Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
=
Where w1,w2 and w3 are respectively the weights of dish plus wet soil,
dish plus dry soil and dish only.
Shrinkage limit ws is calculated from the relation 100 ) (
0
0
x
w
v v
w w
s
=
Where, w = moisture content of paste forming wet pat, %
v = volume of wet pat , cm
3
w0 = weight of oven dry pat = (w2-w3) gm
Shrinkage ratio, R is given by R = w0/v0
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
3.4.3 Compaction Test
Fig 3.1 Author Doing Compaction Test
From the compaction test, the maximum dry density (MDD) and Optimum
Moisture Content (OMC) of the soil are found for the selected type and amount
of compaction. Indian standard codes of practice I.S:2720 (Part VIII 1983). The
weight of mould with moist compacted soil is W gm.
Weight of empty mould = Wm
gm
Volume of mould = Vm cc
Wet density, cc g
v
wm w
m
m
/
\
|
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
The OMC of the soil indicated the particular moisture content at which the soil
should be compacted to achieve maximum dry density. If the compacting effort
applied is less, the OMC increases and the value can again be found
experimentally or estimated.
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
In field compaction, the compacting moisture content is first controlled at OMC
and the adequacy of rolling or compaction is controlled by checking the dry
density achieved and comparing with the maximum dry density. Thus
compaction test results (OMC and maximum dry density) are used in the field
control test in the compaction projects.
Compaction, in general in considered most useful in the preparation of sub
grade and other pavement layers and in construction of embankments in order
to increase the stability and to decrease settlement. There is also a soil
classification method based on the maximum dry density in the standard
(proctor compaction test lower values indicating weaker soil.
3.4.4 California Bearing Ratio Test (CBR)
The CBR is a measure of shearing resistance of the material under
controlled density and moisture conditions. The load-penetration curve for each
specimen is plotted on natural scale. The load values at 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm are
obtained from the load penetration curve to compute CBR values using the
following equation.
CBR(%) = Load carried by soil sample at defined penetration level * 100
Load carried by standard crushed stones at the above penetration level
Based on extensive CBR test data collected, empirical design charts were
developed by the California State Highway Department, correlating the CBR
value and flexible pavement thickness requirement. For various traffic volumes
different design thickness curves are available.
3.4.5 Tri-axial Test
Shear tests are generally carried out on small samples in the laboratory to
evaluate the strength properties of the element in the soil mass. The strength
parameters, namely the cohesion and angle of shearing resistance are usually
found from these tests.
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
The tri axial test specimen is subjected to the all round pressure equal to
the lateral pressure, 3 and the applied vertical stress or deviator stress d such
that the total vertical stress is 1 = d + 3. Mohr stress circles are plotted at
normal stress intercepts 3 and 1 or with diameters equal to deviator stresses.
From the Mohrs envelope, the cohesion C and the angle of internal friction of
the soil can be derived.
The shear strength parameters C and of the materials may be used to
find the shearing resistance of the material, using Coulombs equation.
S = C + tan|
In flexible pavement design, the E value of sub grade soils is to be found
from triaxial test.
Triaxial test is used in the design of bituminous mixes.
3.4.6 Specific Gravity Test
Specific gravity of solid particles (G) is defined as the ratio of the mass of
a given volume of solids to the mass of an equal volume of water at 4C.
The specific gravity of solid particles can be determined in a laboratory
using a density bottle fitted with a stopper. The mass of bottle, including that of
stopper, is taken. About 5-10g of oven dry sample of soil is taken in bottle and
weighed. Distilled water is then added to cover the sample. The soil is allowed to
soak. More water is added until the bottle is half full. Air entrapped in the soil is
expelled by applying a vacuum pressure in vacuum desiccators. More water is
added to the bottle to make it full. The stopper is inserted and the mass is
taken. The bottle is emptied, washed and then refilled with distilled water. The
bottle must be filled to the same mark as in the previous case. The mass of
water filled with water is taken.
G = (M2-M1)/ [(M2-M1) (M3-M4)]
Where
M1=Mass of Empty bottle
M2=Mass of bottle and dry soil
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
M3=Mass of bottle, soil and water
M4=Mass of bottle filled with water
3.4.7 Differential Free Swell Test
Differential Free Swell (DFS) is a parameter used for the identification of
the expansive soil.
For the determination of the differential free swell of a soil, 20g of dry soil
passing through a 425 size sieve is taken. One sample of 10g is poured into a
100c.c capacity graduated cylinder containing water, and the other sample of
10g is poured into a 100c.c capacity graduated cylinder containing kerosene oil.
Both the cylinders are kept undisturbed in a laboratory. After 24 hours,
the settled volumes of both the samples are measured
DFS= (Settled soil volume in water settled soil volume in kerosene)*100
Settled soil volume in kerosene
Because kerosene is a non-polar liquid, it does not cause any swell of the soil
IS: 2720 (Part III- 1980) gives degree of expansion of a soil depending upon its
differential free swell as under
Table 3.4.8Differential Free Swell
S. No. Degree of expansion DFS
1 Low < 20%
2 Moderate 20 - 35%
3 High 35 50%
4 Very High >50%
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
3.4.9 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SAW DUST
Table no 3.2 Physical Properties of Saw dust
Sl.no Properties Saw dust
1 Grain size distribution
Gravel(%)
Sand(%)
Silt size(%)
Clay size(%)
.
25
70
05
2 Atterberg limits
Liquid limit(%)
Plastic limit(%)
Plasticity index
Shrinkage limit(%)
74.5
26.9
47.6
10.678
3 Compaction properties
Optimum moisture content(%)
Maximum dry density(g/cc)
20.7
1.35
4 Un-soaked CBR(%)
Soaked CBR(%)
5.5
3.15
5 Specific gravity 2.10
6 Free swell index 80
7 Cohesion C (KN/m
2
)
Angle of internal friction
8
31
8 Soil classification ML
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSIONS ON RESULTS
1. PROPERTIES OF MARINE
2. M.C+SAW DUST
4.1 General
Details of the laboratory experimentation carried out with different
combinations of materials have been discussed in the previous chapter. In this
chapter a detailed discussion on the results obtained from various laboratory
tests are presented.
4.2 LABORATORY TEST RESULTS
To find the optimum percentage of Saw Dust with marine clay and
optimum percent of CaCl2 to the combination of marine clay and Saw dust, CBR
tests are conducted by using different proportions of soil- Saw dust and soil
Saw dust -CaCl2
4.2.1 Proctor Compaction and CBR test results for Soil and Saw Dust
4.2.1.1 Proctor compaction test results
Many tests were conducted to get the OMC and MDD of the mix of
different proportions of soil and Saw Dust using standard proctor compaction
machine.
(a)75%+25%
Table 4.2.1.1 Moisture content and dry density of only soil
Sl. No Water Content (%) Dry Density (g/cc)
1. 39.49 1.038
2. 48.63 0.992
3. 50.46 0.954
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
Optimum Moisture Content =39.49%
Maximum Dry Density = 1.038
(b)80%+20%
Sl.
No
Water Content (%) Dry Density (g/cc)
1. 35.43 1.08
2. 44.92 1.078
3. 56.46 0.971
39.49, 1.038
48.63, 0.992
50.46, 0.954
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
30 35 40 45 50 55
D
r
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
g
/
c
c
)
Water content(%)
35.43, 1.08
44.92, 1.078
56.96, 0.971
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.1
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
D
r
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
g
/
c
c
)
Water content(%)
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
Optimum Moisture Content =35.43%
Maximum Dry Density = 1.1.08gm/cc
(c)85%+15%
Sl.
No
Water
Content
(%)
Dry Density (g/cc)
1. 24.06 1.127
2. 29.63 1.263
3. 84.77 0.865
Optimum Moisture Content =29.63%
Maximum Dry Density = 1.263gm/cc
(d)90%+10%
24.06, 1.127
29.63, 1.263
84.77, 0.865
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
D
r
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
g
/
c
c
)
Water content(%)
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
Optimum Moisture Content =38.33%
Maximum Dry Density = 1.192gm/cc
38.33, 1.192
44.92, 1.181
49.14, 1.072
1.06
1.08
1.1
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.2
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
D
r
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
g
/
c
c
)
Water content(%)
Sl.
No
Water
Content
(%)
Dry Density (g/cc)
1. 38.33 1.192
2. 44.92 1.181
3. 49.13 1.072
Sl.
No
Water
Content
(%)
Dry Density (g/cc)
1. 38.36 1.228
2. 44.48 1.272
3. 49.64 1.161
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
(e)95%+5%
Optimum Moisture Content =44.48%
Maximum Dry Density = 1.272
Table 4.2.1.2 Optimum moisture content and maximum dry density values
of marine clays and saw dust
Mix proportion Water Content (%) Dry Density (g/cc)
75%soil+25%SD 39.49 1.038
80%soil+20%SD 35.43 1.08
85%soil+15%SD 29.63 1.263
90%soil+10%SD 38.33 1.192
95%soil+5%SD 44.48 1.272
38.36, 1.228
44.48, 1.272
49.64, 1.161
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.2
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
D
r
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
g
/
c
c
)
Water content(%)
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
4.3 CBR TEST RESULTS : The soaked CBR values of various mixes of
marine clay and Saw dust using OMC obtained from compaction are
determined. The soaked CBR after immersing in water for four days , that is
when full saturation is likely to occur, is also determined. Variation of CBR with
% variation in Saw Dust is presented.
75%MARINE CLAY+25% Saw Dust
85%soil+15%SD,
29.63
80%soil+20%SD,
35.43
95%soil+5%SD,
44.48
75%soil+25%SD,
39.49
90%soil+10%SD,
38.33
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
m
a
x
d
r
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
(
g
/
c
c
)
water content (%)
variation of mdd with Saw dust
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15
Load(kg)
Penetration(mm)
Soaked
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
80%MARINE CLAY+20%Saw Dust
85%MARINE CLAY+15%Saw Dust
90%MARINE CLAY+10%Saw Dust
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 5 10 15
Load(kg)
Penetration(mm)
Soaked
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 5 10 15
Load(kg)
Penetration(mm)
Soaked
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
95%MARINE CLAY+5%Saw Dust
Mix proportion Water
Content (%)
Soaked CBR
85%soil+15%SD 29.63 4.03
80%soil+20%SD 35.43 0.672
95%soil+5%SD 44.48 0.896
75%soil+25%SD 39.49 0.896
90%soil+10%SD 38.33 2.24
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15
Load(kg)
Penetration(mm)
Soaked
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15
Load(kg)
Penetration(mm)
Soaked
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
Table 4.9 Properties of the stabilized soil with an optimum of Saw dust
N o. Property Symbol Value
1 Liquid Limit WL
2 Plastic Limit WP
3 Plastic Index IP
4 Shrinkage limit Ws
5 Soil Classification CH
6 Specific Gravity G
7 Differential free swell
8 Optimum Moisture
Content
O.M.C.
85%soil+15%SD,
29.63
80%soil+20%SD,
35.43
95%soil+5%SD,
44.48
75%soil+25%SD,
39.49
90%soil+10%SD,
38.33
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
s
o
a
k
e
d
C
B
R
(
%
)
Saw dust %
variation of soaked CBR with Saw Dust
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
9 Maximum Dry Density M.D.D.
10 Cohesion C
11 Angle of Internal
Friction
|
12 CBR Value ( soaked)
4.4 Summary
The laboratory test results have been discussed in this chapter. The
summary of work done and scope of further work will be presented in the next
chapter.
CHAPTER-5
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
CONCLUSIONS
5.1.General
In this chapter the summary of the work carried out is presented
along with conclusions drawn from the study. The scope for further
research in this area is also suggested at the end.
5.2.Conclusions
The following conclusions are drawn based on the laboratory test
results.
It is noticed that the liquid limit of the marine clay has been decreased by
about 11.00% with the addition of 20% saw dust as an optimum. Further it
is observed that the liquid limit of marine clay has been decreased by 9% on
addition of saw dust.
It is observed from the results that the Plasticity index of the marine clay
has been decreased by about 24.00% on addition of saw dust.
It is found from the results that the M.D.D of the marine clay has been
increased by about by 12.36% on addition of saw dust
It is observed from the results that the C.B.R. value of the marine clay has
been increased by ------% on addition of saw dust
It is observed from the results that the DFS value of the marine clay has
been decreased by 58% on addition of saw dust
The soaked CBR of the soil on stabilizing is found to be 6.48% and is
satisfying standard specifications. So finally it is concluded from the above
results that the stabilized marine clay is suitable to use as sub grade
material for the pavement construction
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
5.3 Further Scope of Work
The following areas are identified as those having scope for further research
1. Similar work can be done using other additives and also admixtures to
arrive the optimum combination used in construction of pavements on
marine clay soil sub grades.
2. The reinforcement Technique can be adopted for higher load carrying
capacity of the pavement sub grades.
The following conclusions are drawn on the basis of test results obtained on BC
soil stabilized with Saw Dust.
1. The liquid limit of BC soil is decreases at 20% Saw Dust.
2. The Free Swell Index of BC soil is reducing moderately at 20% Saw Dust.
3. There is considerable increase in the values of unconfined compressive
strength of BC soil mixed with 20% Saw Dust. The gain in strength in
early days is due to the development of cementation action between clay,
Saw Dust.
4. The CBR value increased considerably at 14 days saturation compared to
4 and 7 days.
5. Addition of small percentage of Gypsum reduces the hardening process,
helped to further development of pozzolanic action in Unsoaked and
soaked condition. Its effect is more in soaked condition.
6. It is observed that there is remarkable influence on strength and CBR
values of expansive soil at 20% Saw Dust which is a optimum percentage.
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
7. Saw Dust can potentially stabilize the expansive soil solely.
8. The utilization of industrial wastes like Saw Dust is an alternative to
reduce the construction cost of roads particularly in the rural areas of
developing countries.
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES
1. Ganapathy, 1977; Jones and Jones, 1995; Abduljauwad, 1995; Osama and
Ahmed, 2002; Zhan, 2007)
2. Agarwala, V.S and Khanna, J.S (1969), Construction techniques for
foundations of buildings on black cotton soils, proceedings of the
symposium on characteristics and construction techniques in black
cotton soil, the college of military Engg., Poona, India.
3. Al Quadi, I.L (1994), Laboratory Evaluation of Geosynthetics
Reinforced Pavement Sections, TRR-1739, TRB, 1994, pp. 25-31.
4. Al-Omari, R.R and Oraibi, W.K (2000), Cyclic behavior of reinforced
expansive clay, Jr. of the Japanese Geotechnical Society of Soils
and Foundations, Vol. 40, No. 2; 2000, pp.1-8.
5. Al-Rawas, N.M (2000), Effect of curing and temperature on lime
stabilization, Proc. Of Second Australian Conf. on Engineering
Materials, Sydney, 1981, pp.611-662.
6. Ambily, A.P and Gandhi, S.R (2004), Experimental and Theoretical
Evaluation of Stone Column in Soft Clay, ICGGE, pp 201-206.
7. Anand J.Puppala, Ekarin Wattanasanticharoen and Laureano
R.Hoyos (2003), Ranking of Four Chemical and Mechanical
Stabilization Methods to Treat Low-Volume Road Subgrades in
Texas, Jr.-Transportation Research Record, Vol. 1819B, 2003, pp.
63-71.
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
8. Anandarajah. A and Chu. J (1997), Laboratory Determination of shear strength
parameters for marine clay, Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Singapore,
Vol.14, No.3, pp 39-46.
9. Arvind Kumar, Baljit Singh Walia and Asheet Bajaj (2007), Influence
of Flyash, Lime and Polyester Fibers on Compaction and Strength
Properties of Expansive Soil, J.Mat in Civil Engineering, ASCE, Vol.
19, Issue. 3, 2007, pp. 242-248.
10. Balasubramaniam, A.S., Bergado, D.T., Buensuceso, B.R. and Yang,
W.C (1989), Strength and deformation characteristics of lime
treated soft clays, Geotechnical Engineering (AIT), 20, 1989, pp. 49-
65.
11. Bansal, R.K., Pandey, P.K. and Singh, S.K (1996), Improvement of a
Typical Clay for Road Subgrades with Hydrated Lime, Proc. Of
National Conf. on Problematic Subsoil Conditions, Terzaghi -96,
Kakinada, India, 1996, pp. 193-197.
12. Chandrashekar, B.P., Prasada Raju, G.V.R (1999), Relative
Performance of Lime and Calcium Chloride on Properties of
Expansive Soil For Pavement Subgrades, Proc. Of IGC-99, Calcutta,
1999, pp 279-282.
13. Heaton, B.S (2001), presented the utilization of waste products from
Steel plants in the pavements. Australia Civil Engineering
Transaction, IE Aust., Vol. CE35, No.1.
14. I.S: 2720, Part VII, (1980), Determination of Water Content Dry
Density Relation Using Light Compaction.
15. I.S: 2720-Part III, Section I, 1980, Determination Specific Gravity.
16. I.S: 2720-Part IV, 1975, Determination of Grain Size Distribution.
17. I.S:2720, Part VI, 1972, Determination of Shrinkage Factors.
18. I.S;2720-Part V, 1970, Determination of Liquid Limit and Plastic
Limit.
19. CIRIA Publication (2002); BS EN 15237 (2007); TRL Projects Reports
PPR 341(2008), represented the advantages of using the band drain
in soft soils.
Stabilization of Marine Clay using Saw Dust
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER VI
REFERENCES