ADI (ATTITUDE DIRECTION INDICATOR)

HSI (HORIZONTAL SITUATION INDICATOR)

CDI

SAS One of the first solutions to these problems was the use of astability augmentation system (SAS), which is simply a feedback control system designed to increase the relative damping of a particular mode of the motion of the aircraft. Such an increase in damping is achieved by ugmenting one or more of the coefficients of the equations of motion by imposing on the aircraft appropriate forces or moments as a result of actuating the control surfaces in response to feedback signals derived from appropriate motion variables. After SAS, the following AFCS modes were developed: sideslip suppression SAS,pitch attitude hold,autothrottle (speed control system), much hold, height hold, and turncoordination systems.An integrated flight control system is a collection of such AFCSmodes in a single comprehensive system, with particular modes beingselected by the pilot to suit the task required for any particular phase offlight. In the past such functions were loosely referred to as an autopilot,but that name was a trademark registered by the German companySiemens in 1928. Today, AFCS not only augment the stability of anaircraft, but they can follow path and manoeuvre commands, therebyproviding the means of automatic tracking and navigation; they canperform automatic take-off and landing; they can provide structural modecontrol, gust load alleviation, and active ride control.