Prove the following : 1. Every subgroup of an abelian group is normal. If G is an abelian group, then every subgroup of G is normal.

Prove: If H is a subgroup of the abelian group G and g ghg-1= hgg-1 = he =h h H. G and h H, then

commutative for abelian group

2. Prove the center of a group G

Z ( G) = { a is a normal subgroup of G.

G | ag = ga,

G}

Want to show the center Z ( G) of a group G is a normal subgroup of G

i.

Z ( G) is nonempty Is e in element of Z ( G) ? Yes, G.

Since eg = ge

ii.

Closed under operation. Since a,b Take :

Want to show

LHS = = = =

G is a group associative.

G is associative.

G is associative.

RHS = = = =

G is a group associative.

G is associative.

G is associative.

Since,

, so

is associative.

iii.

Closed under inverse

since Take and ag = ga

Want to show ag = ga (ag) ag eg = = = ga) ga

and

G is associative

This show Since

. Hence, , so Z(G) is closed under inverse.

iv.

Closed under conjugate

, Want to show axa-1 x axa-1 , since .

normal subgroup of G.

From the prove above, the center of a group G Z ( G) = { a is a normal subgroup of G. G | ag = ga, G}