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_______ is a human hereditary disease that is caused by a dominant allele but does not show up in affected individuals until they are in middle age. . A human female with only one X chromosome is said to have a condition called . A person who has lost a large amount of blood but is still alive is found in a wrecked automobile under a highway bridge. Several people are helping the paramedics load the victim into the ambulance. After the ambulance has departed for the hospital, you overhear the following conversation from the persons who helped the paramedics. "I am certain that when that guy gets to the hospital, they will transfuse him with any blood that they have in the blood bank since he has lost so much blood." The other person says, "Yeah, I bet you're right!" Having had a biology course, you know which blood could be safely given to anyone. Select it below. . After fertilization, the resulting zygote develops by which of the following processes? . Children born in areas where proper nutrition is not available to them do not always realize their full growth potential. These children have the genes for normal growth of bones. Which of the following statements can best explain this situation?

Huntington's disease Turner syndrome.

mitosis Since nutrition is necessary for proper development and is a part of the environment, it is a clear case of environmental effect on the phenotype. be female because they do not have a Y chromosome

. In humans, if a non-disjunction event led to an individual with a genotype of XO, they would . In the human, the body cells (non-sex cells) contain two sets of 7. 46 chromosomes totaling . In white tigers, the absence of fur pigmentation is caused by a recessive allele. This allele also causes the tigers to be cross-eyed. If two tigers 25% will be white and the same 8. heterozygous for this allele mate and produce offspring, what percentage 25% will be cross-eyed. can be expected to be white and/or cross-eyed? One of the most likely explanations for the evolutionary DNA replication errors could be 9. origin of sexual reproduction is that corrected by recombination. Organisms generally have many more genes that assort 10. independently than the number of chromosomes. This crossing over phenomenon is due to 11. The allelic make up of an individual is referred to as its Genotype. Which of the following cell functions are maintained by 12. growth and reproduction cell division Which offspring will inherit all their mitochondria DNA 13. both sons and daughters from their mother and none from their father? 1. Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of a complex of 60% protein and 40% DNA. The name of this chemical complex is a 6. 14. chromatin

15.

6. _________ is that portion of the cell cycle in which the chromosomes are invisible under the light microscope because they are not yet condensed.

6. Interphase 7

7. Prophase is the first stage of mitosis characterized by the _________ of the chromosomes. condensation 8. __________ is the stage of mitosis characterized by the alignment of the chromosomes in a ring along the inner circumference of the cell. 9. The stage of mitosis characterized by the physical separation of sister chromatids is called __________. 8 Metaphase 9 anaphase

10. The last stage of mitosis is characterized by the 10 disassembly of spindle apparatus, the reestablishment of the telophase nuclear membrane, and the decondensation of the chromosomes into invisible threads. This stage is known as _________. 11. The progress of mitosis is regulated by ______ and their dependent kinases. 11cyclins 16. 12. Binary fission in prokaryotes concludes with the 12 accumulation of _______ protein at the midpoint of the cell FtsZ which facilitates septum formation. 13 13. Normally _____ functions in the cell to stop cell p53 division if the cell has experienced extensive DNA damage. Which of the following is not a checkpoint for cell cycle MFP control in a eukaryotic cell? The zygote has two copies of each chromosome. The reduction division that separates two haploid complements from each other is called meiosis. centromere. homologous pairs of chromosomes pair up along their length. no S phase.

17. 18. 19. 20.

The point of connection between the two sister chromatids before anaphase of mitosis separates them is called the 21. In one of the first steps in meiosis, the 22. Between the two divisions of meiosis there is A 39-year-old woman is in her sixth week of pregnancy. Due to her advanced maternal age, she is at high risk for having a baby with Down's syndrome. She would like to find out as early as possible whether or not her baby has Down's 23. syndrome. Her doctor suggests

chorionic villi sampling.

A cell biologist is conducting a karyotype procedure on 24. alligator red blood cells. Exactly what does this mean?

It means that chromosomes from the red blood cells of the alligator will be examined with a microscope, photographed, counted, lined up with their respective homologous partner, and displayed.

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28. 29. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 39a 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.

A diploid organism that has two identical alleles for the same homozygous trait is called _______ for that particular trait. A gene for a particular trait that is only expressed in the recessive gene presence of another gene of the same kind is called a(n) A secretor is a person who secretes their blood type antigens into body fluids and secretions such as saliva. By comparison, a non-secretor does not. A person's status as a secretor or nonsecretor is independent of blood type. Consider the following inheritance pattern of this trait: all offspring are secretorssecretor x secretor 1:2:1. all offspring are non-secretorsnon-secretor x non-secretor all offspring are secretorssecretor x non-secretor F2 generation = 75% secretors, 25% non-secretorsF1 generation secretors The genotypic ratio produced in the F2 generation is A single gene has 3 or more alternative forms. These are called multiple alleles. A test cross can be used to do all of the following except identify the chromosome on which a gene is located. ABO blood group expression is an example of multiple alleles. All of the following animal cells are diploid except gametic. All of the following are processes that promote new genetic mitosis. combinations except Amniocentesis is a procedure that is normally used for diagnosis of genetic disorders. An allele that is present but unexpressed is recessive. An individual possessing both kinds of alleles of two different dihybrid. traits is called forming a cleavage furrow that pinches the Animal cells typically achieve cytokinesis by cell into two As a genetic counselor, you are constructing a human pedigree for a particular disease. You note that every generation shows dominant. the trait, suggesting that it is Bacteria divide by binary _______, in which the cell divides into fission two nearly equal halves. All of the following animal cells are diploid except Gametic Before cell division of the body cells, each homologue replicates into two sister chromatids. parts. These parts are connected by a centromere and are called By the end of this phase of mitosis, the centromere joining each pair of sister chromatids is attached by microtubules to opposite poles of the prophase spindle apparatus. This phase is called Chromosomes exchange genetic information by crossing over Crossing over of chromosomes takes place in prophase I. Cytokinesis occurs right after telophase. Difficult ****** Let P = purple flowers and p = white, and T = tall plants and t = dwarf. What combinations of gametes could be produced by a PT, Pt, pT, pt heterozygote for both the traits? Diploid organisms use meiosis for the development of gametes. Meiosis two consists of how many rounds of nuclear division? DNA coiled around histone proteins forms a complex known as a nucleosome

49. 50. 51. 52.

53. 54. 55. 56. 56a

57. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63.

64.

_________. Each chromosome has a region called the _________ somewhere between centromere the two ends where attachment of protein rays occurs. Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of a complex of 60% protein and chromatin 40% DNA. The name of this chemical complex is Genetic differences between individuals in a population are called polymorphisms. Genetic exchange between two arms of a chromosome pair is more likely crossing over. to occur if the distance between the genes is great. It is called Height and eye colors are two examples of continuous variation in Many genes, rather than one gene humans. Whereas in pea plants the tall allele is dominant over the short for a characteristic, control some allele, there are no intermediate heights in peas. Which of the following variations in species. is the best explanation for the differences described above? Hemophilia is a recessive condition. How many different types of gametes can be formed by plants with a 4 genotype of PpYYrrTt? Humans who have lost even one copy of an autosome are called monosomics. What property distinguished Mendels investigation from previous Mendel quantified his results studies? Huntington's disease is caused by an autosomal dominant allele. It Huntington's disease presents symptoms is a lethal disease, but it persists in the human population. Which in humans after many have already of the following statements best describes why? reproduced; therefore, they are unaware that they passed on Huntington's disease. If a eukaryotic cell has a single set of chromosomes, it is called haploid she developed from a fertilized egg with 3 If a human female has two Barr bodies, it is almost certain that X chromosomes. If a XY individual had a deletion of the SYR gene, they would develop as a female. If an XY individual had a genetic disorder in which they were XY, female. insensitive to androgens, their genotype and phenotype would be If some alternative alleles with detrimental effects exist in a genetic disorder. significant proportions in populations, the condition is called If you needed to order genes on a chromosome, you would perform a three-point cross.

In 95% of cases of Down's syndrome, there is an entire extra 65. chromosome 21 in every cell. This aneuploid condition is the independent assortment. result of 66. In a heterozygous individual the allele being expressed is dominant. In a typical Mendel experiment on pea-seed color, if the dominant yellow seed-bearing plant was crossed with the recessive green 67. seed-bearing plant, the F2 generation will show what ratio of each yellow: 1 green kind? In humans the diploid number of chromosomes is 46. The haploid number is 23. Prior to mitosis in the cell cycle, the cell is in the G2 68. phase. Which of the statements is true? 69. In humans, if a non-disjunction event led to an individual with a The homologous chromosomes have all been copied through DNA replication and are now sister chromatids. be male because they have a Y

genotype of XXY, they would In humans, the male has an X and Y sex chromosome. The human female has two X chromosomes. In birds, the female has a Z and a 70. W sex chromosome while the male has two Z chromosomes. Which of the following statements is accurate about which parent controls the gender of the offspring? In prophase, ribosomal RNA synthesis stops when the 71. chromosomes condense, and this makes In sickle cell anemia, the defective hemoglobin differs from the 72. normal hemoglobin by 72a A true-breeding plant is one that 73. 74.

chromosome. In humans the male controls the gender of the offspring, and in birds the female controls the gender. the nucleolus to disappear a single amino acid substitution. produces offspring that are always the same as the parent 46 diploid. Irene's genotype is AO, and William's genotype is BO; thus, Gregory expresses the phenotype of O.

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In the human, the body cells (non-sex cells) contain two sets of chromosomes totaling Individuals carrying two "factors" for most traits are Irene and William are having their first child. Irene knows her blood type is A, but William does not know his blood type. However, William knows that his mother and father were B. Their first child is a boy named Gregory. Gregory has type O blood. Of course, Irene and William do not understand how this happened. You could explain this to them using which of the following choices? Let P = purple flowers and p = white, and T = tall plants and t = dwarf. Of the 16 possible gamete combinations in the dihybrid cross, how many would be the phenotype white, tall? Let P = purple flowers and p = white, and T = tall plants and t = dwarf. What would be the appearance of a plant with the genotype PpTt? Let R = red pigment and r = no pigment. In carnations, RR offspring make a lot of red pigment, rr offspring make no pigment and Rr offspring make a small amount of red pigment, thus appearing pink. Pink carnations are therefore an example of

3 purple flowers, tall

incomplete dominance.

79. Located in the nucleus are 80. Meiosis also has been called reduction division because

Meiosis and mitosis are both processes that involve nuclear division. 81. What is the difference between the two? Mendel referred to the trait that was expressed in the hybrid, F1 or first filial generation as

Chromosomes there is a reduction in the chromosome number during two separate nuclear and cell divisions to produce gametes. Mitosis is nuclear division, which ultimately leads to diploid somatic cells. Meiosis is nuclear division, which ultimately leads to haploid gametes. dominant.

82.

all genes found in an individual are not separable into gametes. Mendel's understanding of the inheritance of traits in peas, expressed if a given allele is present, its effects 84. in modern language, included all of the following except will be seen in the individual Microtubules become shorter, pulling chromatids to the ends of the 85. anaphase. spindle, during 86. Most eukaryotic cells go through a repeating process of growth and cycle 83. Mendel's first law encompasses all of the following except

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division referred to as the cell ______. Nondisjunction of autosomes can lead to all of the following except euploidy. Nuclear division in eukaryotic cells is called mitosis. Occasionally, chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, leading to a condition in which the diploid number is not normal. This nondisjunction. phenomenon is called One of the general principles of biology that was accepted before heredity occurs within species, and much was known about genetics was that species "breed true." One of the main reasons genes assort independent of one another is they are on that different chromosomes. One of the main reasons genes assort independently of one another is they are on that different chromosomes Heterozygous Over time, natural selection eliminates individuals with detrimental individuals have phenotypes from a population. However, there are several examples some other in the human population in which harmful genetic polymorphisms are advantage over maintained. Why? individuals with two wild type alleles Plant cells typically achieve cytokinesis by forming a cell plate across the middle of the cell Recent studies on cell cycle controls have revealed that animal cells can employ certain factors to override the inhibitory controls of cell division. These belong to a class of proteins called Sexual reproduction increases genetic variability through all of the following except Sickle cell anemia is caused by a defect in the Some of the portions of the chromatin are permanently condensed so that their DNA is never expressed. All of these portions stain very intensely and are given a common name of Sometimes one gene pair will interact so as to control the expression of a second gene pair in an interaction called The accommodation of the very long DNA fiber into a limited space of the nucleus is achieved by coiling around beads of histones into repeating subunits. These subunits of chromosomes are given the name __________. The actual process of cell division in prokaryotic cells is called The bacterial genome exist as a The bacterial genome exist as a

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Growth factors. mitosis. oxygen carrying pigment hemoglobin. heterochromatin.

98. 99.

epistasis.

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nucleosomes binary fission. single, circular, uncoated, double stranded DNA molecule. single, circular,

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The cell organelles replicate prior to genomic separation in __phase The cell produced by the fusion of an egg and a sperm is the The chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle during The division of a bacterial cell occurs as the The division of a bacterial cell occurs as the The first stage of mitosis, when the chromosomes become visibly shorter and thicker is The four haploid cells resulting from meiosis may further divide by mitosis in all of the following organisms except? The fusion of male gamete cells with female gamete cells is called The majority of the meiosis I is spent in prophase I and metaphase I. After metaphase I is completed, anaphase I and telophase I quickly proceed, thus ending meiosis I. What immediately follows meiosis I? The most common condition of trisomy, in which three copies of a chromosome are present instead of the normal two, is of chromosome The number of chromosomes characteristic of eukaryotes, in histones general, The observable outward manifestation of the genes of an individual is referred to as its phenotype The pairing of chromosomes along their lengths which is essential for crossing over is referred to as The phase of the cell cycle during which the cytoplasm divides to form two cells is The physical distribution of cytoplasmic material into the two daughter cells is called The physical map of the array of chromosomes is called The primary growth phase of a cell is The proteins that participate in the functioning of the checkpoints for cell cycle control are The synaptonemal complex develops early in meiosis. It is The two copies of each chromosome in body cells are called Synapsis C cytokinesis

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uncoated, double stranded DNA molecule G2 zygote. metaphase plasma membrane pinches inward constricting the cell. plasma membrane pinches inward constricting the cell prophase animals syngamy prophase II 21.

karyotype G1 cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases a lattice of proteins that holds homologues together homologous chromosomes

The white eye mutation in Drosophila was shown to be sexX linked and caused by a gene residing on chromosome What is the name of the cross that involves the mating of a hybrid F1 plant with a homozygous recessive plant for the same test cross trait? What is the relationship between recombination frequency and As genetic distance increases, the true genetic distance on a chromosome? recombination frequency first

increases in a linear fashion, but then levels off to a frequency of 0.5 130. When Mendel crossed two purple-flowered pea plants with each other, he obtained a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 (purple-flowered pea plants to white-flowered pea plants). His results are consistent with which of the following sets of parents? When the two haploid gametes contain two different alleles of a given gene, the resulting offspring is called Which of the following cell functions are maintained by cell division? Which of the following is an explanation for independent assortment, a factor in producing genetic variability? Which of the following is essentially the reverse of prophase? How do sister chromatids differ from homologous chromosomes? What is the role of cohesin proteins in cell division? Replication of the organelles of the eukaryotic cell occurs during heterozygous purple pea plant and heterozygous purple pea plant heterozygous growth, reproduction In anaphase I, where how one pair separates does not affect how any other pair separates. telophase Homologous chromosomes are similar, but sister chromatids are exact copies They hold the DNA of the sister chromatids together G2

131. 132. 133. 134. 134a 134b 134c

135. Which of the following produces identical cells? mitosis Which of the following sequence of cell-cycle phases is characteristic of 136. G1 to S to G2 to M to C eukaryotes? Which of the following statements about crossing over is false? Crossing over takes place between 137. sister chromatids 138. Which one of the following represents interphase? G1 + G2 + S Why can't you use mitochondrial DNA to distinguish between these two The brothers share the same 139. suspects? mitochondrial DNA Yellow-seeded plants might be homozygous or heterozygous. We could 140. true breeding greenseeded plants find out which by crossing these plants with You are a forensic technician working on a DNA sample obtained from a crime scene. Your job is to compare the unknown DNA sample with known DNA samples collected from five different suspects. Preliminary analysis using only a few DNA markers revealed that the unknown sample could possibly match two of the suspects. After consulting the single nucleotide polymorphisms 141. case file, you find out that these two suspects are brothers (but not (SNPs) twins). You realize that you will have to do a more detailed analysis on the samples so that you can distinguish between the brothers and determine which brothers' DNA matches the unknown sample. 120. Which of the following will help you distinguish between the two final suspects? You are studying mitosis in an organism that has 28 chromosomes as its 142. diploid number. How many chromosomes will the cell have after 56 mitosis, but before cytokinesis? 143. You can use a Punnet square to do all of the following except establish a pedigree 144 Nucleosomes are located in the Nucleus and are composed of DNA

145

The attachment of which molecules is critical for the proper separation of sister chromatids?

and histones microtubules proteins that are tightly bound to the double strands of DNA

146 A scientist wants to study histones. Histones are

As a doctor, you are examining a patient who recently experienced some liver damage as a side effect of the medication that she was taking 1 year. for an unrelated medical condition. You explain to her that the liver 147 problem may take some time to resolve as certain liver cells have a cell cycle of about

If you wanted to convert a proto-oncogene to an oncogene, which of the genetic damage following methods would you choose? Which of the following is NOT involved in binary fission in 149 Assembly of the nuclear envelope prokaryotes? 150 Chromatin is composed of DNA and protein Is is a region of DNA wound 151 What is a Nucleosome? around a collection of histone proteins Replicated copies of each chromosome are called_______ and are 152 sister chromatids; centromere connected at the _________. Kinetochores are associated with which of the following on a sister 153 Centromere chromatid? Separation of the sister chromatids and elongation of the cell occurs 154 Anaphase during It is responsible for the proper 155 Why is cytokinesis an important part of cell division? separation of the cytoplasmic contents At which stage in the cell cycle does a cell make a commitment to 156 At the G1/S checkpoint undergo cell division? 157 How is the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) regulated All of the above It checks for DNA damage before 158 Why is the function of the protein p53 important for preventing cancer? allowing replication during S phase A normal gene that can result in 159 What is a protooncogene? cancer if it becomes mutated Gametes contain _________the number of chromosomes found in 160 Half somatic cells. 161 Somatic cells are __________, whereas gametes are _____________. diploid; haploid it contains genetic information 162 An organism is said to be diploid if from two parents Two genetically similar 163 What are homologous chromosomes? chromosomes, one from each parent 164 When homologous chromosomes form chiasmata, they areExchanging genetic information the transfer of DNA between two 165 Crossing over involves each of the following with the exception of sister chromatids 166 Terminal chiasmata are seen during which phase of meiosis Metaphase I 148

Which of the following occurs during anaphase I? 167 Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles. two cells containing one homologue of each homologous pair Metaphase of meiosis II DNA does not replicate during S phase following meiosis I Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles A gamete cell with the wrong number of chromosomes Attachment of sister kinetochores to spindle microtubules Telophase I germline cells one full set of chromosomes, each a single chromatid Synapsis examines two variants of a single trait one full set of chromosomes, each a single chromatid All the F1 plants had purple flowers 3 Purple: 1 White. If an allele is present it will be expressed two different alleles for a given gene phenotype; genotype Both a and c 9 long smooth:3 long hairy:3 short smooth:1 short hairy homozygous dominant or heterozygous A single phenotypic trait determined by more than one gene.

168 Telophase 1 results in the production of 169 Which of the following does NOT contribute to genetic diversity? 170 How does S phase following meiosis I differ from S phase in mitosis? 171 What occurs during anaphase of meiosis II? 172 What is an aneuploid gamete? 173 Which of the following is NOT a distinct feature of meiosis? Which phase of meiosis I is most similar to the comparable phase in mitosis In animals, the cells that will eventually undergo meiosis to produce 175 gametes are set aside early in the development. These are At the end of telophase II of meiosis, each of the four resulting cells 176 contains The homologous chromosomes (homologues) pair up during meiosis I. 177 Each homologue pairs along its entire length. This process is called 174 178 A monohybrid cross-At the end of telophase II of meiosis, each of the four resulting cells contains What was the appearance of the F1 generation of a monohybrid cross of 180 purple (PP) and white (pp) flower pea plants? The F1 plants from the previous question are allowed to self-fertilize. 181 What will the phenotypic ratio be for this F2? 179 182 Which of the following is NOT a part of Mendels five-element model? 183 A heterozygous individual is one that carries 184 An organisms ___________ is determined by its _____________. Which of the following represent the phenotype for the recessive human 185 trait, albinism? A dihybrid cross between a plant with long smooth leaves and a plant with short hairy leaves produces a long smooth F1. If this F1 is allowed 186 to self-cross to produce an F2, what would you predict for the ratio of F2 phenotypes? A testcross is used to determine if an individual is 187 188 What is a polygenic trait?

189 190 191 192 193

194

When a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits the effect is called What is the probability of obtaining an individual with the genotype bb from a cross between two individuals with the genotype Bb? What is the probability of obtaining an individual with the genotype CC from a cross between two individuals with the genotypes CC and Cc? When Mendel crossed dark purple-flowered pea plants with whiteflowered pea plants, he never got any pea plants with light purple flowers. This was counter to the Mendel's observations that different pairs of genes assort independently of each other is known as Mendel's Let Cy = curly wings and Cy+ = wild type. In Drosophila, the Cy allele behaves as a dominant mutation that produces curly wings in the heterozygous condition (Cy/Cy+), but also behaves as a recessive lethal mutation. Flies homozygous for the Cy allele die before reaching adulthood. If you crossed flies heterozygous for the Cy allele, what surviving genotypes would you find in the F2 generation? Early geneticists demonstrated all of the following about inherited traits except Knight followed up on attempts of English farmers to improve varieties of agriculture with his studies on garden peas. When he crossed two true breeding varieties, he found out a number of things about an inherited trait. Which of the following about inherited traits is false? The theory of chromosomal inheritance was first proposed by Morgan's student Sturtevant demonstrated that the recombination frequencies between a series of linked genes is additive. Examine the following recombination data from Sturtevant, and determine the proper order of the genes on the Drosophila X chromosome. Assume y is in the 0.0 position. The geneticist who discovered the white eye mutation in Drosophila and helped establish that genes are carried on chromosomes was

Pleiotropy theory of blending inheritance Second Law of Heredity

Cy+/Cy+ and Cy/Cy+

195

all traits breed true An inherited trait is always present in every generation Sutton

196 197

198

Ywvm

199

Morgan Calico cats can be male of female X Because the allele is located on the X chromosome and males only have one X determines all other traits of an organism other than sex all allele is located on the X chromosome Barr bodies are X chromosomes inactivated to prevent overexpression of the alleles found on the X chromosome in females

200 Which of the following statements about calico cats is false? In Drosophila, the sex of an individual is influenced by the number of 201 copies of which chromosome? Why is the white-eye phenotype always observed in males carrying the 202 white-eye allele? 203 An autosome is a chromosome that 204 Sex linkage in humans occurs when 205 What are Barr bodies?

How does maternal inheritance of mitochondrial genes differ from sex 206 linkage? 207 What cellular process is responsible for genetic recombination? 208 The number of map units between two genes is determined by How many map units separate two alleles if the recombination 209 frequency is 0.07? 210 Multiple crossovers lead to 211 The disease sickle cell anemia is a caused by 212 What determines whether an individual is a genetic mosaic? 213 Down syndrome is the result of 214 Which of the following examples of nondisjunction of sex chromosomes is lethal?

Since mitochondria are inherited from the mother, females and males are equally affected. Crossing over the recombination frequency 7 cM restoration of the paternal combination of genes Both b and c The inactivation of an allele on the X chromosome of a heterozygous female nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during meiosis OY The expression of different phenotypes dependent upon the parent from which the allele was inherited Ultrasound

215 What is imprinting? 216 Which of the following is NOT a method used in genetic counseling?

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