nhom 6k - 1, ta co :

3
4
4
3
2
1 1 6
3
2
1

=
k ] ) k [( ) (
Ta cung co 3 st trn lch pha nhau mt goc 4/3 va st tng cua chung bng
khng.
Tng t, ta xet st quay ngc, vi nhom = 3k va = 6k+ 1 co st tng
bng khng. Ring nhom = 6k - 1 chung trung pha nhau nn tng la:
) t sin( F F
k
f ng
+ =

=

1 6
2
3

Vy st cua dy qun ba pha vit gp lai :
) t sin( F F
k
f ) (
=

=

m
1 6
3
2
3

Trong o :
I
p
Wk
, I
p
Wk
F
dq qd
f
35 1
2 3
2
3

F
b
t
F
c
t

St cua dy qun ba pha la tng cac st bc = 6k+ 1 quay thun va cac st
bc = 6k - 1 quay ngc, co :
Bin :
f
F
2
3

Tc :
hay
n
n vi
p
f
n
60
= .
10.4 ST CUA DY QUN HAI PHA
Nu dy qun 2 pha t lch pha nhau trong khng gian mt goc 90
o
in va
dong in hai pha lch pha nhau mt goc 90
o
.
F
c
t
120
0
F
a
t
F
b
t
240
0
F
a
t
F
a
t
F
c
t
F
b
t
(b) (c)

(a)

Hnh 10.6 Cng cac st quay thun bc cua cac pha

9
Phn tch nh trng hp dy qun 3 pha, ta co:
) t sin( F F
k
f ) (
=

=

m
1 4
2

Trong o :
I
p
Wk
, F
dq
f
9 0
St cua dq hai pha la tng cua ca c st bc =2mk+1= 4k+ 1 quay thun va
cac st bc = 2mk-1= 4k - 1 quay ngc. Bin th bng bin cua st mt
pha bc , va tc quay cua st bc la n
= n/.
10.5 PHN TCH ST DY QUN BNG PHNG PHAP TH
Xet st sinh ra bi dong in ba pha i
A
, i
B
, i
C
chay trong dy qun ba pha AX,
BY, CZ t lch pha nhau trong khng gian mt goc la 120
o
; may in co q = 1 va
p = 1 (hnh 10.7).

A
I
&
B
I
&

C
I
&

t= 0

C
I
&

A
I
&

Hnh 10.7 St cua dy qun ba pha q=1, 2p=2 t=0 va t=T/3
B
I
&
t= T/3

thi im t = 0, cho dong in pha A at cc ai.
i
A
= I
m
; i
B
= i
C
= -I
m
/2
Ga thit chiu dong in pha A chay t X A ta suy ra chiu dong trong
pha B, C nh hnh ve (hnh 10.7b). Va ta ve c st F
A
, F
B
, F
C
tm c st F
tng (4).
thi im t = T/3, dong in pha B at cc ai.
10
I
B
= I
m
; i
A
= i
C
= -I
m
/2
Chiu dong in pha B chay t Y B ta suy ra chiu dong trong pha A, C
nh hnh ve (hnh 10.7b). Va ta ve c st F
A
, F
B
, F
C
tm c st F tng (4).
Vy st do dong in ba pha chay trong dy qun ba pha la st quay co chiu
quay trong khng gian va co tc :

p
f
n
60
1
= (vong/phut) hay
p
f
n =
1
(vong/gy)
Truc st tng trung vi truc pha co dong in cc ai.

]R R^

1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Phn III MAY IN KHNG NG B

Chuong 12

AI C0ONG V MAY IN KHONG ONG 8O

12.1. KHAI NIM CHbNG
May in khng ng b la may in xoay chiu, lam vic theo nguyn ly
cam ng in t, co tc cua rotor n khac vi tc t trng quay trong may
n
1
. May in khng ng b co th lam vic hai ch : ng c va may phat.
May phat in khng ng b t dung v co c tnh lam vic khng tt, nn
trong chng ny ta chu yu la xet ng c khng ng b. ng c khng ng
b c s dung nhiu trong san xut va trong sinh hoat v ch tao n gian, gia
thanh re, tin cy cao, vn hanh n gian, hiu sut cao va gn nh khng bao
tr. Gn y do ky thut in t phat trin, nn ng c khng ng b a ap ng
c yu cu iu chnh tc v vy ng c cang s dung rng rai hn. Day
cng sut cua no rt rng t vai watt n hang ngan kilowatt. Hu ht la ng c
ba pha, co mt s ng c cng sut nho la mt pha.
12.2. Cb IAO MAY IN KHONG ONG 8O
Cu tao cua may in khng ng b c trnh bay trn hnh 7.1, gm hai b
phn chu yu la stator va rotor, ngoai ra con co vo may, np may va truc may.
Truc lam bng thep, trn o gn rotor, bi va pha cui truc co gn mt quat gio
lam mat may doc truc.

2
12.2.1. Stotor [phn tnh}
Stator gm hai b phn chnh la loi thep va dy qun, ngoai ra con co vo may
va np may.

Hnh 13.1 Ccu Icc cuc ccng cc cien khcng ccng Lc
1. Lci Ihep :IcIc:2. Dcy ucn :IcIc: 7. Ncp mcy: : 4. C Li: 5. Iruc mcy: .Hcp ccu
cuc: 7. Lci Ihep rcIc: 8. Ihcn mcy: . CucI gic |cm mcI: 10. Hcp ucI
1
7
2
8
3
4
9
5
6
10

1. Lo| thep
Loi thep stator co dang hnh tru (hnh 13.2b), lam bng cac la thep ky thut
in, c dp ranh bn trong (hnh 13.2a) ri ghep lai vi nhau tao thanh cac ranh
theo hng truc. Loi thep c ep vao trong vo may.
2. Dy qun stotor
Dy qun stator thng c lam bng dy ng co boc cach in va t trong cac
ranh cua loi thep (xem lai chng 9). Dong in xoay chiu ba pha chay trong dy
qun ba pha stator se tao nn t trng quay (xem lai chng 12).

3
3. Vo moy
Vo may gm co thn va np, thng lam bng gang (hnh 13.1).

Hnh 13.2 KeI ccu :IcIcr mcy cien khcng ccng Lc
c) La thep stator: L) Loi thep stator
i
A
i
A
(b)
(a)

12.2.2. kotor [phn quoy}
Rotor la phn quay gm loi thep, dy qun va truc may.

Hnh 13.3 Ccu Icc rcIcr ccng cc khcng ccng Lc.
c) Dcy ucn rcIcr |cng :cc c) Lci Ihep rcIcr c) Ky hieu ccng cc Iren :c cc
C
(d)
(a) (b)

1. Lo| thep
Loi thep rotor gm cac la thep ky thut in c ly t phn bn trong cua loi
thep stator ghep lai, mt ngoai dp ranh (hnh 13.2a) t dy qun, gia co
dp l l p truc.
2. Iruc
Truc cua may in khng ng b lam bng thep, trn o gn loi thep rto.

4
3. Dy qun rotor
Dy qun rotor cua may in khng ng b co hai kiu : rotor ngn mach con
goi la rotor lng soc va rotor dy qun.
Rotor lng soc (hnh 13.3a) gm cac thanh ng hoc thanh nhm t trong
ranh va b ngn mach bi hai vanh ngn mach hai u. Vi ng c nho, dy
qun rotor c uc nguyn khi gm thanh dn, vanh ngn mach, canh tan nhit
va canh quat lam mat (hnh 3.3b). Cac ng c cng sut trn 100kW thanh dn
lam bng ng c t vao cac ranh rotor va gn cht vao vanh ngn mach.
Rotor dy qun (hnh 13.4) cung qun ging nh dy qun ba pha stator va co
cung s cc t nh dy qun stator. Dy qun kiu ny lun lun u sao (Y) va
co ba u ra u vao ba vanh trt, gn vao truc quay cua rotor va cach in vi
truc. Ba chi than c nh va lun ty trn vanh trt ny dn in vao mt bin
tr cung ni sao nm ngoai ng c khi ng hoc iu chnh tc .

Dcy ucn :IcIc Dcy ucn rcIc Lci Ihep :IcIc Hcp Gic Vcnh IrucI
Lc mc
en ngucn
cung ccp
Hnh 13.4 Ccu Icc mcy cien khcng ccng Lc rcIc ccy ucn

5
12.3. NGbYN LY LAM VIC MAY IN KHONG ONG 8O
Khi co dong in ba pha chay trong dy qun stato th trong khe h khng
kh xut hin t trng quay vi tc n
1
= 60f
1
/p (f
1
la tn s li in; p la s
i cc t cua may; n
1
la tc t trng quay bc mt) T trng ny quet qua
dy qun nhiu pha t ngn mach t trn loi st rto, lam cam ng trong dy qun
rto cac s E
2
. Do rto kn mach nn trong dy qun rto co dong in I
2
chay
qua. T thng do dong in ny sinh ra hp vi t thng cua stato tao thanh t
thng tng khe h. Dong in trong dy qun rto tac dung vi t thng khe h
sinh ra mmen. Tac dung o co quan h mt thit vi tc quay n cua rto.
Trong nhng pham vi tc khac nhau th ch la m vic cua may cung khac
nhau. Sau y ta se nghin cu tac dung cua chung trong ba pham vi tc .
H s trt s cua may :

1
1
1
1
n
n n
s
=
Nh vy khi n = n
1
th s = 0, con n = 0 th s = 1; khi n > n
1
, s < 0 va khi rto
quay ngc chiu t trng quay n < 0 th s > 1.
1. koto quoy cung ch|u tu truong quoy nhung co tc d n < n
1
[0 < s < 1}

Ga thit v chiu quay n
1
cua t trng khe h va cua rto n nh hnh 13.
5a. Theo qui tc ban tay phai, xac nh c chiu s E
2
va I
2
; theo qui tc ban
tay trai, xac nh c lc F va mmen M. Ta thy F cung chiu quay cua rto,
Hnh 13.5 Cuc Irinh Icc mcmenI cuc mcy cien khcng ccng Lc
B
N
F
t
n
1
B
F
t
S
n

(a)

B
N
F
t
n
1
B
F
t
S
n

(c)

B
N
F
t
n
1
B
F
t
S
n

(b)

6
ngha la in nng a ti stato, thng qua t trng a bin i thanh c nng trn
truc lam quay rto theo chiu t trng quay n
1
, nh vy may lam vic ch
ng c in.
2. koto quoy cung ch|u tu truong quoy nhung co tc d n > n
1
[s < 0}
Dung ng c s cp quay rto cua may in khng ng b vt tc
ng b n > n
1
. Luc o chiu cua t trng quay quet qua dy qun rto se ngc
lai, s va dong in trong dy qun rto cung i chiu nn chiu cua mmen M
cung ngc chiu cua n
1
, ngha la ngc chiu cua rto, nn o la mmen ham
(hnh 13.5b). Nh vy may a bin c nng tac dung ln truc ng c in, do
ng c s cp keo thanh in nng cung cp cho li in, ngha la may in lam
vic ch may phat in.
3. koto quoy nguoc ch|u tu truong quoy tuc tc d n < 0 [s > 1}
V nguyn nhn nao o ma rto cua may in quay ngc chiu t trng quay
(hnh 13. 5c), luc ny chiu s, dong in va mmen ging nh ch ng c
in. V mmen sinh ra ngc chiu quay vi rto nn co tac dung ham rto lai.
Trong trng hp ny, may va ly in nng li in vao, va ly c nng t
ng c s cp. Ch lam vic nh vy goi la ch ham in t.
12.4. FHN LOAI MAY IN KHONG ONG 8O
1. Fhn theo kt cu vo moy.
+ Kiu kn
+ Kiu bao v
+ kiu h
2. Fhn theo s pho.
Ta co may in khng ng b
+ Mt pha
+ Hai pha
+ Ba pha
3. Fhn theo k|u dy qun rto.
+ May in khng ng b rto lng soc.
+ May in khng ng b rto dy qun.

7
12.5. CAC AI L0ONG |NH M0C MAY IN KHONG ONG 8O
Cung nh tt ca cac loai may in khac, may in khng ng b co cac tr s
nh mc c trng cho iu kin ky thut cua may. Cac tr s ny do nha may
thit k, ch tao qui nh va c ghi trn nhan may. V may in khng ng b
chu yu dung lam ng c in nn trn nhan may ghi cac tr s nh mc cua
ng c nh sau :
1. Cng sut d|nh muc F
dm
[kW,W}
2. |n op d|nh muc b
dm
[V}.
3. Dong d|n d|nh muc I
dm
[A}.
4. Ic d quoy d|nh muc n
dm
[vongJphut}.
5. H|u sut d|nh muc
dm
%.
. H s cng sut d|nh muc cos
dm
.
i vi ng c in khng ng b, cng sut nh mc la cng sut trn u
truc ng c. Con ng c ba pha, in ap va dong in ghi trn nhan may la in
ap va dong in dy tng ng vi cach u hnh sao (Y) hay u hnh tam giac
().
T cac tr s nh mc ghi trn nhan, ta co th tnh c:
Cng sut nh mc ma ng c tiu thu t li in :

m m m
m
m
m 1
cos I U . 3
P
P =
=
Mmen quay nh mc u truc :

m
m
m
m
m
n
) kW ( P
9550
) W ( P
M =
= N.m
vi 60 / n 2
m m
= (rad/s) la tc goc cua rto.

] R R ^

1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Chuong 13 QbAN H IN I0 IkONG
MAY IN KHONG ONG 8O

13.1. DAI CUONG
Trn stato cua may in khng ng b (MK) co dy qun m
1
pha, con trn
dy qun roto co dy qun m
2
pha. Nh vy trong may in khng ng b co hai
mach in khng ni vi nhau va gia chung co lin h vi nhau v t. Khi may
in lam vic bnh thng trn dy qun stato va rto co t thng tan va tng ng
co in khang tan va gia hai dy qun co s h cam. V vy ta co th coi may
in khng ng b nh mt mba ma dy qun stato la dy qun s cp, dy qun
rto la dy qun th c p va s lin h gia hai mach s cp va th c p thng qua t
trng quay. Do o ta co th dung cach phn tch mba nghin cu nguyn ly
lam vic c ban cua may in khng ng b.
Khi nghin cu nguyn ly la m vic c ban cua may in khng ng b ta ch
xet tac dung cua song c ban ma khng xet song bc cao.
13.2. MAY DIN KHNG DNG B LAM VIC KHI RTO DUNG YN
t mt in ap U
1
co tn s f
1
vao dy qun stato, trong dy qun stato se co
dong in I
1
, tn s f
1
; trong dy qun rto se co dong in I
2
, tn s f
1
; dong I
1
va
I
2
sinh ra st quay F
1
va F
2
co tr s la:

1
1 dq 1
1
1
I
p
k N
2 m
F
& &

= (13.1a)
2
2 dq 2
2
2
I
p
k N
2 m
F
& &

= (13.1b)
trong o : m
1
,m
2
la s pha cua dy qun stato va rto; p la s i cc t; N
1
,N
2
la
s vong dy mt pha cua dy qun stato va rto; k
dq1
,k
qd2
la h s dy qun cua dy
qun stato va rto.
Hai st ny quay cung tc n
1
= 60f
1
/p va tac dung vi nhau sinh ra st
tng trong khe h F
0
. V vy phng trnh cn bng st c vit la:
2
(13.2a)
0 2 1
F F F
& & &
= +
(13.2b) ) F ( F F
2 0 1
& & &
+ =
y ta xem dong in I
1
gm hai thanh phn:
Mt thanh phn la dong in tao nn st
0
I
&
0
1 dq 1
1
0
I
p
k N
2 m
F
& &

= .
Va mt thanh phn la tao nn st ) I (
'
2
&
'
2
1 dq 1
1 '
2
I
p
k N
2 m
) F (
& &

= bu lai
st F
2
cua dong in th cp .
2
I
&
Nh vy ta co:
) I ( I I
'
2 0 1
& & &
+ = (13.3a)
hay (13.3b)
0
'
2 1
I I I
& & &
= +
So sanh st F
2
do dong in I
2
cua rto tao ra va st F
2
do thanh phn cua
dong in stato sinh ra, ta co:
'
2
I
&

'
2
1 dq 1
1
2
2 dq 2
2
I
p
k N
2 m
I
p
k N
2 m
& &

T o ta co c h s qui i dong in:

2 dq 2 2
1 dq 1 1
i
k N m
k N m
k = (13.4)
St F
0
sinh ra t thng chnh trong khe h, t thng ny cam ng trong
dy qun stato va rto cac s:

2
j k N f
2
2
j E
m 1
1 m 1 dq 1 1 1

=
=
&
& &
(13.5a)
2
j k N f
2
2
j E
m 2
2 m 2 dq 2 2 2

=
=
&
& &
(13.5b)
Khi rto ng yn f
2
= f
1
nn t s bin i in ap cua may in khng ng
b bng:
2 dq 2
1 dq 1
2
1
e
k N
k N
E
E
k = = (13.6)
Tng t nh mba ta co phng trnh cn bng s trong mach in stato:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1
Z I E ) jx r ( I E r I E E U
& & & & & & & &
+ = + + = + = (13.7)
trong o:
+ Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
: tng tr cua dy qun stator.
* r
1
la in tr cua dy qun stato.
* x
1
la in khang tan cua dy qun stator.
+
1 1 1
x I j E
t
& &
= s tan do t thng tan stato
t1
sinh ra.
3
Phng trnh cn bng s trong mach in rto:
(13.8)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Z I E ) jx r ( I E 0
& & & &
= + =
trong o: Z
2
= r
2
+ jx
2
: tng tr cua dy qun rto.
* r
2
la in tr cua dy qun rto.
* x
2
= 2f
1
L
t2
la in khang tan cua dy qun rtoluc ng yn.
Cung ging nh mba, ta co th vit:
) jx r ( I Z I E
m m m
+ = =
0 0 1
& & &
(13.9)
trong o: I
0
- dong in t hoa sinh ra st F
0
.
Z
m
= r
m
+ jx
m
: tng tr cua nhanh t hoa.
* r
m
la in tr t hoa t trng cho s tn hao st t.
* x
m
la in khang t hoa biu th s h ca m gia stato va rto.
Qu| d| pho rto v pho stoto theo nguyn tc tn hoo khng d|:
Qui i s rto E
2
sang bn stato ta c la:
E
2
= E
1
= k
e
E
2
.
Qui i in tr rto r
2
v stato :
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 1
r I m r I m
' '
=
Vy :
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
r . k r k k r
r
W k m
W k m
m
m
r
I
I
m
m
r
i e
'
dq
dq
'
'
'
= =
=
(13.10)
trong o, k = k
e
k
i
la h s qui i tng tr.
Tng t qui i in khang rto x
2
v stato :
2 2
kx x
'
= (13.11)
Tom lai, cac phng trnh c trng cua may in khng ng b qui i v
stato la:

1 1 1 1
Z I E U
& & &
+ =

'
2
'
2
'
2
Z I E 0
& &
=
(13.12)
1
'
2
E E
& &
=
) I ( I I
'
2 0 1
& & &
+ =
m 0 1
Z I E
& &
=
Khi rto ng yn ma dy qun rto ngn mach, th dong in trong 2 dy
qun rt ln. han ch dong in I
1
va I
2
trong 2 dy qun tr s nh mc cua
chung th cn phai giam thp in ap xung con khoang (15-25)%U
m
. Luc ny
s E
1
trong may in khng ng b nho i rt nhiu va tng ng t thng
m

cung nho, ngha la st t hoa F
0
rt nho so vi F
1
va F
2
, do o ta coi F
0
= 0 va ta
co:
4
(13.13)
0
0 2 1
= = + F F F
& & &
va 0
0 2 1
= = + I I I
'
& & &

Hnh 13.1 th vect cua MK khi rto ng yn
1
U
&

1
I
&
0
I
&
'
2
I
&

1 1
I jx
&

1 1
I r
&

1
E
&

'
2
'
2
I jx
&

'
2
'
2
I r
&
Hnh 13.2 Mach in thay th cua

MK khi ngn mach
r
1
x
1
r
2
x
2
'
2 1
I I
& &
=
1
U
&

Ta co th tnh dong in stato I
1
:

n
1
'
2 1
1
1
Z
U
Z Z
U
I
& &
&
=
+
=
trong o: Z
n
= Z
1
+ Z
2
= r
n
+jx
n
:tng tr ngn mach cua may in khng ng b.
Vi r
n
= r
1
+ r
2
va x
n
= x
1
+ x
2

Khi U
1
= U
m
th I
1
= I
k
y la dong in khi ng cua may.
13.3. MAY DIN KHNG DNG B LAM VIC KHI ROTOR QUAY
Khi rto quay th tn s cua tr s s va dong in trong dy qun roto thay
i. iu o anh hng rt ln n s lam vic cua may in, nhng no khng lam
thay i nhng qui lut va quan h in t khi rto ng yn.
13.3.1. Coc phuong trnh co bon.
1. Phng trnh cn bng s dy qun stato:
May in khng ng b khi lam vic th dy qun rto nht nh phai kn
mach va thng la nhn mach. Khi ni dy qun stato vi ngun ba pha, ta co
phng trnh cn bng s dy qun stato khi rto quay ging nh khi ng yn :

1 1 1 1
Z I E U
& & &
+ = (13.14)
2. Phng trnh cn bng s dy qun rto:
T trng khe h do st F
0
sinh ra quay vi tc n
1
. Nu rto quay vi tc
n theo chiu t trng quay th gia dy qun rto va t trng quay co tc
trt n
2
= n
1
- n, vy tn s s va dong in trong dy qun rto se la :

1
1
1
1 2
2
sf
60
p n
n
n n
60
p n
f =
= = (13.15)
5
trong o, s - la h s trt cua may in khng ng b, luc may lam vic ch
tai nh mc, thng s
m
= 0,02 0,08.
S cam ng trong dy rto luc quay:

2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
E s j k W f j E
m
m dq s
&
&
& &
=
= (13.16)
in khang cua dy qun rto luc quay:
x
2s
= 2f
2
L
t2
= 2sf
1
L
t2
= s.x
2
(13.17)
Phng trnh cn bng s cua mach in rto:
) jx r ( I E
s s 2 2 2 2
0 + =
& &
(13.18)
Hay sau khi qui i la:
(13.19) ) jx r ( I E
'
s
' ' '
s 2 2 2 2
0 + =
& &
Trong phng trnh trn, s va dong in co tn s f
2
, con bn stato s va
dong in co tn s f
1
v vy ta phai qui i tn s th vic thit l p phng trnh
mi co y ngha. Ta vit lai phng trnh (13.19):
t j '
s
' ' t j '
s
e ) jx r ( I e E
2 2
2 2 2 2
0

+ =
& &

Nhn hai v vi:
t ) ( j t j
e
s
e
s
2 1
1 1

=
Trong o: =
1
-
2
tc goc cua rto;
t ) ( j
e
2 1

la h s qui i tn s.
T o ta vit lai phng trnh trn:

t j
2
2
2
t j
2
1 1
e jx
s
r
I e E 0

+ = ) (
'
'
' '
& &

Hay
t j
2 2 2 2
t j
2
1 1
e
s
s 1
r jx r I e E 0

+ + = ) (
' ' ' ' '
& &
(13.20)
Nhn xet:
1. V mt toan hoc hai phng trnh (13.18) va (13.20) khng co g khac
nhau, nhng v mt vt ly a khac nhau v ban cht. Phng trnh (13.18) ch ro
mi quan h cua in ap khi rto quay vi h s trt s, trong o E
2s
, I
2
va tn tr
r
2
+ jx
2s
co tn s f
2
. Phng trnh (13.20) ch ro quan h trng hp rto ng
yn va luc ny trn rto c ni thm mt in tr gia tng r
2
(1-s)/s; con E
2
, I
2

va tn tr r
2
/s + jx
2
co tn s f
1
.
2. Trong hai trng hp dong in I
2
co khac nhau v tn s nhng tr hiu
dung va goc lch pha la khng i.
3. Du rto quay hay khng quay th st stato F
1
va st rto F
2
bao gi cung
quay ng b vi nhau.
4. Nng lng tiu tan trn in tr gia tng R
c
= r
2
(1-s)/s tng ng vi
nng lng in bin i thanh c nng trn truc ng c khi no quay.
6
Phng trnh cn bng st : (v st stato F
1
va rto F
2
quay cung
1
).

0 2 1
F F F
& & &
= +
hay
0 2 1
I I I
'
& & &
= +
Vy phng trnh c ban cua may in khng ng b luc rto quay la:

1 1 1 1
Z I E U
& & &
+ =
) jx
s
r
( I E
'
'
' '
2
2
2 2
0 + =
& &

(13.21)
1 2
E E
'
& &
=
) I ( I I
'
2 0 1
& & &
+ =
m
Z I E
0 1
& &
=
13.3.2. Moch d|n thoy th cuo moy d|n khng dng b.
Da vao cac phng trnh c ban, ta thanh lp s thay th hnh T (hnh
13.3) cho may in khng ng b khi rto quay ging nh mba, y dy qun
s cp mba la dy qun stato, dy qun th cp mba la dy qun rto va phu tai
mba la in tr gia tng r
2
(1-s)/s .
T s thay th co th tnh dong in stato, dong in rto, mmen, cng
sut c.. . va nhng tham s khac. Nh vy ta a chuyn vic tnh toan mt h
in - C hay C -in v vic tnh toan mach in n gian.

Trong may in khng ng b, do co khe h khng kh ln nn tn tai dong
in t hoa ln, khoang (20-50)%I
m
. in khang tan x
1
cung ln. Trong trng
hp nh vy in khang t hoa x
m
gi nguyn va bo qua in tr r
m
(r
m
= 0) con
tn hao st ta gp vao tn hao c va tn hao phu. T o ta co mach in thay th
hnh 13.4 do IEEE xng. y la mach in thay th c s dung nhiu trong
tnh toan va khao sat may in khng ng b.
r
1
x
1
r
2
x
2
) I (
'
2
&
1
U
&

Hnh 13.3 Mach in thay th hnh T cua MK
r
m
x
m
1
I
&

0
I
& r
2
(1-s)/s

7
1
U
&

x
m
1
I
&

o
I
&
) I (
'
2
&
s
s 1
r
'
2

r
2
x
2
x
1
r
1
Hnh 13.4 Mach in thay th MK do IEEE xng

Thng tnh toan thun li, ta bin i mach in thay th hnh T v mach
in thay th hnh n gian hn. Cach bin i nh sau:
T hnh (13.3) ta co:

'
2
'
2 '
2
Z
E
I
&
&
= vi Z
2s
= r
2
/s + jx
2
.
Va
m
1
0
Z
E
I
&
&
=
Vy dong in:
'
s
'
m
'
Z
E
Z
E
) I ( I I
2
2 1
2 0 1
& &
& & &

+
= + =
Mc khac:
+ + = =
'
s
m
Z
Z
Z
Z
E U Z I U E
2
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
& & & & &

'
s
'
s
m
Z
Z
C
U
Z
Z
Z
Z
U
E
2
1
1
1
2
1 1
1
1
1 +
=
+ +
=
&
& &
&

Trong o : C
1
= 1+Z
1
/Z
m
.
Ta co:
1 2 1
1
2
1
2
Z Z C
U
Z
E
I
' '
s
'
+
=
=
&
& &
&

1 2 1
1 1 1 1
2 0 1
Z Z C
U
Z
Z I U
I I I
'
s
m
'
+
+
= =
&
& & &
& & &

1 2 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1
Z Z C
U
Z
U
C I )) Z / Z ( ( I
'
s
m
m
+
+ = = +
&
& &
& & &

Vy:
' '
'
s
m
I I
Z C Z C
U
Z C
U
I
2 00
1 1 2
2
1
1
1
1
1
& &
& &
&
&
&
&
+ =
+
+ = (4.22)
Trong o:
m m m m
Z Z
U
Z ) Z / Z (
U
Z C
U
I
+
=
+
= =
1
1
1
1
1
1
00
1
& &
&
&
&
goi la dong in khng tai ly
tng, ngha la dong in khng tai luc s = 0, tc la r
2
(1-s)/s = .
8
Va:
1
2
1 1 2
2
1
1
2
C
I
Z C Z C
U
I
'
'
s
' '
&
&
& &
&
&
=
+
= la dong in th cp cua mach in hnh . T
cac phng trnh trn ta thanh lp c mach in thay th hnh chnh xac cua
may in khng ng b nh hnh 13.5a

'
2
2
1
Z C
&
Z
1
Z
1
Z
2
1 1
Z C
&

) I I (
'
2
' '
2
& &
=
1
U
&
Z
m
1
I
&
00
I
&
r
2
(1-s)/s
Z
1
) I (
' '
2
&

1
U
&

Hnh 13.5 Mach in thay th hnh cua mat in khng ng b
Z
m
1
I
&

00
I
&

s
s 1
r C
'
2
2
1

&

(a) (b)

Thc t la ch ln hn 1 mt t, goc phc lai rt nho nn co th coi = C
1
=
1 + x/x
m
va nh vy . Ta co mach in n gian hn nh hnh (13.4b).
1
C
&
1
C
&
' ' '
I I
2 2
& &
=

13.3.3. H s qu| d| cuo dy qun rto |ng soc.
Khi ve mach in thay th hay th vect, cac tham s bn rto u qui i
v bn stato. Cac h s qui i t rto sang stato cua MK:

2 2 dq
1 1 dq
e
N k
N k
k = ;
2 2 dq 2
1 1 dq 1
i
N k m
N k m
k = ; k = k
e
k
i
i vi dy qun rto lng soc, y la loai dy qun c bit, ta co:
m
2
= Z
2
; N
2
= 1/2 ; k
dq2
= 1.
Th vao trn ta co:

1 1 dq
1 1 dq
2 2 dq
1 1 dq
e
N k 2
2
1
. 1
N k
N k
N k
k = = = ;

2
1 1 dq 1
2 2 dq 2
1 1 dq 1
i
Z
N k m 2
N k m
N k m
k = = ;
. ) N k (
Z
m 4
k k k
2
1 1 dq
2
1
i e
= =
9
13.4. CAC CH D LAM VIC,GIAN D NNG LUONG VA D THJ
VECTO MAY DIN KHNG DNG B
Ta a bit, may in khng ng b lam vic ba ch : ng c, may phat
va ham.
13.4.1. Moy d|n khng dng b |om v| c o ch d dng co d|n [0 < s < 1}
Cng sut tac dung ng c in nhn t li in:
P
1
= m
1
U
1
I
1
cos
1
.
Mt phn nho cng sut nay bu tn hao ng trn dy qun stato p
Cu1
= m
1
r
1

va tn hao st thep trong loi thep p
Fe
= m
1
r
m
, phn ln cng sut a vao con lai
chuyn thanh cng sut in t P
t
truyn qua rto. Nh vy :
2
1
I
2
o
I
P
t
= P
1
- (p
Cu1
+ p
Fe
) =
s
r
I m
'
2 2 '
2 1
(13.23)
V trong rto co dong in nn co tn hao ng trn dy qun rto: p
Cu2
=
m
1
I
2
2
r
2
. Do o cng sut c cua ng c in :
P
c
= P
t
- p
Cu2
=
s
r
I m
'
2 2 '
2 1
-m
2
I
2
2
r
2
=
s
s 1
r I m
'
2
2 '
2 1

(13.24)
Cng sut u truc cua ng c in:
P
2
= P
c
- (p
c
+p
f
) (13.25)
+ tn hao c p
c
(tn hao ma sat va quat gio)
+ tn hao phu p
f
(xet chng sau).

Hnh 13. Gian nng lng may in khng ng b
(a) (b) ca)

Tng tn hao cua ng c in khng ng b :
p = p
Cu1
+ p
Fe
+ p
Cu2
+ p
c
+ p
f

10
Hiu sut cua ng c in khng ng b :

1 1
2
P
p
1
P
P

= = (13.26)
Gian nng lng cua ng c khng ng b nh hnh 13.6a. Va cung
ging nh mba, th vect cua ng c in khng ng b co th ve theo cac
phng trnh c ban (13.21) nh trnh bay trn hnh 13.7a.
S phn phi cng sut phan khang trong may in khng ng b co th thy
ro t mach in thay th hnh T hnh 13.3.
Cng sut phan khang ng c in nhn t li in :
Q
1
= m
1
U
1
I
1
sin (13.27)
Mt phn cng sut phan khang nay c dung sinh ra t trng tan trong
mach stato va t trng tan rto :
q
1
= m
1
I
2
1
x
1
; q
2
= m
1
I
2
2
x
2
(13.28)
Phn ln cng sut phan khang con lai dung sinh ra t trng khe h :
Q
m
= m
1
I
2
0
x
m
(13.29)
Vy : Q
1
= q
1
+ q
2
+ Q
m
= m
1
U
1
I
1
sin
1
(13.30)
Do may in khng ng b co khe h khng kh ln hn trong mba, nn
dong in t hoa trong may in khng ng b ln hn dong in t hoa trong
mba, thng I
0
= 20-25%I
m
. Va do Q
m
va I
0
tng i ln nn h s cng sut
cos cua may thp, thng cos
m
= 0,7- 0,95 va khi khng tai cos
0
= 0,1- 0,15,
rt thp.
13.4.2. Moy d|n khng dng b |om v|c o ch d moy phot [-<s<0}
Khi may in khng ng b lam vic ch may phat, s < 0 th cng sut
c cua may la P
c
=
s
s 1
r I m
'
2
2 '
2 1

< 0, ngha la may nhn cng sut vao. Ngoai ra,
ta co :
tg
2
=
'
'
'
'
r
sx
s / r
x
2
2
2
2
= < 0.
Vy s lch pha gia E
1
va I
2
la nm trong khoang 90
0
<
2
< 180
0
.
T th vect hnh 6.7b, ta thy :
1
> 90
0

nn :
+ Cng sut in tac dung la:
P
1
= m
1
U
1
I
1
cos
1
.< 0 : may phat cng sut ta c dung vao li.
+ Cng sut phan khang:
Q
m
= m
1
U
1
I
1
sin
1
> 0, may nhn cng sut phan khang t li nh
ng c in.
Gian nng lng cua may phat in khng ng b nh hnh 13.6b.
11

1
E
&
1
E
&
1
U
&
1 1
I r
&
&
0
I
&
1
I
&
'
2
I
&
'
2
I
&
1 1
I jx
&
2
1
E
&

1
E
&

1
U
&

1 1
I r
&
0
I
&

1
I
&

'
2
I
&

'
2
I
&

1 1
I jx
&

1

Hnh 13.7 th vect cua may in khng ng b
1
E
&

1
E
&

1
U
&

1 1
I r
&

&
0
I
&
1
I
&

'
I
2
&
'
I
2
&
1 1
I jx
&

1

90
o
&

(a) (b)
(c)

13.4.3. Moy d|n khng dng b |om v|c o ch d hom [1< s < + }
Khi s > 1 th cng sut c cua may P
c
=
s
s
r I m
' '
1
2
2
2 1
< 0, nn May nhn
cng sut c t ngoai vao. Cng sut in t cua may P
t
=
s
r
I m
'
' 2 2
2 1
> 0, nn may
nhn cng sut in t li. Tt ca cng sut c va in ly ngoai vao u bin
thanh tn hao ng trn mach rto :
P
t
+ (-P
t
) =
s
r
I m
'
' 2 2
2 1
-
s
s
r I m
' '
1
2
2
2 1
= = p
Cu2

'
2
2 '
2 1
r I m
V tt ca nng lng ly vao u tiu thu trn may nn khi U
1
= U
1m
ch cho
phep may lam vic trong thi gian ngn.
Gian nng lng va th vect cua may in khng ng b lam vic
ch ham nh hnh 13.6c va hnh 13.7c.
13.5. MMEN DIN TU CUA MAY DIN KHNG DNG B
V may in khng ng b thng c dung lam ng c in, nn khi phn
tch se ly ng c in lam v du. Cung ging nh cac may in khac, ng c
in khng ng luc lam vic phai kc phuc mmen tai bao gm mmen khng tai
M
0
va mmen cua phu tai M. V vy phng trnh cn bng mmen cua ng c
in khng ng b luc lam vic n nh la :
M = M
0
+ M
2
(13.31)
12
Trong o:
M : Mmen in t cua ng c in.
Vi:
+
=
f c
p p
M
0
va
=
2
2
P
M
Trong o :
60
2 n
= la tc goc cua rto;
n la tc quay cua rto.
Ta vit lai cng thc (13.31) :
+ +
=
c f c
P P p p
M
2
(13.32)
Ta cung co:
1
=
dt
P
M (13.33)
Vy:
1
t c
P P

t t t c
P ) s ( P
n
n
P P = =
= 1
1 1
(13.34)
Tn hao ng trn rto bng :
p
Cu2
= P
t
- P
c
= sP
t
(13.35)
ta co: P
t
= m
2
E
2
I
2
cos
2
.
Nn: P
c
= m
2
(1-s)E
2
I
2
cos
2
. (13.36)
Ta a co: E
2
= 2 f
1
N
2
k
dq2
m
f
1
= pn
1
/60.
= (1-s)
1
= (1-s)2n
1
/60.
Th vao trn ta tm c mmen in t cua may in khng ng b :

2
1
=
=
co
P
M m
2
pN
2
k
dq2
m
I
2
cos
2
. (13.37)
Thng ta li dung mach in thay th tnh mmen in t theo s.
T s thay th hnh (hnh 13.4a), ta co:

2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
1
2 1 2
) x C x ( ) s / r C r (
U
I C I
' ' '
' ' '
+ + +
= =
va P
c
=
s
s
r I m
' '
1
2
2
2 1

= (1-s)
1
ma
1
= 2n
1
/60 = 2(60f
1
/p)/60 =
1
/p
Mmen in t cua may in khng ng b :
13
2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2
2
1
1
1
) x C x ( ) s / r C r (
s / r U m P
M
' '
'
c
+ + +
= (13.38)
Nhn xet:
+ Mmen M t l U
2
1
.
+ Mmen M t l nghch (x
1
+ c
1
x
2
)
2
khi tn s cho trc.
+ M = f(s).
Ve quan h M = f(s).
13.5.1. Im mmen cuc do| M
mox

ve quan h M = f(s), ta tm mmen cc ai bng cach gia thit nh sau :
Gia thit ca c tham s khac la khng i.
t y = 1/s.
Vit lai biu thc mmen in t: (13.38) thanh :

2
Dy Cy B
Ay
M
+ +
=
trong o:
2
2
1 1
'
r U m
A =
'
2 1 1
r r C 2 = C
B = D =
2
2 1 1
2
1
) x C x ( r
'
+ +
2 '
2
2
1
r C
Ly ao ham va tm s
m
ng vi mmen cc ai M
max
.
0
-
2 2
2
=
+ +
=
=
) Dy Cy B (
) Dy B ( A
dy
dM
m
y y
m

D / B y
m
=
2
2 1 1
2
1
2 1
) x C x ( r
r C
B / D s
'
'
m
+ +
= = (13.40)
2
2 1 1
2
1 1
2
1 1
1 1
2
1
) x C x ( r r
U m
C
M
'
max
+ + +
= (13.41)
Thng r
1
<< x
1
+ C
1
x
2
, nn xem r
1
= 0, ta co:
'
'
m
x C x
r C
s
2 1 1
2 1
+
= (13.42)
'
max
x C x
U m
C
M
2 1 1
2
1 1
1 1
2
1
+
= (13.43)
Ta nhn xet v M
max
:
+ M
max
t l vi
2
1
U
+ M
max
khng phu thuc r
2

+ M
max
ch may phat ln hn mt t so vi M
max
ch ng c.
14
+ r
2
cang ln th s
m
cang ln.
+ r
2
tng th M
max
khng i ma dch sang phai.

M.Fa t .c Ham
(-M
max
)
M
max
s
s
m
-s
m
-1
1
Hnh 13.8 Quan h M = f(s)

M
k
M

13.5.2. Mmen kho| dng :
im s = 1 (n = 0) ng vi ch khi ng (hnh 13.8) cua ng c:

2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2
2
1 1
1
1
) x C x ( ) r C r (
r U m
M
' '
'
k
+ + +
= (13.44)
Ta nhn xet v mmen khi ng M
k
:
+ M
k
t l vi
2
1
U
+ M
k
t l vi nghch vi Z
2
= (r
1
+ C
1
r
2
)
2
+ (x
1
+ C
1
x
2
)
2
. Nu C
1
= 1 th Z
= Z
n
con (r
1
+ C
1
r
2
) << (x
1
+ C
1
x
2
) th M
k
t l vi nghch in khang (x
1
+ C
1
x
2
)
2
.
+ Tm M
k
= M
max
th h s trc s
m
= 1, ta co:
1
2 1 1
2 1
=
+
=
'
'
m
x C x
r C
s
' '
x
C
x
r
2
1
1
2
+ = (13.45)
y la in tr cua ma ch rto M
k
= M
max
.
13.5.3. c tnh co cuo dng co d|n
c tnh c cua ng c in la quan h: M
2
= f(n) hoc n = f(M
2
). Ma ta co
M = M
0
+ M
2
, vy y ta xem M
0
= 0 hoc chuyn M
0
v mmen can tnh, nn
xem rng M
2
= M = f(n). T hnh 13.9, ta co :
+ oan oa (0 < s < s
m
) ng c lam vic n nh. c tnh c cng.
+ oan oa ( s
m
< s < 1) ng c lam vic khng n nh.
15
13.5.4. Im b|u thuc K|ox [ng co}
Lp t s M/M
max
:

[ ]
[ ]
2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2
1 1 2 1
2
) x C x ( ) r C r ( s
) x C x ( r r r C
M
M
' '
' '
max
+ + +
+ + +
=
. (13.46)
Ta co:
m
'
'
s
r C
) x C x ( r
2 1 2
2 1 1
2
1
= + + .
Th vao ta c:

m
m
m
m
max
as
s
s
s
s
as
M
M
+ +
+
=
2
(13.47)
Vi
'
r C
r
a
2 1
1
2
= va trong may in khng ng b thng in tr r
1
= r
2
va s
m
=
0,10,2, nn: as
m
<< s hang trc no, nn:

s
s
s
s
M
M
m
m
max
+
=
2
(13.48)
o la biu thc Klx.
Hnh 13. c tnh c c M = f(s)

M
max
M
b
n
s
0
1
c
r
2
r
2
r
2
< <
s
m
13.5.5. Nng |uc quo to|
m
max
m
M
M
k = (=1,73).
13.5.. 8| s mmen kho| dng
m
k
k
M
M
k =
13.5.7. 8| s dong d|n kho| dng
m
k
I
I
I
k = .
13.6. THI NGHIM XAC DJNH THNG S MACH DIN THAY TH
M hnh mach in cua ng c khng ng b tng t nh mba, cac thng
s cung c xac nh bng th nghim khng tai (u truc ng c khng ni vi
tai) va ngn mach (gi rto ng yn) ging nh trong mba.
13..1. Ih ngh|m khng to|
Th nghim khng tai la dy qun stato K ni vao li in co in ap va
tn s nh mc, con u truc ng c khng ni vi tai. S ni dy th nghim
ng c khng ng b c trnh bay trn hnh 13.10. Khi ni ngun in co in
16
ap nh mc vao dy qun stato, luc o ta o c cac ai lng nh cac dung cu
o nh sau :
Cng sut khng tai P
o
(3-pha, tng cng sut trn hai Watt k)
Dong in khng tai I
o
(tnh trung bnh t 3 ampe k)
in ap khng tai U
o
(tnh trung bnh t 3 vn k).

DK
V
V
A
A
A
V
W
W
*
*
*
*
K
Ngun
AC
ba pha
Hnh 13.10 S th nghim K ba pha

Cng sut khng tai P
o
(tn hao khng tai) la cac tn tht khi cng sut trn
u truc la zero, bao gm : tn hao ng stato, tn hao st va tn hao quay (tn
hao quat go, ma sat va tn hao phu).
Tn hao st trong loi thep ch xay ra stato, con trong rto khng ang k,
do h s trt rt thp (s
o
=0,001), nn tn s dong in trong dy qun rto thp,
khoang 0,05Hz.
Tr s dong in khng tai K khoang 20 - 40% dong in nh mc v co
khe h khng kh. Tn tht ng stato khi khng tai cn c tnh toan, bng cach
o in tr mt chiu va hiu chnh theo dong in xoay chiu (50Hz). Cng sut
c P
c
tng ng vi in tr gia tng co trc s
o
rt thp. V vy r
2
/s
o
+ jx
2

>> Z
m
= r
m
+ jx
m
nn r
2
/s
o
+ jx
2
co th bo qua. T mach in thay th hnh 13.3
khi khng tai c trnh bay trn hnh 13.11a.

Hnh 13.11 Mach in thay th K khng tai

r x
1
U
&
r
o
x
o
0
I
&
(b)
1
U
&
r
m
x
m
0
I
&

(c)
1 1

1
U
&

r
0
I
&
m
x
m
(a)
17
Phi hp hai nhanh ni tip Z
1
va Z
m
ta c mach in hnh 13.11b. Trong o Z
o

= Z
1
+ Z
m
= r
o
+ jx
o
,
,
vi r
o
= r
1
+ r
m
va x
o
= x
1
+ x
m
. y ta phai hiu r
o
c
trng cho tn hao khng tai gm tn hao st, quat gio, ma sat va tn hao phu.
T cac thng s th nghim va mach in thay th hnh 13.11b, ta co :

2
o
o
m 1 o
I
1
3
P
= r + r = r (13.49)

o
o
o
I
1
3
U
z = (13.50)

2
o
2
o m 1 o
r z x x x = + = (13.51)
H s cng sut khng tai :
cos
o
= P
o
/(U
o
I
o
) (13.52)
in khang tan stato x
1
tm c t th ngn mach. Ta co th tach tn hao
quay t tn hao khng tai bng cach tr tn hao ng trn dy qun stato khi
khng tai :
p
q
= P
o
- 3.r
1
I
o
2
. (13.53)
Do tng tr dy qun stato Z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
<< Z
m
= r
m
+ jx
m
, nn co th bo qua
Z
1
. Mach in thay th gn dung ng c khng ng b khi khng tai trnh bay
trn hnh 13.11c. Mach in tng ng nay dung tnh tng tr nhanh t hoa
rt n gian, ging nh trong mba.
13..2. Ih ngh|m ngn moch
Th nghim nay c dung xac nh cac thng s ni tip trong m hnh
mach ng c khng ng b. S ni dy th nghim ging nh khi khng tai
(hnh 13.10), nhng gi rto ng yn, luc nay h s trt s = 1. Giam in ap t
vao dy qun stato, sao cho dong in chay trong dy qun stato bng dong in
nh mc. Luc o ta o c cac ai lng nh cac dung cu o nh sau :
Cng sut ngn mach P
n
(3-pha, tng cng sut trn hai oat k)
Dong in ngn mach I
n
(tnh trung bnh t 3 ampe k)
in a p ngn mach U
n
(tnh trung bnh t 3 vn k).
Trong th nghim nay, bo qua tn hao st r
m
= 0, nhng khng th bo qua in
khang t hoa X
m
v no nho hn nhiu so vi mba. T mach in thay th hnh 13.4,
khi th nghim ngn mach c trnh bay trn hnh 13.12a (chnh la mach in
thay th IEEE khi s = 1). Phi hp hai nhanh song song thanh hnh 13.12b. Nu bo
qua nhanh t hoa song song cua mach in trnh bay trn hnh 13.16a th ging
nh th nghim ngn mach mba, vic tnh toan se n gian hn v x
2
va r
2
tng
18
ng bng x
2
va r
2
. T cac thng s th nghim va m hnh mach hnh 13.12b, ta
tnh c :

2
n
n
2 1 t
I
1
3
P
= r + r = r
' '
(13.54)

n
n
t
I
1
3
U
= z
(13.55)

2
t
2
t 2 1 t
r - z = x + x = x

' '
(13.56)
H s cng sut khng tai :
cos
n
= P
n
/(U
n
I
n
) (13.57)
Trong trng hp gn ung co th cho rng in khang tan stato va in
khang tan rto bng nhau va bng na x
t
(x
t
x
n
:
x
1
= x
2
= x
t
/2 (13.58)
T mach in thay th hnh 13.16a va b, ta co :

) (
) (
' '
' '
' ' ' '
m 2 2
m 2 2
2 2
x + x j + r
jx jx + r
= jx + r (13.59)
Phn thc cua biu thc trn la :

2
m 2
2
2
2
m 2
2
x + x + r
x r
= r
) ( ) (
' '
'
' '
(13.60)
Do r
2
<< (x
2
+ x
m
), nn bo qua r
2
:
2
m 2
2
m 2
2
x + x
x r
= r
) (
'
'
' '
(13.61)
Ta co r
2
= r
t
- r
1
, nn : r
2
= ( r
t
- r
1
)
2
m
2
m 2
x
x + x ) (
'
. (13.62)
Khi x
m
>> x
2
, ta co : x
t
= x
1
+ x
2
. (13.63)

(b)

r
1
x
1
r
2
x
2
1
U
&
1
I
&
r
1
x
1
r
2
x
2
) I (
'
2
&
1
U
&

x
m
1
I
&

0
I
&

(a)

Hnh 13.12 Mach in thay th K ngn mach

19
13.7 MMEN PHU CUA MAY DIN KHNG DNG B
Mmen phu may in khng ng b la mmen sinh ra do t trng song bc
cao quay vi nhng tc khac nhau. Nhng mmen phu ny rt yu so vi song
c ban, nhng tc thp no sinh ra mmen ham tng i ln lam anh hng
n s lam vic cua may in, nht la trong qua trnh m may ng c khng ng
b.
13.7.1. Coc |oo| mmen phu
1. Mmen phu khng ng b:
Du tc d quay cua rto nh th nao, st song c ban cua stato va rto u
quay cung t n
1
, do o sinh ra mmen in t nh a phn tch trn. Khai nim
nay cung ung cho cac song iu hoa.
Cac song iu hoa u sinh ra mmen, nhng song bc 5 quay ngc va song
bc 7 quay thun co bin tng i ln va mmen phu sinh ra cung anh hng
nhiu n mmen cua may in. Tht vy:
+ Song bc 7 quay thun: ( = 6K + 1).
Tc ng b: n
7
=
7
n
1

Vy tc : 0 < n <
7
n
1
: may ch ng c; con n >
7
n
1
: may ch
may phat.
+ Song bc 5 quay ngc :
-n/n
1
M

M

1
0
5 7
M
min
H.13.13 c tnh M = f(n) khi co song bc 5, 7
( = 6K - 1).
Tc ng b:
5
1
5
n
n = , nn
tc ng b cua no trong
khu vc s >1, (trang thai ham).
V t trng song bc 5 quay
ngc nn tc trong khoang :
- n
1
/5 < n < n
1
mmen m va n <
- n
1
/5 mmen dng.
2. Mmen phu ng b:
Mmen phu ng b sinh ra do song iu hoa bc cao nao o cua t trng
stato tac dung vi mt song iu hoa bc cao co cung s i cc cua t trng
rto. Mmen phu ny chu yu do st song iu hoa rng cua stato va rto sinh ra.
Do o s phi hp rng ranh gia stato va rto lin quan n vic sinh ra mmen
ny.
Chu y: Z
1
= Z
2
va Z
1
- Z
2
= 2p sinh ra mmen phu ng b.
20
3. Mmen dong xoay va Mmen t tr:
+ Mmen dong xoay M
x
sinh ra do s tng tac cua dong in xoay cam ng
trong mach dn t rto va t trng chnh.
+ Mmen t tr M
T
sinh ra do hin tng tr cua thep lam mach dn t rto
lam chm tr s t hoa lai rto i vi t trng dch chuyn tng i so vi rto
13.7.2. Fhuong phop tru khu momen phu
Mmen phu la do st song iu hoa bc cao sinh ra, trong o co ca st song
iu hoa rng. V vy mun tr kh mmen phu th phai lam yu st song iu hoa
o i.
+ Dung dy qun bc ngn.
+ Phi hp ranh thch ang.
+ Thc hin ranh nghing.
13.8. CAC DUONG DC TINH CUA MAY DIN KHNG DNG B.
13.8.1. c tnh tc d n = |[F
2
}.
Theo cng thc h s trt, ta co:
n = n
1
(1-s)
trong o : s = p
Cu2
/P
t
. Khi khng tai p
Cu2
<< P
t
nn s 0 ng c in quay gn
tc ng b n n
1
Khi tng tai th tn hao ng cung tng ln n giam mt t,
nn ng c tnh tc la ng dc xung.
13.8.2. c tnh momen M = |[F
2
}
Ta co M = f(s) thay i rt nhiu.
Nhng trong pham vi 0 < s < s
m
th
ng M = f(s) gn ging ng
thng, nn M
2
= f(P
2
) ng thng qua
gc toa .
13.8.3. c tnh h|u sut =
|[F
2
}.
Ta co hiu sut cua may in
khng ng b :
%
p P
P
100
2
2
+
=
1
.6
.4
.2
0
.8
.5 1
s
n

cos
M
2
M

H.13.14 Dc tinh lam vic cua MK
p tng tn hao, nhng y ch co
tn hao ng thay i theo phu tai con cac tn hao khac la khng i.
21
13.8.4. c tnh h s cng sut cos = |[F
2
}.
V MK lun lun nhn cng sut phan khang t li. Luc khng tai cos rt
thp thng < 0,2. Khi co tai dong in I
2
tng ln nn cos cung tng.
13.9. MAY DIN KHNG DNG B LAM VIC TRONG DIU KIN
KHNG DJNH MUC.
13..1. |n op khng d|nh muc.
Gia thit U
1
< U
m
: thng gp nht, nh tai cui ngun, luc ny M giam v M
U
2
. Va ta co M = CI
2
cos
2
, nu M
c
khng i th I
2
se tng ln t l vi s
giam , lam may nong ln, v U E nn U giam th giam.
H s cng sut cos co xu hng tng v I
0
giam khi U giam.
V mt tn hao, in ap giam co a nh hng nh sau :
tn hao p
Fe
giam U
2

tn hao p
Cu2
tng I
2
2

tn hao p
Cu1
phu thuc vao I
0
va I
2
v I
0
giam con I
2
tng.
Nu tai < 40%, tn hao co giam nn hiu sut tng.
Nhng tai > 50%, tn hao tng nn hiu sut giam.

P
2
/P
m
0

13..2. In s khng d|ng muc.
Thng th tn s f khng i hay thay i 5%f
m
xem nh khng i.
Gia thit : f < f
m
ma U E f cho rng U= C
t
1/ f .
Vy khi tn s f giam th:
+ tng th I
0
tng lam p
Fe
tng va cos
1
giam.
+ tc n cung giam.
+ Nu M
C
= C
t
thi I
2
giam va s giam v sP
t
= p
Cu2
= m
2
I
2
2
r
2
.
20

80

60

40

100

.2

.4

.6

.8

Y
1
P
2
/P
m
0
20
80
60
40
100

.2

.4

.6

.8

1

Y

P
2
/P
m
0
20
80
60
40
100

.2

.4

.6

.8

1
cos
Y

Hinh 13.15 c tnh cua K khi i ni t sang Y

22
13..3. |n op dt voo khng d| xung
Phn tch in ap khng i xng thanh cac thanh phn thun, th t ngc,
th t khng va trung tnh khng ni t nh thng gp trong cac ng c khng
ng b.
H thng in ap th t ngc sinh ra t trng quay nghch co h s trt cua
rto i vit trng quay ny la (2-s) > 1 va mmen do no sinh ra lam giam
mmen co ch, ng thi gy nn tn hao phu.

] R R ^

1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Chng 15
KHOI ONG VA Ib CHNH IOC O
ONG CO IN KHONG ONG 8O

14.1. KHOI DNG DNG CO KHNG DNG B
Phng trnh cn bng mmen trong qua trnh khi ng:

dt
d
J M M
c

=
trong o:
M : Mmen in t cua ng c in: f
1
().
M
C
: Mmen can cua tai: f
2
().
J : Mmen quan tnh.
Ta thy: + Tng tc thun li khi d/dt > 0 M > M
C

+ (M - M
C
) cang ln th tc tng cang nhanh.
+ May co quan tnh ln th thi gian khi ng t
k
lu.
Dong in khi ng I
k
: khi khi ng = 0 , s = 1 nn :

2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
1
) x C x ( ) r C r (
U
I
' '
k
+ + +
=
Thng th : I
k
= (47)I
m
ng vi U
m
.
Mmen khi ng M
k
:

2
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
2
2
1
1
1
) x C x ( ) r C r (
r U m
M
' '
'
k
+ + +
=
Yu cu khi khi ng ng c :
Mmen M
k
phai ln thch ng vi c tnh tai.
Dong I
k
ca ng nho cang tt khng anh hng n cac phu tai khac.
Thi gian t
k
cn nhanh may co th lam vic c ngay.
Thit b khi ng n gian, re tin, tin cy va t tn nng lng.
Nhng yu cu trn la trai ngc nhau, v th tuy theo yu cu s dung va cng
sut cua li in ma ta chon phng phap khi ng thch hp.
2
14.1.1. Kho| dng truc t|p
Trn hnh 14.1 la s ni dy khi ng trc tip ng c khng ng b.
ong cu dao CD ni trc tip dy qun stato vao li, ng c quay.
u im cua phng phap nay:
+ Thit b khi ng n gian.
+ Mmen khi ng M
k
ln,
C
CD
Hnh 1-1 Khi ng trc tip
U
1
+ Thi gian khi ng t
k
nho.
Khuyt im cua phng phap nay la dong
in khi ng I
k
ln lam anh hng n cac
phu tai khac. Do vy phng phap ny dung
cho nhng ng c cng sut nho va cng sut
cua ngun ln hn nhiu ln cng sut ng
c.

14.1.2. Kho| dng bng coch g|om d|n op dt voo dy qun stoto
Cac phng phap sau y nhm muc ch giam dong in khi ng I
k
. Nhng
khi giam in ap khi ng th mmen khi ng cung giam theo.
1. Khoi dng dung cun khang mc ni tip vao mach stato:
Trn hnh 14.2 la s ni dy khi
ng ng c khng ng b dung cun
khang CK. Khi khi ng : CD2 ct,
ong CD1 ni dy qun stato vao li
in thng qua CK, ng c quay n
nh, ong CD2 ngn mach in
khang, ni trc tip dy qun stato vao
li.
C
CD1
CD2
CK
U
1
Hinh 14. 2 Khi ng dung in
in ap t vao dy qun stato k:
U
k
= kU
1
(k < 1)
ong in khi ng:
I
k
= kI
k

Vi I
k
: dong khi ng trc tip vi U
1
.
Mmen khi ng:
M
k
= k
2
M
k
.
2. Khoi dng dung mba tu ngu:
Trn hnh 14.3 la s ni dy khi ng ng c khng ng b dung may
bin ap t ngu (MBA TN). Trc khi khi ng : ct CD2, ong CD3, MBA TN
v tr in ap t vao ng c khoang (0.60,8)U
m
, ong CD1 ni dy
3
qun stato vao li in thng qua MBA TN, ng c quay n nh, ct CD3, ong
CD2 ngn mach MBA TN, ni trc tip dy qun stato vao li.
Khi khi ng, ng c c cp
in:
U
k
= k
T
U
1
(k < 1)
Luc o dong in khi ng:
I
k
= k
T
I
k

vi I
k
: dong khi ng trc tip.
Dong in MBATN nhn t li in:
I
1
= k
T
I
k
= k
2
T
I
k
Mmen khi ng:
M
k
= k
2
T
M
k
.

U
1

3. Khoi dng bng cach di ni Y :
Trn hnh 14.4 la s ni dy khi ng bng cach i ni sao Y sang
dng c khng ng b. Phng phap nay ch dung cho ng c luc may lam vic
bnh thng ni , khi khi ng ni Y, sau khi tc quay gn n nh chuyn v
ni la m vic.
in ap pha khi khi ng:

k
'
kf
U U
3
1
=
Dong in khi khi ng ni Y:

kf
'
kf kY
I I I
3
1
= =
Dong in khi khi ng trc tip:

kf k
I I 3 =

Ta co: 3
3
3
= =
kf
kf
kY
k
I
I
I
I

Mmen khi ng M
k
giam i 3 ln.

14.1.3. Kho| dng bng coch thm k
p
voo moch rto dy qun:
Phng phap ny ch dung cho nhng ng c rto dy qun v c im cua
loai ng c nay la co th thm in tr phu vao mach rto. Khi in tr rto thay
Hnh 14.3 Khci ccng cung M8/ IN
C
CD1
CD2
TN
CD3
CD1
CD2
U
1
Hnh 14. 4 Khci ccng i ni Y
C

Y
4
i th c tnh M = f(s) cung thay i theo. Khi iu chnh in tr mach rto
thch ang th M
k
= M
max
(ng 3). Sau khi rto quay gi mt mmen in t
nht nh trong qua trnh khi ng ta ct dn in tr ni thm vao mach rto lam
cho qua trnh tng tc ng c t c tnh ny sang c tnh khac va sau khi ct
toan b in tr th se tng tc n im lam vic cua c tnh c t nhin.

Hnh 14. 5 Khci ccng ccng cc rcIc ccy ucn.
c) Sc cckhci ccng: L) cc I|nh khc i ng
r
2
+ r
p2
+r
p1
r
2
+ r
p2
r
2
M

s
1
0
(b)
CD1
U
1
r
p1
K
2
K
1
r
p2
C
(a)
3
u im cua phng phap ny la M
k
ln con dong in khi ng I
K
nho.
Nhc im cua phng phap ny la ng c rto dy qun ch tao phc tap
hn rto lng soc nn gia thanh t hn, bao quan kho khn hn va hiu sut cung
thp hn.
14.2. DIU CHINH TC D DNG CO KHNG DNG B
Trc y, nu co yu cu iu chnh tc cao thng dung ng c in
mt chiu. Nhng ngay nay nh ky thut in t phat trin nn vic iu chnh tc
ng c khng ng b khng gp kho khn my vi yu cu pham vi iu
chnh, bng phng khi iu chnh va nng lng tiu thu.
Ta thy cac phng phap iu chnh chu yu co th thc hin :
+ Trn stato : Thay i in ap U a vao dy qun stato, thay i s i cc t
p dy qun stato va thay i tn s f ngun in.
+ Trn rto : Thay i in tr rto, ni cp hoc a s phu vao rto.
14.2.1. |u chnh tc d bng coch thoy d| d|n op
Ta a bit, h s trt ti han s
m
khng phu thuc vao in ap. Theo (14.40) va
(14.43), nu r
2
khng i th khi giam in ap ngun U
1
, h s trt ti han s
m
se
khng i con M
max
giam t l vi . Vy ho c tnh thay i nh hnh (14.7) lam
cho tc thay i theo. Phng phap ny ch thc hin khi may mang tai, con khi
may khng tai giam in ap ngun, tc gn nh khng i.
2
1
U

5

Hnh 14. ieu ch|nh Icc cc Lcng ccch Ihcy cci cien cp nguc n cien
c) Sc cc mcch ccng |uc: L) cc I|nh cc vci ccc U khcc nhcu

U
1
U
2
U
3
<
<
M
C
M
n
n
m
0
(b) (a)
C
A B C

14.2.2. |u chnh tc d bng coch thoy d| tn s
Vi iu kin nng lc qua tai khng i, co th tm ra c quan h gia in
ap U
1
, tn s f
1
va mmen M. Trong cng thc v mmen cc ai, khi bo qua in
tr r
1
th mmen cc ai co th vit thanh :

2
1
2
1
f
U
C M =
max
;
Trong o C la mt h s.

n
M
f

g
i
a
m

M
C
0
(b) (a)
Hnh 14.7. ieu ch|nh Icc cc Lcng ccch Ihcy cci Icn :c ngucn cien
c) Sc cc khci: L) cc I|nh cc U
1
/f khcng cci
Rectifier
(ac- dc)
Invertor
(dc - ac)
IM
V control f control
3

Gia thit U
1
va M la in ap va mmen luc tn s f
1
, cn c vao iu kin
nng lc qua tai khng i, ta co :
6
M
M
M
M
max max
'
'
=
hay
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
'
'
max
max
' '
f U
f U
M
M
M
M
= =
Do o ta co:
M
M
f
f
U
U ' '
'
1
1
1
1
=
Trong thc t ng dung, thng yu cu mmen khng i, nn ta co :

1
1
1
1
f
f
U
U '
'
=
hay const
f
U
=
1
1

Trng hp yu cu cng sut P
c
khng i, ngha la mmen t l nghch vi tn
s, ta co :

'
'
1
1
1
1
f
f
M
M
= ;
Th vao trn ta c :
1
1
1
1
f
f
U
U '
'
=
Tom lai, khi thay i tn s f
1
, ta phai ng thi thay i U
1
a vao ng c.
Trng hp U
1
/f = C
te
va tn s giam co c tnh c nh hnh 14.7b, cach iu
chnh nay co cac c tnh thch hp vi loai tai cn M
C
= C
te
khi vn tc thay i.
14.2.3. |u chnh tc d bng coch d|u chnh d|n tro rto
Thay i in tr dy qun rto, bng cach mc thm bin tr ba pha vao mach
rto cua ng c rto dy qun nh hnh 14.15a.
Do bin tr iu chnh phai lam vic lu dai nn co kch thc ln hn bin tr
khi ng. Ho c tnh c cua K rto dy qun khi dung bin tr iu chnh tc
trn hnh 14.15b. Khi tng in tr, tc quay cua ng c giam.
Tn s ong ct va in tr tng ng cua mach BX :

T
1
t t
1
f
2 1
=
+
= ; = =
+
=
1
1
1
2 1
1
1 C
R
T
t
R
t t
t
R R
Phng phap ny gy tn hao trong bin tr nn lam hiu sut ng c giam.
Tuy vy, y la phng phap kha n gian, tc c iu chnh lin tuc trong
pham vi tng i rng nn c dung nhiu trong cac ng c cng sut c trung
bnh.

7

r
2
+ r
p2
+r
p1
r
2
+ r
p1
r
2
M

s
1
0
(b)
s
4
s
5
s
2
s
3
s
1
CD1
U
1
r
p
(a)
IM

U
C
R
I
d
+
R
c
IM
3

(c)

Hnh 14.8 ieu ch|nh Ic c cc ccng cc rcIc ccy ucn cung cien Irc
c) Sc cc cieu ch|nh: L) cc I|nh: c. Sc cc mcch hc: c. Sc cc mcch k|n
IM
U
C
R
I
d
3

+
R
c
Tach
n

I
d
n
*
+
+

(d)

14.2.4. |u chnh tc d bng coch n| cp tro nng |uong v ngun
Nng lng trt tn s f
2
= sf
1
le ra tiu hao trn in tr phu c chnh lu
thanh nng lng mt chiu (hnh 15.9), sau o qua b nghch lu c bin i
thanh nng lng xoay chiu tn s f tra v ngun.
Quan h gia h s trt s va goc m cua thyristor :
in ap ra cua chnh lu cu ba pha : U K s , U
D C
35 1 =
in ap ra cua nghch cu : = cos U K , U
B N
35 1
Vi
1 1
2 2
dq
dq
D
k W
k W
K = ; sK
D
U: in ap ra cua rto; K
B
: t s bin ap
8

CD1
U

Vy, t cac cng thc trn ta co:
= cos
K
K
s
D
B

vi 90
0
< < 180
0
nn cos < 0

] R R^
BA

U
CL
C
U
NL
B CL B NL
(a)

Hnh 14. iu chnh tc C bng cach tra nng lng v ngun
a. S mach h; b. S mach kn
IM
U
CL
I
d
3
+
Tach
n

I
d
n
*
+
+

U
NL
(b)

1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Chuong 15

ONG CO IN KHONG ONG 8O
0NG DbNG HIb 0NG MI NGOAI

15.1. AI CNG
Ta mong mun ng c khng ng b (K) co :
- Khi khi ng th mmen khi ng M
K
ln va dong khi ng I
K
nho.
- Luc lam vic bnh thng th hiu sut cua ng c cao.
Vi cac yu cu trn th ng c khng ng rto dy qun va rto lng soc,
loai nao ap ng c ?.
K rto dy qun : Thc hin c cac yu cu trn d dang.
K rto lng soc : phai nhn xet thm.
Nhn xet u khuyt im cua ng c khng ng b rto lng soc ra nh
thng :
+ u im :
- Ch tao n gian
- Lam vic chc chn
- c tnh lam vic tt
+ Khuyt im :
- Dong khi ng I
K
ln
- Mmen khi ng M
K
nho
Nu dung vt liu ch tao R
2
ln th M
K
ln va giam.
khc phuc :
Ch tao ng c khng ng b rto lng soc ranh su va
Ch tao ng c khng ng b rto 2 lng soc.
2
15.2. NG C RTO RANH SU
ng c khng ng b rto lng soc ranh su li dung hin tng t thng
tan trong ranh rto gy nn hin tng hiu ng mt ngoai khi khi ng lam in
tr rto R
2
tng ln cai thin c tnh khi ng.

15.2.1. Cu too ronh rto

Hnh 15.2 cc I|nh cc khi khci ccng
b
h
Hnh 15.1 Su phcn Lc Iu Ihcng Icn vc
mcI cc ccng cien c rcIc khi khci ccng
x
J
s
m
s =1
M
s
0
1 2 3
s
m
1
Thng chiu cao cua ranh rto (hnh 15.1) h = 4060 mm va t s h/b =10
12 ln th in tr rto tng 34 ln khi khi ng. Vi R
2(1)
la in tr khi s = s
m
,
dong in phn b u (ng 1); R
2(2)
la in tr khi s = 1, dong tp trung trn
ming ranh (ng 2). Con ng 3 la ng biu din c tnh c thc t cua
ng c rto ranh su khi h s trc s thay i t 1 s
m
, khi o in tr R
2(2)

giam n v R
2(1)
.
15.2.2. Nguyn |y |om v|c
+ Khi khi ng : tc rto n = 0, h s trt s = 1 va f
2
= sf
1
= f
1
, t thng
tan tai thi im ny tp trung ay ranh (hnh 15.1), cang ln trn ming ranh t
thng cang t i do o in khang tan ay ranh ln, va pha ming ranh nho v
vy dong in tp trung ln pha trn ming ranh. Kt qua cua vic tp trung dong
in ln pha trn ming ranh c coi nh tit din cua dy dn b nho i in tr
rto tng ln lam M
K
tng ln.
+ Khi tc tng ln : luc ny f
2
giam, hiu ng mt ngoai giam i va dong
in dn dn phn b u lai va R
2
c coi nh nho lai va khi may lam vic bnh
thng f
2
= (2 3) Hz , hiu ng mt ngoai luc ny hu nh khng co, c tnh lam
vic ging nh ng c bnh thng.
3
15.2.3. Moch d|n thoy th
+ in tr cua rto :
in tr va in khang cua rto khi xet hiu ng mt ngoai :

' ' '
v r r
r r k r
2 2 2
+ =
' ' '
v r x
x x k x
2 2 2
+ =
trong o :
r : ky hiu nho ch ranh rto.
v : ky hiu nho ch vanh ngn mach.
r
k : h s tng in tr do hiu ng mt ngoai.
x
k : h s giam in khang tan do hiu ng mt ngoai.
H s k
r
va k
x
phu thuc chiu cao qui i :

Cu
r
s h
=
trong o : + s : h s trt.;
+ h
r
: chiu cao ranh.
+ ,
Cu
: in tr sut vt liu lam thanh dn va ng.
+Mach in thay th : (hnh 15.3)

x
m
' '
v r x
x x k
2 2
+
x
1
' '
v r r
r r k
2 2
+
r
m
r
1
1
U
&

1
I
&

'
2
I
&
0
I
&
) ' (
'
v r r
r r k
s
s
2 2
1
+

Hnh 15.3 Mcch cien Ihcy Ihe ccng cc rcIc rcnh :cu

Bi s dong va bi s mmen in ap nh mc :
6 5 , 4
I
I
m
k
= va 4 , 1 1
M
M
m
max
=
Hiu sut cua ng c ranh su khng khac ranh thng la bao, ch co cos hi
thp v in khang tan rto ranh su ln hn loai ranh thng. Cung v ly do o nn
M
max
cung nho hn. Pham vi cng sut loai ng c nay vao khoang 50200kW.

4
15.3. NG C RTO HAI LNG SOC
15.3.1. Cu too ronh rto
Ranh rto ch tao gm hai lng soc :
+ Lng soc ngoai : dung m may, ch tao vi tit din S nho, vt liu co
in tr sut ln, co in tr khi ng R
2k
ln.
+ Lng soc trong : goi la lng soc lam vic, ch tao vi tit din S ln, vt
liu co in tr sut nho, co in tr lam vic R
2lv
nho .

Hnh 15.4 cng cc khcng ccng Lc rcIc hci |cng :cc
c) Su phcn Lc Iu Ihcng Icn: L) Fhcn Lc mcI cc ccng khi khci ccng
J
x
0
s =1

Khi m may th f
2
= f
1
, do hiu ng mt ngoai nn dong in tp trung lng
soc ngoai, ma R
2
ngoai lai ln na nn M
m
ln. Khi lam vic bnh thng, tn s f
2

nho ma R
2
trong cung nho na nn dong in ln va mmen chu yu do lng soc
ny tao ra.
15.3.3. Moch d|n thoy th [hnh 15.5}

x
m
x
2kv
x
1
x
2k
x
2lv
r
m
r
1
1
U
&

1
I
&

'
2
I
&
0
I
&
'
k 2
I
&
'
lv 2
I
&

r
2k
/s r
2lv
/s
Hnh 15.5 Mcch cien Ihcy Ihe ccng cc khcng ccng Lc
rcIc hci |cng :cc
5
Dong in :
'
lv
'
k
'
I I I
2 2 2
& & &
+ =
in khang tan:
x
2k
do t thng tan
tk
ng vi dong
'
k
I
2
&
x
2lv
do t thng tan
tlv
ng vi dong
'
lv
I
2
&
x
2kv
do t thng tan
tkv
ng vi dong
'
v k
I
2
&
Bi s dong in va mmen ng c rto hai lng soc nm trong khoang:
6 4 =
m
k
I
I
; 2 2 1 = ,
M
M
m
max

in khang tan rto ln
nn cos thp. So vi loai
rto ranh su th ng c
in loai nay dung nhiu
kim loai mau hn, nhng co
th thit k c tnh m
may linh hoat hn. Pham vi
cng sut loai ng c nay
vao khoang 301250kW
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4.
0.2
0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4. 0.2
1
3
2
Hnh 15. cc I|nh M= f{:) cuc ccng cc
khcng ccng Lc rcIc |cng
s
m
M
M

Hnh 15.6 trnh bay c
tnh M = f(s) cua cac loai
ng c in thng
(ng 1), ng c in
ranh su (ng 2) va ng
c in rto lng soc kep
(ng 3).

[ \

1
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1

Chuong 1

ONG CO KHONG ONG 8O MOI FHA

16.1 PHAM VI AP DUNG, CU TAO & NGUYN LY LAM VIC
1.1.1. Fhom v op dung
ng c in khng ng b mt pha c s dung rt rng rai trong dn
dung va cng nghip nh may git, tu lanh, may lau nha, may bm nc, quat, cac
dung cu c m tay,... Noi chung la cac ng c cng sut nho. Cum t ng c
cng sut nho ch cac ng c co cng sut nho hn 750W. Phn ln ng c mt
pha thuc loai ny, mt du chung con c ch tao vi cng sut n 7,5kW va
hai cp din ap 110V va 220V.
1.1.2. Cu too
+ Stato : ging ng c ba pha, nhng t trn o dy qun mt pha.
+ Rto : rto lng soc ging ng c ba pha

p
1

T thng
rto
T thng
stato
U

Chiu lc in t
(b)
1
I
&

m 12
F
&
m
F
11
&

p
1
(a)
Hnh 1.1 ng c khng ng b mt pha mt dy qun
a) T trng p mach phn thanh hai t trng quay thun va quay ngc
b) T thng va lc in t tac dung ln rto.
2

Khi ni dy qun mt pha stato vao li in co in ap u
1
th trong dy qun
co dong in xoay chiu hnh sin chay qua :
t sin I i =
1 1
2
Dong in nay sinh ra t trng stato co phng khng i nhng co ln
thay i hnh sin theo thi gian, goi la t trng p mach:
= cos t sin F F
m
(16.1)
Ta phn st p mach nay thanh hai st quay :
St quay thun :
t j
m
e F
1
11
&

St quay ngc :
t j
m
e F
1
12

&

Hai st quay nay co :
Bin t trng p quay: I
p
k W
F F
F
dq
m m
m
1 1
12 11
1
2
2
= = =
Tc quay :
+ Song quay thun :
p
1
1
= cung chiu quay rto.

+ Song quay ngc :
1 2
= ngc chiu quay rto.
So vi rto co h s trt :
+ Thun : s s =

=
1
1
1

+ Ngc : ) s (
) (
) (
s =

= 2
1
1
2

Phng trnh cn bng st tng :
+ Thun : sinh ra t cam
m m m
F F F
21 11 01
& & &
+ =
) t ( j
m
e B
1 1
1
+

+ Ngc : sinh ra t cam
m m m
F F F
22 12 02
& & &
+ =
) t ( j
m
e B
2 1
2
+

T cam tng :
s
M
0
1
2
M
1
M
2
M
Hnh 1.2 Mmen cua ng c khng
ng b mt pha

) t ( j
m
e B B
~
1 1
1
+
= +
) t ( j
m
e B
2 1
2
+

hnh thanh t trng quay Ellip
T trng quay thun
1
B
r
tac dung vi
dong in rto se tao ra mmen quay
thun M
1
(hnh 16.2); Con t trng
quay ngc
2
B
r
tac dung vi dong in
rto se tao ra mmen quay ngc M
2

(hnh16.2). Tng ai s hai mmen
3
ny cho ta c tuyn M=f(s) :
M = M
1
+ M
2
= f(s)
T c tnh ta thy rng luc m may (n = 0, s = 1), M
1
= M
2
va ngc chiu
nhau nn M = 0, v vy ng c khng th t quay c. Nu ta quay ng c theo
mt chiu nao o, s 1 tc M 0 ng c se tip tuc quay theo chiu o. V vy
ng c mt pha lam vic c, ta phai co bin phap m may, ngha la tm cach
tao ra cho ng c mt mmen luc rto ng yn (M = M
k
khi s =1).
16.2 PHUONG TRINH CO BAN & SO D THAY TH
1.2.1. Coc phuong trnh co bon

U
1
A
B
B
I I
& &
=
1
1
I
&
1 A
I
&
2 A
I
&

11 1
I I
B
& &
=
12 2
I I
B
& &
=
A
I
&

Hnh 1.2 S ng c mt pha tao nn b ng ca ch tach ra mt trong hai pha

Xet ng c khng ng b mt pha nh ch khng i xng cua ng c
hai pha m =2, co hai cun dy t lch nhau mt goc 90
0
in, trong o pha A tach
ra nn dong I
A
= 0 va pha B con lai co , may ni vao li in co in ap
. Ta co :
B
I I
& &
=
1
1
U
&
(16.2a)
2 1 A A A
I I I
& & &
+ =
(16.2b)
2 1 B B B
I I I
& & &
+ =
Vi va la dong th t thun va ngc, con :
1 1 B A
I ; I
& &
2 2 B A
I ; I
& &

1 1 B A
I j I
& &
= va
1 1 B A
I j I
& &
=
Giai h phng trnh (16.2a,b) ta tm c :
2 2
11 1
/ I / ) I j I ( I I
B A B B
& & & & &
= = v 0 =
A
I
&
2 2
21 2
/ I / ) I j I ( I I
B A B B
& & & & &
= + = v 0 =
A
I
&
in ap cua mt pha :

12 11 2 1 1
U U U U U U
B B B
& & & & & &
+ = + = =
Biu din in ap th t thun va ngc theo dong I va Z tng ng :
4
2
11 1 11 11 11 1
2
11 1 11 11 11 1
/ Z I Z I U U
B
& & & &
= = = (16.3a)
2
12 1 12 12 12 2
/ Z I Z I U U
B
& & & &
= = = (16.3b)
Trong o : la dong in th t thun va ngc. Con Z
11
; Z
12
la tng tr th
t thun va ngc.
12 11
I ; I
& &
Va vi
1 1
21
1
1 11

+ + = ) ' Z Z ( Z Z
m 2
2
21
' jx
s
r
' Z
'
+ = (16.4a)
vi
1 1
22
1
1 12

+ + = ) ' Z Z ( Z Z
m 2
2
22
2
' jx
s
' r
' Z +
= (16.4b)
1.2.2. Moch d|n thoy th
T cac phng trnh cn bng ta ve mach in thay th ng c khng ng b
nh hnh 16.4a. y la mach in thay th chnh xac cua ng c mt pha.

r
1
/2
'
I
21
&
1
I
&
jx
1
/2

Hnh 1.4 Mach in thay th gn ung cua ng c khng ng b mt pha
s
r 5 , 0
'
2
1
U
&

1
I
&

0,5x
2
x
1
r
1
2
x
m

0,5X
2
s 2
r 5 , 0
'
2
2
x
m

(b)

Trong o :
r
1
/2 jx
1
/2
jx
m
/2
jx
m
/2
r
m
/2
r
m
/2
jx
2
/2
jx
2
/2
s . 2
r
'
2
) s 2 ( 2
r
'
2
'
I
22
&
01
I
&

02
I
&

1
U
&

11
U
&

12
U
&

Chu y : r
2
= kr
2

x
2
= kx
2

k = k
e
k
I

m
1
= 2
(a)
1
U
&
1
I
&
R
T
X
T
r x
1 1
Z
T
R
N
X
N
Z
N
(c)

5
r
1
= in tr cua dy qun stator.
x
1
= in khang tan cua dy qun stator.
x
m
= in khang t hoa.
r
2
= in tr cua dy qun rotor qui v dy qun stator.
x
2
= in khang tan cua dy qun rotor qui v dy qun stator.
U
1
= in ap cua ngun.
Gia thit rng rotor quay vi tc nao o trong t trng quay thun, ng h
s trt s. Luc nay dong in cam ng trong dy qun rotor co t n s sf, f t n s
li in ni vao dy qun stator. Cho rng tn hao st khng ang k hoc gp
vao tn hao quay. Nh vy ging may in khng ng b ba pha, tng tr cua
dy qun rotor ng vi t trng quay thun qui v dy qun stator la 0,5r
2
/s +
j0,5x
2
.(hnh 16.4b). Cung tng t nh vy i vi t trng quay ngc, ta co
tng tr cua dy qun rotor ng vi t trng quay ngc qui v dy qun stator la
0,5r
2
/(2-s) + j0,5x
2
.(hnh 16.4b). Mach in tng ng trnh bay trn hnh
16.4c, co tng tr th t thun Z
T
va th t ngc Z
T
nh sau :

) X X ( 5 , 0 j s / R 5 , 0
) s / R 5 , 0 X 5 , 0 j ( X 5 , 0 j
jX R Z
'
2 m
'
2
'
2
'
2 m
T T T
+ +
+
= + = (16.5)
) X X ( 5 , 0 j ) s 2 /( R 5 , 0
)] s 2 /( R 5 , 0 X 5 , 0 j [ X 5 , 0 j
jX R Z
'
2 m
'
2
'
2
'
2 m
N N N
+ +
+
= + = (16.6)
Cng sut in t (khe h khng kh) cua t trng th t thun va ngc :
(16.7)
2
1 T tT
I R P =
(16.8)
2
1 N tN
I R P =
Moment tng ng :

1
tT
T
P
M
= (16.9)

1
tN
N
P
M
= (16.10)
Moment tng la :
) R R (
I
M M M
N T
1
2
1
N T

= = (16.11)
Cng sut c :
= M P
C
(16.12)
) s 1 ( M P
1 C
= (16.13)
6
(16.14) ) s 1 )( R R ( I P
N T
2
1 C
=
) s 1 )( P P ( P
tN tT C
= (16.15)
Cng sut trn u truc :
P
2
= P
C
- p
q
(16.16)
p
q
la tn hao quay, gm tn hao c va tn hao phu, cung co khi gp ca tn hao
st vao tn hao quay.
Tn hao ng trong dy qun rotor ng vi t trng quay thun va ngc :
p
Cu2T
= sP
tT
(16.17)
p
Cu2N
= (2-s)P
tN
(16.18)
Tn hao ng trong dy qun rotor :
p
Cu2
= sP
tT
+ (2-s)P
tN
(16.19)
VI DU 16.1
Mt ng c khng ng b mt pha cng sut 1/4 ma lc, 230V, 60Hz va 4
cc t co tham s va tn tht nh sau :
R
1
= 10; X
1
= X
2
= 12,5; R
2
= 11,5; X
m
= 250;
Tn hao st 230V la 35W; Tn hao ma sat va quat gio la 10W;
Vi h s trt la 0,05, xac nh dong in stato, cng sut c, cng sut ra trn
truc, tc va hiu sut khi ng c lam vic nh ng c mt pha in ap va
tn s nh mc vi dy qun khi ng ct ra.

Giai

T cac thng s a cho, ta tnh c tng tr th t thun Z
T
va th t ngc Z
T

cua ng c mt pha nh sau :
) X X ( 5 , 0 j s / R 5 , 0
) s / R 5 , 0 X 5 , 0 j ( X 5 , 0 j
jX R Z
'
2 m
'
2
'
2
'
2 m
T T T
+ +
+
= + =
j 65 , 57 59
) 5 , 12 250 ( 5 , 0 j 05 , 0 / 5 , 11 5 , 0
) 05 , 0 / 5 , 11 5 , 0 5 , 12 5 , 0 j ( 250 5 , 0 j
jX R Z
T T T
+ =
+ +
+
= + =
) X X ( 5 , 0 j ) s 2 /( R 5 , 0
)] s 2 /( R 5 , 0 X 5 , 0 j [ X 5 , 0 j
jX R Z
'
2 m
'
2
'
2
'
2 m
N N N
+ +
+
= + =
j 01 , 6 67 , 2
) 5 , 12 250 ( 5 , 0 j ) 05 , 0 2 /( 5 , 11 5 , 0
)] 05 , 0 2 /( 5 , 11 5 , 0 5 , 12 5 , 0 j [ 250 5 , 0 j
jX R Z
N N N
+ =
+ +
+
= + =
Tng tr vao tng ng :
Z
t
= Z
1
+ Z
T
+ Z
N
= 10 + 12,5j +59 + 57,65j +2,67 + 6,01j
7
= 71,67 + 76,16j = 104,6 46,74
o
.
Dong in vao stato :
A 74 , 46 2 , 2
74 , 46 6 , 104
0 230
Z
U
I
o
o
o
t
1
=
= =
&
&

H s cng sut : cos = cos 46,74
o
= 0,685
Tc ng c : 710 . 1
2
60 60
) 05 , 0 1 ( n ) s 1 ( n
1
=
= = vg/ph.
Cng sut c : = 2,2
2
.(59-2,67).(1-0,05) = 259 W ) s 1 )( R R ( I P
N T
2
1 C
=
Cng sut trn u truc : P
2
= P
C
-p
Fe
- p
q
= 259 -35- 10 = 214 W.
Cng sut ng c tiu thu t li in :
P = U.Icos = 230.2,2 cos 46,74
o
= 346,77 W
Hiu sut cua ng c : % 7 , 61 617 , 0
22 . 347
214
P
P
1
2
= = = =
16.3. MO MAY DNG CO KHNG DNG B MT PHA
1.3.1. ng co khng dng b dung cun dy phu
Loai ng c nay c dung kha ph bin nh may iu hoa, may git, dung
cu cm tay, quat , bm ly tm ...

Cac phn chnh cua loai ng c ny cho trn hnh 16.5a, gm dy qun chnh
(dy qun lam vic), dy qun phu (dy qun m may ). Hai cun dy ny
t lch nhau mt goc 90
o
in trong khng gian. Va rto lng soc.
c
N
k
N
1
M
s
M
k
M
m
0
(c)
Cun chnh
Cun chnh
Va cun phu
CD

K
I

U
&
Hnh 1.5 ng c dung dy qun phu . a) S kt cu.
b) th vect luc m may. c) c tnh M = f(s)
c
I
&
p
I
&
I
&
0
(b)
N
C
N
I
P
I
C
p
(a)
8
co c mmen m may, ngi ta tao ra goc lch pha gia dong in qua
cun chnh I
c
va dong qua cun dy phu I
p
bng cach mc thm mt in tr ni
tip vi cun phu hoc dung dy qun c nho hn cho cun phu, goc lch ny
thng nho hn 30
0
. Dong trong dy qun chnh va trong dy qun phu sinh ra t
trng quay tao ra momen m may. th vect luc m may c trnh bay
trn hnh 16.5b.
Khi tc at c 7075 % tc ng b, cung dy phu c ct ra nh
cng tt ly tm K va ng c tip tuc la m vic vi cun dy chnh. c tnh
momen c trnh bay trn hnh 16.4c.
1.3.2. ng co dung tu d|n [hnh 1.}
Cac ng c khng ng b mt pha co cun dy phu c mt ni tip vi
mt tu in c goi la ng c tu in. Loai ng c ny co cun dy phu b tr
lch so vi cun dy chnh mt goc 90
0
in trong khng gian, tao goc lch v
thi gian ta mt ni tip vi cun dy phu mt tu in. Nu tu in mt ni tip vi
cun phu chon gia tr thch hp th goc lch pha gia I
C
va I
p
la gn 90
0
(hnh
16.6b). Tuy theo yu cu v momen m may va momen luc lam vic, ta co cac
loai ng c tu in nh sau:
1. Dng co dung tu din mo may (hinh 16.6a). Khi m may tc ng c
at n 7585% tc ng b, cng tt K m ra va ng c se at n tc n
nh.
2. Dng co dung tu din thuong truc (hinh 16.6b). Cun dy phu va tu in
m may c mt lun khi ng c lam vic bnh thng. Loai ny co cng sut
thng nho hn 500W va co c tnh c tt.

W
C
W
p
K
CD

I
C
I
P
(a)

I

C
W
C
W
p
CD

I
C
I
P
(b)
I

C
U
&

c
I
&

p
I
&

I
&
0
(c)

Hnh 1. ng c mt pha dung tu in.
a) Tu in m may. b) Tu in thng trc. c) th vect.

9
Ngoai ra, cai thin c tnh lam vic va momen m may ta dung ng c
hai tu in. Mt tu in m may kha ln (khoang 10 15 ln tu in thng trc)
c ghep song song vi tu in thng trc. Khi m may tc ng c at n
7585% tc ng b, tu in m may c ct ra khoi cun phu, ch con tu
in thng trc ni vi cun dy phu khi lam vic bnh thng.
1.3.3. ng co dung vong ngn moch [hnh 1.7}
Hnh 16.7a cho thy cu tao loai ng c ny. Trn stato ta t dy qun mt
pha va cc t c chia lam hai phn, phn co vong ngn mach K m 1/3 cc t va
rto lng soc. Dong in chay trong dy qun stato tao nn t thng qua phn
cc t khng vong ngn mach va t thng qua phn cc t co vong ngn mach.
T thng cam ng trong vong ngn mach s , chm pha so vi mt goc
90
0
(hnh 16.7b)

. Vong ngn mach co in tr va in khang nn tao ra dong in
chm pha so vi mt goc
n
< 90
0
. Dong in tao ra t thng va ta co
t thng tng qua phn cc t co vong ngn mach :
1
I
&
'
&
' '
&
' '
&
n
E
&
' '
&
n
I
&
n
E
&
n
I
&
n
&

n
+ =
& & &

' '

Hnh 1.7 ng c K mt pha co vong ngn mach cc t
a) Cu tao; b) th vect; c) c tnh mmen

n
E
&
n
&
n
I
&
'
&
0
(b)
' '
&
M
1
M
max
0
s
s
th
(c)

(a)

n
K
1
I
&

T thng ny lch pha so vi t thng qua phn cc t khng co vong ngn
mach mt goc la . Do t thng va
'
&

lch nhau trong khng gian nn chung
tao ra t trng quay va lam quay rto. Loai ng c ny co momen m may kha
nho M
k
= (0,2-0,5)M
m
, hiu sut thp (t 25 - 40%), thng ch tao vi cng sut
20 - 30W, i khi cung co ch ta o cng sut n 300W va hay s dung lam quat
ban, quat trn, may quay a ...

] [

May Dien 1

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DAI HOC DA NNG

Ik0ONG AI HOC 8ACH KHOA

[At/Wb] t tr cua mach t.

cung phu thuc . V cha bit nn cung cha bit R. Phng

1 Loai nay mach t ring, nn

+ Ve cac vect khac da vao cac phng trnh cn bng (3.25a,b).

ln hn chiu dai thc l cu a dy qun mt t :

' ' '

' ' '

Vi dong cn bng h cam :

t cam khe h khng kh ng vi t thng chnh

la h s tnh toan cua cunh cc t;

la chiu dai tnh toan cua phn ng.

chiu cao phn ng.

- h s bao hoa cua mach t,

Hnh 13.2 Mach in thay th cua

= cung chiu quay rto.

& & &

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