Justin Koga

Bibliography
Primary Sources Anthology Sharecroppers Contract. The Civil War: A history of documents. Ed. Rachel Seidman. N.p.: Oxford: University Press, n.d. N. pag. Print.

This document showed me the amount of work the African slaves had to do. After Emancipation, the African American people were slaves to an economic slavery, which put themselves in a sharecropping position. As a result of this work, the origins of blues was formed. This specific anthology helped me to convey my ideas about the impetus of sharecropping. Books Hill, Robert A. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association. Vol. 1. N.p.: n.p., 1983. N. pag. Print.

This speech was given in response to riots in St. Louis, Missouri of 1917. These riots were motivated because of labor conflicts that led to racially motivated violence. In the speech, Garvey said that white people are taking advantage of black men to-day because black men all over the world are disunited. Marcus Garvey portrayed a civil rights activist that felt

that no mater what happened (de jure), African Americans would continue to be mistreated.

243-244. Mississippi State Constitution: as amended with the ordinances and resolutions adopted by the Constitutional convention. N.p., 1865. N. pag. Print.

This Constitution was the turning point in the Civil War. Mississippi broke off of the North, and joined the Confederates, refusing to give up slavery, or submit to the 14th and 13th Amendment. This Constitution gave me lots of information on events leading up to the Civil War. Documentaries

Burns, Ken. Jazz: Disk 1-10. Ken Burns. 2000. DVD.

This source was one of the most important sources for my project.These documentaries gave me a strong foundation of Jazz as well as its origins. I received a good understanding of how this music was developed over an allotted amount of time. Significant figures arose from this so called "Jazz era." These people were not only influential in their era, but also were very influential internationally. Pictures

Ma Rainey: The Mother of Blues. N.P. This is an image is of Ma Rainey in her early years. This picture can be found in my webpage "Development of the Blues."

Bessie Smith's Advertisement of "Chirping the Blues" N.P. I used this image of Bessie Smith to give a general idea about what Bessie Smith did, and how she looked. This photo can be found on the "Development of the Blues" tab of my website.

Segregated Drinking Fountain N.P. This is an image is of a segregated drinking fountain system. It helped me further explain the inequality of the Jim Crow laws. This picture can be found in my webpage "Impetus for the Great Migration."

"Segregated Help Wanted, White Only" Sign. N.P. This is an image of segregated work. This picture helped me to support my information about Jim Crow and his laws. This picture can be found in my webpage "Impetus for the Great Migration." Sharecropper's Contract (Hutchingson Family Papers) N.P. This is an image of what a sharecropper's contract would look like. This picture can be found in my webpage "Impetus for the Great Migration."

Klu Klux Klan (Whispering) N.P. This is an image of two KKK members close up in a group of KKK. This gave my website a visual of what the KKK actually looked like. This picture can be found in my webpage "Impetus for the Great Migration."

Lynched Woman N.P. This is an image a linched Negro woman. This picture showed the severity of the racism in the turn of the 19th century. This picture can be found in my webpage "Impetus for

the Great Migration."

"Jim Crow Must Go!" Sign. N.P. This is an image of the Negros protesting against the Jim Crow laws. This picture can be found in my webpage "Impetus for the Great Migration."

"I AM A MAN"Sign. N.P. This sign depicted that the Negroes were fighting for equality. They didn't think that the Whites were treating them as human beings. This picture can be found in my webpage "Impetus for the Great Migration."

NAACP Silent protest "Introductory" N.P. This is a picture of the NAACP silent protest. It was significant because of the beating of the drums when the African Americans were marching. This picture can be found in my webpage "Home."

Robert Johnson N.P. This is an image a Robert Johnson playing the blues. This picture can be found in my webpage "Intro."

Slaves Working the Fields Mural N.P.This image was a perfect example of the Negro slaves working the cotton fields. This picture can be found in my webpage "Reaction to Slavery."

Slave Trade Route N.P. This is a picture of the major slave trade routes of the 1600's-1700. This picture can be found in my webpage "Roots of the Slave Music."

Great Migration mural. N.P. This is an image of the Negros funneling into three different stations: Chicago, New York, and St. Louis, the man cities of the end-result of the Great Migration. This picture can be found in my webpage "Revolution of the Great Migration."

The Harlem Renaissance mural N.P. This is an abstract image of the Harlem Renaissance. I used it as my main page for the Harlem Renaissance. This picture can be found in my webpage "Reformation of the Harlem Renaissance."

Langston Hughes/ Typewriter N.P. This is an image of Langston Hughes writing one of is poems. This picture can be found in my webpage "Ambassadors of the Harlem Renaissance."

Louis Armstrong w/ trumpet. N.P.This is a biographical photo of Louis Armstrong. I used it to star Louis Armstrong in his own section of my website. This picture can be found in my webpage "Ambassadors of the Harlem Renaissance."

Duke Ellington w/ piano N.P. This gave me the perfect image to put as my biography of Duke Ellington. This picture can be found in my webpage "Ambassadors of the Harlem Renaissance."

Benny Goodman w/ clarinet N.P. I used this photo to create a biography for Benny Goodman.This picture can be found in my webpage "Influences on White Americans."

F. Scott Fitzgerald Portrait. N.P. This gave me the perfect image to set as my picture for Fitzgerald

on my website. This picture can be found in my webpage "Influences on White Amerifcans."

Elvis Presley w/ guitar N.P. This is an image of Elvis Presley. This picture can be found in my webpage "Analysis."

Chuck Berry w/ blues guitar N.P. This is an image of Chuck Berry. This picture can be found in my webpage "Analysis."

The Beatles N.P. This is a picture of all the members of the Beatles. This picture can be found in my webpage "Analysis"

Secondary Sources Books Johnson, James Weldon. The New Negro: an interpretation. Harlem: The Culture Capital. Ed. Alain Locke. N.p.: n.p., 1925. N. pag. Print.

This book gave me more insight on how Harlem inspired new forms of literary and musical interpretations. James Weldon Johnson played a key role as a writer, musician, and educator in the Harlem Renaissance. His book gave me a good overview on the life in Harlem.

Jones, LeRoi. Blues People: Negro Music in White America. USA: n.p., 1963. Print.

This is my most prominent source, covering a large span of African to African-American time periods of cultural development through music. Jones describes blues as a song of both entertainment and coping factors to economical and racial hardships. He explains the blues, as one of the key voices of he African American people.

Levine, Lawrence. Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977. Print. pgs.190-202

The Rise of the Secular Song. .This section shows how this Black song gained its popularity in America. I used this source the most on my "Slavery" sections of my website. Levine gave a clear overview of slave life in America. There was a strong link between the music and the hardships of the African American slavery.

Documentaries Burns, Ken. Civil War: Disk 1. Ken Burns. 1990. DVD.

Africans role in Civil War. These people fought for the North, seeking freedom. Also, this documentary portrayed how inglorious war actually was. The Civil War benefited the

Slaves in the way that they could be free, but they were exposed to an economic and racial prejudice slavery. Within "Jazz," I learned that this music paralleled the African American fight for civil rights.

Wenders, Wim. Blues. 2003. Vulcan Productions. DVD.

This documentary gave me a clear understanding on how Blues was made, through a person's murky past, and relating to hardships people dealt with in their lives. It gave me a clear overview of how blues was formed, through the polyrhythms and sorrow of slavery.

Websites Booker T. Washington, 1856-1915. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2011. <http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/ washington/bio.html>.

Booker T. Washington played a huge role in the influence on southern race relations and was the dominant figure in black public affairs from 1895 until his death in 1915. He believed that African Americans should lead a rounded life, where they got a general education and pursued their own specialized professions.

Harlem Renaissance. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. <http://www.levity.com/corduroy/ harlem.htm>.

This section shows how this Black song gained its popularity in America through Harlem, New York. Harlem, prime real-estate, and fairly inexpensive, was the "hotspot" for African Americans all over the world. It portrayed a cultural capital. Harlem was the place where African Americans were able to grow without the fears of the south.

Reconstruction. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/ Reconstruction.aspx>.

Also known as the "black reconstruction" because of the Black's significant change in society. In the Reconstruction, Blacks started to express their culture in many ways, after the Great Migration to the North.

The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/

This showed me what the extremes of segregation were. It allowed me to form an insight on the Black segregation in the North. The KKK and other terrorist organizations were blinded by mere belief: black-skinned human beings are bad.

A Short History of the Blues. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2011. <http://www.history-of-rock.com/ blues.htm>.

This is a more modern perspective on blues. This form of music was the development of a new era of music, rock'n roll, jazz, and pop. This blues website was the backbone for about a quarter of the blues section on the website.

Songs of Freedom. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2011. <http://www.osblackhistory.com/songs.php>.

This website gave me an idea of what a blues song was actually about. It had numerous songs with lyrics depicting a very weary and harsh environment described within the songs. "Oh, Lord, Trouble So Hard" was a slave song that expressed the hardships of working on the fields.