Chng 6

AUTOMATA Y XUNG
(PUSH DOWN AUTOMATA PDA)

1.Automaton y xung
1.1 Gii thiu phi hnh thc
1.2 nh ngha PDA
1.3 Biu din PDA bng s
1.5 M t hnh trng ca PDA
2. Ngn ng ca PDA
2.1 Chp nhn bi trng thi kt thc
2.2 Chp nhn bi ngn xp rng
2.3 Chuyn i gia ngn xp rng v trng thi kt thc
3. S tng ng ca PDA v CFG
3.1 T CFG chuyn sang PDA
3.2 T PDA chuyn sang CFG
4. PDA n nh DPDA
4.1 nh ngha
4.2 DPDA v ngn ng chnh qui
2
4.3 DPDA v ngn ng phi ng cnh

z PDA l my o, dng nhn dng CFL

z PDA l s m rng ca -NFA. C 2 loi:
9 Chp nhn chui nhp bng trng thi kt thc.
9 Chp nhn chui nhp nu ngn xp rng.

z Hot ng ca DPDA (PDA n nh) lin quan

cht ch n c ch thc thi ca b phn tch c
php trong trnh bin dch.

Automata y xung PDA

Gii thiu phi hnh thc

z PDA l NFA c thm mt ngn xp, dng lu
tr cc k hiu ngn xp.
z Khc vi FA, PDA c kh nng nh thng tin, nh
vo ngn xp.
z PDA c chc nng nhn dng CFLs.

PDA gm:
z B iu khin trng thi hu hn.
z Ngn xp.

Input

Finite
state
control

Accept/Reject

Stack
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Hot ng chung ca PDA

z B iu khin trng thi hu hn c tng k hiu
trn chui nhp.
z Mt bc truyn s da trn 3 thng tin:
{ Trng thi hin hnh ca b iu khin.
{ K hiu c trn chui nhp.
{ K hiu trn nh ngn xp.

z PDA chp nhn bc truyn trn k hiu rng .

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Khi thc hin mt bc truyn, PDA s:

z Loi k hiu va s dng ra khi chui nhp (nu
khng phi l bc truyn rng).
z Chuyn n trng thi mi.
z Thay th k hiu trn nh ngn xp bng:
9 Chui rng .
9 K hiu mi.
9 Chui c t 2 k hiu tr ln.

V d: Xt ngn ng CFL
Lwwr = {wwR | w (0 + 1)*}
pht sinh bi tp lut: P | 0P0 | 1P1.
Thit k PDA chp nhn Lwwr nh sau:
1. Trng thi bt u q0:
PDA cha t c v tr gia ca chui.
Tun t c v lu tr k hiu nhp vo ngn xp.

2. PDA khng n nh nn mi thi im, hoc:

t n k hiu gia: k hiu cc phi ca w nm
nh, k hiu cc tri nm y ngn xp.
PDA truyn rng sang trng thi q1.

Vn dng ti q0 v tip tc c chui nhp ri lu tr.

3. Trng thi q1: PDA so snh k hiu nhp vi k

hiu trn nh ngn xp.
Nu trng: Loi b k hiu nhp cng k hiu trn
nh ngn xp v tip tc.
Ngc li: Lung d on ny sai dng.

Nhng lung khc vn tip tc v mt trong s

(c th) i n tnh hung chp nhn.
4. Nu ngn xp b rng tr li, ngha l chui w
c theo sau bi wR.
PDA chp nhn chui nhp wwR.

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nh ngha PDA
PDA cha 7 thnh phn sau:
P = (Q, , , , q0, Z0, F)
z Q: tp hu hn cc trng thi.
z : tp hu hn cc k hiu nhp.
z : tp hu hn cc k hiu ngn xp.
z q0: Trng thi bt u ca PDA.
z Z0: K hiu bt u trn ngn xp. Khi u, ngn
xp cha duy nht k hiu ny.
z F: Tp cc trng thi chp nhn.

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z : Hm truyn, (q, a, X) = (p, ) vi:

9 Trng thi i q v n p Q.
9 K hiu a .
9 K hiu nh ngn xp X .
9 Chui *, c y vo ngn xp thay th cho X.

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V d: Thit k PDA P chp nhn ngn ng Lwwr.

tng
z S dng Z0 nh du y ngn xp.
z Khi PDA x l xong wwR th ngn xp ch cn Z0.

PDA P dnh cho Lwwr l:

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z (q0, 0, Z0) = {(q0, 0Z0)}

(q0, 1, Z0) = {(q0, 1Z0)}

0/1
Input

q0

Z0

0/1

Stack
Z0

Z0
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z (q0, 0, 0) = {(q0, 00)}

(q0, 1, 0) = {(q0, 10)}

(q0, 0, 1) = {(q0, 01)}

(q0, 1, 1) = {(q0, 11)}

0/1

Input

q0

0/1
Stack

0/1

0/1

0/1

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z (q0, , Z0) = {(q1, Z0)}

(q0, , 0) = {(q1, 0)}
(q0, , 1) = {(q1, 1)}

0/1
Input

q0

Stack

q1

0/1/Z0

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z (q1, 0, 0) = {(q1, )}
(q1, 1, 1) = {(q1, )}

0/1
Input

q1

0/1
Stack

0/1

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z (q1, , Z0) = {(q2, Z0)}

Input

q1

Stack

q2

Z0
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Biu din PDA bng s

S truyn th hin cc hnh vi ca PDA r
rng hn.
z Mi nt tng ng mt trng thi ca PDA.
z Mi tn c nhn Start ch vo trng thi bt u.
z Trng thi chp nhn biu din bi 2 vng trn
ng tm.
z Mt cung t trng thi q sang trng thi p vi nhn
___________ tng ng hm truyn

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V d: S truyn ca PDA chp nhn Lwwr.

0, Z0 / 0Z0
1, Z0 / 1Z0
0, 0 / 00
0, 1 / 01
1, 0 / 10
1, 1 / 11
Start
q0

, Z0 / Z0
, 0 / 0
, 1 / 1

0, 0 /
1, 1 /

, Z0 / Z0
q1

q2

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M t hnh trng ca PDA

(Instantaneous Description ID)
z Hnh thc ha qu trnh thc thi ca PDA.
z Sau mi bc truyn, PDA i t ID ny sang ID
khc.
z i vi FA, ch cn quan tm trng thi hin hnh;
vi PDA th quan tm:

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Mt m t hnh trng ca PDA l b 3 (q, w, ):

z q: Trng thi hin hnh.
z w: Phn cn li ca chui nhp.
z : Ni dung ngn xp.

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z FA: K hiu ^ m t hnh trng ca my o, ch ra

s thay i thng tin trng thi.
z PDA: Cn m t s thay i ca 3 thng tin:
9

Dng k hiu ni tng cp ID, biu din bc

chuyn ca PDA.
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Gi P = (Q, , , , q0, Z0, F) l mt PDA. nh ngha

P hay (P c ngm hiu) l:

Ng ngha: a b loi ra (c th a l ) t chui nhp v

X trn nh ca ngn xp c thay th bng , PDA
di chuyn t trng thi q sang trng thi p.

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K hiu *P hay * dng biu din khng/nhiu

bc chuyn ca PDA.
K hiu * c nh ngha qui np nh sau:
Bc c s: I * I i vi ID I bt k.
Bc qui np: Gi s I * J v tn ti J K th I * K.

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V d: Xt PDA chp nhn chui 1111 Lwwr vi ID

ban u l (q0, 1111, Z0).
(q0, 1111, Z0)

(q0, 111, 1Z0)

(q1, 1111, Z0)

(q2, 1111, Z0)

(q0, 11, 11Z0)

(q1, 111, 1Z0)

(q1, 11, Z0)

(q2, 11, Z0)

(q0, 1, 111Z0)

(q1, 11, 11Z0)

(q1, 1, 1Z0)

(q1, , Z0)

(q0, , 1111Z0) (q1, 1, 111Z0)

(q1, , 1111Z0)

(q2, , Z0)

(q1, , 11Z0)

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Hnh trng: Ba nguyn tc quan trng

Nguyn tc 1
Nu ghp thm ____ vo sau thnh phn th ___
ca mi ID thuc mt computation (*) hp l th to
thnh _______________.
Nguyn tc 2:
Nu ghp thm ____ vo sau thnh phn th ___
ca mi ID thuc mt computation hp l th to
thnh _______________.
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nh l 6.5: Cho PDA P = (Q, , , , q0, Z0, F) vi

computation (q, x, ) * (p, y, ) hp l.

Ch :

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Nguyn tc 3
Loi tr phn ui (____________) ca thnh
phn th ___ trong mi ID ca computation hp l
s to _____________.
nh l 6.6: Cho PDA P = (Q, , , , q0, Z0, F) v
computation (q, xw, ) * (p, yw, ) hp l.

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Ngn ng ca PDA

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z PDA chp nhn chui nhp theo hai cch:

1.
2.

z Hai cch trn hon ton tng ng.

z Cng mt PDA, ngn ng chp nhn bi trng

thi kt thc v ngn xp rng thng khc nhau.
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Chp nhn bi trng thi kt thc

Cho PDA P = (Q, , , , q0, Z0, F).
L(P) l ngn ng c chp nhn bi P bng trng
thi kt thc, nu:

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V d: Xt PDA P, chp nhn ngn ng Lwwr

P = ({q0, q1, q2}, {0, 1}, {0, 1, Z0}, , q0, Z0, {q2})
Chng minh: PDA P chp nhn chui x bng trng
thi kt thc nu v ch nu x c dng wwR.
(If) x = wwR

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(Only-if) PDA P chp nhn chui x bng trng thi kt

thc. Chng minh x = wwR.

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Chng minh pht biu sau bng qui np trn |x|:

Nu (q0, x, ) * (q1, , ) th x c dng wwR.

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1. (q0, x, ) (q1, x, ):

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2. (q0, a1a2 an, ) (q0, a2 an, a1)

37

Theo gi thit bi ton

x phi c dng wwR v w = a1y.

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Chp nhn bi ngn xp rng

Cho PDA P = (Q, , , , q0, Z0, F).
N(P) l ngn ng c chp nhn bi P bng ngn
xp rng, nu:

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V d: Bit rng, PDA P chp nhn ngn ng Lwwr bi

trng thi kt thc.
chp nhn bi ngn xp rng, dng hm truyn
thay th cho

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T ngn xp rng sang trng thi kt thc

Gi:
PDA PN chp nhn ngn ng L bi
PDA PF chp nhn ngn ng L bi

nh l 6.9: Nu L = N(PN) l ngn ng c chp

nhn bi PDA PN = (Q, , , N, q0, Z0) th tn ti PDA
PF sao cho L = L(PF).
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Chng minh:
Dng k hiu mi X0

tng:
1. Xy dng PDF PF trn c s PN.
2. Chng minh L(PF) = N(PN).
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Bc 1: Xy dng PF.
z

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, X0/

, X0/
Start

p0

, X0/Z0X0

q0

pf

PN

, X0/

, X0/
44

nh ngha: PDA PF chp nhn bi trng thi kt thc

vi F c xc nh nh sau:
1.
PF truyn rng t p0 n q0
2.
M phng PN.
3.
q Q, PF truyn rng t q n pf khi thy X0.

45

Bc 2:
Chng minh w L(PF) nu v ch nu w N(PN).
(If) c (q0, w, Z0) *PN (q, , ) vi q Q.

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(Only-if) Ch cc lut

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T trng thi kt thc sang ngn xp rng

Xy dng PDA PN trn c s PDA PF:
, any/
Start
p0

, X0/Z0X0

, any/
q0

PF

, any/

48

nh l 6.11: Gi L = L(PF) l ngn ng c xc

nh bi PDA PF = (Q, , , F, q0, Z0, F). Khi , tn
ti PDA PN sao cho L = N(PN).
Chng minh: Xy dng PN trn c s PF.

1. N (p0, , X0) = {(q0, Z0X0)}

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2. q Q, a { } v Y :

3. q F, Y { X0}:

4. Y { X0}:

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Chng minh w N(PN) nu v ch nu w L(PF)

(If) Nu w L(PF)

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(Only-if) Nu w N(PN)

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 PF chp nhn w bng trng thi kt thc.

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