Ch. 12 #13 Describe all the subrings of the rings of integers.

Answer: First, let's start by thinking of the "group" part of the ring. The ring of integers is a group under addition. Specifically, it is the infinite cyclic group. Why do I say "the"? Because there is only one, and Z is it. All other infinite cyclic groups are the same as Z, up to isomorphism. So for something to be a subring of Z, it needs to either be: 1) Finite, or 2) Isomorphic to Z If a subring S contains some nonzero element k, then it contains <k>, the cyclic group generated by k. But since k is nonzero, <k> is infinite. Thus our two cases become: 1) S is finite, meaning S = {0} 2) S is infinite, because it contains some <k> But for case 2, because it is infinite, it is isomorphic to Z. Thus it must also have its own generator, called m. That means S=<m>. We can "cheat" and write {0} = <m> since 0+0=0, so <0> generates itself as {0}. That means that all subrings of Z are <m>. Now, we know that these are cyclic subgroups under addition, but recall that they are also clearly subrings. <m> is the set of all multiples of m. Multiplication is clearly closed for <m> though, since (ma)(mb) = m(mab). Ch. 12 #19 Let R be a ring. The center of R is the set {c R| cr =rc for all r R}. Prove that the center of R is a subring of R. Answer: Denote the center of R by C(R). Since 0r = 0 = r0 for all r R, C(R) contains 0. Let c,d C(R). We have (c+d)r = cr+dr=rc+rd=r(c+d) for all r R, so c+d C(R). We have (c)r = (cr) = (rc) = r(c) for all r R, so c C(R). Finally, we have (cd)r = c(dr) = c(rd) = (cr)d = (rc)d = r(cd) for all r R, so cd C(R). Thus, C(R) is a subring of R.

Ch. 13 #4 List all zero-divisors in Z20. Can you see a relationship between the zero-divisors of Z20 and the units of Z20
Answer: The zero-divisors of Z20 are 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18 The units and the 2, . zero-divisors partition the nonzero elements of Z20.

Ch. 13 #5 Show that every nonzero element of Zn is a unit or a zero-divisor. Answer: Let 0 =/ x Zn and let d=gcd(x,n). Note that d is well-defined, since if abx(mod n) then a b = qn for some q Z, where a, b Z. If d=1,then r, s Z such that rx+sn=1. So rx1(modn),i.e. x is a unit. If d>1,write x=md. Now x(n)=md(n)=mn0(modn),so x is a zero-divisor.

Ch. 13 #6 Find a nonzero element in a ring that is neither a zero-divisor not a unit. Answer: x Z[x] is one

Ch. 13 #7 Let R be a finite commutative ring with unity. Prove that every nonzero element of R is either a zero-divisor or a unit. What happens if we drop the finite condition of R? Answer: Suppose that R is a finite commutative ring. Let a be a nonzero element in R which is not a zero divisor. Then, multiplication by a induces an injection from R to itself. So, R is also a bijection (this is where R being finite is essential). Thus, multiplication by a is a permutation of the elements of R. ==> ab = 1 for some b in R. ==> a is a unit of R. ----------------------This is false if |R| is infinite. Take R = Z, the set of integers with the usual addition and multiplication. Z has units -1, 1, and no other nonzero element is a zero divisor.

Ch. 13 #8 Describe all zero-divisors and units of Z direct product Q direct product Z. Answer: The zero divisors have the form (a,b,c) where one or two entries are 0. Ch. 13 #13 Let a belong to a ring R with unity and suppose that an = for some positive integer n. Prove that 1 a has a multiplicative inverse in R. Answer: (1a)(1+a+a2 ++an1)=1an =0

Ch. 13 #15 Show that the 0 is the only nilpotent element in an integral domain. Answer: Prove that the only idempotents in an integral domain are 0R and 1R. PROOF

Suppose R is an integral domain. Solve x2 = x. x2=x x2x=0R x(x1R)=0R x=0Rx1R x0Rx=1R.

Ch. 13 #16 A ring element a is called an idempotent if a2 = a. Prove that the only idempotents in an integral domain are 0 and 1. Answer: A2=aa a=0a(a1)=0. Since an integral domain has no zero-divisors, a=0 or a1=0.
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Ch. 13 #22 Find all units, zero-divisors, idempotents, and nilpotent elements in Z3 direct product Z6. Answer: Well, units will come from the units of Z3 and Z6. Z3 is a field (all non-zero elements are units); Z6 has 2 units, 1 and 5. (Really these are [1] and [5], but I'll drop the brackets and hopefully not cause any problems.) Thus, the units are (1,1), (1,5), (2,1), and (2,5). The zero divisors are similarly derived from the zero divisors of Z3 and Z6. Z3 is a field, and hence has no (non-trivial) zero divisors; Z6 has zero divisors 2, 3, and 4. Thus, the zero divisors of Z3+Z6 are (0,2), (0,3), and (0,4). Of course the 0 and 1 elements [ (0,0) and (1,1) respectively) ] are idempotent. Otherwise, idempotent elements must be zero divisors; hence the only possibilities are (0,2), (0,3), and (0,4). (0,2) is not idempotent, but the other two are (you can check). Therefore there are 4 idempotent elements: (0,0), (1,1), (0,3), and (0,4). Neither Z3 nor Z6 contains any (non-trivial) nilpotent elements; therefore neither does Z3+Z6.

Ch. 14 #4 Find a subring Z direct product Z that is not an ideal of Z direct product Z Ch. 14 #5 Let S = {a + bi | a,b in Z, b is even}. Show that S is a subring of Z[i], but not an ideal of Z[i]. Ch. 14 #6 Find all maximal ideals in Z8 , Z10 , Z12 , Zn . Ch. 14 #7 Let a belong to a commutative ring R. Show that aR = {ar | r in R} is an ideal of R. If R is the ring of even integers, list the elements of 4R. Ch. 14 #11 In the ring of integers, find a positive integer a such that a. <a> = <2> + <3> b. <a> = <6> + <8> c. <a> = <m> +<n> Ch. 14 # 15 If A is an ideal of a ring R and 1 belongs to A, prove that A = R. Ch. 14 # 17 If an ideal I of a ring R contains a unit, show that I = R. Ch. 14 #22 Let I = <2>. Prove that I[x] is not a maximal ideal of Z[x] even though I is a maximal ideal of Z. Ch. 14 #26 If R is a commutative ring with unity and A is a proper ideal of R, show that R/A is a commutative ring with unity. Ch. 14 #27 Prove that the only ideals of a field F are {0} and F itself. Ch. 14 # 51 Let Z2[x] be the ring of all polynomials with coefficients in Z2 (that is, coefficients are 0 or 1, and addition and multiplication of coefficients are done modulo 2). Show that Z2[x]/<x2 + x + 1> is a field Ch. 14 #52