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- HdG jG ```f

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eCG e HdG dG jH dG YVdG SGQO J


cCGh ,gCG cCG H a ,HdG idG SGQO ac H YVdG
.bdG f a IQKEG cCGh ,dT
d GPEG - j jdG ee a CN iCG Ca ;gCG cCG fc eCa
a ,edG e Ic AGLC QeO dEG iODj CG - adG YdH j
c GPEG cQGJ j iNCG HdG idG ee H a CN iCG CG M
.gCG cCG fEG f g eh ,k jdG f
HdG idG YVd SQGO iCG Ca ;dT cCG fc eCGh
ee a iNCG hdG aH Jhe LQH eT ae dEG j
ej fEa HdG GddG jbh ke SQJ M fCa ,HdG idG
BH UdG LGdG e FNh HdG GddG SGQO k M
YVe EG f g eh .dG UY H SGQO Y Ggh ,HdG
.dT cCG g jbdG
HdG idG eH J dG YCG Ca ;IQKEG cCG fc eCGh
Se j K eh ,ahX Y d f bdG ah ,Ieh Yeh Ic
CG jbdG Se Yh ,ej T IjL GMCG eCG k FGO f jbdG
c eeCa ,IOdG dG g d k FGO JNh Yh a jo
H OGdG a QJ dG iNCG hdG e d kaN jL AT j
.e H JhQ GQk eCG Jh Ia
dT cCGh gCG cCG g b c jbdG YVe Ea g eh
.HdG idG SGQO ac H eh IQKEG cCGh
?dG Gg GPd
dG a J H HdG dH Le OjE dhe dG Gg
dG IQKEGh ddGh ,gCG :jbdG YVd gcP HdG dG
3

- HdG jG ```f

d HdG fdG OhdG QdG Sh .HdG SdG ed dPh


a e a c a Ieh e IQH Vhe jbdG e
.dG N Ic bGhh Y d Pf jC
k G jh ,dG
dG a j edG VY a Gk jL Hk SCG j dGh
a c IdG dGh VjdG OdG Y dG jOcCG
jh ,HdG dG bGh e b ee j d ,KdG LGdG
.dG a dGh dG Y j ke

?dG Gg d
dch ,AHdG bCG a FdG GdG d SSC
k G c dG Gg
keJ cCG fCG H ,NCG Lh Y AHdG S h eY Sd
SCG a YhQ a VdG gC Gk fh .. d ,HdG dG e
iOdG QdG SJ e Ic AGLCG CG LQO dEG , ke j CG Hc
k Se jC
k G L HdG dH Hc CG c .e SdG Z M
ej e SSCG a Y MdG dG dG e jY d
H j CG j dG CG Th .dG a J hCG d e e hO H
a e Ghj dh jbdG Vd edG d gdGh edG W
.GVdG a fj dG dG g WH fC ;dG d e edG
dG d
dG SCG CG jGdG a a a Gdh ,HdG g dG Gg d
HdG Qd Gk f ,QNG Gg SG dh ,HdG a a HdG
H d eGb dEG JAGb Y j AdG Oj dGh ,dG Gg a
e UCG HdG dG d QU M ,HdG dH edG dG
jfEG dH dH NCG e Ha Gdh !LCG LGdG d
aOGdG e H cCG HQ ,H L Y Y SdG ZCG QU dGh
.HdG
cCG CG khCG a : k e dG ed jW e cCG eeCG c bh
.dG U c a dPh ,LJ Sb Hh HdG dH dG
4

- HdG jG ```f

CG Y eCG H SG K .QGdG e f a S dP CG Lh dh
cP j CG Y ,dG e b VGe a a HdG LdG SCG
j h ,dG U ZCG a LJ hHh jfEG dH dG
da : JeL ac a edG jdG g jdG g CG MCG Y
GY HdG dH AT c j PSCGh ,jfEG dH e edG
.g JG idG SCG gh ,dG
hH dG V J Overcurrent Relay c CG QdG S ka
fC Overcurrent Relay ddG g a fh{ : ke f Cc LJ
e M ,LJ hH Gg ,z...YCG e YdG g cG a aCG
a SCG Gg CG QdG Sh .d ee dG g CG cDdG
QJh .jW J b LdG CG UN ,HdG LdG QGJ e kH IAGdG
Y dG jdG GJDdG H UhCG e g SCG Gg CG dEG IQTEG
.HdG dhdG a dG gdG jJ QJ d

:G
k NCGh
eJ jGQO Y HdG SdG j CG hj e a da
e J H ,HdG dG UY jM a dG jbdG SCH
.dEG ... ,dG Nh ,jRdG bh ,dGh ,GddG
iNCG FGb dG jf a IOLdG edG LGdG Fd VCG bh
dDd Ie kKH J dG LGdG d a c jf a Ie
d aVEH ,ddG GJDdGh dG jQhdG a gf b c
jj d ,dG VH bY d dGh jNB jdGh jdG HCG
.jj CG
f dG UdG ad QdG e Ie YH dG OhR c
. Vd dG dG a QdG j M ;eEG Qb Y

- HdG jG ```f

dG N

bU :K e EG Y fG OBG HG e GPEG{ : () dG SQ b
.zd Yj dU dh hCG ,H j Y hCG ,jQL
.zH j Y{ : H dG Gg j CG eCj dDdG h

fL Oe .O.CG

2006 HcCG - jdG

: dDdG e UGd

mahmoudgilany@yahoo.com

S``dG
3 .............................................................................................................................. :
7 ...................................................................................................................... jJh T
: hCG dG

9 ............................................................ HdG idG f jbh SSCG


: fdG dG

37 .................................................................................... QdGh G
: ddG dG

67 .................................................................... QdG IOjR V jbdG ILCG


: HGdG dG

111 .............................................................................................. aG jbdG


: eG dG

153 ...................................................................... HdG idG jbh

: SOdG dG

189 ................................................................................ HdG GdG jbh


: HdG dG

219 .............................................................. G a jRdG b jbh


239 .............................................................. : KG dG HM e
255 ............................................................................................ ```e```Y ``LG``e

256






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HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

hCG dG

jbh SSCG

HdG idG f

j idG ddG e CGJ 1-1 dG a hJ c HdG idG ee


,Synchronous Generator eGdG dG e j e IOY gh ,AHdG
dY b dEG ddG L b aj idG Transformer dH GQk he
e e ddG IQdG a dG N K eh QdG b N VH
GHCG Y de J CG eEG kdZ gh ,IQdG f N dP j K ,NB
Hc Hc IQU a eEGh ,(Overhead Transmission Lines) dY
J K ,dG NGO S (Underground Cables) VQCG a fae
dG Distribution Transformers jRdG e e YH dG N
YdG WdG a dG Y jRd e b dEG dG J
,HdG e T N e (e L) fdG WdGh ,(Se L)
jh .Distribution Boards HdG MdG e Ye YH J
,Bus Bars jRdG H j e N e H edG UY HQ
e OY Y cj dG gh ,1-1 dG a S c J dGh
.hdG jNh NdG jN
dPh ,YCG e Ic GfC ,SCd ,Ve edG edG g
Qd IOe d Jh gUY H J NGO J b SC
AGLCG Y IKDdG jdG eGdG f LQN SC J hCG ,dGh
dG Gg e hCG AdG a VS fEa Gdh .edG g e LQdG
. HdG idG ee a YCG GfCGh SC
11

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

dch ,jbdG ee Ud dG Gg e fdG AdG a Vf K


g c jbdG ILCG eJ dG Relaying Signals GQTEG TCG
GfCG TCGh ,Protective Relays jbdG ILCG GfCG TCG ASCGh ,YCG
. jbdG ILCG Hh H bdGh ,Circuit Breakers HdG IFGdG WGb
dG jbdG ee a SSCG gdG gC Vf ddG AdG ah
H v e j CG UN
jbdG Seh ek Y AHdG Sd j
k
dG dG gC dG Gg e HGdG AdG a Vf CG b ev J ek EG
.eY H jbdG ILCG QNG Y YGJ
ILCG J W TC Vf dG Gg e NCGh eG AG ah
.jG bdG ILCH Ak fGh fehdEG ILCG e GAk H jbdG

HdG idG ee 1-1 dG

12

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

idG ee YCG 1-1

YCG SCG 1-1-1

a W Z Gk J j e c g HdG idG ee a YCG


dG a QfG hM g keY dP j e cCGh . dG hCG QdG b
f HQ hCG ,Hc hCG fe V H UdG Y OLdG
H hCG ,N H eJ hM hCG ,VQCG e eJ H hCG ,jL hX
dG d QfG hM dEG iODJ dG SCG e dP Z dEG , VQCGh N
c .c hCG dG hCG QdG b a W Z Gk J J K eh ,SSCG
,ke IFGdG Ue MCG a c H Open Circuit f dG j b
. Over load FGR J f jC
k G dG j bh

YCG J 2-1-1

:YCG J e k dZh
:dG j Ha ,dH IKCdG Phases LhCG Od kW * Single Lines to Ground.
VQCH ee
Gk MGh vN
k
* Double Lines to Ground.
VQCG e ee N
* Three Lines.
k e ee N KK
* Phase to Phase.
k e ee N
* Three Lines to Ground.
VQCG e ee N KK
HQCG GfCG ka , Phases``dG H HdG LQd kW J b c b C Unsymmetrical Faults Ke Z kYCG J HdG hCG
kY a edG dG eCG ,NB Phase e J dGh QdG
Phases``dG L a GQdGh OdG b C Symmetrical Fault kKe
.jhe
dG a , Phase Faults hCG Earth Faults gQYH YCG J bh dG IFGO e GAk L a VQCG J idG dG a EF gh hCG
13

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

GAk L d VQCG Ea

Phase Faults gh fdG dG a H ,dG

.dG dG IFGO e
,dG bj dG edG Id kW jC
k G YCG J jh ,Transient Faults d iNCGh , Permenant Faults FGO YCG a
a ddHh ,ke VQCG Y S FGg N f J b dhCa
j a dG e ke IT a eJ f J b fdG H .FGO
YCd iNCG J gh .c c VdG Lj K gd UY
.dG Gg a kM d VS
jbdG ee UY 2-1

jbdG ee Xh 1-2-1

da ,dG hM e d jbdG ee Xh CG dEG khCG g f


ILC IQb LQN J b HSCG YCG e dG C ; e T
. bH YCG a YS g jbdG ee QhO d ,e Y jbdG
:g jbdG ee QhO EG f cCG Hh
IQTEG SQEG K eh ,feh JQN ie jJh YCG cG
hCG ,a dG Circuit Breaker HdG WGd Trip Signal a
c dPh ,dG e e dG WGd Block Signal e IQTEG
. Protective Relay jbdG RL SGH j
.SdG WGdG a SGH j dPh ,a dH IKCdG UdG Y
a jdG ee UY f CG j fEa VdG Gg Y AHh
:g FQ jY
Protective Relays PR
jdG ILCG - 1
Circuit Breakers CB
HdG IFGdG WGb - 2
GQTEH jdG ILCG jJ Y e dK Y dEG jh
:g dG Ggh ,QGdG PJG K dGh dG Y CGd eRdG
14

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

.Voltage and Current Transformer VT&CT : QdGh dG e - 3


e jd fdG dG d f a QdGh dG e eCa
Gg a Gk Le M
k T d f a CBs HdG IFGdG WGb eCGh .dG
j idG ,dG Gg f QN J d dG SGQdG EG M dG
Circuit Y eY Ie If g S d ,a jbdG ILCH SSC
k G
.jbdG ILCG Hh H bd kjJh Breakers

jbdG ee UY e 2-2-1

M ,HdG idG ee NGO IQe IQH LJ jbdG ee


a dG S a ,jM OGj Y d e jbh ee Lj
c e IOLe fCG c , Transmission Line c jfh jGH a IOLe
a . 1-1 dG a gX g c , Transformer c e IOLeh , Generator
S d , H UN jbh ee d gcP HdG UdG e Y
.kM S c dG jbdG ee Y H dG e f g
WGdG e eCG ,H dG Z NGO jbdG ILCG Vh jh
eEGh LQdG dG a c dG MS a eEG a VTh CT eh
.1-1 IQdG a c RdH dhdG dG a GIS Ye V NGO
UdG bGdG a j 1-1 dG a U He c CG dEG IQTEG QJh
. Relay + CB + VT + CT ``dG j fCG iCG ,jbdG ed KdG
e a jbdG UY Yd dG dG J 1-1 IQdGh
.kfeCG cCG fC vdM dG Yf TCG gh SF6 RH dhdG GIS
:e w co IQdG a hjh
Circuit Breaker (CB)
Voltage Transformer, (VT)
Current Transformer (CT)

a adG SCG M .KdG jbdG ee UY H gh


aZ a kdZ VJ dG jbdG ILCG dEG GQTEG J dG gh IQdG
.dG MS Y IH UN
15

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG


Earthing ``dG e IYdG dG UY H dc IQdG a Jh

. Busbars ``dG dch Isolator ,ES ,Switch


Circuit
Breaker

Earthing Switch

GIS Yd dG dG 1-1 IQU

Relaying Signals

Bus Bar

Voltage Transformer

Isolator

Current
Transformer

YCG GQ````TEG 3-2-1

J MCG ZCG a QdGh dG b Ea IFGdH Y hM Y


Z - iNCG b g dH r d ,acGh He j kXe Gk J
J dG GQTEG Lh ,YCG hM f J b - dGh QdG
:dG S Y eh (Relaying Signals)`H J YCG cG a
.(j hCG Jj b) OOdG
dM a UN ,a SfG j b) HdG IQdG Qhe JG
.(GddG
.(dG f j b) KdG Phases ``dG a MCG RGJ
16

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

e H b J M Circuit Impedance Z IFGdG fe b


S c dG e jJ Y Gk Ye dP j CG jh ,dG
.kM
dG dG) e d QdG QdGh NGdG QdG b H dG
. (Y f Cj H
...gZh
e cCG -QdGh ddG b a hCG - GQTEG g e iCG a J ha
j dG a M b W Z e k T CG j H dG OhdG
.dG LQO dEG Uh EG ,IFGdG a j K eh ,SGQOh acG

:SdG ebQCGh jbdG ILCG GfCG 4-2-1

e jdG J J a GQTEG e dG GfCG g Y AHh


k bQ RL c AYEG Y JG SdG H edG ddh .jbdG ILCG
. SG Y j
ANSI Code `d kW ebQCGh jbdG ILC eCG H j 1-1 hdGh
.Ie dY Sb UGe gh IEC ``d kW IdG RedG dch

17

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

jbdG ILCG d SdG bQCGh RedG 1-1 hL

:gCG e ,HdG hdG a j d ILCG e jdG g dHh


25 Synchronizing Check

40 Field Failure

52 Circuit Breaker

86 Lock out

18

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

Circuit Breakers WGdG GfCG TCG 5-2-1

jGH Y cdG Circuit Breakers Ea e e a Y hM Y


dPh , (Relay) jbdG RL e IQTEG Y AH a j dG g jfh
.dG QJ Qhe bd
SdG) IQGdG g dG a CGJ eY CBs `dG g LGS e NCGh
J CG j IQGdG gh , CB ``dG aW H CS dG (Arc HdG
GPEG fCG jC
k G eh ,FGdG TG dG S Y e ,Ic ce
j ddHh , Breaker Poles WdG bCG N S QdG Ea SG
k L J WGdG e IjY l GfCG a K eh .ke Gj fCc WdG
,a Y WdG bCG H CJ dG IQGdG AWEG YS :g MGh g Y
H j ah ,dG d edG jdG a H a J d
.CBs ```dG d eCG
: jdG GSH CB
eY H jda , (30 kV)M dG dG a Oil-CB j
GQdG H Ea a m Y QJ Qhe f jdG j eYh .L RY
ddHh jCe Z OQH jR e jh ,YC Ja ac Jh ,jCJ
(Pump) e jdG e j MCG H ah ,dRY Y aj
QJh .OQH jL jR e d jCdG jdG a IH jdG J M
.ddG IQGdG LQO Y Td Hb fCG j jdG CG dEG IQTEG
: AGdG GSH CB
Y CB b H AGdG ad Air Compressor AGg ZV j M
.FWE IQGT hM
: AGdG e e CB
bCH dG dG a k``e AG``g ``Lj dG G``g NGO a
AGd J fOCG M GPEG fCG j d . IQGT J a ddHh , CB ``dG
(Vacuum CB) dG Ggh ,Ic IQGT hM dEG iODj fEa CB ``dG NGO
. SdG dG OhM a jC
k G dh dG H a j
19

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

dG dh ,jRdG e a a IH J HdG GfCGh


IFGdG Wb g ek Y ddG dG eh ddG e a dG
. SF6

: SF6 ` dG RZ GSH CB
jQa SOS) SF6 `dG g CB ``dG a edG GRdG GfCG TCG
L RYh ,S Zh ,Td Hb Z fCH SF6 `dG RZ jh . (jdG
AHd AGdG Y Y Ge Y RdG Gg Y IAc jJ M ,AHd
IOe iCG e j h ,v Fc e RZ jC
k G gh ,iOdG dG V J
ea ,AGdG dEG LhN Y GQk V j h . adG IQGM LQO Y iNCG
IQGM LQO J (Lime Stone ) iL M e J j e dG OGj
. dY
gh , SF6 `dG GQP jCJ dEG iODJ a IQGdG CG RdG Gd UN gCGh
d Rda ddHh . jL SF6 jh SF6 GQP e J JdG fjCG
M HdG dG a dG Gg fG bh ,Oj fC Gk HCG dRY j
.(ddGh SdG) OdG ad CBs e j UCG
dG dG Ea Gdh ,Rd J hM Y J IMdG dG d
RdG V ie e k FGO cCdG dEG J dG e dG Gg J
V a VfG ddHh -Rd jJ M GPEa ,hdG dG NGO
GWCG H Short Circuit j HQh ,V RdG dRY a -RdG
WdG TG d IFGH OhJ ddG g a HdG WGda ddh ;NGO
X a WdG NGO IQGT hM Oe C ; jhj IQH dh M ,vJH k e
. KQc a S RdG V VfG
SF6 ``H dhdG Busbars ``dG e RdG jJ Y j dG dG h
Short NGO j CG j ddG g a , GIS ``H ahdG GMdG a
dG d LdG jh .IMdG QfG Jh Phases ``dG H Circuit
QN UdG g EG M ,WGdG d dG UdG ad ddG
.dG Gg egG OhM
20

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

CBs HdG WGdGh jbdG RL H bdG 6-2-1

YCG a YS g jdG a jbdG ee e dG Ea b c


IQTEG Sjh dG j idG Protective Relay ```dG SGH dPh ,bH
Relaying ``H j e NO e CGJ dGh . a OGj dG CBs dEG a
````j ``K , Current/Volatge Transformer ```SG``H Relay ``dG dEG Signals
a e dEG a IQTEG SQEH GQTEG g SGQO Y AH Relay `dG
. a d (CB Trip Coil) WdG
Inverse Overcurrent a j idG 2-1 dG a J ec dGh
, Relay Contacts ``dG H Y iC acG Y Relay `dG Gg jh , Relay
. CB Poles H j idG , CB Trip Coil EG jQdG QJ j K eh
kW 51 g Relay `dG bQ CGh , 52 g ANSI code `d kW CB `dG bQ CG M
. 1-1 hd
RL bj idG edG CG gh ,eg Me J g jh
OhM ah ,Gv L k jS IOdG a j (Trip or Block) QGb EG d jbdG
j IFGdG a E WdG bj idG edG H ,bCG hCG fK e 20
k e edG h ,fK e 100 EG 50 H hGjh ,dP e cCG
. Fault Clearing Time dG dGRE G bdG
d M dG hM d e CGj idG edG g : dG Y eR)
dG hM d e) Relay Lj idG edG ihj gh , CB ``dG a
eJ ``f ``Z ``` e) CB `eR + (Relay ``dG ``eJ ``f ``Z M
.(CB``dG NGO IQGd ONEG NBG d dEG Relay ``dG

21

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

CB ``dG a IFGOh Relay ``dG H bdG 2-1 T

?IFGdG a a CB ``dG ah dG Relay ``dG cG d GPe 7-2-1

Y j a ,Se bGh g H ,j CG H W GDS Gg


e Uh dG Trip ``dG IQTE HSG a a WdG a fe
j UN jM RL jo k FGa dG g dh . jdG RL
. 3-1 dG a Y Ia Jh , Breaker Failure, BF

Breaker Failure

``dG Y e 3-1 T

22

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

bdG ah CB ``dG EG Trip IQTEG R jdG RL Sjo ,Y hM a


RL Ea BF ``dG dEG IQTEG g Uh OHh , BF ``dG dEG IQTEG Sj f
M CB ``d adG edG OJ eR Id dRdG dG a CGj NGH Timer
bdG Gg b IFGdG a a CB ``dG f GPEa .IFGdG a e ke j
e IQ``TEG gh ,Gk ```U S QdG `` a QdG QdG CG j Ga
Auxiliary Contacts CB e iNCG IQTEG gh , BF ``dG Y bd J CT ``dG
.dG Y BF ``dG bh cCd
d edG dG e Timer ``dG fGh IFGdG a a CB ``dG a GPEG eCG
Gd jdG ``dG ac dEG Trip IQTEG SQEH BF ``dG S ga
.3-1 dG e VGh g c - dG WdG

Protective Zones

jbdG ee a SSCG ge 3-1


fEa edG a HdG idG ee Uh e gX g ch
J j a Gdh ; FGLCG H a Ieh NGeh V ee
. c jd a MGh RL

jdG We 1-3-1

jh ,Zones IU We dEG HdG dG J ,dG bGdG a


e ,SSCG Qhc a IdG dG g jM g jbdG RL QhO
hJ CG jh .WMG IQH WdG e gZ jH j CG feEG
Ea ,v Yh .jdG LQO YCG d ,jbdG ILCG e YdG g
H j N c jC
k Gh ,e c dch ,H UN jM e d de c
. 4-1 dG e VGh g c - e

23

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

jbdG ee a jdG We 4-1 T

YCG Y - SSC
k G - e (Zone-1) 1 bQ d jbdG Ra
SSCG IQH e 2 bQ d jbdG RL K ,ddG NGO J dG
Y e 3 bQ d jbdG RL K ,dG a J YCG jCG Y
Y e 4 bQ d jbdG RL Gk NCGh , Busbars Y J dG YCG
CG Me e , Transmission Lines bdG f N Y J dG YCG
e dh jbh ILCG IY e fe dG bGdG a g e c jbh
.bdG YCG GfCG ac c VH dPh ; MGh RL
;G jdG We H (Overlap) NGJ OLh e H fCG M
. Busbars Y UN e Z We g J M
Main and Backup Protection WMGh FdG jdG 2-3-1

f e d UCGh ,IOe We dEG dG J Hh ,BG


j CG jC
k G j e d FdG jdG f Ea ,H UN jM
H d YGb g j CG H ,iNCG Wd v WMG jM f
;edG e Ia H a J WMG jdG J dG jdG f
.dG cG Y UCG jdG Y e cCdG H iCG
24

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

hdG ``dG ``dM a Ic IQH WMG jbdG gCG RJh


jh ,H dG cH Relay ``dG j kfMCa , Breaker Failure ``H
j CB ``dG a e Y kfMCG j b d , CB ``dG dEG Trip IQTEG SQEH
c a j ddG g ah , Breaker Failure ``H j e gh ,dG e
jbdG QGhOCG MCG Ggh ,dG WdG Gd jdG dG Y WGdG
.b H eCH dP Sh ,WMG
Directional Protection

gJG jbdG 3-3-1

dG jbdG ILCG Y H dG UCG HdG dG J e


Ea F f Y Y hM Y fEa , 5-1 T dEG Lda ,jd kU
S d kWh .dN dG QJ Qhd dH c S jbdG ILCG
a jf g dM ah ,a dG IFGdG a dEG f fEa ,MT
. a R4 ,R3

gJG jbdG Oe 5-1 T

aVEG HCG ,W IH R6 ,R1 ILCG Y LCJ j fCH k Y


dG Qa ; R5 ,R2 a J dG d ,dEG Time Delay NCJ eR
adGh QdG e ek HJ e c gGj dG dG aeh ,dN
d fC ; a R4 ,R3 j CG dH jf fh , R4 ,R3 fjj jdG
,B- G e LQdG dG H Y jdG a a R5 ,R2 TG
TG e R5 ,R2 d jW OLh e Ha .GO hH C- dG dch
gJG jbdG CGe OYH dG JG jJ g jdG gh ,WdG
.jbdG ILCG a Directional Protection
25

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

eeCG idG dG j CG j jM RL c CG dG Gg UNh


Sh , (5-1 T a SCG J kW a eeCG dG YCG ij) a
.dG Gg e ddG dG a dG Gd jdG SCG T
R5 ,R2 Ea ,5-1 T a F f Y Y hM a ,Gg Yh
,Y d dG dG a j fEG M ;Gk HCG dG Gg jDhQ j
Y de Jh ,eeCG dG Gg k L iJ R1 , R3 , R4 , R6 H
.H a dG YGd kW IOe LQH a
HdG YCG GfCG dEG jjL Yf aVEG j fEa ,g eh
:gh dG Gg e hCG AdG a Y jdG
Forward Faults
eeCG YCG
Reverse Faults
dG YCG
, R1 , R3 , R4 , R6 dEG dH eeCG Y g 5-1 T a (F) da
.R2 ,R5 dEG dH v N kY j dG Gg f H
:EG jdG e e bd kW YCG J j c
Internal Faults
NGO YCG
External Faults
LQN YCG
.e jM e QN hCG NGO : dH OdGh
:J e
:JBG Mf fEa , 6-1 T a eSdG dG Y HdG OdG H
dG Gg a Y ddG FdG jbdG Ea ke F1 d dH
.16 , 15 bQ Relays ``dG g
hM dM a hCG ,dG cG a ke 15 bQ jdG a dM ah
jbdG QhO j M ,IFGdG a Y Y H IFGdG Wb a N
fCG M .9 , 7 bQ Relays ``dG ddG g a gh ,keR WMG
.dG dEG G2h G1GddG e QdG aJ d ;WMG jc j
26

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

;dEG bCG fCG ZQ dG Gg J d 10 , 8 bQ jdG CG k jCG M


.Y de Z gh ,v N kY j d dH dG C dPh
jdG Ea ,dG S Y 7 bQ WMG jdG a dM ah
QdG aJ ; H JdG CBs ``dG H J S 30 , 4 ,2 bQ
SSCG jdG J CG jdG H jh , G3 h G2 e d
.dG a NBG Y iCG dM a WMGh

J e 6-1 T

27

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

jbdG ILC eY e 4-1


eY IMe UGeh je d J CG j jdG ee
:gh jbdG ILC
Reliability jOYG
a Y oj CG ; Reliable j CG jbh RL iCG e a
(16) bQ jbdG RL a GPEG HdG dG a ,LCG e U dG XdG
.dH dGh Unreliable fEG f fEa F1 dG cG a
Selectivity jQNG
hM Y fCG hdG e fC ; Reliable Relay jd j CG j
d d ,Reliable ddH a dG J jbdG ILCG e da Y
Gg g QJ CG Y IQdG jd J CG dG fEGh ,J CG a dG
a ddHh ?Y QN fCG CG J eh Y OhM a j dG
IQdG d J CG H ; Selective k jCG j CG jbdG Rd dG gCG
QNG Y IQdG d fCG j Ggh ? CG WdG Gg j g :Qj CG Y
c HQ H S F1 dG Ea ,dG S Y 6-1 dG a . Selective
fEa 15 bQ RdG b 9 bQ RdG TG GPEG d ,dG a jbdG ILCG
.QNG ASCG fCG ; (Unselective) fEG 9 bQ RdG Y f
Sensitivity SdG
e SM d iCG ; Sensitive j CG jbdG RL e e dc
dG e c dG QJ b JQG c fCG dG a ,YCG c
fG dG QJ b fG c d ,j CG jbdG RL Y
SM J CG e e a cdG RdG e dGh ,RdG SM
.SM Z RdG S EGh ,dG g a be Y QJ bCG b Y
Adequateness eAG
YCG GfCG L cG j H k e jbdG RL c GPEG
k e Relay `dG j CG ddG a j Gdh ;Gv L dY S dG Ea
28

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

.YCG e e Yf a j CG NBG H ; a IOe e Fj H


:g Relays ``dG eAe a J dG eGdG h
. Relay ``dG j S dG (Power Rating) dG IQb .dG Gg Jh gCGh e .LQN hCG NGO SCG f jOY Z d VdG MG UdG a ,HdG jdG jQGSG Y dG QfG KCJ .ek jdG ba QfG d idG Busbar ``dG e gCG dY J
j Ggh ,HdG d jbdG f QNG Y eAG IYGe jh
e jd dG Y ,G S a .dG dG IAc Y
J iP jbh f GSG SdG e a dG dG ceh
jRJ d jbh f J Y - G S Y - dG e H ,dY
.dY b S GP Ge GSH j CG eCG dac 250 IQH
Speed dG Y a YdG
a ,jM OGdG GdG QfG MG e J dG Y YS
40 H BB FQ jRJ b Y Short Circuit M GPEG dG S
j CG bdG Z a fK e 80 ke Qb eR a dY Jh eCG c
dG Gg j d GPEG d ,IdG QdG b ZQ dG d QfG
j a ,fK e 80 e kH mGK 5 Id ke SGh adG YdH
.d ec QfG
Stability HdG dG QGSG J Y YJ dG Y YS CG c
d (Protection Schemes) jbdG e Vh Y QYG a Gg NDjh
.dEG ...cGh IdG dGh IdG GddGh ddG dG
(Time Delay) edG NCdG Ea YH dG Y gCG e ZdG Yh
:JBG SCd kfMCG a kHZe j
.WMG jbdGh FdG jbdG H d Ua AYE - 1
:ddG dG a Relays ``d WdG dG Y d - 2
.(Starting Current) G`dG J AH Y JdG IdG GQdG @
29

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

.(Transient Faults) FQdGh IHdG YCG Y JdG GQdG @


.(Load Fluctuations) MCG a dG @
Stability QGSG
Gv e jbdG f j CG J jbdG Rd dH QGSG UN
YCG M hM Y hCG dG dG QN Short Circuit hM Y
.GO hO j a Transient Faults VQY
Economics ObG
.ddG bCH IAdG dY jbh f J dhe J

jbdG ILCG J LCG Y jQJ N 5-1


I LCG e GkAH , LCG I H j b dG I LCG J W e
Static Relays JSEG jbdG ILCH GQk he , Electromagnetic Relays
Vf ,dG AdG ah . Digital Relays bdG jbdG ILCH Ak fGh
NCSh ,jbdG ILCG J W H e dG IOdG LCG QNH
.dG Y c Overcurrent Relay ``dG RL
Electromagnetic Relays

hCG dG 1-5-1

Ia Ea - SG e VGh g ch - dG W e hCG dG a
a j idG HdG QdG CG UN SG Y J fc RdG Y
Ib jC
k G MJh ,d k Me v W e k k FGO oj e
Hinged dM a c ,cJh jjM Y
k GQP J CG j We
IdG g J kf MCGh ,Plunger Type Relay hCG Armature Relay
bh .Qhj a GQhd Hb ijM Ub Y KD d ; W G
GfCG gh . Induction Disc Relays ``dM a c ,IdG g eSG
ah .VGh dG Sh , Electromechanical Relays ``H jC
k G S
.HdG GfCG MC P 2-1 IQdG
IFGO g ) iNCG Hc IFGO Z a YdG c a cdG e Ojh
SJ UdG jJ hCG ,GQdG S dG IdG CG Hh .(WdG J
30

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

EG M ,dG hdG a ddHh ,dG a QdG QdG IT e jv OW


hCG GQdG jd ac WdG IdG g J d - IU b QdG
- IH QdG b JJ M - YCG dM a H ,IFGdG d UdG IQGOEG
.CB ``dG J IFGO Zh ,HdG cdG d ac IdG g S
KCJ h , Stable k FGO Ie fCH ILCG e YdG g Jh
Ic GN GcG b SdG CG c ,dG a J b dG GdH
a FH S j Ggh ,jW GS GW ILCG g e edG a
a dG AdG j d ,gH jM Ic LCG QX ZQ edG
,cdG Ad bh EG a Inertia d cdG AGLCG CG H HSG
EG h ,cdG AGLCd e fU EG fCG jC
k G HY eh
.SdG bO d ;iNC Ia e Ije

fehdEG jbdG ILCG MCG 2-1 IQdG

Static Relays fdG dG 2-5-1

,dG FGhCG a jbdG ILCG J W e fdG dG X


AGLCG Y ASG g j e gCG ch ,Static Relays ``dG H jh
31

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

``dG L e jbdG ILCG 3-1 IQdG

Static

a ANCd GQk e J fc dG HdG dG a edG cdG


, Operational Amplifier ``H j e Y dG Gg YG M ; ILCG Y
GPEa ,e V OhH IFGdH QdG QdG b fQH J fc dG
dEG IQTEG Sj Op Amp Ea edG dG b IFGdH QdG QdG iJ
. 3-1 IQdG a dG Gg eCG MCG Jh ,d ; CB

LQO H KCJ fc Op Amp ILCG CG dG Gg Y gCG eh


YdG g J d ddh ; Unstable Ie Z a ddHh ,IQGdG
e ddG dG dG FGhCGh dG NGhCG a X M ;kjW
. Digital Relays bdG jbdG ILCH j e gh ,jbdG ILCG
Relays Digital ddG dG 3-5-1

hCG Digital Protection H jC


k G j idG dG Gg SG
G ac Y j CG - bdG jbdG ILCG hCG Numerical Relays
ILCG S a BG IFdG g YdG a Gdh ;HdG LCG LGh dG
dG GQTEG jJ g IjdG LddG d SSCG IdGh .jbdG
jJ e JdG IcGP a J Digital Numbers bQCG dEG QdGh
32

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

fCG Hh ,fK e 1 dEG J Gv L IU eR Ga N Ie H


e KG hCG Cycle jJ j fEa ,JAGb j dG dG c jJ j
,fe b bCG J fEa IjL b AL ch ,a QdGh dG
g b a dG J RdH dG jbdG efH SGH j K .Ggh
e j idG dG M Y AHh ,ITe OdG N e GQTEG
. CG Y g c GPEG e jJ j Rd NJ dG bdG dG
Rd IjL feEG GSG eCGh ,dP H dG Gg QJ bh
Static or jdG LddG GSH gJ k j d jbdG
vJeJCG dG b J dG S Y eCa , Electromechanical
bdG JG f QJ H ILCG d cCG QdG M K ,Rd
jbdG ILCG H edG OJ QU H Digital Communications
ILCG e YdG g feEG a IQK MCG e ;kS k T bdG
a j eCG MCGh ,Fg bH Jh YCG cG Y JQbh
.4-1 IQdG

bdG jbdG ILCG 4-1 IQdG

33

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

Adaptive Digital Relays HGdG dG 4-5-1

e khCG IOSG IOjR dEG j dG CGH ,fdG NGhCG a


,VG GdG N bdG jbdG e a edG gL dG GdG
.Microprocessor Technology ``dG feEG e cCG LQH IOSG k fKh
jbdG ILCG - IdG g M - fc M ,ILCG g a eG
.dG H e jdG e J GJ bdG
b jJ feEG :dG Gg a NOCG dG GQdG gCG e ch
ch ,dG Y edG ac jd Relay ``dG CGh S ,v JeJCG dG
,dG a dG IOjdG H ke dG c g IdG g a idG
iCH RdG j CG a ,dG QJ e k jb GQk J j idG dG Hh
Gg jf a H cP bh ,dG Gg a IjY HCG gh ,IOjR
.dG
Multifunction Digital Relays edG dG 5-5-1

CGH M ;bdG jbdG ILCG Y jL QJ X ,dG a


a fch .MGh RL a jbdG ILCG e jdG ZOEG a dG cdG
NGh ,k He j Oj bdG jbdG ILCG d Hardware ``dG CG dP
jdG J a QdG eh ,NGO dG Software ``dG a j a H
;MGh Relay NGO e ILC dG eGdG e jdG jJ k QU
.FXdG Oe jM RL H Multifunction Relay ``H S ddh
CG gCG eh ,IjY dG g e CG gdG EG QOS dHh
jbdG ee Z H KQc j FXdG OdG RdG Gg bJ
GJ dG ILCG H Vj RL bJ c VdG a H ,edH
WMG jbh d Ga ,dG a Y MdG g J d dHh .J
jbdG ILCG OLh NBG dG SG c - iNCG cT e J e k dZ ddHh ,jG RdG Gd WMG jbdG J a dH jdG
,GdG e jdG d dG IjdG LddG e OSG M Ie :Je j
.IL IQH iODJ GJ dG jdG ILCG Y aM M iNCG Ieh
34

HdG idG f jbh SSCG - hCG dG

Digital Protection ``dG jGH Y Ie jb HCG


1 - Rockefeller, G.D., "Fault Protection with Digital Computer", IEEE
Transactions on PAS, Vol. PAS-88, No. 3, pp 438-461, April 1969.

2 - A.G. Phadke, T. Hlibka and M. Ibrahim, "A digital computer system


for EHV substations: Analysis and field tests", IEEE Transactions on
Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-95, No. 1, pp 291-301,
Jan/Feb 1976.
3 - Horowitz, S.H., Phadke, A.G., Throp, J.S., "Adaptive Transmission
System Relaying", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No.
4, pp 1436-1445, Oct. 1988.

4 - M. Ramamoorty, "Application of Digital Computers to Power System


Protection", Journal of Inst. Eng. (India), Vol. 52, No. 10, June 1972,
pp. 235-238.

5 - Horowitz, S.H., Phadke, A.G., Throp, J.S., "Adaptive Transmission


System Relaying", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No.
4, pp 1436-1445, Oct. 1988.
6 - Rockefeller, G.D., Wagner, C.L., Linders, J.R., "Adaptive
Transmission Relaying Concepts for Improved performance", IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 1446-1458, Oct.
1988.
7 - Jampala, A.K., Venkata, S.S., Domborg, M.J., "Adaptive
Transmission Protection: Concepts and computational issues", IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp 177-185, Jan.
1989.

35

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