Aizenk Nabludenie Na Psihikata

XAHC n MAHKTA AH3EHK
HABAKEHHE
HA HCHXHKATA
3ABO CE TPXHM HO HAuHHA, HO
KOHTO IO HPABHM?
Hpeno or anrnncxn
Amunna AHPEEBA
Hsa1encxa xsma Coqnn,
2005
Hsannero e nanpaneno no:
Hans and Michael Eysenck
MINDWATCHING
WHY WE BEHAVE THE WAY WE DO
Bcnuxn npana sanasenn. Hnro ena uacr or rasn xnnra ne moxe
a e pasmnoxanana nnn npeanana no xaxnro n a nno
naunn es nspnunoro crnacne na HK.
Personality Investigations, Publications and Services Limited
and Michael Eysenck 1981,1989,1995
Hmmnna Anpeena, npeno, 2005
Hsarencxa xma, 2005
ISBN 954-607-681-3
Csspaanne
Hponor ....................................................................................7
AHHE B AHHE......................................................................9
1. Homnxr camapxnnn ..........................................................13
2. Xe, xpacaneno!.................................................................27
3. Vcamorenne n nnrnmnocr................................................42
4. Onacnocrnre or nounnennero.........................................57
5. Excnepnmenrr cc cnmynnpannx sarnop .........................73
6. Cexc, nacnnne n menn......................................................87
7. Ko e ny?........................................................................ 101
A CE YHHM OT HBOTHHTE.................................... 115
8. Hexnoro nsxycrno na oycnanxnero............................... 117
9. Bnmnansero, xoero nspacrna xaro ere ......................... 132
10. Hmon n npnnpsanocr.................................................. 146
MO3TK, AHHHOCT H EMOHHH................................... 157
11. Hsmepnane na nnrennrenrnocrra ..................................161
12. Pasenennxr mosx.......................................................180
13. Kopennre na nnunocrra................................................196
14. ]axropr macrne ..........................................................216
15. Henemn ce emonnn .................................................... ....229
BT3HPHRTHE H PEmABAHE HA HPOBAEMH..........245
16. Cnnerencxn noxasannx.................................................249
17. ne nnn no ena mnmnnna" .....................................264
18. Bsnponsnexane n sapanxne ...................................... 277
19. Paspemanane na nrpemnnx xon]nnxr..........................293
HOA3ATA OT HCHXOAOIHRTA....................................307
20. Kax a ne ce orrnexar ena?........................................311
21. Bnpxrane na opasonarennnx norennnan ......................326
22. Fnonornuna oparna npsxa:
csnannero naenxna na marepnxra........ ..................338
23. Hcnxonornxra cpemy paxa
n cpeunoconnre onecrn........................................352
24. Hpecrnnenne n naxasanne............................................366
25. Honnrnxa, nnunocr n npepascnn............................384
Ennnor ................................................................................405
Hnreparypa ..........................................................................409
Hponor
Ena or ocnonnnre nn nenn npn nncanero na rasn xnnra
eme a emonc]npame, ue enncrnennxr naunn, no xoro
moxem a ce naxname a nocrnrnem nnno pasnpane na ce-
e cn n na noneennero nn, e a nnrerpnpame nn]opmannxra
or nxxonxo pasnnunn ncnnnnnnn. Hcnxonornxra ce namnpa
na npeceunara rouxa na nxxonxo pyrn nayxn, nxnmunrenno
]nsnonornxra, renernxara, nonornxra, anrpononornxra, so-
onornxra n connonornxra. Crpyxrypara na rasn xnnra ce oc-
nonana na onycxanero, ue uonemxnre cmecrna morar n rpx-
na a ar pasrnexann or nxxonxo pasnnunn rnenn rouxn.
Hnne n xne pasrnexa mxere n xennre xaro connannn
xnnornn n unenone na rpynn. pyrnre xopa ca na-naxnnre
]axropn n namara cpea n ncnxonornxra rpxna a oxnane
rosn ]axr. Hpemernara marepnx e nnsxa o rasn na couo-
.oeuma, no connannnre ncnxonosn onxnoneno ca no-cxnon-
nn a npnemar nayuen noxo xm connannnre xnnennx n cpan-
nenne cc connonosnre.
a ce yunm or xnnornnre pasrnexa uonemxnx nonorn-
uen nn n cnernnnara na enonmnnxra. Tosn noxo ouennno
ce npnnoxpnna c nayxnre soo.oeu n ouo.oeu n nn nosnonxna
a nnnm crenenra, o xoxro cme nnn o]opmenn or enonm-
nnonnnre cnnn. Vapennero e npxy npnmarnre xaro nncmn
n uonexonoonn mamynn, samoro e no-nepoxrno re a nn
ocnrypxr penenanrna nn]opmannx sa nac camnre, orxonxoro
nnxonere n rnnre, xonro nxxon ncnxonosn ronxona mno-
ro onuar.
Mosx, nnunocr n emonnx pasrnexa uonemxnre cmecr-
na, raxa a ce xaxe, ornrpe". Tpannnonno rona e repnropnx-
XAHC H MAHKTH AH3EHK HABHPEHHE HA HCHXHKATA
ra, nsyuanana or nscneonarennre nn qusuo.oeuma, no nma
mnoro ncnxo]nsnonosn, xonro nxpnar (xaro nac), ue ]nsnono-
rnxra n ncnxonornxra ca rxcno cnpsann. B rasn uacr ce sann-
maname n c onpeenenn acnexrn na cnopa sa npnpoara n
nsnnrannero, a cneonarenno rx e cnpsana n c nayxara ee-
uemura.
Bsnpnxrne n pemanane na nponemn pasrnexa mxe-
re n xennre xaro necnpmenn pemanamn nponemn, xonro
rpxna a ce cnpanxr cc cnoxna cpea. Tona nsncxna nsnons-
nanero na mnoxecrno ncnxnunn nponecn, nxnmunrenno nnn-
manne, nsnpnxrne, mncnene n namer. Tasn uacr e moxe n
na-uncro ncnxonornuecxara n cmncn, ue pyrnre nayxn onx-
noneno ne nsyuanar eranno resn nponecn.
Honsara or ncnxonornxra ce sannmana npenmno c nax-
nnre npu.oreuu na ncnxonornuecxnre nscnenannx. Inann-
re n rasn uacr emoncrpnpar orpomnara cronocr na ncnxo-
nornxra npn neuennero na xnnnnunn saonxnannx, npn orr-
nexanero na enara, sa ycnpmencrnanero na opasonaren-
nara nn cncrema n opn sa pasnpanero na xopennre na nonn-
rnuecxara neonornx.
Haxparxo, naexara e, ue ncnxonornxra moxe a oc-
mecrnn ncrnncxn nanpex, xaro xomnnnpa nn]opmannx or
pasnnunn nayunn noxon. B rasn xnnra ocxame nxxonxo
or rxx n noxasname ronemnx nanpex, xoro neue e ocmec-
rnen. Cmenpemenno ncnxonornxra nce ome e camo ena npo-
xoxamo xnsneno ere - enn en rx me nannese n spxnara
nspacr.
Xanc n Maxn Asenx
Honon
Koraro uonemxnre cmecrna ce cepar saeno, ce oc-
mecrnxnar mnoro cnoxnn ncnxonornuecxn nponecn. E, maxap
ue connonosnre n connannnre ncnxonosn ce nnrepecynar or
connannnre enocrn na xopara, npnnre ca cxnonnn a ce
]oxycnpar npxy ronemnre rpynn n omecrnoro - nonnrnuec-
xn oprannsannn, connannn xnacn, nponsnocrnenn xonnepnn,
oxaro nropnre ce sannmanar noneue c manxn rpynn - c nae-
cer nnn no-manxo unenone.
Ha npaxrnxa connonosnre ca nsnpenxrcrnann or necno-
conocrra cn a nanpanxr nemo pyro, ocnen npocro a na-
nmanar onona, xoero crana, n a nsnrar oraxn sa cnyuna-
moro ce. Te onxnoneno ne ca n nosnnnxra a npomenxr naun-
na, no xoro ce pxonon ronxmara oprannsannx, sa a nsc-
nenar nocnecrnnxra. C pyrn ymn, connonosnre ne morar
a nsnpmnar excnepnmenrn n rpannnonnnx cmncn na y-
mara. Tona ne e sanxnrenno ocaxarxnam neocrarx. B
xpana cmerxa n acrponomnre ne morar npexrno a nonnnxxr
npxy ]ynxnnonnpanero na Bcenenara, sa a nnxr xaxno me
ce cnyun, no ca npannnn cmecrnenn orxpnrnx.
3a pasnnxa or connonosnre n acrponomnre, connannnre
ncnxonosn morar mnoro necno a ocmecrnxnar excnepnmen-
rn. Morar a ]opmnpar manxn rpynn, morar a mannnynnpar
enocrnre, n xonro yuacrnar resn manxn rpynn, n opn a
pemanar na xoro e paspemeno a ronopn, xo moxe a ro npa-
nn n xora. Hxxon or na-orpannre nnoone or rexnnx rpy ce
ocxar n cnenamnre rnann.
Enn or na-rxnnre ]enomenn na cnpemennnx ypa-
nnsnpan xnnor e ope nsnecrnara cxnonnocr na crpannunn-
re nanmarenn a ne ce namecnar, xoraro nma nxxaxn nn-
10 XAHC H MAHKTH AH3EHK HABHPEHHE HA HCHXHKATA
nnenr nnn pyr cnemen cnyua. 3a rona uecro ca onnnxnann
no npnnnnn nnmennre or rpnxonnocr n eroncrnunn narnacn
na sananoro omecrno, no nma yenrennn oxasarencrna
(npna rnana), ue yuacrnar n pyrn ]axropn. Hanpnmep, xora-
ro nanmaname, ue pyrnre xopa ne pearnpar na cnemnnx
cnyua, npnemame, ue ne ce e cnyunno nnmo cepnosno.
Ocoeno nnrepecen n naxen nnpoc n connannara ncnxo-
nornx e: 3amo xopara ca npnnneuenn enn xm pyr? Maxap
ue re onxnoneno xasnar, ue nnunn xauecrna xaro pyxenm-
nocr, uecrnocr n ronnora ca rona, xoero nma na-ronxmo sna-
uenne, nscnenannxra noxasnar, ue ]nsnuecxara npnnnexaren-
nocr e mnoro no-naxna, orxonxoro ce npenonara. H nancrn-
na, Maxn E]pan or Vnnnepcnrera na Toponro (nropa rna-
na) ycranonxna, ue cennre sacearenn ca no-necnrypnn sa
nnnara na npnnnexarennn onnnxemn n npenopunar mnoro
no-nexn naxasannx sa rxx!
B rpera rnana ce sannmaname cc saraxnre na nenepan-
nara xomynnxannx - oxocnanero, spnrennnx xonraxr, ycmnn-
xnre, nnunoro npocrpancrno. Tona e meror na omynanero,
xoro nsnonsname, sa a nspasnm nonoxnrennn n orpnnaren-
nn uyncrna xm pyrnre. Ha-nsnenanamoro no ornomenne
na nenepannara xomynnxannx e, ue uecro nnro xomynnxaro-
pr, nnro pennnnenrr ocsnanar xaxno crana. Bnpexn rona
nsnpamame n nonyuaname nenepannn cnrnann no nsxnmun-
renno uyncrnnrenen n ope crnacynan naunn.
Mnoro connannn ncnxonosn ce nnrepecynar or nsecr-
nnero na nnacrra n connannnx craryc npxy uonemxoro none-
enne. B xpana cmerxa cmecrnynar naxnn crarycnn pasnn-
unx mexy unenonere na mnoro connannn rpynn. Tona e oco-
eno xcno na paornoro mxcro, xero me]r ce pasrnexa
xaro nnep, a ncexn pyr nrpae nounnena ponx. Karacrpo-
]annnre nocnennn or nannunero na nnacrnn nnepn oaue
cranar mnoro xcnn npn nscnenanero na ncropnxra, xoxro e
nnna c yxacxnamn npnmepn na snoynorpea c nnacr, na po-
cxo nounnenne npe pyrannnx anropnrer.
Ha npn norne nsrnexa rpyno a ce nscnenar raxnna
npoxnn na nnacrra n naoparopnxra. Bnpexn rona unnnn
3nmapo (nera rnana) oprannsnpa cnmynannx na sarnop n
HHHE B HHHE H
Cren]opcxnx ynnnepcnrer, nsnonsnaxn nourenn xonexann,
sa a nrpaxr ponxra na nasaun n sarnopnnnn. Ecrecrneno, ro
npnema, ue re me ce pxar nnnnnnsonano. 3a nerona nsnena-
a nrpaemnre ponxra na nasaun pso sanounar a snoynorpe-
xnar c nosnnnxra cn na nnacr na ncenosarnopnnnnre. B eno
ome no-nsnecrno n oesnoxonrenno nscnenane n Hen Crennn
Mnnrpam (uernpra rnana) orxpnna, ue mnoro xopa ca roronn
a npnnarar nourn cmpronocnn enexrpomoxone na esno-
momna xeprna, axo nm ro napen anropnrerna ]nrypa.
T xaro n resn nscnenannx yuacrnar nopmannn n ope
npncnocoenn xopa, 3nmapo n Mnnrpam crnrar o saxnm-
uennero, ue snoynorpeara c nnacr ce noxnxna npenmno sa-
moro omecrnoro nrnnxna nexra, ue or nocneonarennre
ce ouaxna a ce nounnxnar na nnepnre - es snauenne xaxnn
sanonen ca nsaenn. C pyrn ymn, snoynorpeara c nnacrra
e nensexna n onpeenenn cnryannn n ne ce noxnxna camo sa-
moro nnepnre ca cancrn nnn ncnxonarn.
Cmenpemenno nne nxpname, ue nnnnnyannnre pasnn-
unx n nnunocrra ca no-naxnn, orxonxoro npnsnanar 3nmapo
n Mnnrpam. Camo nxxon or yuacrnnnnre n rexnnre nscnena-
nnx snoynorpexnar c nosnnnxra cn n namara nscneonarenn
ncmnocr ne oxcnxnar rosn acnexr na pesynrarnre cn.
Oranna ce noxr pasropemenn earn npxy nsmoxnn-
re orpnnarennn e]exrn npxy omecrnoro or ouennnara ]nx-
cannx na mennre npxy cexca n nacnnnero. Tosn cnop e nopo-
nn noneue pasropemenn crpacrn, orxonxoro cnernnna, samo-
ro mnoro or yuacrnnnnre nmar nnunn nnrepecn, xonro samn-
ranar. Hcnxonosnre ca nponexann penna craparennn nscne-
nannx n rasn onacr n nnoonere or rexnnx rpy ce nscnenar
n mecra rnana. H+a onpeenenn rnnone xopa, xonro ca
rnacnarn xm no-ronxma arpecnx n rpyocr or onona, xoero
nnxar, uynar n uerar.
Enn or ocnonnnre yponn or nscnenannxra na 3nmapo
n Mnnrpam e, ue xopara uecro ecrnar no arpecnnen n nenpn-
xren naunn o ronxma crenen nopan cumvauma, n xoxro ce
oxasnar. Tona ce nnxa or nscnenane (cema rnana), n xoero
ncnxnuecxn cnpmeno nopmannn opononnn ce noxnxnar na
npara na pasnnunn ncnxnarpnunn onnnnn, onnaxnaxn ce or
nsmncnenn cnmnromn. Hscneonarenxr - enn Posenxan or
Cren]opcxnx ynnnepcnrer - npornosnpa, ue npn raxnna oc-
roxrencrna cornernnre ncnxnarpn me ca nsxnmunrenno
cxnonnn a nocranxr ncnxnarpnuen ernxer" na nannno nop-
mannn xopa, n rouno rona ycranonxna na npaxrnxa.
3a macrne saxnmuennero na Posenxan, ue ne moxem a
pasrpannunm ncnxnuno spanoro n ncnxnuno onnoro, nsrnex-
a, ne e nxpno, maxap a e oesnoxonrenno, ue naunnr, no
xoro pearnpame na pyrnre xopa, e cnnno nonnnxn or nocra-
nennre nm ernxern". Axo cpemnere nxxoro na naprn, nourn
cnrypno e, ue me ce ornacxre xm nero no pasnnuen naunn,
orxonxoro axo nn xaxar, ue uonexr e mnso]pennx nnn ncn-
xonar, a ne mennnncxa cecrpa. Pasnpa ce, rona e cmncnena
nonnrnxa. Kaxno crana oaue, axo ernxerr" e norpemen?
oxaro uerere resn crpannnn, nma enn naxen ernuen nn-
poc, npxy xoro cn crpyna a ce samncnnre. Mnoro or na-
pamarnunnre pesynrarn ca nno na nscnenannx, n xonro yuac-
rnnnnre ca nannno noneenn sa ocnonnnre acnexrn na exc-
nepnmenra. B nxxon cnyuan nemara ca raxa ypeenn, ue yuac-
rnnnnre ca opeuenn a ar nocranenn n nenonxa cnrya-
nnx, a ce ynnamar nnn ynnsxr.
Mnoro ncnxonosn rnpxr, ue nenra onpanana cpecrna-
ra. C pyrn ymn, axo pesynrarnre or excnepnmenra ca ocra-
runo naxnn, onpananar onpeenena osa ncxom]opr, npn-
unnen na yuacrnnnnre. Tasn nosnnnx e onxxe cmncnena,
no nonnra n na nenonxn nnpoca. Hpno, xaxno crnacne
cmecrnyna sa ornocnrennara snaunmocr na onpeenen exc-
nepnmenr? Bropo, xonnuecrnoro ncxom]opr moxe nn a ce
npennn, npeou a ce ocmecrnn excnepnmenrr? Taxnna nn-
pocn nxmar xareropnuen orronop. Cmenpemenno npes noc-
nennre ronnn Fpnrancxoro ncnxonornuecxo omecrno n
Amepnxancxara ncnxonornuecxa aconnannx ca nynnxynann
nxxon nacoxn npxy ernunnre npnnnnnn.
Aomnn1 cauapnnnn
Enn or nenpexcnaro nonrapxmnre ce opasn na name-
ro npeme e na uonex, xororo nanaar n xoro nnxa sa nomom
nocpe ronxm, esnnuen rpa, nnxonere my ocranar neuyrn, a
crpannunnre nanmarenn ne npanxr aconmrno nnmo, oc-
nen a rnear cocrnenara cn paora. Tasn ouennna anarnx e
nna nsnonsnana xaro oxasarencrno sa oruyxenara n nn-
mena or ncxxaxna rpnxonnocr narnaca, xoxro cnpemennnre
rpaone npensnnxnar y noneuero rexnn xnrenn.
Hancrnna nma mnoxecrno cnyuxn n peannnx xnnor, xon-
ro cxxam cornercrnar na rasn mpauna xaprnna. Hpouyr npn-
mep e cnyuaxr c Knrn xenonns, xoxro e namymxana c nox o
cmpr n onacrra na Kynnc n Hm Hopx Cnrn, xoraro ce np-
ma y oma or paora n 3 uaca cyrpnnra. Bnpexn rona nma 38
cnnerenn, xonro ne npocro nnxar, a uao.moaeam yncrno-
ro or nposopnnre na anapramenrnre cn, n nnxo or rxx ne ce
namecna. Camo enn uonex npenpnema ornocnrenno cxpom-
nara crnxa a ce oan n nonnnnxra, a opn n rona ecrnne
e ocmecrneno, cne xaro ro rpcn cnera na npnxren or
pyr xpa na rpaa.
Koraro rosn yxacxnam pasxas nonyuana omnpno orpa-
sxnane n New York Times, unrarennre ca necenn n nxxon or
rxx nnmar nncma, nsncxnaxn nynnxynanero na nmenara na
cnnerennre, raxa ue a morar a ar nsnoxenn na omec-
rnenoro npespenne, xoero sacnyxanar. Bnnn ncnxnarpn ce
onnrnar a oxcnxr anarnunara narnaca na cnnerennre. Ho-
nnrepecen or camnre oxcnennx e ]axrr, ue re na npaxrnxa
nxmar nnmo omo nomexy cn. -p xopx Cpan rnpn:
,Tona e armoc]epara na nennx Hm Hopx, armoc]epara na nec-
npanennnocr. uyncrnoro, ue moxe a nocrpaam, axo ecr-
nam, n ue xaxnoro n a npannm, me cn rosn, xoro me crpa-
a". -p Pan] C. Fenn cmxra, ue anarnxra na crpannunnre
nanmarenn e nna npnunnena or opxnane na ]anrasnxra
n peannocrra, opxnane, nopoeno or esxpannx norox re-
nennsnonno nacnnne: Hne nonenxname npeara, nanacxna
na mosxa or resn narpynnamn ce opasn... re ca nnn rnyxn,
napannsnpann, xnnnornsnpann or nsya. Ouaponann or pa-
mara, or ecrnnero, no cmenpemenno ne nannno cnrypnn,
ue cranamoro nancrnna ce e pasrpmano npe rxx." Moxe n
nxxon or crpannunnre nanmarenn ca ouaxnann Koxax* a
ce marepnannsnpa n a pemn nponema!
B pyr nnnnenr n Hm Hopx, rosn nr n Fponxc, 18-ro-
nmna rene]onncrxa e nsnacnnena n npenra, oxaro e cama
n o]nca cn. Tx sa xparxo xra or nanaarenx cn n rnua rona n
xpnxma no ynnnara, xpemexn sa nomom. Hpnnnsnrenno
40 ymn ce cnpar n rnear nocpe xn en, oxaro nsnacnn-
naur ce onnrna a x sanneue oparno narope no crnnre.
Hnro enn or rxx ne ce npnrnuna na nomom nesanncnmo or
nnxonere . Ha-naxpax momnuero e cnaceno or nama nonn-
nan, xonro cnyuano mnnanar nannso.
Ocnen rona cmecrnyna n cnyuaxr c Anpm Mopmnn, 17-
ronmno momue, xoero e npooeno n cromaxa, oxaro ce npn-
npa y oma c merporo n Manxarn. Maxap ue araxynannre ro
pso nanycxar narona, nnro enn or pyrnre ennaecer y-
mn ne ce onnrna a nomorne na momuero, oxaro ro ymnpa or
sarya na xpn. Tosn nnnnenr e nocnyxnn sa ocnona na nn-
nomerpaxnnx nrpanen ]nnm The Incident (Hnnnenrr").
Tenennsnonen cepnan, csaen mexy 1974 n 1978 r., c rnanen repo
nerenanr Tno Koxax (Tenn Canenac, 1925-1993) or xpnmnnanna-
ra nonnnnx na 13-rn yuacrx n Manxarn. Ornnunrennnre enesn na
Koxax ca ronara rnana, nypnre, xonro ne cnnsar or rnuerara na
ycrara my, n nensmyrnmnxr my nnnnsm. Hpes 1990 r. Canenac, ns-
nrnar neue n unn nncnexrop, sanouna nonn cnnmxn sa cepnana, no
nnesannara my cmpr rn npexcna. - Fen. npen.
HHHE B HHHE 15
Knmuonn excnepnmenrn:
pascenane na orronopnocrra
xon apnn n Fn Harane
1
or Hmopxcxnx ynnnepcnrer
ca sannrpnrynann or cnyuax c Knrn xenonns. Hancrnna nn
nnnmara anarnx, emoncrpnpana or cnnerennre, e raxana,
xaxnaro nsrnexa? Te nocounar, ue maxap a nsrnexa
pesonno a ce npenonoxn, ue xonxoro no-ronxm e poxr na
xopara, xonro nanmanar aen nnnnenr, ronxona e no-ne-
poxrno xeprnara a nonyun nomom, rona ce oxasna nsymnren-
no nenxpno n cnyuax c xenonns. C ronxona mnoro cnnerenn
na yncrnoro, ecrecrneno e, ue nxxo n rpxnano a ce npn-
reue na nomom na momnuero, ne e nn raxa?
apnn n Harane rnpxr, ue - napaoxcanno - xeprnara
moxe a e n no-opa nosnnnx camo c enn crpannuen nanm-
aren, orxonxoro c nxxonxo. B raxana cnryannx orronopnocr-
ra sa oxasnanero na nomom na xeprnara nonaa camo npxy
enn uonex, a ne ce pascena cpe mnoro xopa. C pyrn ymn,
xoraro nma mnoro nanmarenn na nxxaxno npecrnnenne nnn
cnemen cnyua, ce nanmana n pascenane (n]ysnx) na or-
ronopnocrra. Horennnannara nnna sa neoxasnanero na nomom
cmo ce pasnpeenx. Bcexn uonex nocn manxa uacr, a ne nxna-
ra nnna.
apnn n Harane nponepxnar cnonre nen n nopenna or
excnepnmenrn, n xonro excnepnmenraropr oxcnxna, ue ce
nnrepecyna or rnnonere nnunn nponemn, c xonro ce cncx-
nar xonexannre, xoraro ce nsnpanxr npe narncxa na rpa-
cxara cpea. 3a a ce cnecrn neyocrnoro or ocxanero na
nnunn nponemn npe nenosnarn, na cryenrnre e xasano, ue
me ocranar anonnmnn n me ar nocranenn n orennn cran.
Excnepnmenraropr nm xasna, ue nxma a cnyma rxxnoro o-
cxane, samoro npnccrnnero na nnmen nanmaren moxe
1
Darley, J. M., & Latane\ B. (1968). Bystander Intervention in Emergen-
cies: Diffusion of Responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psy-
chology, 8, 377-383; Latane\ B. & Darley, J. M. (1970). The Unresponsive
Bystander: Why Doesn't He Help? London: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
a ce oxaxe norncxamo. Omynanero me e upes mnxpo]onn,
xaro ncxxo nscnenano nnne me uyna pasxasnre na pyrnre or
cnymanxn. Hscnenannre nnna ca naxapann a nxpnar, ue nn
ncexn momenr n ocxanero yuacrnar enn, nama, rpnma
nnn mecrnma ymn. B ecrnnrennocr nn ncxxa ncxycnx"
nma camo eno ncrnncxo nscnenano nnne: nsxasnannxra na
pyrnre nscnenann nnna" ca sanncann na marnero]on.
Femara xeprna" ronopn npna n ocxanero, xas-
naxn, ue my e rpyno a ce npncnocon xm Hm Hopx Cnrn
n xm axaemnunnre sanxennx. C ron, noxasnam, ue ns-
nnrna neyocrno, uonexr cnomenana, ue nma npnnann,
ocoeno xoraro yun ycnneno nnn rpxna a ce xnxna na nsnn-
rn. Cne rona ce nsxasnar ncnuxn ocranann nscnenann nn-
na" n naxpax ymara nsema ornono xeprnara. Tonr my ce
nonnmana, peura my crana necnpsana, sanpmnaxn no cne-
nnx naunn: As... ... as... ... ma... enn or resn... ...
npnnann... ce saana... ma... n nancrnna nx morn... ...
a ce nsnonsnam or manxo nomom, axo nxxo... ... mn
nomorne... aaa.... (snynn xaro npn saanxne)... Be ympa... ...
me ympa... nomom... ... npnnaam... (saanxne, mn-
uanne)".
Hscneonarennre ncxar a nnxr ann cnymamnre nscne-
nann nnna me nsnxsar or craxra, sa a nomornar na cryenra,
xoro ouennno nonyuana ennnenrnuen npnnax. Or nscne-
nannre nnna, xonro cmxrann, ue ca enncrnennxr uonex, xo-
ro snae, ue xeprnara" nonyuana ennnenrnuen npnnax, ncnu-
xn es nsxnmuenne nsnnsar or craxra n comanar sa cnem-
nnx cnyua. Or pyra crpana, or onesn, xonro nxpnar, ue uern-
pnmara pyrn yuacrnnnn cmo ca uynn npnsnnnre na xeprna-
ra sa nomom, pearnpar camo 62%. T xaro ncexn e uyn enn
n cm sannc na cnemnara cnryannx", ouennno ce e ocmec-
rnnno pascenane na orronopnocrra.
Pasnpa ce, ncnuxo rona e rnpe axaemnuno or rnena
rouxa na xeprnara. uonexr ne ce nnrepecyna xo me my no-
morne, crnra nxxo a ro nanpann. Or nerona rnena rouxa
manconere my ca no-opn c, a peuem, nernma crpannunn na-
nmarenn, orxonxoro c enn. B nscnenanero na apnn n Ha-
rane manconere na xeprnara" a nonyun nomom n pamxnre
HHHE B HHHE 17
na 45 cexynn or nauanoro na npnnaxa ca oxono 50% npn
enn crpannuen nanmaren, no 0% - npn nernma nanma-
renn. C pyrn ymn, no-nepoxrno e a ce nomorne - npn rona
no-pso - axo nma camo enn nanmaren.
Ome eno nnrepecno nanmenne na apnn n Harane sa-
cxra nnpoca o xaxna crenen nscnenannre nnna ocsnanar
]axropnre, xonro onpeenxr ann ca pearnpann na sona sa
nomom. Hscnenannre nnna, xonro nxpnar, ue nma ome uern-
pnma nanmarenn n xonro xasnar, ue ca ocsnanann rosn
]axr, xoraro e sanounan ennnenrnunnxr npnnax, nenpexc-
naro rnpxr, ue*rona ne e oxasano nsecrnne npxy cocr-
nenoro nm noneenne.
apnn n Harane orunrar n noneennero na onesn yuacr-
nnnn, xonro ne ycnxnar a ce namecxr n a comxr sa cnem-
nnx cnyua. 3a pasnnxa or crepeornnnoro cranonnme sa raxn-
na xopa, re no nnxaxn naunn ne ca anarnunn". Honeuero or
rxx nnrar excnepnmenraropa ann xeprnara e ope n ann
ca ce norpnxnnn sa nex. Mnosnna emoncrpnpar pasnnunn
npnsnann na nepnnocr (rpenepemn pne, nornn nann) n ncm-
nocr nsrnexar no-emonnonanno nsyenn, orxonxoro yuac-
rnnnnre, xonro comanar sa cnemnnx cnyua. Hsrnexa, ue
re ne ca pemnnn a ue ce namecnar, a ca ce namnpann n npens-
nnxnamo ncxom]opr ccroxnne na xoneanne.
Hsnnnuane na nacoxn or pyrnre
Pasnpa ce, poxr nanmarenn no nnxaxn naunn ne e
enncrnennxr ]axrop, xoro onpeenx ann xeprnara me no-
nyun nomom, nnn ne. Kaxro nocounar Harane n apnn, n pea-
rnpanero na cnemen cnyua ca nxnmuenn nxxonxo erana. Hp-
no, nnnnenrr rpxna a ce saenexn n a ce nnrepnpernpa.
Hponecr na nnrepnperannxra e xnsnenonaxen, r xaro mno-
ro cnemnn cnyuan ca nycmncnenn - uonexr, xoro nexn na
ynnnara, moxe a nonyuana nn]apxr nnn a e nnn rnpe MHO
J
ro. B cnernnnara na nspanara nnrepnperannx crpannunnxr
nanmaren rpxna a pemn xe e neronara orronopnocr n
xaxn rnn nomom - axo nma raxn - moxe a ce oxaxe. Cne
rona rpxna a ecrna ns ocnona na rona pemenne.
Harane n apnn ca cncem npann a rnpxr, ue nponecr
na nnrepnperannx e nsxnmunrenno naxen. Cnemnnre cnyuan
ca no-pexn cnrnx n noneuero or nac ne ca ope nororne-
nn a rn nenrn]nnnpar nnn a nm pearnpar. E, xaxn rnn
nn]opmannx nsnonsname, sa a cn nsxcnnm nemara? Hpes no-
ronxmara uacr or npemero nsnnnuame nacoxn or pyrnre xo-
pa. Axo re nsrnexar npnrecnenn, rona e cnemen cnyua. Axo
ocranar cnoxonn n nensmyrnmn, cnyuxara moxe a ce npe-
neperne es nnxaxn pncx.
3a a nponepxr nnnxnnero na connannnre ]axropn, Ha-
rane n apnn nponexar npocro nscnenane, n xoero ne mo-
mnuera sanounar a nrpaxr na ]pncn n uaxannx n Ipan
Cenrpan Cremn n Hm Hopx. Koraro ]pncnro e xnpneno
xm onepeno nnne na excnepnmenraropnre, ro nnn enrycn-
asnpano ce npncennxna, nnn onnnxna momnuerara, ue ce
pxar ernncxn n npensnnxnar onacnocr, n pso xnpnx
oparno ncxa. Axo onepenoro nnne pearnpa orpnnarenno,
nnro enn or pyrnre xopa n uaxannxra ne ce npncennxna
xm xnpnxnero na ]pncnro, no axo onepenoro nnne ce
npncennxna, rona npanxr n 86% or npnccrnamnre pyrn
xopa. Bcmnocr nn nropara cnryannx xopara nnar or py-
rn uacrn na uaxannxra, sa a ce npncennxr n ocnonnnxr
nponem na momnuerara e xax a npexparxr nrpara na xnp-
nxne na ]pncnro!
3nauennero na connannoro nnnxnne npxy namecara na
crpannunnx nanmaren e emoncrpnpano n pyro nscnenane,
rosn nr nponeeno n Hpnncrncxnx ynnnepcnrer or xon
apnn n neronnre crpynnnn. Or ncnuxn yuacrnnnn ce ncxa
a nanpanxr nxxon cxnnn, xaro nnn ca camn n craxra, nnn ca c
ome enn yuacrnnx. Vuacrnnnnre nnn cexr c nnne, nnn c rp
enn xm pyr. oxaro nce ome pncynar, paornnx n ccena
crax yra nxxon rexxn expann, xonro naar c ornymnrenen
rpxcx. Tona nesaanno ce cnena or: Oooo, xpaxr mn!" n
cepnx or mymnn crenannx. enerecer nponenra or yuacr-
nnnnre, xonro ca camn, ce npnrnunar na nomom na paornn-
xa, 80 % or cexmnre nnne n nnne noxn pearnpar na crpo-
monxcnanero, no camo 20% or noxnre, xonro cexr c rp
enn xm pyr, ce onnrnar a nomornar.
HHHE B HHHE 19
3amo e rasn orpomna pasnnxa mexy noxnre, cexmn
nnne n nnne, n resn c rp enn xm pyr? 3amo rona, ue ne ce
nnxar enn pyr, nma ronxona ronxmo snauenne? Orrono-
pr moxe a e, ue nnrepnperannxra na nexcno cnrne, nan-
pnmep snyxa or naane, e cnnno nonnnxna or peaxnnnre na
pyrnre xopa. B cnryannxra nnne n nnne ncexn yuacrnnx moxe
a nnn nsnenaanara peaxnnx na naprntopa cn n raxa ce sa-
cnnna nnrepnperannxra, ue rona e ncrnncxn cnemen cnyua.
Ha npaxrnxa ncnuxn xopa, xonro cexr nnne n nnne, couar, ue
ca cn nomncnnnn, ue mymr e osnauanan, ue nemo ne e nno
nape, no camo nmonnnara or cexmnre c rp enn xm pyr
nnrepnpernpar naanero no rosn naunn. Cneonarenno none-
ennero na pyrnre crpannunn nanmarenn e or xpnrnuno
snauenne n moxe a oxasna mnoro pasnoopasno nsecr-
nne. Hma mnoxecrno cnyuan na macona nannxa, nonxxora c
xaracrpo]annn pesynrarn. Kpaxr na ]ononara opca or ox-
romnpn 1987 r. e raxn npnmep. Or pyra crpana, axo nxxon
unenone na rpynara couar cc cnoero nacnnno n nesannrepe-
conano noneenne, ue cnrnero ue e cnemen cnyua, peaxnn-
xra na ocranannre n rpynara moxe a ce norncne.
Orpnnarennnxr e]exr or connannoro nnnxnne e nscne-
nan or Harane n apnn n pyr excnepnmenr, n xoro yuacr-
nnnnre ca nsnpanenn npe nycmncnena, no norennnanno
onacna cnryannx (n excnepnmenrannara crax ce pasnacx ny-
mex or manx nponen). Te ca nsnpanenn npe cnryannxra
camn, c pyrn nama yuacrnnnn nnn c ne onepenn nnna na
Harane n apnn, xonro ca nncrpyxrnpann sa mnr a ce nrne-
ar n nymexa, a nnrnar pamene n cne rona nannno a ro
npenepernar.
Ceemecer n ner nponenra or yuacrnnnnre, xonro ca ca-
mn, nsnnsar or craxra, sa a comxr sa nepoxrnnx cnemen
cnyua, cpannenn camo c 10% or nscnenannre nnna, xonro ca
nnn n xomnannxra na onepennre nnna, npenepernann onac-
nocrra. Kaxro npen mnoro ronnn xasna xomenanrr n npo-
]ecopr or Xapnap Tom Hepp, xopara no-cxopo nxa ympe-
nn, orxonxoro a cranar sa cmxx! Ouennno nensmyrnmoro
noneenne na nere onepenn nnna e norncnano peaxnnnre na
yuacrnnnnre, r xaro sa nymexa ce comana no-uecro, xo-
20 XAHC HMAHKTHAH3EHK HABHPEHHE HA HCHXHKA TA
raro n craxra nma rpn ncrnncxn nscnenann nnna, ncxxo or
xoero noxpenx onacennxra na pyrnre.
Hrpara na nn]pnre
Haxparxo, moxe a e onacno a ce pasunra na crapara no-
ronopxa sa cnrypnocrra na nn]pnre". Axo npn cnemen cny-
ua nma nxxonxo crpannunn nanmarenn, e nepoxrno re a
ca no-manxo cxnonnn n cpannenne c enn-enncrnen nanm-
aren a nanpanxr nemo xoncrpyxrnnno. Tona moxe a ce n-
xn na ]axra, ue ncexn or rxx ne cmxra, ue e nerona orronop-
nocr a ce namecna, nnn samoro nacnnnoro n xonrponnpano
noneenne na pyrnre crpannunn nanmarenn coun, ue nxma
nnmo neouaxnano n cnemno. Orpnuanero nnn pascenanero
na orronopnocrra n rnnara nsrnexa no-nspaseno npn xe-
nnre, orxonxoro npn mxere, nepoxrno samoro e xynrypna
rpannnx xennre a ocranxr mxere a noemar nnnnnarnnara
n cnemnn cnryannn.
Fn Harane n neronnre crpynnnn ncxar or xopara a
nnxcxar nnn a xpemxr xonxoro e nsmoxno no-cnnno nnn
xoraro ca camn, nnn n manxn rpynn n pasnnuen pasmep n ycra-
nonxna, ue snyxr or nanaecer nnxcxamn pne ne e opn
rpn nrn no-nncox or snyxa or ne nnxcxamn pne. Cmoro
naxn n sa nnxanero. Hscneonarennre saxnmuanar, ue rona e
oxasarencrno sa cmoro noneenne, emoncrpnpano or rpynnre
crpannunn nanmarenn: connanno npexnpnxne na ronxara".
Hma nn ocroxrencrna, npn xonro npnccrnnero na pyrn
nanmarenn moxe a nomara, a ne a nsnpenxrcrna npxxa-
ra nameca? Bsmoxno nn e xenannero a ce cneuenn oope-
nnero na pyrnre nonxxora a xapa crpannunnx nanmaren
a ce npnreue na nomom? B excnepnmenr, nnannpan sa nsc-
nenanero na rosn nnpoc, yuacrnnnnre ca naxapann a nxp-
nar, ue uernpnma pyrn yuacrnnnn n excnepnmenra nnn me
nnxr, nnn nxma a nnxr xax ca pearnpann, xoraro ca uynn
xpocrna xanra mexy pyr yuacrnnx n naxannnx" - nnnnen-
rr npnxnmuna, xaro naxannnxr xra" c xacero]ona na py-
rnx yuacrnnx. Or crpannunnre nanmarenn, xonro cmxrar,
ue peaxnnnre nm nxma a ce nnxr or pyrnre, 39% ce namec-
HHHE B HHHE 21
nar, sa a nomornar, cpanneno cc 74% or onesn, xonro cmx-
rar, ue ca nanmanann. Cneonarenno npnccrnnero na crpa-
nnunn nanmarenn moxe a nma n nonoxnrennn e]exrn, a
ne camo orpnnarennn nocnecrnnx. Cne rona mnoro or yuac-
rnnnnre, xonro cmxrar, ue ca nnn nanmanann, rnpxr, ue
rona ncmnocr nm e nonpe:u.o a nomornar, xoero noxasna
nnrepecna pasnnxa mexy ecrnnrennoro nm noneenne n
cpxannero na csnannero nm.
Cneonarenno npnccrnnero na pyrn nanmarenn mo-
xe a noeuuaea nepoxrnocrra xopara a nomarar n cnemnn
cnyuan, no camo aibo cnryannxra ce nnrepnpernpa xaro ncrnn-
cxn nenpennen cnyua. Henap Fnxman ocnrypxna oxasa-
rencrna sa rona, xaro nponexa excnepnmenr, n xoro oren-
nnre yuacrnnnn uynar xax nnnoreuen pa]r naa npxy pyr
yuacrnnx, nocnenano or nnx. Koraro onepeno nnne na exc-
nepnmenraropa nnrepnpernpa myma n nnxa xaro cnemen cny-
ua, yuacrnamnxr crpannuen nanmaren" npenara nomom
mnoro no-pso, orxonxoro xoraro onepenoro nnne xasna,
ue nxma sa xaxno a ce esnoxoxr. Kaxro ce ouaxna, nnrepn-
perannxra na onepenoro nnne na nnnnenra nnnxe npxy oxas-
nanero na nomom, xaro npomenx cocrnennre nnrepnperannn
na nscnenanoro nnne: 93% or crpannunnre nanmarenn",
uynn onepenoro nnne a xasna, ue rona e cnemen cnyua, cmx-
rar, ue xeprnara e nna panena, cpemy camo 54% or onesn, na
xonro e nno xasano, ue rona ne e cnemen cnyua.
Xeprnara: xo nonyuana nomom?
Ha-nnepannnre n erannrapno nacrpoenn nnna nxa nc-
xann a mncnxr, ue ncnuxn rnnone xopa e enaxno nepoxrno
a nonyuar nomom npn cnemen cnyua, no cmecrnynamnre
oxasarencrna couar, ue crpannunnre nanmarenn ca rnp-
e cenexrnnnn npn pemananero na xoro a nomornar. Enn or
nynxronere, xonro moxe n ca naxnn n cnyuax c Knrn xeno-
nns, e, ue nxxonxo or nanmarennre cmxrann, ue nnnnen-
rr e xanra mexy raxera", a nncrnnxrr na noneuero xopa
npn raxnna ocroxrencrna e a ne ce namecnar. 3a a nscne-
nar rosn nnpoc, Hanc Bornan n Mapraper I ->oy or Barc-
xnx ynnnepcnrer na Hencnnnannx ypexar raxa nemara, ue
cnnerenn a nnxr nnn a uyxr xpocrna xanra n opa mexy
mx n xena. Xenara sanouna a xpemn n a monn: Hycnn
me!" 3a a ycranonxr nsanmoornomennx" mexy namara npe
crpannunnre nanmarenn, xenara xpemn nnn He nn nosna-
nam!", nnn He snam samo nome ce omxnx sa re!".
Tenennnxra sa nameca e nsxnmunrenno cnnno nonnnxna
or npenonaraemoro nsanmoornomenne mexy araxynamnx n
xeprnara: 65% or crpannunnre nanmarenn ce namecnar, xo-
raro cmxrar, ue opara nxnmuna nenosnarn, no camo 19% ro
npanxr, xoraro cmxrar, ue n xanrara yuacrna xenena noxa.
Crpannunnre nanmarenn ouennno nxpnar, ue ca nanma-
nann ncrnncxn cxanan, samoro 30% or nanmanamnre xe-
nn ronxona ce crpaxynar sa cocrnenara cn esonacnocr, ue
sarnapxr nparara na cocrnenara cn crax, nsxnmunar ocner-
nennero n opn npenprar xnmua!
Bepoxrno nma nxxonxo npnunnn samo no-manxo xopa ce
nnycnann a nomornar na xenenara noxa n rona nscnena-
ne. Hpno, re cmxrann, ue omxenara xena nepoxrno me ce
nouyncrna nenonxo or namecara na nnmen uonex, oxaro ra-
sn, nananara or nenosnar, nxma a nsnane n raxona nono-
xenne. Bropo, nscnenannre nnna npnenn, ue xenara, araxy-
nana or nenosnar, ce nyxae or no-ronxma nomom, orxonxoro
xena, nananara or cocrnennx cn cnpyr. H naxpax, xpymna-
no nm, ue mxr nepoxrno me nsnpmn nacnnne cpemy ncexn,
xoro ce namecn, axo araxynanara or nero xena e cocrnenara
my cnpyra.
Hpoyunane, nynnxynano or Amnnncrpannxra sa oxasna-
ne na nomom sa nanarane na saxona nn Bamnnrron, oxpr
Konymnx, noxasna, ue 60% or nanaennxra ca cpemy aco-
nmrno nenosnarn. Koraro oaue Bornan n Crpoy noxasnar
]nnmn na xpocrnn opn mexy mx n xena, camo enn uo-
nex na ncexn rpnecer npenonara, ue namara ca nenosnarn.
Orpomnoro mnosnncrno npnema, ue mexy rxx nma rxcna nps-
xa. Hnrepecnoro e, ue nnrepnmra nn necrnnnn cc cnnere-
nn na arpecnx n peannnx xnnor nornpxanar, ue crpannunn-
re nanmarenn onxnoneno npnemar, ue mxere npennar
na-nnsxnre n na-cxnnre cn cmecrna. Haxparxo, no-man-
HHHE B HHHE 23
xo nepoxrno e axronere na arpecnx a ar npexcnarn n
ronemnre rpaone n cpannenne c no-manxnre omnocrn. B no-
ronxmara omnocr e no-+a.ro nepoxrno a ce snae nsanmoor-
nomennero mexy nama opemn ce xopa n cneonarenno e
no-nepoxrno a ce nnrepnpernpa norpemno.
onnnnrenna npnunna crpannunnre nanmarenn a ne
xenaxr a ce anraxnpar n cxanan mexy xopa, sa xonro npn-
emar, ue ca xenenn, e, ue cmxrar - npannnno nnn norpemno -
ue xenara moxe a e oruacrn orronopna sa araxara cpemy
nex. Karo npannno nsnnrname no-ronxmo cuyncrnne xm xep-
rnn, sa xonro nxpname, ue ca nennnnn, orxonxoro xm xepr-
nn, xonro cxxam ca cn ro npocenn". Hnxnnxr rpynxn n apa,
xoro ce ]yxa c ronxmara cn cnna, a cne rona e nonanen na
semxra, cn ocrana ram.
Tpnnnr Hnnnannn n neronnre xonern nsyuanar rona xnne-
nne, xaro nncnennpar nxxonxo nnnnenra n merporo n Hm
Hopx. Mx xeprna" sannra nanpe n npnnaa na semxra c
nnnero narope. Honxxora nocn uepen acryn n nsrnexa rpes-
nen, a pyr nr mnpnme na anxoxon n nocn yrnnxa, ynnra n
amanaxna xaprnx. Ho-manxo nomom ce npenara na nnxn",
orxonxoro na onen", nepoxrno samoro nnxnnnnre ce pas-
rnexar xaro orronopnn sa cocrnenara cn ea n samoro no-
momra sa mnpnsnnn nnxnnna, xoro moxe a nonpne nnn a
crane nanaarenen, nxnmuna no-ronxma nena". Cmenpemen-
no, crnra a nma camo enn op camapxnnn, xoro npena-
ra nomom, onxnoneno pso ce noxnxnar ome nxxonxo noma-
raun, nesanncnmo ann xeprnara nsrnexa onna nnn nnxna.
Hpn cnemen cnyua crpannunnre nanmarenn rpxna a
ecrnar pso ns ocnona na ocra ocxnn oxasarencrna.
Cmenpemenno ]axr e sa xeprnara, ue neronara/nenara pa-
ca e nesaanno nnnma, n e pasymno a ce onycne, ue rx nrpae
ponx n onpeenxnero ann crpannunnxr nanmaren me no-
morne, nnn me ce npecropn, ue nnmo ne nnxa. Cammn Iep-
rnp or Vnnnepcnrera na enayep nsnra nnrepecnara reo-
pnx, ue noneuero enn n CAB npenounrar a ne mncnxr sa
cee cn xaro sa xopa, xonro nxa npenepernann nnxonere sa
nomom na uepnoxoxa xeprna, axo orronopnocrra sa oxasna-
nero na nomom e nenycmncneno rxxna. Cmenpemenno, rnp-
n ro, axo cnryannxra nm nosnonxna a pannonannsnpar npe-
pascnnre cn, npepascnnre me ecrnar, no na ocra
]nno pannnme.
Ieprnp nscnena rasn xnnoresa, xaro ypexa enn xe-
nn-crpannunn nanmarenn, a cranar cnnerenn xax xyn cro-
none naar npxy nnmxmo momnue, xoero e nnn uepnoxoxo,
nnn xno. Crpannunnre nanmarenxn ca nnn camn, nnn cc
cnoxono, espasnnuno onepeno nnne na excnepnmenraropa.
Bcnuxn crpannunn nanmarenxn, xonro cranar cnnerenn na
nnnnenra, xoraro ca camn, ce nnycxar na nomom na napa-
nenara xeprna. Pacara ne nnnxe npxy rxxnoro ecrnne.
Cmenpemenno 90% or onesn, xonro ca nnn saeno c nens-
myrnmoro onepeno nnne, nomarar na xnara xeprna, no ca-
mo 30% or rxx nomarar na uepnoxoxara xeprna. B nocnenara
cnryannx sa rxx e nsmoxno a pannonannsnpar npepas-
cnnre cn cpemy uepnoxoxara xeprna npocro xaro ce yex-
anar, ue nnnnenrr ne e cepnosen nnn ue ne e rxxna orro-
nopnocr a ecrnar. B rona nscnenane n n pyrn excnepn-
menrn xopara, xonro nspasxnar nenpeyeenn cranonnma nn
nnpocnnnnre, ecrnar cmo ronxona npeyeeno, xonxo-
ro n onesn, xonro npnsnanar, ue ca npeyeenn.
Cneonarenno npnpoara na xeprnara e naxna npn onpe-
enxnero ann me nonyun nomom, nnn ne. Ocnen neue oce-
nnre ]axropn - paca, onycxann nsanmoornomennx mexy ara-
xynamnx n xeprnara, orronopnocrra na xeprnara sa snomac-
rnero - rpxna a ce nseme npenn n ]nsnuecxara npnnne-
xarennocr na xeprnara. ope nsrnexama xeprna e no-ne-
poxrno a nonyun nomom, orxonxoro xeprna c nevus
flammeus* na nnnero (nx. cnenamara rnana).
3amo xapaxrepncrnxnre na xeprnara ca ronxona naxnn?
Ena or reopnnre e, ue crpannunnxr nanmaren pemana a-
nn a ce namecn na asara na nenara", cnpsana c oxasnanero
(nsmoxna ]nsnuecxa npea, nepanna ona, nsnaane n ne-
nonxo nonoxenne) nnn c neoxasnanero na nomom (nnna, no-
Hnn nerna c nnxr na noprnan - npoena man]opmannx na xoxara c
poson o mopan nnxr. - Fen. npen.
HHHE B HHHE 25
pnanne or pyrnre), n narpanre" or nomaranero (noxnana
or cee cn, xeprnara n pyrnre xopa) nnn or nenomaranero
(nponxanane na pyrn enocrn). B rosn ennxaren ananc
na neuannre n sarynre nenara me e no-nncoxa, axo xeprna-
ra ce nsnpnema xaro nenpnxrna nnn ornparnrenna. B pyr
excnepnmenr ce ycranonxna, ue axo xeprnara" npnnane na
noa na merporo, e no-manxo nepoxrno a ce npenoxn no-
mom - n ornema noneue npeme rona a ce nanpann, xoraro or
ycrara reue xpn" (uepnena ox sa xpannrennn npoyxrn),
nesanncnmo or nnnmo no-ronxmara nyxa or nomom. Moxe
a ce npenonaram ue nenara na oxasnanero na nomom na xp-
nxma xeprna e no-nncoxa, samoro noneuero crpannunn na-
nmarenn nmar npoen crpax or rnexara na xpn.
Or ncnuxn ]axropn, sa xonro e orxpnro, ue nnnxxr npxy
roronnocrra na crpannunnre nanmarenn a ce anraxnpar,
nnro enn nxma no-cnnen e]exr n cpannenne c nycmncne-
nocrra nnn nnncara na nycmncnenocr na cnemnara cnryannx.
Axo e ouennno, ue nxxo oruaxno ce nyxae or nomom, c-
opaxennx xaro paca na xeprnara, pascenane na orronop-
nocrra n connanno nnnxnne nmar cpannnrenno manx e]exr -
nourn ncexn pso n cnonranno npann onona, xoero moxe, sa
a nomorne.
Pcen Knapx n Hapn Vp or Barcxnx ynnnepcnrer na
unopna nponexar excnepnmenr, n xoro crpannunn na-
nmarenn uynar uonex no nopxxara a naa n a nsnnxna
n aronnx, nnn npocro ro uynar a naa, es a nnxa. B npnara
cnryannx - xcna onpeenenocr na cnemnnx cnyua - ncxxa rpy-
na or nscnenann nnna, nesanncnmo ann ca camn, no noxn
nnn n rpynn or no nernma ymn, npenara nomom. C pyrn
ymn, nsomo nxma oxasarencrna sa pascenane na orronop-
nocrra. Axo e nexcno ann nnnnenrr e cnemen cnyua, nnn
ne, xaxro e nn nropara cnryannx, nepoxrnocrra a ce npeno-
xn nomom namanxna c ne rpern. Onxnoneno crpannunnre
nanmarenn n rpynnre nsomo ne pearnpar na nycmncnennre
cnryannn.
Hpnunnara, nopan xoxro nycmncnenocrra nrpae ronxo-
na ocnonna ponx, e, ue axo crpannunnxr nanmaren nnrepn-
pernpa nycmncnen nnnnenr xaro ueomeoeapu na xpnrepn-
nre sa cnemen cnyua, mncnra sa noxoxmo ecrnne n pe-
mennero a ce noeme orronopnocrra a ce nanpann nemo cra-
nar rnpe opemennrennn. C pyrn ymn, xeprnara rpxna
a e maxcnmanno yenrenna sa ecrnnrennara cn ea n nyx-
ara cn or nomom.
3axnmuennx
Eno or ocnonnnre nocnecrnnx or pasnnunnre cnomena-
rn nscnenannx n rasn rnana e, ue nexra sa anarnunnx crpa-
nnuen nanmaren e nsxnmunrenno nonexama. B mnoro o-
croxrencrna nourn ncnuxn crpannunn nanmarenn me nan-
panxr ncnuxo nsmoxno a nomornar na uonex, xoro e panen
nnn e n ouennna ea.
Hponemr c pemananero ann aeno cnrne e nnn ne e
cnemen cnyua n xaxno a ce nanpann, axo e, e rpyen, samoro
noneuero or nac nxmar onnr cc cnemnn cnyuan. Tpxna a
npnsnaem, ue omecrnoro nce nax nn ana nxxon npannna, no
mnoro or rxx ca npornnopeunnn. Hpann na pyrnre onona,
xoero n ncxan a rn npanxr na re" npexrno npornnopeun
na He cn nxa noca n uyxnre paorn" nnn, xaxro ce xasna
no-noernuno n Fnnnxra, Onsn, xoro mnnana nannso n ce
sapxna n cnop, xoro ne e neron, e xaro uonex, xnanan xyue
sa ymnre".
Crpannunnxr nanmaren onxnoneno ne nosnana xepr-
nara n araxynamnx n nxma npeme, sa a orxpne nemo sa rxx.
To rpxna a pearnpa na asara na nepoxrnocr, a ne na cn-
rypnocr n sarona pasunra na noneennero na pyrnre crpa-
nnunn nanmarenn n na nnnmoro sacnyxanane na onepne
na xeprnara xaro nacoxn sa ecrnne. Hponemr ce yrexnx-
na or rpenoxnocrra, xoxro ro npann no-rpoman n no-anen or
onxnoneno.
B ecrnnrennocr crpannunnre nanmarenn nepoxrno
sacnyxanar noneue noxnann, orxonxoro nopnnanne. Hpes no-
ronxmara uacr or npemero re ce cnpanxr nsnenanamo ope c
pascrponamn, cnoxnn n pso npomenxmn ce cnrnx.
Xen, xpacaneno!
Apncroren, xoro, xaxro onxnoneno, ycnxna a xnane
nxa sa porara", rnpn, ue xpacorara e no-ronxma npenop-
xa or ncxxo npenopunrenno nncmo. ocxopo oaue connan-
nnre nocnecrnnx or ]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr ne xxa
nonyunnn cepnosno nnnmanne or crpana na ncnxonosnre. Mo-
xe n npnunnara e ]axrr, ue nexra, ue opnxr nnmen
nn me re nxapa nancxxe", ne cornercrna ocoeno ope
na yonara, emoxparnuna ]nnoco]nx, ue ncexn moxe a noc-
rnrne ncnuxo c ycnnena paora n nocroxncrno. Henexecrnoro
nn eme orpomno camo onpen nxxonxo ronnn n snaexme
noneue sa npnnnexarennnre crnmynn sa pnnre, orxonxoro sa
xopara. Xopara ca, pasnpa ce, no-cnoxnn or pnnre. Maxap
a moxe a ce pasunra, ue onnnxara me ce nsyn cexcyan-
no, xoraro ce nsnpann npe uepnen oexr, opn npe moxpo
napue myxana, uonemxnre cmecrna ne ca ronxona npennn-
mn. Tasn nenpennnmocr e ynonena or noronopxara Kpaco-
rara e n ounre na nanmanamnx". Xopara, xonro ce onuar,
ce nsnpnemar xaro ]nsnuecxn no-npnnnexarennn, orxonxoro
ronopxr ]axrnre. Cmenpemenno pasnnunn xopa, xonro ca
nomonenn a coprnpar naop or cnnmxn na pasnnunn nnna
cnope no-ronxma n no-manxa npnnnexarennocr, n xpana
cmerxa ocrnrar o crnacne n mnennxra cn. ]nnmonara nn-
ycrpnx npann xannran or rona mnpoxo crnacne, xoraro nn-
necrnpa nn ]nnmonn snesn c neonxnonena ]nsnuecxa npnn-
nexarennocr n nocpecrnenn axrtopcxn cnoconocrn.
Bncounna n craryc, nnna n rena
Onxnoneno ce npnema, ue ]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr
e enonpemenno no-necna sa nenrn]nnnpane n no-naxna sa
xennre, orxonxoro sa mxere. Cmenpemenno nncounnara e
nenena xapaxrepncrnxa na sanannre mxe. Kaxro ce nspasxna
nsrxnarnxr amepnxancxn connonor ]enman: Amepnxan-
cxoro omecrno e omecrno c npnnnnn na nncounnara: a cn
nncox osnauana a cn op, a a cn nncx - a cn crnrmarn-
snpan". B noxpena na rona rnpenne ]enman orenxsna,
ue ncexn amepnxancxn npesnenr, nspan npes rosn nex, e nn
no-nncoxnxr or namara ocnonnn nonnrnuecxn xannarn, n
nancrnna e rpyno a cn npecrannm, ue neonxnoneno nncx
mx me e noxoxm sa npesnenrcxnx nocr. Hpen oaue a
npnaem rnpe ronxmo snauenne na rosn pesynrar, rpxna
a cn cnomnnm, ue nmamnxr ycnex xannar sa npesnenr oc-
nen rona e nourn nnnarn no-oxocmen or ononenra cn, a rona
nnymana, ue Knnr Konr n nn nsxnmunrenen xannar.
Koraro rocnonn Hnrnan" e npecranen na nxxonxo xyp-
ca cryenrn n Amepnxa, nm e oxcneno nnn ue ro e uonex c
ornocnrenno nncx craryc (Iocnonn Hnrnan, cryenr or
Kempnx"), nnn ue e c nncox craryc (Hpo]ecop Hnrnan
or Kempnx"). Cne rona or cryenrnre ce ncxa a onenxr
nncounnara na uonexa nnmc-mnnyc enn nnu. oxaro r-n Hn-
rnan ce nsxauna no axaemnunara crnnna na ycnexa, no-
pacrna n c nenn ner nnua (12,7 cm) n ounre na cryenrnre.
Tona nornpxana nexra, ue nncounnara na mxa ce nenn.
Ome no-nsnenanamn ca pesynrarnre or npoyunane na mxe,
sanpmnnn Vnnnepcnrera na Hnrcpr. To pasxpnna, ue na-
nncoxnre aconnenrn (1,94 m n noneue) nonyuanar cpena na-
uanna sannara, xoxro e none 12% no-nncoxa or resn, unxro
nncounna e no 1,89 m.
T xaro xapaxrepncrnxnre na nnnero ca ocnonna uacr or
]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr sa nara nona, nnrepecno e a
ce ocn xon nnnenn xapaxrepncrnxn ca na-naxnn. Tona mo-
xe a ce nanpann, xaro ce nomonxr xopara a onenxnar ounre,
ycrara, noca n r.n. or rnena rouxa na npnnnexarennocrra n
a ce cpannxr pesynrarnre c onenxnre na nxnocrnara nnnena
HHHE B HHHE 29
npnnnexarennocr. Vcranoneno e, ue npnnnexarennocrra na nn-
nero e na-cnnno nonnnxna or omoro nspaxenne, cnenano
or ycrara, rena na nnnero, nexnre, ounre, xocara, panuxa-
ra n noca n cmnx pe. Kaxro e xasan Anexcanp Hoyn:
He vcmama u.u oromo uapu:a+e rpacoma,
a oouama cu.a u .ocmuu pesv.mam om ecu:ro.
xepn Vnrnnc or Vnnnepcnrera na Hnnnoc sanouna ns-
cnenanero na ]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr na xennre, cmx-
raxn, ue mxere morar a ce pasenxr na rpn mnpoxn xare-
ropnn na asara Ha xonxpernnre nm npncrpacrnx: mxe na
mcra, mxe na epara n mxe na xpaxara. To npecranx
na nscnenannre nnna ronn xencxn cnnyern c pasnnunn ]op-
mn n pasmepn n ycranonxna, ue xaro nxno ornocnrenno rone-
mnre rpn, nrnre xpaxa n cnanre epa ca na-nonynxp-
nn. Ionemnre rpn ca ocoeno npenounrann or unrarennre
na Playboy. Manxnre rpn ce npenounrar or mxe c ]yna-
menranncrxn pennrnosnn yexennx n nexa enpecnx.
Crepeornnnnxr mycxynecr mx c ]nsnxa na Arnac (mn-
pox rpen xom n recnn epa) uecro e npecranxn xaro ne-
annoro mxxo rxno. ann xennre ca crnacnn, nsrnexa cm-
nnrenno. Eno ne ocoeno cepnosno npoyunane na cnncanne
Cosmopolitan ncxa or 100 xenn a nasonar xapaxrepncrnxnre
na mxxoro rxno, xonro cnope rxx ca na-cexcyanno ns-
yxamn. Camo ena xena ce uyncrna nsyena or mycxynec-
rn rpn n pamene, oxaro 39 xenn nsnpar sannre uacrn.
Hpoyunannxra c panxnpane, nsnonsnamn cnnyern na pasnnu-
nn mxxn npo]nnn, noxasnar, ue xennre npenounrar mxe
c ymepeno pasnnr rpen xom, ronemn xpaxa n manxn sann
uacrn. Hxxon xenn npenounrar ornocnrenno nncxn mxe:
resn xenn onxnoneno ca pesepnnpann n mannepnre cn, no ca
c nncox connanen craryc, xoero moxe a e opa nonnna sa
ranntopnre n xoxenre!
Bsnpnemame nn ce raxa, xaxro nn nnxar pyrnre? Maxap
ue onxnoneno nma nsnecrno cornercrnne mexy camoonenxa-
ra na uonexa sa nnnoro na neronara ]nsnuecxa npnnnexaren-
nocr n mnennero na nnmnnre nanmarenn, crnacnero mex-
y nere onenxn uecro e mnoro cnao. Mnoro xopa nsnpnemar
cee cn xaro mnoro no-manxo uaponnn nnn xpacnnn, orxonxo-
ro ca n ecrnnrennocr n rasn renennnx nsrnexa no-nspa-
sena npn mnanre. B eno nscnenane, nponeeno cpe momnue-
ra na 10 nnn 11 ronnn, ce orxpnna, ue rpn uernprn cepnosno
nxpnar, ue ca ]nsnuecxn no-nenpnnnexarennn or ncnuxn mo-
mnuera n xnaca nm n yunnnme.
Enn on ]axropnre, sacxram npnnnexarennocrra, e nen-
rn]nnnpan or amepnxancxnx xnrpn n yecrpn nenen Mnxn
Innn. B ena or necnnre cn ro nee: He e nn saanen, ne e nn
crpanen naunnr, no xoro mnennero na uonexa ce npomenx,
xoraro ce nsnpann npe onasn camorna nom... Bcnuxn momn-
uera cranar no-xpacnnn, xoraro xpumnre sanounar a sarna-
pxr. Bcnuxn re sanounar a nsrnexar xaro ]nnmonn snes-
n". B nscnenane, nponeeno n enn uernprx n pasnnunn
apone, rpyna ncnxonosn ycranonxnar, ue xopara onenxnar
npecrannrennre na pyrnx non xaro no-npnnnexarennn n no-
nynom, orxonxoro n 22,30 u.!
Knmuon excnepnmenr: npnnnexarennocr n
nsemane na pemenne or cenoro xypn
Hxxon or na-nponoxnpamnre xm pasmncn n rpenoxnn
nscnenannx npxy ]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr ca npone-
enn npes 70-re ronnn na XX nex or Maxn E]pan
3
or Vnn-
nepcnrera na Toponro. Karo ncexn pyr, n ro ocsnana, ue
]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr e mnoro xenana n nenena xa-
paxrepncrnxa or noneuero xynrypn n omecrna n ue xpacnnn-
re nonyuanar pasnnunn onarn. Ouaponarennnxr nnpoc, xo-
ro E]pan ce saema a nscnena, e cnennxr: oxe crnrar
npenmcrnara na ]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr? Moxe nn na
xpacnnnre xopa a ce pasmnne opn yncrno?
Efran, M. G. (1974). The effects of physical appearance on the judgment
of guilt, interpersonal attraction, and severity of recommended punish-
ment in a simulated jurytask. Journal of Research in Personality, 8, 45-54.
HHHE e HHHE s:
Mnoro anoxarn noosnpar, ue cennre sacearenn i
cnnre ca cxnonnn a ca no-cnnsxonrennn, xoraro onnnxe
mnxr e npnnnexarenen, a ne rposen, no ne ca ronxona cnnsxo
nrennn, xoraro xeprnara na npecrnnennero e ]nsnuecx*
npnnnexarenna. B npouyroro ceno eno or 1857 r. Manm
Cmnr - mnaara, xnsnena n xpacnna mepx na npocnepnpan
mornancxn apxnrexr, e onnnena, ue ynna nmonnnxa ci
Hnep n'Anxenne, xaro my ana apcennx. Maxap rona a e oc
raruno moxnpamo, mornancxoro omecrno e ome no-pasx
peno, xoraro or nennre nennnnn crana xcno, ue rx ce e nac
naxanana n maxcnmanna crenen na cexcyannnre sannmannx
Hesanncnmo or ]axra, ue rx e enncrnennxr uonex, xoro ne
uenn or cmprra my (ro sannamnn c nsnynane, axo rx ne c<
omxn sa nero) n ue nno nsnecrno, ue rx e xynynana apcenm
na rpn nrn, cenoro xypn nsnnsa c npnca neoxasa
no". Kpacorara nomornana nn e sa cnacennero or ecnnxa
ra? Tpnma nnnn anropnrern pemanar a ne onycnar xar(
oxasarencrno enexnnxa na H'Anxenne, xoro n noxpe
nnn nenycmncneno aprymenrnre na onnnennero. ann re a
nnn rnpe omaxnn or ouennnnx uap na rocnoxnna Cmnr'
E]pan cmxra, ue e nsmoxno pemennxra na cennre xy
pnra a ca nonnnxnn or ]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr n;
onnnxemnx. B npnonauannnre cn npoyunannx ro nnra ro
nxma rpyna cryenrn ann mncnxr, ue cennre sacearen]
n rpxnano a ca nonnnxnn or ]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennoc
na onnnxemnx. Ocnen rona rn nnra ann rpxna a ce o
cxr xapaxrepr n mnnanoro na onnnxemnx. B orronopnr<
na nara nnpoca ce nanmana nneuarnxnama pasnnxa: 799
nxpnar, ue cennre sacearenn rpxna a ca nonnnxnn o
1
xapaxrepa n ncropnxra na onnnxemnx, n camo 1% nxpnar, u
]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr n cnenano a e oxasna
nnnxnne ]axrop.
Hmaxn npenn, ue noneuero xopa nxpnar, ue nnmnnx
1
nn na onnnxemnx e nepenenanren, n rpxnano a e mnor
rpyno a ce orxpnxr oxasarencrna, ue cennre saceare
nn ca nonnnxnn or nnmnnx nn na onnnxemnx. Touno o
parnoro: Maxn E]pan orxpnna, ue rona e mnoro necno, ]op
mnpann ca cnmynnpann xypnra, nxxon or rxx ccroxmn ce cr
mo or mxe, a nxxon - camo or xenn, n or cennre sacea-
renn ce ncxa a cn npecranxr, ue ca unenone na cryenrcxn
c, nscnymnam cnyuax na cryenr, mamnn no npeme na ns-
nnr. oxasarencrnara" ca ocra neyenrennn, r xaro o-
nnnxemnxr ronopnn c pyr cryenr no npeme na nsnnra, no
nnxo ne uyn sa xaxno cn ronopxr. Onnnxemnxr nonxxora e
mx, nonxxora - xena, n na cennre sacearenn ce ana
cnnmxa na npnnnexarenen nnn nenpnnnexarenen uonex. Txx-
nara saaua e a pemar xaxna e nepoxrnocrra onnnxemnxr a
e nnnonen n ocnen rona a onpeenxr cepnosnocrra na naxasa-
nnero, axo pemar, ue onnnxemnxr e nnnonen.
E]pan ycranonxna, ue nesanncnmo or nspasenoro yexe-
nne, ue ]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr ne rpxna a nnnxe, c-
ennre sacearenn ne ca ronxona cnrypnn nn nnnara na npnn-
nexarennnre onnnxemn n npenopunar mnoro no-nexn naxa-
sannx sa rxx. Cxnonnocrra xopara a cn sarnapxr ounre n a
ca cnnsxonrennn xm npnnnexarennnre onnnxemn e ocoe-
no nspasena, xoraro onnnxemara e xpacnno momnue, a ce-
nnre sacearenn ca nce mnan mxe.
Tona nscnenane na E]pan - noono na noneuero opn
excnepnmenrn - nocranx noneue nnpocn, orxonxoro orronopn.
Peannnre cenn sacearenn, nsnpanenn npe peannn cenn
ena, nancrnna nn nsemar pemenne no naunna, no xoro cn-
mynnpannre cenn xypnra ocxar xnnorernunn ena?
Axo e raxa, nma ouennnn npnunnn sa sarpnxenocr, r xaro
nexra, ue ncexn e panen npe saxona, e ]ynamenranna sa
npannara nn cncrema. 3a noneuero xopa e nsxnmunrenno nen-
pnemnnno xpacnnnre npecrnnnnn a nsxrnar cnpanennnoro
naxasanne, oxaro onxnonennre n rposnnre nennnnn nnna
xpexr n sarnopa.
B pyro ocrpoymno nscnenane ne excnepnmenrannn xy-
pnra nanmanar peannn cenn ena c peannn cenn sace-
arenn. Hcrnncxnre cenn sacearenn e no-manxo nepoxr-
no a ca nonoxnrenno nacrpoenn xm ocnrenna npnca
or cnxra nnn or excnepnmenrannnre xypnra. Axo nocnec-
rnnxra or npnca Bnnonen" e nepoxrno a ca nsxnmunren-
no cepnosnn, cennre sacearenn ca cxnonnn a ca npe-
nasnnnn. Cmenpemenno, r xaro noneuero xopa ne ocsna-
HHHE B HHHE 3:
nar, ue ca nonnnxnn or ]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr na uo
nexa npe rxx, e pasymno a ce onycne, ue cennre xypnrr
ca nonnnxnn - n pasnnuna crenen - or nnmnnx nn na onn-
nxemnx. Honeuero or cmecrnynamnre nscnenannx oaue no-
cxasnar, ue ]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr nourn nnn nsomc
ne nsecrna npxy cennre xypnra, xoraro crana yma sr
cepnosnn npecrnnennx.
onnnnrenen nnpoc, nonnrnar or excnepnmenra na E]-
pan, e: Hpnnnexarennocrra ua repmeama nnnxe nn npxy peme-
nnxra na cennre xypnra? Fnnn Topnrn or Vnnnepcnrera
na Men pasrnexa cyxamoro mnoro emonnn npecrnne-
nne nsnacnnnane n nscnena nnnxnnero na ]nsnuecxara npnn^
nexarennocr na xeprnnre na nsnacnnnane npxy pemennxra
na excnepnmenranno xypn. Kaxro moxe a ce npennn,
xennre cenn sacearenn e no-nepoxrno a ocxar, orxon-
xoro mxere. Hpnnnexarennocrra na xeprnara ne nnnxe npx>
onenxara na xypnro na ocronepnocrra na nennre cnnerenc-
xn noxasannx nnn na Crenenra na nenara orronopnocr, ne
onnnennxr mx nonyuana no-nra npnca, xoraro xeprnara
e xpacnna, n cpannenne cc cnyuanre, xoraro rx e cncem onx-
nonena.
B pyro nscnenane ce npann onnr cnryannxra na cnmynn-
pano ceno eno a crane nannno peanncrnuna. Cenn-
re sacearenn nscnymnar enouacon sannc na eno sa anromo-
nnna nepexnocr n na nanosnrnnn nm ce npoxexrnpar nme-
nr n ornernnxr. Koraro nmenr e nenpnnnexarenen, a or-
nernnxr - npnnnexarenen, camo 17% or npncnre ca n non-
sa na nmena n my ce npncxar cpeno camo 5 500 onapa xa-
ro xomnencannx. Koraro nmenr e npnnnexarenen, a orner-
nnxr - nenpnnnexarenen, cornernnre nn]pn ca 49% n 10 000
onapa. Ha onesn, xonro nmar, me nm ce ae noneue...
Hpeyeenocrra, emoncrpnpana xm nnn cpemy onn-
nxemn n xeprnn sapan ornocnrenno opnx nm nnmen nn
nnn nnncara na raxn, e ocra osaauanama, axo ce nma npe-
nn ]axrr, ue noneuero xopa rnpxr, ue nxma a nosnonxr
nnmnnxr nn a nonnnxe npxy npenenxara nm. Bsmoxno e
a cme no-cnnsxonrennn xm xpacnnnre xenn n cpannenne c
na-onxnonennre, samoro rn pasrnexame xaro npnrexana-
mn no npnnnnn no-xenarennn xauecrna n sarona npnemame,
ue me e no-manxo nepoxrno re a nperpemanar n eme, or-
xonxoro ne ronxona npnnnexarennnre nm cecrpn.
Tasn nsmoxnocr moxe a ce nponepn, xaro ce ]oxycnpa-
me npxy npecrnnennx, sa xonro moxe a ce ouaxna, ue cnn-
no ]nsnuecxn npnnnexarennnre xopa me nsnpmar ornono -
n cpannenne c nenpnnnexarennnre xopa. Hanpnmep a npe-
nonoxnm, ue xena neuenn onepnero na epren na cpena ns-
pacr n ro yexana a nnnecrnpa snaunrenna cyma napn n ne-
cmecrnynama xomnannx n ue rona non o onnnennx n xpax-
a n nonyuanane na napn no ]anmnn npenor. Bepoxrno ncnu-
xn me ce crnacnm, ue eprennre na cpena nspacr no-necno
ce pasenxr c napnre cn sapan npnnnexarennn xenn, orxon-
xoro sapan nenpnnnexarennn, no axo e no-necno sa xpacnna
xena a nonyun napnre upes nsmama - n cpannenne c nenpnn-
nexarennara xena, e no-nepoxrno rx a nonropn nomepa cn n
n eme. Pascxanaxn no rosn naunn, cennre sacea-
renn n cnmynnpano ceno eno naxasnar ouaponarennara
xpana no-rexxo n cpannenne c nenpnnnexarennara xena, a-
naxn cpeno npnca or ner n nononnna ronnn nnmanane
or cnooa n cpannenne c uernpnre ronnn sa nenpnnnexaren-
nara onnnxema.
Hesanncnmo or rosn pesynrar e ouennno, ue npn none-
uero ocroxrencrna npnnnexarennnre nspacrnn onxnone-
no ca onpananann no-uecro nopan nnnca na oxasarencr-
na". Cnope eno nscnenane rasn cxnonnocr non nauanoro
cn or pannoro ercrno. Cryenrxn uerar xparxo nncmeno onn-
canne na nexenarenno noneenne (]nsnuecxa arpecnx cpe-
my pyro ere nnn cpemy xnnorno) na ceemronmno ere.
erero ce pasrnexa xaro no-nnnonno, axo e nenpnnnexa-
renno n neronnre nperpemennx ce nsnpnemar xaro no-nen-
pocrnmn, orxonxoro axo cmoro e nsnpmeno or npnnnexa-
renno ere. Koraro arpecnxra e rexxa, cryenrxnre ca no-
cxnonnn a npnnncnar xponnunn anrnconnannn renennnn
na nenpnnnexarennoro ere, orxonxoro na npnnnexarenno-
ro, n ocnen rona cmxrar, ue nenpnnnexarennnre ena e no-
nepoxrno a nsnpmar noonn nperpemennx n n eme n
cpannenne c xpacnnnre ena.
HHHE B HHHE 3.
Moxe a ce rnpn, ue ]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr n<
onnnxemnx nnnxe npxy npanopasananero camo n ones!
cnyuan, n xonro oxasarencrnara ca nexcnn n nycmncnenn
Cmenpemenno nmenno rona ca cnyuanre, xonro onxnonenc
crnrar o c, r xaro onnnxemnre n noneuero cnyuan nne
npar nnnonen", axo oxasarencrnara cpemy rxx ca neoopn
mn. Be e nn xoncrpyxrnnno cennre sacearenn a ct
npeynpexanar sa nsmoxnara npeyeenocr, npnunnena o
r
npnnnexarennocrra na onnnxemnre n xeprnnre? Koraro c
enn sacearenn no eno sa yncrno no nenpenasnnnoe:
xareropnuno ce anraxnpar a ca esnpncrpacrnn, ncmnoc
r
anar na connanno n ]nsnuecxn nenpnnnexarennnre onnnx
emn no-cuusxooume.uu npncn. Cneonarenno nsrnexa, u<
npeynpexananero nm sa npeyeenocrra moxe a csan;
e]exr na oparna" npeyeenocr.
Iposnara ncrnna
Mnoroxparno e emoncrpnpano, ue sa ]nsnuecxn npnn
nexarennnre xopa ce cmxra, ue npensxoxar nenpnnnexa
rennnre no ncxxaxn naunn. Te ce nsnpnemar xaro no-ns
npnemunnn, ynepenn, ceeyrnpxanamn ce, macrnnnn, npn
nernnnn, c uyncrno sa xymop, rnxann, pyxenmnn, nsyx
amn, nnrennrenrnn n rananrnnnn, orxonxoro nenpnnnexa
rennnre, n nma nxxon oxasarencrna, ue re pasrnexar ce<
cn n ornocnrenno nacxarenna cnernnna. Ocnen rona npnnne
xarennnre xopa nmar noneue cpemn c npecrannrenn na py
rnx non n cpannenne c nenpnnnexarennnre, rexnnre mnenm
ca no-rpcenn, nenenn n cnerr xaro nxno e no-ycnyxnnn xx
rxx.
Hma oaue eno ocnonno nsxnmuenne or rona, moxe 6i
npnunneno or uyncrnara na pennocr. Henpnnnexarennnre xe
nn ue onenxnar xpacnnnre xaro npnrexanamn no-connannc
xenarenna nnunocr, orxonxoro no-nesaenexnmnre xenn. T<
pasrnexar xpacannnnre xaro npasnornann, eroncrnunn, ne
xomnerenrnn xaro ponrenn, rpcemn craryc, npensern n or
xcnarn or onesn, xonro ne ca raxa npnnnnernponann xar(
rxx. Ocnen rona cmxrar, ue nepoxrnocrra npnnnexarennnx
xenn a nmar nsnnpaunn npsxn n a sanounar paxopas-
nonn ena e no-ronxma.
Karo nxno oaue xpacnnnre xopa na rasn nnanera xnnexr
n no-npnxren, onpomanam n noxpenxm connanen cnxr n cpan-
nenne c no-esnnunnre. Vcnonnxra, npe xonro ce nsnpanxr
nenpnnnexarennnre, nocranxr no-ronemn nsnnrannx npe
aanrannxra nm. Amepnro ]apnna n neronnre crpynnnn n
Vnnnepcnrera na Knexrnxr onexar rasn nex o nornu-
noro saxnmuenne n nscnenar nnpoca ann ]nsnuecxara
nenpnnnexarennocr moxe a onpnnacx nnnpexrno sa ncn-
xnunoro pascrpocrno. Hpnnxr nponem, npe xoro ce nsn-
panxr, xoraro ce onnrnar a nponepxr rasn reopnx n ncnxnar-
pnuna xnnnnxa, e npaxenocrra or onnnunnx nepconan, un-
nro npecrannrenn nsnpnemar xaro onnn onnrnre a ce
emoncrpnpa, ue xopara, xonro ca emonnonanno necrannnn
n necnoconn a ce aanrnpar xm omecrnoro, ocnen rona ca
n rposnn.
]apnna orxpnna, ue ncnxnarpnunnre nannenrxn nanc-
rnna nsrnexar mnoro no-nenpnnnexarennn, orxonxoro xe-
nn, nasapynamn n marasnnn, nnn ynnnepcnrercxn cnyxnren-
xn. Pasnpa ce, moxe a ce rnpn, ue ncnxnarpnunnre na-
nnenrxn ca no-necnoconn nnn no-necxnonnn a ce rpnxar
sa cee cn, orxonxoro pyrnre xopa. Bnpexn rona ]nsnuec-
xn na-nenpnnnexarennnre nannenrxn nmar noneue xocnn-
rannsannn n cpannenne c no-npnnnexarennnre, npexapnar no-
neue nn n onnnnara no npeme na nacroxmoro cn xocnnra-
nnsnpane n e no-nepoxrno a ar narnocrnnnpann xaro
cepnosno pascrpoenn nnn c mnso]pennx. Ho-nenpnnnexaren-
nnre nannenrxn ocnen rona ce npenenxnar xaro no-nenpnxr-
nn n nsanmoecrnar no-manxo c pyrnre, xaxro n nmar no-
pexn nocemennx.
Ouennno n nno neneno a ce npnema, ue ]nsnuecxara
nenpnnnexarennocr e enncrnennxr nnn opn ocnonen ]ax-
rop n ncnxnunoro pascrpocrno. Tona, xoero e npanonoo-
no oaue, e, ue xopara, xonro neue nmar nponemn (rpenox-
nocr, nnnca na connannn ymennx), morar a ycranonxr, ue re
ce nnomanar, axo rpxna a ce cnpanxr n c onnnnrennnx
nponem na nnncara na ]nsnuecxa npnnnexarennocr.
HHHE B HHHE 31
Axo nponemnre cc cnpanxnero c omecrnoro ca no-
ronemn sa ]nsnuecxn nenpnnnexarennnre, rorana npn nxxon
ocroxrencrna nsnonsnanero na nnacrnuna xnpyprnx n cne-
nano a ce oxaxe nonesno. B eno nscnenane, nponeeno E
Hm Hopx, na sarnopnnnn, crpaamn or pasnnuno oesopasx-
nane (enesn or nsrapxnnx n npooxannx c nox, rarynpon-
xn, enesn or nnxexnnn npn ynorpea na napxornnn), e npe-
noxena nnacrnuna xnpyprnx. Cpe xopara, xonro ne ca npncr-
pacrenn xm xeponn, nnacrnunara xnpyprnx nourn namanxna
nanononnna pennnnnsma (npmanero n sarnopa o ena ro-
nna cne ocnooxananero), nanmanan npn sarnopnnnn,
unero oesopasxnane ocrana nenexynano. Herecer n mecr
nponenra or sarnopnnnnre, nenonyunnn xnpyprnx, ce npmar
n sarnopa, cpanneno camo c 30-re nponenra or resn, nonyunnn
xnpyprnx. Hnacrnunara xnpyprnx ce oxasna ocoeno nonesna
sa nnnara c nnneno oesopasxnane n cxxam rn nornxna a
npomenxr n pyrn cnon acnexrn.
Cpemn c npecrannrenn na
pyrnx non n xennrn
Ena cnryannx, n xoxro ]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr nr-
pae naxna ponx, ca cpemnre, no nnpexn rona xopara, nsrnex-
a, ca n naxeno neneenne sa crenenra, o xoxro ]nsnuecxara
npnnnexarennocr na pyrnre nnnxe npxy noneennero nm.
Cryenrn or nara nona nenpexcnaro rnpxr, ue na-nax-
nara xapaxrepncrnxa na norennnannnx naprntop e nnunocr-
ra, cnenana or xapaxrepa, nnmnnx nn n cne rona (na mno-
ro no-sano mxcro n cnncxa) nnrennrenrnocrra. Hscnena-
nnxra oaue onxnoneno npornnopeuar na rona. 3a nonnre cry-
enrn n Vnnnepcnrera na Mnnecora e ypeen xomnmrpen
rann", npn xoro yx ce nsnonsna xomnmrp, sa a cuerae
noxnre cnope nnrepecnre n nnunocrra nm
4
. Cne xaro ran-
nnre nponxanar rpn uaca, or cryenrnre ce ncxa a noco-
4
Berscheid, E. & Walster, E. (1974). Physical Attractiveness. Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 7. London: Academic Press.
uar o xaxna crenen xapecnar naprntopnre cn, ann ncxar or-
nono a nsnxsar c rxx n r.n. 3a mxere n sa xennre enncrne-
nnxr naxen ]axrop n onpeenxnero na crenenra na xapecnane
na naprntopnre, e ]nsnuecxara nm npnnnexarennocr. Hnunocr-
ra nourn nxma snauenne, a onesn, unero axaemnuno npecra-
nxne e opo, ca no-manxo xapecnann, orxonxoro cryenrnre c
nomn axaemnunn pesynrarn.
Moxe n nnmnnxr nn nma no-ronxmo snauenne npn np-
nnre cpemn, orxonxoro npn xopara, xonro ce nosnanar ope.
Kaxro e xasan xopx Fpnap Boy c onuannx npnanc-
xn nmx; Kpacorara e nemo uyecno, no xo nome x nor-
nexa, cne xaro or rpn nn neue e n xmara?" Boy moxe a
e npan sa rona, ue xpacorara crana no-manonaxna c
nrorpanoro onosnanane, no ne e npan, ue rx nxxora crana
nepenenanrna. Hxxon nnnnnn rnpxr, ue cpemnre ca ]opma
na rpronnx: ncexn uonex ce onnrna a npenpne onpeeneno
connanno nsanmoecrnne nn nsmoxno na-neuennnmo, xa-
ro neuanara ce onpeenx xaro narpanre, cneuenenn or nsan-
moecrnnero, mnnyc nenara, xoxro rpxna a ce nnarn. Cne-
onarenno momnue, sa xoero cn crpyna a nrynam ner mnnn,
sa a ro nnnm, me rpxna a e neonxnoneno npnnnexaren-
no, sa a onpanae nremecrnne or 50 mnnn. Axo ]nsnuecxara
npnnnexarennocr ccrannxna narpaa", onxnoneno me ce
noxnxna nxxaxna rouxa na pannonecne, xoraro nama ymn ca
c npnnnsnrenno ena n cma npnnnexarennocr. Bcmnocr
croennre n xenennre noxn onxnoneno cn npnnnuar no
]nsnuecxa npnnnexarennocr, maxap ue nma n nsxnmuennx.
Cuerananero na npnnnexarennocrra nsrnexa ocraru-
no pasymno or nxxon rnenn rouxn, no ocra osaauanamo -
or pyrn. T xaro nourn ncexn uonex na-mnoro nenn nsx-
nmunrenno npnnnexarennnre nnna or pyrnx non, samo nen-
pnnnexarennnre mxe, nsrnexa, ce xenxr sa rposnn xenn, n
oparnoro? Orronopr cxxam e, ue namnxr nsop ce onpee-
nx ne ronxona or onona, xoero ncxame, a or rona, xoero mo-
xem a nonyunm. Hxma cmncn a ce onnrnare a nsxaunre
Enepecr, axo ne pasnonarare c annnnncrxa exnnnponxa.
Connonosnre ca orenxsnann, ue npnnnexarennocrra no-
nomara connannara monnnocr. Momnuerara or paornnuecxa-
HHHE B HHHE 39
ra xnaca, xonro ce omxnar n no-ropna xnaca", ca mnoro no-
npnnnexarennn ]nsnuecxn, orxonxoro onesn, xonro ne ro npa-
nxr. Tesn nnxemn ce narope momnuera, nsrnexa, xnpnxr
mpexnre cn no-namnpoxo n no-cenexrnnno, orxonxoro ocrana-
nnre cn xonexxn"; mnoro no-manxo nepoxrno e re a nsnn-
sar nocroxnno" camo c eno momue n yunnnme n cnoenxr mno-
ro no-manxa cexcyanna axrnnnocr n yunnnmna nspacr (10%
cpemy 70% npn nemonnnnre momnuera), nepoxrno samoro
re morar a nmar ocraruno raxera", es a nosnonxnar
nonon axr.
pyro connanno npenmcrno na ]nsnuecxara npnnnexa-
rennocr e nennxr nesaanen e]exr na opeona". Axo mx
e nnxn n xomnannx na xpacnnn xenn, onxnoneno onen-
xara nn sa nero ce nonnmana, xoero naxn n sa xenara, npn-
pyxanana or xpacnn mx. Or pyra crpana, cxnonnn cme a
oesnenxname nxxoro, xoro nsnnsa c nenpnnnexarennn npe-
crannrenn na pyrnx non.
Hpannnnoro nnne sa npannnnara paora
H naxpax, ]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr uecro nrpae pe-
mnrenna ponx na nasapa na rpya. Hxxonxo saxona ca npnern
cncem npannnno nn Bennxopnrannx n CAB, sa a sapa-
nxr ncxpnmnnannxra na paornoro mxcro na asara na paca-
ra n nona. Moxe n no-xonapna - samoro ne e ronxona ocs-
nara - e ncxpnmnnannxra na asara na ]nsnuecxara npnnne-
xarennocr. Popr nno n neronnre crpynnnn or Vnn-
nepcnrera na Tenecn ncxar or xonexann a onenxr xnann]n-
xannxra na nanaecer xannarn sa paorara na oyuanam
ce rproncxn mennxp. Cryenrnre nonyuanar xparxo onn-
canne na xnann]nxannxra na xannarnre n rexnnre cnnmxn
n ca na-cxnonnn a naemar ]nsnuecxn npnnnexarennnx mx
c orara xnann]nxannx. Koraro ca nomonenn a nsepar ca-
mo enn xannar, 11% nsnpar xnann]nnnpannx, no nenpnn-
nexarenen uonex, no 35% nsnpar xnann]nnnpannx n npnn-
nexarenen mx. Cne rona cryenrnre ca nomonenn a npne-
mar, ue ca nasnaunnn ncexn xannar n rpxna a npenoxar
noxoxmara nauanna sannara. Bncoxn sannarn ce anar na
mxere, na-xnann]nnnpannre n ]nsnuecxn na-npnnnexa-
rennnre xopa.
Ecrecrneno, npo]ecnonannnre nnrepnmnpamn ne nxa
nosnonnnn ]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr a nonnnxe npxy
pemennxra nm oxonxo aen xannar e noxoxm sa onpe-
eneno paorno mxcro. Taxa nn e oaue? nno orunra rasn
nsmoxnocr n nscnenane, n xoero xonexann n npo]ecnonan-
nn nnrepnmnpamn onenxnar nxxonxo xannarn sa nosnnnx-
ra me] na meenna cexnnx n ronxm marasnn n rpacxn nen-
rp. Hpnnnexarennnre xannarn nourn nnnarn ca npenoue-
renn npe nenpnnnexarennnre c pannn opasonarennn nocrn-
xennx xaxro or npo]ecnonannnre nnrepnmnpamn, raxa n or
cryenrnre.
Hnrepecno nsxnmuenne na nexra, ue ]nsnuecxn npnnne-
xarennnre xopa e no-nepoxrno a ar nspann sa npnnnexa-
rennn paornn mecra n cpannenne c ]nsnuecxn nenpnnnexa-
rennnre, ce orxpnna or Tomac Kem n neronnre xonern. Te yc-
ranonxnar, ue npnnnexarennnre mxe nmar npenmcrno npe
nenpnnnexarennnre, xoraro xannarcrnar sa mxecrnenn"
paornn mecra (npoanau na xonn, unnonnnx no rpancnopra),
no ne n xoraro xannarcrnar sa xencrnenn" paornn mecra
(rene]onncr, penennnonncr). Ho cmnx naunn npnnnexaren-
nnre xenn ce npenounrar npe nearpaxrnnnnre sa xencrne-
nnre, no ne n sa mxecrnennre paornn mecra.
3axnmuennx
]nsnuecxara npnnnexarennocr nrpae naxna ponx n np-
nnre cpemn mexy mxere n xennre, no mannnna or nac ocs-
nanar rouno xonxo noxo e nsecrnnero . ]nsnuecxn
npnnnexarennnre xopa nonyuanar no-cnnsxonrenno ornome-
nne n cpannenne c nenpnnnexarennnre or cennre xypnra,
no-manxo nepoxrno e a pasnnxr ncnxnuno pascrpocrno, no-
monnnn ca n connanno ornomenne n e no-nepoxrno a nne-
uarnxr norennnannnre paoroarenn. Hsrnexa necnpane-
nnno npnnnexarennnre a ce panar na ncnuxn resn naxnn
npenmcrna. Hpnara crnxa n onexuananero na cnryannxra
HHHE B HHHE 41
e a ce ycranonxr ]axrnre n n rasn rnana nanpannxme rouno
rona, maxap n naxparxo no neoxonmocr. Cne rona nna sa-
auara a ce nomorne na xonxoro ce moxe noneue xopa a ocs-
naxr norennnannnre onacnocrn or ncxpnmnnannxra cpemy
]nsnuecxn nenpnnnexarennnre nnna.
Ycauo1enne n nn1nunoc1
Koraro ce cpemame c pyrn xopa, orxpnname, ue cn mnc-
nnm n uyncrname na-pasnnunn nema, noneuero or xonro e
no-ope a ne ce nspasxnar na rnac. Cxnonnn cme a ne xas-
name: Cnope men rn cn nsxnmunrenno cxyuen", He re xa-
pecnam" nnn Tn cn enn aporanren rnax", ocnen c nsxnm-
uenne moxe n na na-nnsxnre n na-cxnnre nn xopa. C-
menpemenno uecro npeaname raxnna mncnn n uyncrna upes
nenepannnre cnrnann - xaro nnnenn nspaxennx, xecrone,
nosa, spnrenen xonraxr n ron na rnaca. a rneare uonexa,
xoro nn ronopn, e nnnxannx, ue opmare nnnmanne na
ymnre my. Oparnoro, xoraro ne rneare pyrnx, rona no-
nxxora e snax, ue namnpare pasronopa my cxyuen. Ho cmnx
naunn, axo ne xapecname xopara, cme cxnonnn a ro noxasna-
me, xaro cronm nacrpana or rxx n ronopnm sa aconmrno
esnnunn nema.
Ha npn norne nsrnexa crpanno, ue nn ncexnnennnre
connannn cnryannn e nyxen cnoxen naop or nenepannn cnr-
nann. B xpana cmerxa anrnncxnxr esnx c neronnre 500 000
ymn ocnrypxna mnoro oraro n mormo xomynnxannonno
cpecrno. 3amo ce e pasnnn mnuannnnxr esnx" na nenepan-
nnre cnrnann? Maxn Apran or Oxc]opcxnx ynnnepcnrer
nsnra resara, ue esnxr n nenepannnre cnrnann o ronxma
crenen nsnnnxnar pasnnunn ]ynxnnn, xaro nenepannnre cnr-
nann ce nsnonsnar sa ycranonxnane n nopxane na nnunnre
nsanmoornomennx, a esnxr ce nsnonsna sa npeanane na nn-
]opmannx sa cnrnx, xonro ca nnmnn na ronopemnre. Ho-
HHHE B HHHE 43
rennnannara nenonxocr or nspnuanero na uyncrnara sa py-
rnx n pasronopa, nsrnexa, o ronxma crenen moxe a ce ns-
erne, xaro ce npnerne o mnoro no-ronxmara nycmncnenocr
na nenepannnre cnrnann.
Maxn Apran n neronnre xonern ca sannrpnrynann or
nnpoca xaxno rouno erepmnnnpa uyncrnara nn xm nenosna-
rnre. ann e rona, xoero re xasnar, nnn xax ro xasnar? 3arona
re nponexar excnepnmenr, n xoro npnnnexarenna xena xasna
nema, nenxmn a nspasxnar narnaca na npensxocrno nnn
manonennocr. Hpnpyxanamnre ymnre nenepannn cnrnann
npeanar nnn nncmecroxma narnaca (cepnosno nspaxenne,
nnrnara rnana, nncox, omnnnpam rnac), nnn narnaca na mano-
nennocr (nepnna, nournrenna ycmnnxa, naneena rnana, nepnen
n ncxam a yron rnac). Koraro nma cncx mexy ymnre
n nenepannnre cnrnann, xonro nsnuna, uyncrnara na pyxe-
nmnocr, npnxrnocr n r.n. xm nex ca mnoro no-nonnnxnn or
nenepannnre cnrnann, orxonxoro or ymnre .
Enn or na-ouaponarennnre acnexrn na nenepannnre
cnrnann e, ue xopara uecro ca nonnnxnn or rxx, es a ro ocs-
nanar. Exxapr Xec ycranonxna, ue emonnonannara nsya no-
paxa pasmnpenne na sennnara na oxoro n ue mxere ca no-
npnnneuenn xm momnuera c pasmnpenn sennnn, maxap px-
xo a ocsnanar, ue pearnpar nmenno na rona. Hnrepecno e a
ce orenexn, ue porara enaona (xoero osnauana yxnannc
,xpacnna xena") npensnnxna pasmnpenne na sennnnre n nx-
xora ce e cmxrana sa mormo cpecrno sa npencrxnane.
oxocnamn n neoxocnamn
Ocoeno naxna ]opma na nenepanna xomynnxannx e o-
xocnanero, xoero ce nsyuana n erann or Cnnn xpap or
Vnnnepcnrera na unopna. To ncxa or nexenenn mxe t
xenn na nspacr or 18 o 22 ronnn a nocouar xon sonn m
renara nm ca nnn oxocnann or maxa nm, ama nm n na-
nnsxnx npnxren or cmnx n or pyrnx non n xon sonn ne
renara na resn pyrn xopa re camnre ca oxocnann. C ouenn-
noro nsxnmuenne na oxocnanero mexy nnsxn npnxrenn or
nara nona, nma nxxon oxasarencrna sa ray na oxocnane
ro, nepoxrno samoro oxocnanero n mnoro sanann omecrna
onxnoneno nma cexcyanna xonorannx.
Mnanre mxe n xenn cnoenxr nourn enaxna crenen
na oxocnane or maxnre cn n nourn enaxn po sonn na
rxnoro cn. Mnanre mxe oaue ne oxocnar renara na ma-
xnre cn na ronxona mnoro mecra, xonxoro ca oxocnann ma-
xnre nm nnn na xonxoro ca oxocnann maxnre cn mnanre
xenn. Mnanre xenn ca oxocnann amnre cn no noneue sonn
n cpannenne c mnanre mxe n na cno pe ca nnn oxocnann
no noneue renecnn sonn or amnre cn, orxonxoro mnanre
mxe. Bcmnocr nxxonxo mxe cnoenxr, ue ne morar a cn
cnomnxr xaxnro n a e ]nsnuecxn xonraxr c amnre cn. Ko-
raro crana yma sa oxocnane nrpe n cemecrnoro, mepnre
ca onaroerencrnann.
xpap saxnmuana, ue oxocnanero e npnmnrnnnnxr
esnx na nmonra n ue orarnxr ]nsnuecxn xonraxr moxe a
ecrna xaro npnpono ycnoxoxnamo cpecrno. Cmenpemen-
no, maxap ue n Kann]opnnx n pyrae nma mnoro repanenrnu-
nn rpynn, xonro ce anraxnpar n uyncrnane" n rpynnpane",
pesynrarnre or sacnnennx ]nsnuecxn xonraxr ca pasouapona-
mo npornnopeunnn.
xpap ocnen rona ce nnrepecyna or mexyxynrypnnre
pasnnunx n oxocnanero. To nanmana noxn, ronopemn
cn n xa]enera n pecropanrn, n pon xonxo nrn ennnxr o-
xocna pyrnx na macara n nponxenne na enn uac. B Can
Xyan n Hyepro Pnxo omnxr po oxocnannx e 180. B Ha-
pnx e 110, a n Honon e 0! Moxe n n nexra, ue anrnnuannre
ca cryenn n pesepnnpann, nma spnne ncrnna.
Bepoxrno na-nsyuananoro mexyxynrypno pasnnune n ne-
nepannoro noneenne e pascroxnnero, xoero xopara ncxar a
nopxar mexy cee cn n uonexa, c xororo ronopxr. Iep-
mannnre, cenepnoamepnxannnre n mnenre onxnoneno nsn-
par no-ronxma ncrannnx, orxonxoro narnnoamepnxannnre,
rpnnre, nrannannnre or Rra n apanre. Cpannennero na apa-
nre n amepnxannnre pasxpnna, ue apanre ce xon]ponrnpar
enn pyr no-npexrno, croxr no-nnso enn o pyr n e no-
nepoxrno a ce oxocnar n a nopxar spnrenen xonraxr,
xaxro n a ronopxr no-cnnno. Hpecranere cn nponemnre na
HHHE B HHHE
mexynaponnre cpemn, npn xonro amepnxancxnre n anrnnc-
xnre enerarn ce pnar nasa, a apanre n mxnoenponenn-
re nenpexcnaro ce crpemxr a ce onnxar o rxx.
Maxap ue nma mnoxecrno nnrepecnn nscnenannx npx)
nenepannara xomynnxannx, noneuero or rxx nscnenar nc
enn cnrnan (oxocnane, spnrenen xonraxr, ]nsnuecxa nc-
rannnx). Hscnenannxra, xonro me ocnm cera, ocnrypxnar
naxnn npospennx sa naunnnre, no xonro pasnnunnre acnexrn
na nenepannara xomynnxannx cn nnnxxr nsanmno, n npena-
rar nonesna reopernuna pamxa.
Knmuon excnepnmenr: spnrenen xonraxr
Maxn Apran n xaner nn
5
or Oxc]opcxnx ynn-
nepcnrer npnemar sa cnox nauanna rouxa onycxanero, ue co-
nnannoro nsanmoecrnne onxnoneno nxnmuna renennnn
xaxro sa onnxanane, raxa n sa nsxrnane. Or ena crpana,
xenannero a em xapecnan or pyrnx n npnnnnuanero xm
rosn uonex nacpuanar nnrnmnocrra; or pyra crpana, rpe-
noxnocrra or pasxpnnanero na cee cn nnn or orxnpnxnero
oescpuanar nnrnmnocrra. Kax ce ocrnra o yoen ananc
mexy nere npornnononoxnn renennnn?
Apran n nn cmxrar, ue mexynnunocrnara nnrnmnocr
ce npoxnxna rnanno n pasnnunn nenepannn nsanmoecrnnx,
nxnmunrenno ]nsnuecxara ncrannnx mexy xopara, spnren-
nnx xonraxr, ycmnxnanero n naxnanxnero. Croenero mnoro
nnso o nxxoro nanpnmep e no-nnrnmno", orxonxoro no-
pxanero na ronxmo pascroxnne. Axo oaue nxxo cron rnp-
e nnso o nac - no-nnso, orxonxoro cmxrame sa xom]opr-
no, anancr, xoro ce onnrname a ycranonnm, ce napymana.
Maxap ue na-necnoro pemenne me e a ce oraneunm, sa a
nscranonnm ananca, rona nennnarn e nsmoxno nnn e conn-
anno npnemnnno. Anrepnarnnara e a xomnencnpame sacnne-
nara nnrnmnocr n enn acnexr na nenepannara xomynnxa-
5
Argyle, M. & Dean, J. (1965). Eye-contact, distance, and affiliation. 5b-
dometry, 28, 289-304.
nnx upes namanxnane na nnrnmnocrra n enn nnn noneue py-
rn acnexrn.
Apran n nn nscnenar nxxon or resn nen n excnepn-
menr, n xoro pasnnunn xopa ca nomonenn a yuacrnar n nsc-
nenane na pasronopnre. Koraro yuacrnnxr npncrnra sa exc-
nepnmenra, e npecranen na pyr uonex, xoro nsrnexa xaro
pyr yuacrnnx, no ncmnocr e onepeno nnne na excnepnmenra-
ropnre. Hcrnncxnxr yuacrnnx n onepenoro nnne cne rona
ce anraxnpar n rpn pasronopa, ceexn na 63 cm n npnnx, na
1,89 m - nn nropnx, n na 3,1 m - n rpernx; ocnen rona cexr na
90 enn xm pyr. Cne rona cnmecrno nsmncnxr ncropnn
na asara na cnnmxn, nocxasnamn pasnnunn remn. onepeno-
ro nnne nenpexcnaro rnea nacrounno yuacrnnxa, a nama
nanmarenn sa enonocouno orneano rnear npexrno n
ounre na nscnenanoro nnne, es a ar nnxann.
Hexra, ue xopara ce onnrnar a nopxar xom]oprno
pannnme na mexynnunocrna nnrnmnocr, nocxasna, ue ns-
cnenannre nnna na Apran n nn n rpxnano a nscra-
nonxr pannonecnero npn na-manxara ]nsnuecxa ncrannnx
(63 cm), xaro namanxr nnrnmnocrra na pyrnre nenepannn
peaxnnn. Crnacno ouaxnannxra, xonnuecrnoro spnrenen xon-
raxr, xoro yuacrnnxr nma c onepenoro nnne, nporpecnnno
namanxna, xonxoro no-nnso cexr enn o pyr. Koraro yuacr-
nnxr n onepenoro nnne ca or nara nona, spnrennnxr
xonraxr ce noxnxna n 58% or npemero npn 3,1 m, 55% or npe-
mero - npn 1,89 m, no camo 30% or npemero - npn 63 cm. Ha-
nmanar ce noonn, no ne ronxona pamarnunn e]exrn, xo-
raro yuacrnnxr n onepenoro nnne ca or enn n cm non:
spnrennnxr xonraxr namanxna or 72% npn 3,1 m na 55% npn
63 cm. Karo nxno npn pasnonononnre noxn nma mnoro no-
manxo spnrenen xonraxr n cpannenne c enonononnre, nepo-
xrno samoro xopara ca no-sarpnxenn a ne n nenosnarn or
pyrnx non a ne rn xapecar - n cpannenne c nenosnarn or
cmnx non - n orryx n nsnecrna no-ronxma npenasnnnocr.
Tesn pesynrarn cnope Apran n nn cxxam noxasnar,
ue namanennxr spnrenen xonraxr e enn or naunnnre sa cnpa-
nxne c npensnnxnamoro ncxom]opr ocsnanane, ue nenos-
narnxr cen no-nnso o nac, orxonxoro nxre ncxann. Hma
HHHE B HHHE 4'
oaue n anrepnarnnno oxcnenne. Ena or npnunnnre, nopa-
n xonro rneame pyrnx, e a nsnnnuame nn]opmannx sa ne-
ronara peaxnnx cnpxmo nac. E, xonxoro no-aneu cron uone-
xr, ronxona no-rpyno crana a nnxame ]nnnre nmancn na
nnnenoro my nspaxenne. B raxnna cnryannn nmame nyxa a
rneame noneue, sa a orxpnem onona, xoero ncxame a snaem.
Apran n nn orenxsnar pyrn npoxnn na ncxom]opr oc-
nen namanennx spnrenen xonraxr, xoraro onepenoro nnne n
yuacrnnnnre ca camo na 63 cm enn or pyr; yuacrnnnnre ca
cxnonnn a ce onxrar nasa, a rnear naony, a sacenunar
ounre cn c pne,*a npncnnnar oun, a uemar rnanara cn, a
nymar n a yxar noca cn mnoro no-uecro, orxonxoro xoraro
cexr na 1,89 nnn 3,1 m.
Maxap ue mnoro ncnxonosn xapecnar ocnonnara nex, ue
pasnnunnre acnexrn na nenepannoro noneenne ce xomn-
nnpar, sa a csaar nxnocrno npenounrano nnno na mex-
ynnunocrna nnrnmnocr, onxxe ca xonennnn no ornome-
nne na ena nnn ne xapaxrepncrnxn na nscnenanero na Ap-
ran n nn. Hanpnmep yuacrnnnnre moxe a ca ocsnann,
ue e neecrecrneno a ar sxnann or onepenoro nnne npes
nxnoro npeme na ncexn pasronop. Ocnen rona c ynennuanane
na pascroxnnero mexy yuacrnnnnre n onepenoro nnne ce
ynennuana n ncrannnxra mexy yuacrnnxa n nanmarennre
sa enonocounoro orneano, xonro sanncnar spnrennnx xon-
raxr. Ho-rpyno e a ce xaxe ann yuacrnnxr nma npexren
spnrenen xonraxr c onepenoro nnne, axo cen na ronxona
ronxmo pascroxnne. Bnpexn rona n pyrn nscnenannx, n xo-
nro resn nponemn ca ennmnnnpann, ca nonyuenn mnoro no-
onn pesynrarn na resn na Apran n nn.
Bsanmoecrnne na nepannnre n
nenepannnre cnrnann
Hnrepecno pasmnpenne na nscnenannxra na Apran n
nn sacxra naunna, no xoro cn nnnxxr nepannara n nenep-
annara nnrnmnocr. Axo nxxo e nomonen a ronopn sa orno-
cnrenno nnrnmnn remn c nenosnar, me nonnnxe nn rona npxy
48 XAHC HMAHKTHAH3EHK HABHPEHHE HA HCHXHKATA
neronoro nenepanno noneenne? Pnuap Bynn n xon Fe-
p]yr nsyuanar rosn nnpoc, xaro monxr xopara a orronopxr
na nnpocn, xonro napnpar mexy cpannnrenno neyrpannn
(Kon ca nmnmnre nn ncnnnnnnn n ynnnepcnrera?") n mno-
ro nnunn (Onnmere uonexa, n xororo cre nnn nnn cre nnm-
enn"). Koraro yuacrnnnnre orronapxr na no-nnrnmnnre nn-
pocn, npexapnar no-manxo npeme n rneane na excnepnmenra-
ropa, orxonxoro xoraro ronopxr sa neyrpannnre remn, nepo-
xrno xaro onnr a nocrnrnar yono pannnme na nnrnmnocr.
Bynn n Fep]yr ocnen rona orxpnnar, ue yuacrnnnnre
anar no-xparxn orronopn, xoraro cexr nnso o excnepnmen-
raropa (n rosn cnyua 93 cm) n ocnen rona ce anraxnpar n no-
pxx spnrenen xonraxr. Ho-osaauanam pesynrar e, ue yuacr-
nnnnre ce ycmnxnar na nrn noneue, xoraro cexr nnso o
excnepnmenraropa, orxonxoro xoraro ca na no-ronxmo pascro-
xnne. Apran n nn npnemar, ue no-manxoro ycmnxnane me
ce noxnn, axo xenanoro nnno na nnrnmnocr e nannmeno. C-
menpemenno ycmnxnanero moxe a osnauana nxxonxo pasnnu-
nn nema. Vcmnnxara Ena no-nnso" na nxxoro, xoro snae,
ue e npnnnexarenen, ne nna a ce pxa c ocra npnnyenara
ycmnnxa na uonex, nsnnrnam nrpemno nanpexenne.
Hamanxnane na nnrnmnocrra o
yono pannnme
Axo cme n connanna cnryannx n uyncrname, ue nnnoro na
mexynnunocrna nnrnmnocr e rnpe nncoxo, xon acnexrn
na noneennero nn e na-nepoxrno a ce npomenxr n onnr a
ce nscranonn anancr? Apran npenonara, ue nma ena
naxna pasnnxa mexy ornocnrenno nensmennnre xapaxre-
pncrnxn na nsanmoecrnnero - nanpnmep ]nsnuecxa nc-
rannnx, opnenrannx na rxnoro n nosa - n no-nsmenunnnre n
nnamnunn acnexrn, nanpnmep spnrenen xonraxr, nnneno ns-
paxenne n nepanna nnrnmnocr. Hpncnocoxnanero na nx-
nocrnara nnrnmnocr onxnoneno nxnmuna nnamnunnre
xomnonenrn na nnrnmnocrra, a ne ronxona ornocnrenno cra-
nnnnre enemenrn.
HHHE B HHHE 4<
Kaxro snaem ncnuxn or nnuen onnr, xopara ce pasnnuanar
cmecrneno no npenounranoro pannnme na mexynnunocr-
na nnrnmnocr n aena cnryannx. Or nxxon or nenre na Ap-
ran n nn cnena, ue xopa, xonro ca ocoeno npnrecnenn or
nsmoxnocrra a ar orxnpnenn or pyrnre, ca cxnonnn
a npenounrar ornocnrenno nncxn nnna na nnrnmnocr. Hx-
xon pesynrarn, penenanrnn na rosn xonxperen nnpoc, ca no-
nyuenn or Manc Harepcn
6
or Vnnnepcnrera na Mncypn. To
nocranx nprxm ce cron na nxxonxo ]yra* or crona na excne-
pnmenraropa n ncexn yuacrnnx e noxanen a cn nseme cron".
Hscnenannre nnna ca cxnonnn a nocranxr nprxmnx ce cron
nnn na 109 cm or crona na excnepnmenraropa, nnn na 4,40 m.
Tesn, xonro nmar nncoxn pesynrarn no recr sa connanna rpe-
noxnocr, ca cxnonnn a nopxar no-ronxma ncrannnx mex-
y cee cn n excnepnmenraropa, orxonxoro onesn, xonro ne ca
connanno rpenoxnn.
Moenr na pannonecnero, npenoxen or Apran n nn,
ouennno e penenanren na ncexnnennoro nsanmoecrnne. Oc-
nen rona ro cxxam xnpnx cnernnna npxy nponeypnre, xo-
nro onxnoneno ce npnemar npn pennrnosnnre nsnonen n ncn-
xnarpnunnre cecnn, n xonro rpemnnxr nnn nannenrr e na-
cpuen a xasna orpnnarennn nema sa cee cn n npnccrnnero
na pyr uonex (cnemennx nnn ncnxnarp), xoro nsxrna spn-
rennnx xonraxr. T xaro nponxnrennoro ocxane na
neunx neaexnarnocr e nnrnmna rema sa pasronop n nepoxrno
me e nenonxa, ncxxo ynennuanane na mexynnunocrnara
nnrnmnocr upes spnrenen xonraxr nepoxrno me non o na-
maneno nepanno cnoenxne (Fxx rpy c r-n Cmnr mnnanara
cemnna" nmecro Hsxnpnnx ncnuxoro oxoceno ceno or rpa-
nnara cn na anexra na r-n Cmnr").
Hesanncnmo or ouennnara cronocr na reopnxra na Ap-
ran n nn nma ocroxrencrna, npn xonro rx npennxa rou-
nara npornnononoxnocr na onona, xoero crana na npaxrnxa.
6
Patterson, M. L. (1976). An arousal model of interpersonal intimacy. Psy-
chological Review, 83, 235-245.
* Enn ]yr e panen na 31,48 cm. - Fen. npen.
Bepoxrno e cnpanennno a ce xaxe, ue npenounrannre nnna
na nnrnmnocr mexy xopara ca no-rnxann n n no-ronxma cre-
nen oexr na npomxna upes nenepannn cnrnann, orxonxoro
npnemar Apran n nn.
Hnuno npocrpancrno
pyr nnrepecen n naxen acnexr na nenepannoro nonee-
nne, rxcno cnpsan c noneennxra, nsyuanann or Apran, e nnu-
noro npocrpancrno. Popr Comp or Vnnnepcnrera na Kann-
]opnnx rnpn, ue nnunoro npocrpancrno ce ornacx o sona c
nennnmn rpannnn, saonxanxma rxnoro na uonexa, n xoxro na-
mecrnennnn ne morar a nnxsar". pyrn ca onpnnnuanann nnu-
noro npocrpancrno na y]epna sona, xoxro nosnonxna samnra
cpemy nsnpnemann sannaxn. Crpyna cn a orenexnm, ue mno-
ro nonornunn nnone, nsrnexa, cmo nmar nnuno npocrpanc-
rno. Hanpnmep mnnnmannara connanna ncrannnx sa ]namnn-
roro e oxono 63 cm, sa nounnennre mxxn sann - oxono 31 cm,
a npn nxxon nnone mamynn raxona nsomo ne cmecrnyna.
Enn or naunnnre a ce nponepn snauennero na nnunoro
npocrpancrno e a ce nnn xaxno crana, xoraro n nero ce naxnye.
Hne, xopara, ce uyncrname sannamenn n npnrecnenn or nnnasn-
xra n onxnoneno ecrname orpannrenno. Mnoro npocr onnr
a ce nanmanar peaxnnnre na naxnynanero n nnunoro npocr-
pancrno e nanpanen or Hancn xo ]ennne n Popr Comp,
xonro nponexar eno or npoyunannxra cn n ronxma ncnxnar-
pnuna onnnna. Excnepnmenraropr onxanx ns nncrnrynnx-
ra n cxa na oxono 15 cm or mx, xoro cen cam n ne e anra-
xnpan c xcno onpeenena enocr. Axo xeprnara" npemecrn
crona cn nnn ce orpnne xm xpax na nexara, excnepnmenra-
ropr ce npemecrna raxa, ue a sanasn cmoro npocrpancrno
mexy rxx xaro npen. Xeprnara onxnoneno pearnpa, xaro
ce nsnpma or excnepnmenraropa, cnnna naxrn o rxnoro cn,
mnxa, cmee ce nepnno nnn sanouna nanyno a ronopn. Hono-
nnnara or xeprnnre xrar n pamxnre na ener mnnyrn, cne
xaro excnepnmenraropr e cenan o rxx, a camo 8% ocranar
na mxcroro cn, nepoxrno samoro ne uyncrnar, ue ca naxnynn n
nnunoro nm npocrpancrno.
HHHE B HHHE 51
Ecrecrneno, ]ennne n Comp ce uyxr ann resn nneuarnx-
namn pesynrarn ce nxar na nsnonsnanero na ncnxnarpnunn
nannenrn xaro nscnenann nnna. B cnenamnx nm excnepn-
menr xena excnepnmenrarop cxa mnoro nnso o cryenrxn
n ornocnrenno npasna ynnnepcnrercxa nnnorexa. Ceeme-
cer nponenra or cryenrxnre nanycxar nnnorexara n pam-
xnre na 30 mnnyrn. Camo 13% ronepnpar ronxmara nnsocr
na excnepnmenraropa n ocranar na mxcroro cn.
Axo nxxo nannese n nnunoro nn npocrpancrno n nn naxa-
pa a ce uyncrname nenonxo, ann me ro nomonnm a ce ora-
neun? Ouennno ne, cnope pesynrarnre na ]ennne n Comp.
Te orenxsnar, ue camo nama or ncnxnarpnunnre nannenrn n
ena or 80-re cryenrxn monxr uonexa, naxnyn n nnunoro nm
npocrpancrno, a ce oraneun. Tona omo nexenanne orxpn-
ro a ce npnsnae ncxom]oprr non Xon - enn or ocnonnnre
nscneonarenn na uonemxoro nnuno npocrpancrno, a na-
nnme: Ornacxme ce xm npocrpancrnoro nourn xaro xm cex-
ca. To cmecrnyna, no nne ne ronopnm sa nero".
Onxnoneno ce npnema, ue naxnynanero n nnunoro npocr-
pancrno csana crpec n nanpexenne, no nma ornocnrenno man-
xo onnrn rona onycxane a ce nponepn excnepnmenranno. e-
nnc Mnnmncr n neronnre xonern or Barcxnx ynnnepcnrer
na Oxnaxoma oaue ro npanxr, nsnonsnaxn mxxa roanerna
c rpn nncoapa xaro rnpe excnenrpnuna cpea sa nscnena-
nero cn. Te ce saemar a oxaxar, ue crpecr nnn rpenox-
nocrra saanx nauanoro na ypnnnpanero (namanenoro ornyc-
xane na c]nnxrepa no rexnnre ymn me npnunnn nanxrane
npxy nnxounnx mexyp n raxa me cxparn noroxa na ypnna-
ra). Hscneonarennre oxasnar resara cn. Koraro mxr ypn-
nnpa cam, cpenoro saanxne npen sanounanero na ypnnnpa-
nero e 5 cexynn, cpanneno c 8,5 cexynn, xoraro onepeno
nnne na excnepnmenraropnre cron npe ccennx nncoap.
Cpenara nponxnrennocr na noroxa na ypnnara namanxna
or 25 cexynn sa mxere, xonro ypnnnpar camn, na 17,5 ce-
xynn npn resn, xonro croxr o onepenoro nnne.
xepan Kyup or Xapnapcxoro mennnncxo yunnnme
e rnpe pasouaponan onnra a ce pasnnna ncnxonornx na nn-
rnmnoro, nocounaxn, ue rpannnara mexy pasunranero na
ncexnnennn enocrn n mnnonnpanero na nnrnmnnre ]ynx-
nnn na pyrnre e mnoro ennxarna. Mnnmncr orronapx, ue
nnro enn or yuacrnnnnre n excnepnmenra my c ypnnnpanero
nsomo ne e nsrnexan npnrecnen nnn oesnoxoen.
Hmar nn nxxon xopa no-ronxmo nnuno npocrpancrno or
pyrn? Hscnenannx c xnnornn nocxasnar, ue orronopr ne-
poxrno e nonoxnrenen n nouepranar snauennero na omnna-
nnxra nnn craryca. Hanpnmep omnnnpamnre mxxn sann
nopxar cpeno 1 m mexy cee cn n nounnennre cn, o-
xaro nounnennre nm ce saononxnar cc cpeno 31 cm mexy
cee cn n pyrnre. Ho cmnx naunn ncrannnxra mexy o-
mnnnpamo nnne n nounneno nnne e npanonponopnnonanna
na uecrorara, c xoxro nroporo e xnnano n xoxomapnnxa.
B cocrnenoro nn omecrno naxnnre" xopa onxnoneno
nonyuanar no-ronxmo nnuno npocrpancrno n cpannenne c oc-
ranannre - nancrnna n nsrnexano crpanno, axo xpannna
Ennsaer nnn xopx Fym ca yrann c naxrn n pepara na
nynnunn cnpannx. Hapn nn n neronnre crpynnnn oc-
mecrnxnar nanmennx npxy cnpsanoro c omnnannxra nnu-
no npocrpancrno cpe nepconana na amepnxancxa noennomop-
cxa asa n Honr Fnu, Kann]opnnx. Hscneonarennre orxpn-
nar, ue nsanmoecrnnxra, nacouenn xm nncmecroxm, onx-
noneno ce ocmecrnxnar na no-ronxma ncrannnx, orxonxoro
resn c nounnen. Hemo noneue: rosn e]exr crana no-saene-
xnm c ynennuananero na pasnnxara n panra.
Hononn pasnnunx n nnunoro npocrpancrno
Orxpnrn ca n nxxon nnrepecnn nononn pasnnunx n nnunoro
npocrpancrno. Xennre nsnpar a cenar no-nnso o pyrn
xenn, orxonxoro mxere - o pyrn mxe, nepoxrno samoro
xennre ca nsnnrann a nspasxnar orxpnro npnnpsanocrra
cn, oxaro mxere ca nayuenn a ar nspxann. Maxn
Poc cpannxna peaxnnnre na ncxycnonnn rpynn or ocem mxe
nnn ocem xenn, cexmn n ronxma (4 na 3 m) nnn n manxa crax
(camo 2,5 na 1,7 m). Mxere no npnnnnn ca no-ononnn or
cee cn n or pyrnre unenone na rpynara n ornocnrenno npoc-
HHHE B HHHE
ropnara crax, oxaro xennre ca rounara npornnononoxnoc
n npenounrar no-nnrnmnara armoc]epa na no-manxara crax
ocra no-osaauanamo nonono pasnnune e onncano o
1
xe]pn ]nmp n on Fpn or ynnnepcnrera Hpm". I
eno nscnenane nnunoro npocrpancrno na cryenr n cryen
rxa, cexmn n ynnnepcnrercxara nnnorexa, e napymeno o'
uonex, xoro cxa nnn o rxx, nnn npes macara. Mxere a
uyncrnar no-neyono or uonex, xoro cen npexrno cpem;
rxx, orxonxoro c nxxo, cxam o rxx, oxaro xennre ca no
pascrpoenn or cexmnx o rxx.
Bn nropo nscnenane ]nmp n Fpn rnpxr, ue cry
enrnre, cexmn camn n nnnorexa, nsnonsnar xnnrn, nanra
nynonepn n r.n., sa a mapxnpar repnropnxra cn, n nsnra:
apnepn cpemy namecrnennnnre. Cryenrxnre ca cxnonnn -<
nsnrar apnepn mexy cee cn n ccennre mecra, oxarc
cryenrnre nsnrar apnepn mexy cee cn n mxcroro or py
rara crpana na macara.
3naem, ue xopara no npnnnnn cexr nnne n nnne n cnrya
nnx na cpennonanne n enn o pyr - n raxana na crpynn
uecrno. T xaro mxere ca nayuenn a ca no-cpennonarenm
or xennre, nsmoxno e mxere a pasrnexar nenosnarnre
xonro cxar cpemy rxx, xaro norennnanna sannaxa nnn npens
nnxarencrno. Oparnoro, xennre ca nsnnranann a ar no-
pyxenmnn n crpynnuemn cn, orxonxoro mxere, n cne-
onarenno morar a nnrepnpernpar nenosnarnx, xoro nnr
n cxa o rxx, xaro neonpanano rpcene na nnnmanne n npn-
xrencrno.
Kax pearnpame, xoraro naxnyxr n
npocrpancrnoro nn?
pyr npnmep na nnnasnx cpemy nnunoro npocrpancrno,
xoro e nosnar na noneuero mo]topn, e a re sxnar or cce-
nara xona, oxaro uaxam na cnero]ap. Honeuero xopa, xonro
ca nmann rona npexnnxnane, ro namnpar sa neynonnmo pascr-
ponamo n cn cnomnxr, ue ca ce cyerenn, narnacxnn ca pano-
ro n xonara, sanounann ca a ronopxr na ocranannre nrnnnn
n xonara n r.n. Ho-manxo ouennna peaxnnx n rasn cnryannx
cmo e saenxsnana: mo]topnre rprnar no-pso npn cmxna
na cnernnnnre na cnero]apa, xoraro ca nnn nanmanann or
ccennre xonn. Moxem nn a nnrepnpernpame rona xaro ]op-
ma na peaxnnx na xrcrno or sannamnrenna cnryannx?
Hoona ]opma na xrcrno e nsyuanana or Bnanmnp Ko-
neunn n neronnre crpynnnn n Vnnnepcnrera na Kann]op-
nnx. Te ycranonxnar, ue nemexonnre npecnuar ynnnara no-
pso, xoraro nxxo sacrana mnoro nnso o rxx, oxaro ua-
xar a cnerne seneno. Koneunn xapa onepeno nnne a sacra-
na nnn na 30 cm, nnn na 1 m or nemexoen, oxaro uaxar cmx-
nara na cnernnnnre. Koraro n namara ca na npeceuxara, o-
nepenoro nnne cnyuano" nsnycxa nemo npe nemexoena.
Bnpocr e ann nemexoenr me nomorne, c pyrn ymn, a-
nn me npne npemera na onepenoro nnne, nnn me my xaxe:
,Xe, nsnycnaxre nemo". Koraro nemra e enrnn monnn, camo
47% or nemexonnre oxasnar nomom n ycnonnero c 30-re can-
rnmerpa, cpannenn c 80% nn nroporo ycnonne -1 merp. Ho-
ona, no ne ronxona pamarnuna pasnnxa ce nonyuana, xora-
ro onepenoro nnne nsnycxa xnmuopxaren. Hsrnexa, ue
pearnpame na naxnynanero n nnunoro nn npocrpancrno, xaro
ne xapecname namecrnennxa. Tona na cno pe namanxna cxnon-
nocrra nn a nomarame, axo ce nanoxn. Cmenpemenno rosn
e]exr namanxna c ynennuanane na cronocrra na nsnycnarara
nem (xnmuopxaren c xnmuone npensnnxna noneue nomom,
orxonxoro nemo ronxona nesnaunrenno xaro monnn).
3amo xopara pearnpar no raxnna ]nnn, no nocneonaren-
no nanmaemn naunnn na naxnynanero n nnunoro nm npocr-
pancrno? B xpana cmerxa, a re sxnar nnn nenosnar a sac-
rana mnoro nnso o re, onxnoneno ne nxnmuna ocesaema
sannaxa, no nnpexn rona ce uyncrname nenonxo, onnrname ce
a nsxrame n ne xenaem a nomornem na uonexa, xoro e
napymnn nnunoro nn npocrpancrno. Ena or ]ynxnnnre na
nnunoro npocrpancrno moxe n e nopxanero na arpecnx-
ra na nncxo pannnme n ynpannxemn nponopnnn. Fapnepnre,
xonro nsnrame, moxe a ca nennnmn, no nnpexn rona ca
enn nn sona na esonacnocr, n xoxro e manxo nepoxrno py-
rnre a nn nananar nnn nx nne a rn araxyname.
HHHE B HHHE 55
Xapecnane n nmon
Bcnuxn cme nnxann xopara a cranar rpenoxnn n a ce
uyncrnar nenonxo, xoraro nenepannoro noneenne na pyr
uonex coun nncoxo pannnme na nnrnmnocr - naxnynanero n
nnunoro npocrpancrno e enn or na-cnrypnnre naunnn sa npe-
nsnnxnane na cmymenne. Kaxro oaue nocounar Apran n
nn, xopara onxnoneno ce cnpanxr c rasn cnryannx upes
nxxaxno xomnencaropno nenepanno noneenne, nenxmo a
nscranonn xenanoro pannnme na nnrnmnocr.
Manc Hareen e crnacen, ue sacnnenara nnrnmnocr
or crpana na ennnx unen na noxara moxe a non o xom-
nencaropno namanxnane na nnrnmnocrra or pyrnx, no nocou-
na, ue npornnononoxnoro
7
e nxpno npn noxnre, xonro ca nnm-
enn. 3acnnenara nenepanna nnrnmnocr or ennnx naprntop
onxnoneno non o sacu.eua nenepanna nnrnmnocr or py-
rnx. C pyrn ymn, nnmennre onxnoneno ornpmar na nn-
rnmnoro noneenne, nmecro a ro xomnencnpar.
Harepcn rnpn, ue e nyxno nxxaxno pasmnpenne na npe-
nmnnre reopnn. To cmxra, ue sacnnenara nenepanna nn-
rnmnocr or crpana na ennnx unen na noxara csana ]n-
snonornuna nsya n cnpsano c nex emonnonanno ccrox-
nne. Axo ynennuennero na nenepannara nnrnmnocr non o
orpnnarennn emonnonannn peaxnnn (nanpnmep rpenoxnocr),
pyrnxr me pearnpa c xomnencaropno noneenne (namanen spn-
renen xonraxr, no-ronxma ]nsnuecxa ncrannnx n r.n.). Or
pyra crpana, axo e csaeno nonoxnrenno emonnonanno cc-
roxnne (nanpnmep nmon), me nma nsanmnocr na npnona-
uannoro noneenne na nnrnmnocr, noema o nono n nonnme-
no pannnme na nnrnmnocr.
3amo Apran n nn n pyrn anropn nouepranar nenpn-
xrnnre emonnonannn peaxnnn na sacnnenara nnrnmnocr o
crenen na npaxrnxa a ce nsxnmunar npnxrnnre? Cnope Ha-
repcn orronopr ce xpne nn ]axra, ue noneuero ncnxonorn-
uecxn excnepnmenrn ne cnococrnar sa uyncrnara na paocr n
ey]opnx. noxnre, nsnonsnann n noneuero excnepnmenrn, ca
aconmrno nenosnarn, cpeara onxnoneno e esnnuna (nanpn-
mep naoparopnx nnn nynnuno npocrpancrno), a yuacrnnnnre
ca nsnoxenn na ornocnrenno xpann cnenapnn (nanpnmep a
ca npnnyenn a cexr nourn n cxyronere cn" nnn nxxo a
rn rnea nrpenueno nro npeme). He e nsnenanamo, ue peax-
nnnre na xopara na raxnna sannamnrennn, nenaronpnxrnn
ocroxrencrna ca na ncxom]opr nnn rpenoxnocr, cnenann
or onpeeneno namanxnane na nenepannara nnrnmnocr.
B npornnononoxnnx xpa e nsanmoecrnnero mexy ma-
xara n nenoro ee y oma. Fpnrancxnxr ncnxonor xon Fo-
ynn nnme, ue xonxoro noneue eerara ce ycmnxnar na ma-
xnre cn, ronxona no-nepoxrno e maxnre a ce onnxanar o
rxx, a nm ronopxr nnn a nm nexr, a rn nnrar n a rn nper-
pmar. Honxxora pearnpame na nenepannara nnrnmnocr c
ornopenn oxrnx, a ne c opa nnn xrcrno. Axo ne eme raxa,
uonemxnxr nn oranna meme a e nsuesnan.
3axnmuennx
Ha-naxnara ]ynxnnx na nenepannnre cnrnann e a co-
uar ncrnncxnre uyncrna, xonro uonex nsnnrna xm pyrnx.
unenonere na cnnno npnnneuenn enn xm pyr noxn on-
uar a croxr no-nnso, orxonxoro unenone na noxn, xonro
ne ce xapecnar. 3a nama ymn, xonro nsanmoecrnar, nepo-
xrno me nma npenounrano nnno na nnrnmnocr n orxnonenn-
xra or rona pannnme ne ce xapecnar n nnnarn, xoraro e ns-
moxno, ce xomnencnpar.
Haxnynanero n nnunoro npocrpancrno (nnn no cmara no-
rnxa orxasr a ce nannese n neune nnuno npocrpancrno) e
ocoeno momen nenepanen cnrnan. Axo nenosnar cron mnoro
no-nnso o nac, orxonxoro nn xapecna, ce npoxnxnar xcnn
npnsnann na nenonxocr, craname nanpernarn n rpenoxnn n
opn moxe a ce onnrame a nsxrame or cnryannxra. Maxap
ue ne e xcno samo ncexn nma cnoero nnuno npocrpancrno, ne
cme camn n xnnornncxnx cnxr xoraro orxpnname, ue e nonesno
a ce nocranx nxxaxna ]opma na nennnma apnepa mexy
nac n pyrnre. 3nauennero na rasn apnepa moxe a ce nsme-
pn upes cnnnnre emonnn, xonro nsnnrname, xoraro rx ce
npexpaun.
Onacnoc1n1e o1 nounnenne1o
Hpaxrnuecxn ncnuxn omecrna pasnnnar epapxnn, n xo
nro onpeenenn xopa nonyuanar nnacr n anropnrer na pyrn
re. Hanpnmep n namero omecrno ponrennre, ynpannrennr<
na marasnnn, npexropnre n mennxpnre nmar pasnnunn cre
nenn na anropnrer. Bsanmoornomennero mexy anropnrer
nnre ]nrypn n rexnnre nounnenn oaue nourn nensmenm
non o npancrnen xon]nnxr. Tona ce nnmcrpnpa mnoro xcn<
or ncropnxra na Anpaam, na xororo For napexa a yne cnn;
cn Hcax. nnemara na Anpaam e, ue onua For, no onua i
cnna cn, a nnpexn rona ouennno rpxna a npeae enn o'
rxx. oxe n rpxnano a crnrne nounnennero na Fora?
Hooen xon]nnxr ce noxnxna, xoraro no npeme na non;
na nonnnnre e napeeno a ynnar essamnrnn nnnnnnn, xax
ro crana nn Bnernam, xoraro nerenanr Konn napexa ma
conoro yncrno na nnnnnnn n Mn Ha. 3amnrara na Konn a
ocnonana na rnpennero, ue ro e cnenan sanonenre na nne
mecroxmnre.
E, xax xopara paspemanar xon]nnxrnre, npe xonro a
nsnpanxr, xoraro nnacrnn ]nrypn nsanar sanonen, orpnuam]
uonemxnx xnnor n ocroncrno? Hcnxonosnre ca ce onnrnan!
a nsyuanar rosn nponem n rexnnre orronopn nn anar mnor<
nenna n neouaxnana nn]opmannx sa uonemxara npnpoa.
Knmuon excnepnmenr:
nounnenne na anropnrera
Ha-naxnoro n na-nsnecrnoro nscnenane npxy noun-
nennero na anropnrera e nponeeno or Crennn Mnnrpam
7
n
Hencxnx ynnnepcnrer n nauanoro na 60-re ronnn. Bnnxnnero
na neronara paora e ronxona ronxmo, ue ro nonyuana Co-
nnoncnxonornuecxara narpaa na Amepnxancxara aconnannx
sa nanpex n nayxara.
Enn or mnoxecrnoro ouaponarennn acnexrn na nscne-
nannxra na Mnnrpam e, ue pesynrarnre my nsnenanar xaxro
nero, raxa n xonernre my, a ne cnomenaname omecrnenocr-
ra. B ecrnnrennocr paorara my nourn nsnxno nsxrna e-
no or na-uecro cpemannre onnaxnannx or ncnxonornuecxnre
nscnenannx - ue excnepnmenrannnre pesynrarn npocro nor-
npxanar spannx pasym. Bcexn, xoro ne nosnana paorara
na Mnnrpam, nepoxrno me cmerne sa nnrepecno a raae xax-
no nounnenne na anropnrera na excnepnmenraropa e nno
emoncrpnpano or na-pasnoopasnn xopa na pasnnuna ns-
pacr n c pasnnunn npo]ecnonannn sanxrnx, xonro yuacrnar n
cnenoro nscnenane.
Hpecranere cn, ue cre npncrnrnann n Hencxnx ynnnep-
cnrer, sa a yuacrnare n nscnenane na yuenero n namerra.
Bnnsare n craxra n cre nocpemnarn or 31-ronmen rnmnasna-
nen yunren no nonornx - excnepnmenraropa, unero nonee-
nne e rnpe crporo. pyrnxr n craxra cmo me yuacrna n
excnepnmenra. To e nnnnux, 47-ronmen cuerononren c,
npnancxo norexno, c opn mannepn n npnxren uonex.
Excnepnmenraropr nn xasna, ue ce nnrepecyna or e]ex-
rnre na naxasannero npxy yuenero. Pemana ce - upes rernene
na xpen, ue cuerononrenxr me e yuemnxr, a nne - yunre-
nxr. Bnnsare n ccena crax, xero yuemnxr e npsan xm
,enexrpnuecxn cron", a xm xnrxara my ce sanenna enexrpo.
7
Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal
and Social Psychology, 67, 371-378; Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to Au-
thority. London: Harper & Row.
HHHE B HHHE 5S
Hpnnara ce enexrpona nacra, sa a ce nsernar mexypn x
nsrapxnnx". Kasna nn ce, ue enexrpor e cnpsan c namnpan
ce nannso enexrpomoxon reneparop.
Cne rona ornnare n pyra crax, n xoxro ce namnpa enexr-
pomoxon reneparop. To nma 30 yrona, ncexn c ernxer m
nonraxa or 15 o 450 nonra. Ipynn or no uernpn yrona (
ynennuanam ce nonrax ca oosnauenn Hex mox", Vmepe*
mox", Cnnen mox", Mnoro cnnen mox", Hnrensnnen mox"
,Kpano nnrensnnen mox" n Onacnocr: rexx mox". Hoe
nennre na yrona ca oosnauenn npocro c XXX.
Kasna nn ce, ue rpxna a npnnarare enexrpomox na yue
mnx ncexn nr, xoraro ro ae norpemen orronop na saaur
sa yuene, n cre nncrpyxrnpann a npemnnanare xm eno nn
no no-cnnen mox ncexn nr, xoraro yuemnxr ae norpeuiei
orronop". Ocnen rona nn ce xasna, ue maxap moxonere a a
nsxnmunrenno onesnenn, ne npnunnxnar neoparnmo ynpex
ane na rxannre. Camnxr nne nonyuanare nex mox or 45 non
ra, sa a ce ynepnre, ue anaparypara paorn.
C nanpenanero na saauara sa yuene yuemnxr npann oc
ra rpemxn n nonyuana nce no-cnnnn enexrpomoxone. Cne xa
ro e nonyunn moxone c nnrensnnnocr or 75, 90 n 105 nonra
ro npocro cymrn. Hpn 120 nonra xpemn na excnepnmenraro
pa, ue moxonere cranar onesnenn. Hpn 150 nonra xpemn
,Xe, nsxapare me orryx! He ncxam a yuacrnam noneue i
rosn excnepnmenr! Orxasnam a nponxa!" Hpn 180 nonr;
yuemnxr xpemn: He mora a rpnx onxara", a npn 270 non
ra peaxnnxra my e aronnsnpam nncx. Cne rona nma nncm
na cnnna onxa, xpocrnn orxasn a nponxn c excnepnmen
ra nnn a ana orronopn na saauara sa yuene. Koraro ce oc
rnrne yrona na 300 nonra, ro sanouna a ncxa no crenara
Axo nne, yunrenxr", xaxere na nxxaxn eran, ue ne xenaer
a nponxnre excnepnmenra, excnepnmenraropr cnoxo
no nn nn]opmnpa, ue rpxna a ro nanpannre.
Kaxno nxre nanpannnn n rasn nenpnxrna cnryannx? Kaxno
cnope nac nxa nanpannnn pyrnre? Crennn Mnnrpam nocra
nx resn na nnpoca npe rpynn or ncnxnarpn, cryenrn n npe
crannrenn na cpenara xnaca n spxna nspacr. Koraro npor
nosnpar cocrnenoro cn noneenne, aconmrno ncnuxn xas
nar, ue nxma a ce nounnxr na excnepnmenraropa n me orxa-
xar a nponxar c excnepnmenra nnn xoraro moxonere crnr-
nar o 300 nonra, nnn - n rnnnunnx cnyua - mnoro no-pano.
Bepoxrno, r xaro xopara onxnoneno nmar no-nacxarenno
mnenne sa cee cn, orxonxoro sa pyrnre, cmecrnyna renen-
nnxra a ce nxpna, ue pyrnre nxma a nsnnrnar raxona nexe-
nanne a ynxanar crpaannero na yuemnx. Hanpnmep ncn-
xnarpnre nn noemo mennnncxo yunnnme npornosnpar, ue
3,73% or nscnenannre nnna me nponxar a ce nounnxnar
na excnepnmenraropa npn 300 nonra, no camo enn na xnnxa
me crnrne o erana na 450-re nonra.
Honeuero xopa, xonro ne ca sanosnarn c ecrnnrennnre
pesynrarn, me npornosnpar, ue camo nxxo ncnxonar nnn ca-
ncr me nponxn a npnnara nnrensnnnn enexrpomoxone
na ouennno opxano n nexenaemo a yuacrna nscnenano
nnne. B ecrnnrennocr Mnnrpam ycranonxna, ue 62% or xo-
para, nsnoxenn na roxy-mo onncannre ycnonnx, nponxanar
a ce nounnxnar na excnepnmenraropa n crnrar o nnnoro
na 450 nonra. Ha npaxrnxa nma 500 nrn noneue nnna, roronn
a npnnoxar maxcnmannnx enexrpomox, n cpannenne c npor-
nosnre na rpynara or nnnn ncnxnarpn!
Pesynrarnre na Mnnrpam cxxam couar, ue xopara ca roro-
nn a crnrnar o xpanocrn, sa a nponxar a ce nounnx-
nar na anropnrera. Ha npn norne, rona nsrnexa neonxno-
nen n mnoro osaauanam pesynrar, xoro ne e ocoeno pene-
nanren na ncexnnennnx xnnor. Cmenpemenno cn crpyna a
ce nomnn xax xopara na paornoro mxcro ce pxar cnpxmo
nncmecroxmnre. Bnacrnnre ]nrypn mnoro uecro xasnar nnn
npanxr nema, xonro ca ouennno norpemnn nnn neaexnarnn,
no nnpexn rona nounnennre ne xenaxr a rn npensnnxnar.
Axo nxxo nce nax ocnopu aeno pemenne, nepoxrno me ns-
nnra onpeenena rpenoxnocr.
oxaro uerxxre onncannero na excnepnmenra na Crennn
Mnnrpam, moxe n cre ce uyenn sa ernxara na nponexane-
ro na excnepnmenr, n xoro ce npnnarar nsxnmunrenno o-
nesnenn enexrpomoxone na yuem". Hscnenanero na Mnnr-
pam e araxynano or ernuna rnena rouxa ne sapan npeara,
npnunnena na yuemnx, a sapan e]exrnre my npxy yunre-
HHHE B HHHE
nx". B ecrnnrennocr yuemnxr e onepeno nnne na excnepn
menraropa n nsomo ne nonyuana nnxaxnn enexrpomoxone
Ternenero na xpenx e narnaceno", raxa ue nmesnnxr cue
rononren nnnarn a e yuemnxr, a ncrnncxoro nscnenano nn
ne - nnnarn a e yunrenxr.
E]exrnre or excnepnmenra npxy yunrennre" oaue ca
pamarnunn. Eno nscnenano nnne - 46-ronmen npoanau
na ennnxnonenn - npemnnana or nepnen cmxx o raxnna cnn
nn xonnyncnn, ue excnepnmenrr rpxna a e cnpxn. Kax
ro cnoenx enn nanmaren: nanmanax spxn n npnona
uanno ypannonecen nsnecmen a nnnsa ynepeno n naoparo
pnxra c ycmnnxa na ycra. Cne 20 mnnyrn ro eme cneen o
rpenepema, saexnama pasnannna, xoxro pso ce npnnnxa
name xm rouxara na nepnen cpnn. To nenpexcnaro pna
me yxoro cn n npreme pne. B enn momenr yapn c mmpyx
uenoro cn n nsmpmopn: O, Foxe, nexa rona cnpe". Ho nn
pexn ncnuxo nponxn a pearnpa na ncxxa yma na excnepn
menraropa n a ce nounnxna o xpax".
Tosn cnyua ne e nsxnmuenne. Mnoro xopa nsyxnar n nep
nen cmxx, norxr ce, nmxar, rpenepxr n sannar noxrn n na
nnre cn. He e nsnenanamo, ue ce nanmana snaunrenna o
mecrnena sarpnxenocr n opn xpocr or npancrnenocrra na ex
cnepnmenr, xoro nonara xopara na raxnna repsannx. Hmar
nn ncnxonosnre npano a npenpmar nxxoro n rpenepema
saexnama pasnannna"? Hxma nn As-opasr na uonexa a <
sannnarn ynpeen or ]axra, ue e nn norornen a crnrne o
cmpronocnn xpanocrn, sa a ce nounnn na rnaca na anro
pnrera? Hscnenannre nnna na Mnnrpam ca ce onepxnann na
excnepnmenraropa n ca npnenn, ue ro me ecrna no nnnma
renen, orronopen naunn; rona onepne ne e nn nno napymeno
upes nsnpanxnero nm npe raxona ynnsnrenno npexnnxnane.
H naxpax, no ne n no snauenne, ycnexr na excnepnmenra e
sanncen or nsmamara - ecrnnrennara cnryannx ne e nna
raxana, xaxnaro e nsrnexana.
Hsnpanen npe rosn cxanan oxono npancrnennre npo
nemn, Mnnrpam nsnra penna pasymnn xonrpaaprymenrn, sa
a onpanae nscnenannxra cn. To nocouna, ue n xpax na ex
cnepnmenra e nponeen nr pasronop c nscnenannre nnna
n nm e xasano, ue yuemnxr ncmnocr ne e nonyuanan nnxaxnn
onacnn enexrpomoxone; oxcnena e nna n ncrnncxara nen na
excnepnmenra. Or nsennre yuacrne 84% saxnxnar, ue ce pa-
nar, ue ca yuacrnann n excnepnmenra, 15% ne ce uyncrnar nn-
ro ononnn, nnro neyonnernopenn n camo 1 uonex or cro ns-
pasxna orpnnarennn uyncrna. onnnnrennnre nnpocn pas-
xpnnar, ue uernpn nern or yuacrnnnnre cmxrar, ue rpxna a
ce nponexar noneue noonn excnepnmenrn, a 74% xasnar,
ue n pesynrar or yuacrnero cn ca nayunnn nemo, xoero e nax-
no nnuno sa rxx. Mnoro yuacrnnnn cnoenxr, ue n eme me
ar no-npenasnnnn n onycxanero, ue uonex nnnarn rpxna
a ce nounnxna na anropnrernnre ]nrypn.
Mnnrpam ocnen rona rnpn, ue onona, cpemy xoero xpnrn-
nnre na paorara my ncmnocr nspasxnar, e nenacxanara xap-
rnna na uonemxara npnpoa, a ne nsmamara nnn nxnmuenara
meroonornx. Beme nn nscnenanero na Mnnrpam a e oexr
na omecrnena xpocr, axo ncnuxn yuacrnnnn ce xxa onnun-
nn na excnepnmenraropa npn npnnx npnsnax na ncxom]opr
or crpana na yuemnx? oxasarencrnara couar, ue nxmame a
e raxa. Hxxonxo uonexa nonyuanar onncanne na nscnenanero
na Mnnrpam; na nxxon ce xasna, ue noneuero or yuacrnnnnre
ce nounnxnar na excnepnmenraropa, a na ocranannre - ue ne
ce nounnxnar. Te onenxnar excnepnmenra xaro no-npeen n
xaro nsnpanxm nscnenannre nnna npe no-yxacno npexnnx-
nane, xoraro nnrnpanara nn]pa na nounnennero e nncoxa.
Maxap ue mnoro ncnxonosn ce npnrecnxnar sa ernxara na
nsmamara n rnpxr, ue e norpemno a ce nonexar xopara,
xonro yuacrnar n excnepnmenrn, mannnna nannn uyncrnar, ue
npancrnenocrra na nscnenanero na Mnnrpam nma nemo o-
mo c rona ann yuacrnnnnre ca nnn sanyenn, nnn ne.
Ha-crpamnnxr nsno or nscnenanero na Mnnrpam e, ue
nononnnara or nacenennero na Cenepna Amepnxa ca nnn ca-
ncrn, nnn ncnxonarn, nnn n nere, xoero ouennno e acyp-
no, xaxnoro n a nnxame na renennsnonnnx expan nnn a
uerem nn necrnnnnre. B ecrnnrennocr, xoraro noonn ns-
cnenannx ca nponeenn n Pnm, Mmnxen, Rxnoa]pnxancxa-
ra penynnxa n Ancrpannx, nnnoro na nounnenne na excne-
pnmenraropa e ocra no-nncoxo or onona, nonyueno or Mnn-
HHHE e HHHE :
rpam. Bcmnocr 85% or xopara, xonro ca recrnpann n Mmn
xen, ce nounnxnar nannno na excnepnmenraropa.
T xaro na nononnnara or nacenennero n noneuero crpa
nn ouennno e rorona a ana mnoro cnnnn enexrpomoxone m
pyrn xopa, noneuero or nounnxnamnre ce yuacrnnnn n exc
nepnmenrnre n crnna na Mnnrpam n cnenano a ca na-onx
nonenn xopa. Tyx e penenanren cnyuaxr c Aon] Axman, xorc
e cen n ocen sa nsananero na sanonen sa cmprra m
ecerxn xnnxn enpen. Onnnennero ce onnrna a nsopasx
Axman xaro cancrnuno uyonnme, xoero nsrnexa ocraru-
no pasymno, nmaxn npenn orpomnnx mama na neronnre
npecrnnennx. B ecrnnrennocr ecrnnxra my n mnorc
ornomennx ca ecrnnx na cxyuen mpoxpar, xoro npocrc
cen na mporo cn n ce onnrna a cn npmn xomnerenrno pa-
orara.
Hexa pasrneame camo rpnma or onxnonennre", noun-
nxnamn ce yuacrnnnn n excnepnmenra na Mnnrpam. Ennnx!
e 39-ronmen connanen paornnx, xororo Mnnrpam napnua
Mopnc Fpenpman; ro e nnemnn, cepnosno nsrnexam n
csana nneuarnenne sa nnrennrenren n sarpnxen uonex. Kora-
ro moxonere ynennuanar nnrensnnnocrra cn, ro sanouna a
ce xnxorn. Hocrenenno norncxannxr my cmxx crana no-nano-
pncr n paspymnrenen, ouennno npensnnxan or nncnnre na
yuemnx. Or npeme na npeme ro rpne nnnero cn n onnr a
cxpne cmexa cn. Cne rona ro, nsrnexa, nsnpnema cocrne-
noro cn noneenne xaro rnpe cmymanamo: Monre peaxnnn
xxa yxacno crpannn... peaxnnnre mn xxa a ce xnxorx n a
ce onnrnam a sayma cmexa. As onxnoneno ne ce pxa nc
rosn naunn... A peaxnnxra mn eme xaro na cnryannx, n xoxro
rpxna a napanx nxxoro. Hpn rona a cm aconmrno es-
nomomen n xnanar n ocroxrencrna, n xonro npocro ne mora
a ce orxnonx n a ce onnram a nomorna. Tona me xnana n
xanana".
pyr nounnxnam ce yuacrnnx e omaxnnx, xoxro Mnn-
rpam napnua r-xa Ennnop Poysnnm. Tx ce ropee c ]axra,
ue 20 ronnn npen rona e sanpmnna Vnnnepcnrera na
Vncxoncnn. Paorn xaro opononxa enn nr na cemnna c
rpynn or manonernn npecrnnnnn n e axrnnna n mecrnara op-
rannsannx na Momnuerara cxayrn. Henpexcnaro ronopn sa
connannnre cn nocrnxennx n nma npnxrnn, no ocra mnoroc-
nonnn mannepn. Ho npeme na excnepnmenra nenpexcnaro ce
onnaxna, ue rpenepn, no nnpexn rona crnra o npnnaranero
na 450-nonron enexrpomox. Koraro e nonnrana xoe e na-nn-
coxoro pannnme na enexrpomox, xoro e rorona a npexnnee,
ce nsnnna c nsmymenne: Hernaecer nonra. He mncnx, ue
opn rona e nyxno. Hernaecer, axo rpxna a nonyua nxxa-
xn enexrpomox, a opn n rona ne ncxam. He cmxram, ue e
neoxonmo". Tx onncna xax ce e uyncrnana no npeme na exc-
nepnmenra: Bcexn nr, xoraro narncxax yrona, ymnpax. Bn-
xxre nn, ue rpenepex? Hpocro ymnpax, mncnexn, ue nona-
ram na enexrpomoxone ropxnx uonex". Ha nex cxxam ne xpym-
na, ue nma nemo nenocneonarenno n rona a e rorona a ae
enexrpomox na nxxo pyr, xoro e rpnecer nrn no-nnren-
snnen or moxa, xoro c nexenanne onycxa sa cee cn.
Enn or na-nneuarnxnamnre cnyuan na aconmrno no-
unnenne e Hacxan xnno - 43-ronmen nncnexrop no nonre
c nrannancxo norexno. To nponxana o xpax na nopen-
nara or moxone. Koraro yuemnxr npecrana a ana orronopn
na saauara sa yuene, ro xasna, pascxanaxn na rnac: Fo-
xe, ro e mprn. E, ero xaxno me nanpannm: me ro onpma.
H npocro nponxnx o xpax - o 450 nonra". C onexuenne
orxpnna, ue yuemnxr nce ome e xnn n xpax na excnepnmenra,
no coun, ue ne n ce npnrecnnn, axo yuemnxr e ympxn, r
xaro npocro cn e npmnn paorara.
Tona, xoero excnepnmenrr na Mnnrpam nocrnra mnoro
ycnemno, e a csae xon]nnxrna cnryannx, n xoxro nxxon
cnnn xapar uonexa a ce nounnxna, a pyrn ro nornxnar xm
nenounnenne. B namara xynrypa nma cnnno yapenne npxy
nounnennero na anropnrera ns ocnona na resara, ue e]n-
xacnoro n ope oprannsnpano omecrno moxe a cmecrny-
na enncrneno axo nma crannna epapxnx, n xoxro nxxon xo-
pa nsanar sanonenre, a pyrn rn nsnnnxnar. Honeuero o-
mecrna ce onnrnar a rapanrnpar nounnennero upes nsnra-
nero na nounnxnamnx ce nnnnn na no-nncoxo crnano n
epapxnunara crnnna. Tona e nono naxounn saronop, sa-
moro uonexr e narpaxanan sa cnoero nounnenne n ce uyn-
HHHE B HHHE 6:
crna mornnnpan a ce nsxaun o cnenamoro crnano n samo
ro camara epapxnx ce sanasna n sacnnna. B nscnenanero m
Mnnrpam excnepnmenraropr npecrannxna ]nrypara na an
ropnrera. Anropnrerr my ce sacnnna upes cnennannara man
ra, xoxro nocn, npsxara my c Hencxnx ynnnepcnrer, ayparr
my na excneprnn nosnannx npxy uonemxoro noneenne n npe
nonaraemo erannnre my nosnannx sa ocmecrnxnannx exc-
nepnmenr, Bn ncexnnennnx xnnor nocranxme orronopnocr-
ra sa spanero nn n pnere na nexapx, ornname npn cuerono-
nren sa ]nnancon cner n r.n. Ho neoxonmocr cnnno pas-
unrame na mnennra na pasnnunn anropnrernn ]nrypn n rou-
no rona npanxr nscnenannre nnna na Mnnrpam.
Or pyra crpana* yuemnxr" n nscnenanero na Mnnrpam
npann ncnuxo, na xoero e cnocoen, sa a yen nscnenanorc
nnne a cnpe a npnnara enexrpomoxone. To xpemn, ymonx-
na nscnenanoro nnne a npecrane n n nxxon cnyuan opn xas-
na, ue nma onno cpne. Vuacrnnnnre oaue ne morar a yon-
nernopxr enonpemenno n excnepnmenraropa, n xeprnara".
Touno rona e xon]nnxrr, xoro npnunnxna nanpexennero n
nepnnnx cmxx.
B excnepnmenra na Mnnrpam nounnennero na excnepn-
menraropa moxe a ce samenn nnn or ynennuanane na nnn-
mocrra na eara na yuemnx, nnn upes namanxnane na anro-
pnrera na excnepnmenraropa. Mnnrpam nnexa nopenna
or uernpn cnryannn, n xonro yuemnxr" e nce no-nnsxo - n
ncnxonornuecxn cmncn - o nscnenanoro nnne, xoero ana
enexrpomoxonere. B cnryannxra na Oraneuena oparna
npsxa xeprnara ne moxe nnro a ce nnn, nnro a ce uye,
maxap ue n enn momenr sanouna a ncxa no crenara. B
cnryannxra na Inacona oparna npsxa (rona e cnryannxra,
onncana n nauanoro na rasn rnana) xeprnara moxe a ce uye
a xpemn, no ne moxe a ce nnn. B rperara cnryannx (Fnn-
socr) xeprnara e camo na 5,5 merpa or nscnenanoro nnne n
cneonarenno moxe ope a ce nnn n uye. uernprara cn-
ryannx (oxocnane-Fnnsocr) e nenrnuna c rperara, camo
ue nscnenanoro nnne rpxna nacnna a narncxa pxara na
xeprnara npxy nnouara, sa a npnnara enexrpomoxone na
150 nonra.
Mnnrpam ycranonxna, ue xonxoro no-nnso ca nscnena-
nnre nnna o xeprnara, ronxona no-sarpnxenn ca sa nex n
nsnnrnar no-cnnno nexenanne a ce nounnxr na excnepnmen-
raropa. Becrecer n mecr nponenra or nscnenannre nnna ce
nounnxnar n Oraneuenara cnryannx, 62% - n rasn na Ina-
cona oparna npsxa, 40% - n ycnonnero Fnnsocr, n 30% - n
oxocnane-Fnnsocr. Ouennno e no-necno a npenepernem
nocnecrnnxra or cocrnennre cn ecrnnx, xoraro xeprnara
nnro ce nnxa, nnro ce uyna. C pyrn ymn, sa noneuero xopa
me e no-necno - ncnxonornuecxn - a nycnar oma or 6 xm n
a ynxr xnnxn xopa, orxonxoro a npomymar c nox o cmpr
enn uonex.
Kaxno crana, axo nnnxnnero na anropnrernara ]nrypa e
orcnaeno? 3a a orronopn na rona, Mnnrpam cpannxna cnry-
annx, n xoxro excnepnmenraropa cron camo na nxxonxo ]yra
or nscnenanoro nnne, c pyra cnryannx, n xoxro, cne xaro
ana npnonauannnre nncrpyxnnn, excnepnmenraropr nanyc-
xa naoparopnxra n ana napexannxra cn no rene]ona. Cpan-
nennero ana pamarnunn pesynrarn: 65% or nscnenannre
nnna ce nounnxnar n npnara cnryannx, no camo 22,5% - nn
nropara. Cmenpemenno, axo excnepnmenraropr ce npne n
naoparopnxra, cne xaro nscnenanoro nnne e orxasano a
ana enexrpomoxone c no-ronxma nnrensnnnocr, xoraro no re-
ne]ona my e napeeno a ro nanpann, uecro e n ccroxnne a
yen yuacrnnxa a ce npne xm nounnennero. Hxxon nsc-
nenann nnna orxpnnar nnrepecen n ocrpoymen naunn a mn-
nnmnsnpar xon]nnxra: re caornpar excnepnmenra, xaro yne-
pxnar excnepnmenraropa no rene]ona, ue nonnmanar nnren-
snnnocrra na enexrpomoxonere, xaxro ca nncrpyxrnpann, no
nponxanar a anar na-cnanre enexrpomoxone.
B resn excnepnmenrn yuacrnnnnre ca pasnnarn n npo-
rnnononoxnn nocoxn or excnepnmenraropa n xeprnara. Axo
crpaannero na xeprnara ce noueprana nnn anropnrerr
na excnepnmenraropa namanxna, nnnoro na nounnenne na-
a. Axo oaue eara na xeprnara ue e nocranena na nnnma-
nnero na nscnenanoro nnne n excnepnmenraropr ce nsn-
pnema xaro nenoxnarnma anropnrerna ]nrypa, nopmara e
nounnennero.
HHHE B HHHE
Mnoro xpnrnnn na nscnenannxra na Mnnrpam rnpxr
ue neronnre neouaxnann pesynrarn moxe n ce nxar na cpe
ara, n xoxro ce nsnpmnar excnepnmenrnre - Hencxnx ynn
nepcnrer. H nancrnna, nxxonxo nscnenann nnna orenxsnar
ue nmenno ]axrr, ue Hencxnxr ynnnepcnrer e nncoxoyna
xanana n nsnecrna nncrnrynnx, nm ana ynepenocrra n nnrer
pnrera na excnepnmenraropa. Mxere c paocr me noaa
npara cn npe uonex c pcnau n pcnapnnna, no ne n n mara
snn sa oynxn. Honeuero xenn ne nxa ce pascnexnn nann
no n npnccrnnero na nenosnar mx, no ca roronn a ro nan
panxr sa rnnexonornuen nperne.
3arona Mnnrpam ce onnrna a orxpne xonxo naxna e cpe
ara, xaro npemecrna anaparypara cn n o]nc or rpn cran i
pasnenrena rproncxa crpaa n een xnapran. Hscnenane
ro yx ce nsnpmna or Pncpu Acomnrc o] Fpnxnopr"
u uacrna ]npma, xoxro rnpn, ue nponexa nscnenannx sa
nn ycrpnannn ]npmn. To orxpnna, ue npemecrnanero na
exc nepnmenra or eneranrnnre ycnonnx na Hencxnx
ynnnepcn rer n nopyrena o]nc crpaa oxasna nsnecrno
nnnxnne, no HI raxona, xaxnoro n morno a ce ouaxna.
uernpnecer n ocet nponenra or nscnenannre nnna na
,Fpnxnopr" ca TOTOBI a aar ncnuxn enexrpomoxone n
cpannenne c 65% or Hen cxnre nscnenann nnna.
He e nsnenanamo, ue nmenno neouaxnanoro noneenn!
na nounnxnamnre ce nscnenann nnna npnnnnua nncxnx nai
or nnnmannero na excneprnre (n pyrn) n crnmynnpa pasnnum
pyrn excnepnmenrn. Honeuero cnenamn nscneonarenn or
xpnnar, ue mexy ena rpera n nononnnara or yuacrnnnnre
ne ce nounnxnar - re npensnnxnar anropnrera na excnepn
menraropa. Henounnxnamnre ce xopa pasnnunn nn ca or no
unnxnamnre ce? uonex moxe a cn npecrann nanpnmep, u<
me e no-nepoxrno mxere a anar nnrensnnnn enexrpomoxo
ne or xennre - n xpana cmerxa re ca no-arpecnnnn. Or pyn
crpana, xennre ca cxnonnn noneue a orcrnnar or mxer<
no mnoro recrone na ycnyxnnnocrra n cneonarenno nxa mor-
nn c no-ronxma nexora a ce nounnxnar na excnepnmenraro
pa. B ecrnnrennocr Mnnrpam ne ycranonxna pasnnxa n no
unnennero mexy mxere n xennre. Tona, xoero ycranonxna
e, ue nounnxnamnre ce xenn cranar mnoro no-nepnnn n pas-
rpenoxenn or nounnxnamnre ce mxe. Koraro oaue nm e
napeeno a anar ncrnncxn enexrpomoxone na manxo xyue n
nscnenane or rnna na Mnnrpam, camo 54% or mxere ro npa-
nxr - na ]ona na 100% or xennre, xonro ca roronn a aar n
na-cnnnnx enexrpomox na nnemo n naemo xyue.
Kax a oxcnn uonex resn nsnenanamn pesynrarn? 3acera
c ocnonanne moxem a xaxem, ue ne e nna cnpmena oc-
raruno paora, sa a ae nsmoxnocr na ncnxonosnre a
npornosnpar xo me ce nounnn n xo - ne. Onxnoneno oa-
ue no-ope opasonannre xopa e no-nepoxrno a ne ce noun-
nxnar - moxe n samoro ne pasrnexar excnepnmenraropa
xaro ronxona sannamnrenen. Xopara, xonro ca npexapann nx-
xonxo ronnn nn nopxennre cnnn, e no-nepoxrno a ce no-
unnxnar n rona nocxasna, ue e]exrnre na noennara ncnnn-
nnna ca mnoro nrorpann.
3pannxr pasym noxasna, ue xopara c anropnrapna nnu-
nocr (ocena n 25-ra rnana) ca no-nounnxnamn ce, orxon-
xoro onesn c no-nnepanna narnaca. Mnnrpam recrnpa rona n
ycranonxna, ue nounnxnamnre ce nscnenann nnna nmar mno-
ro no-nspasenn anropnrapnn narnacn, orxonxoro nenoxopnn-
re no recr sa ]amncrxn renennnn (F cxana").
Fxrcrno or orronopnocr
Or ncnuxn nnpocn, nonnrnarn or pamarnunnre nscne-
nannx na Mnnrpam, na-sannaxnamnxr e ann neronnre pe-
synrarn ca penenanrnn na nxxon or snepcxnre noennn npec-
rnnennx npes XX nex. Mnnrpam ouennno cmxra, ue rona e
raxa, nnrnpaxn oxasarencrna or nnrepnmra c nnmn une-
none na nepconana or SS n xonnenrpannonnnre narepn n or
noenennx na Iecrano. ne remn ce nonrapxr ornono n orno-
no: exymannsannxra na xeprnnre na raxnna npecrnnennx n
narnacara na esnomomnoro, nesnaunrenno nnnrue" na one-
sn, orronopnn sa nsnpmnanero na resn npecrnnennx.
Ena or ocnonnnre xapaxrepncrnxn na nanncrxa Iepma-
nnx e cncremnoro oesnenxnane na enpenre n nponxenne
na noneue or eno ecernnerne upes pasnanena anrnenpecxa
HHHE B HHHE 6<
nponarana. Enpenre ca nnmenn or repmancxo rpaxancrno v
n xpana cmerxa nm ce orxasna crarycr na uonemxn cmecr-
na. B cnnno namanen mama mnoro or nounnxnamnre ce nsc-
nenann nnna na Mnnrpam cnnno oesnenxnar xeprnnre cn
Eno nscnenano nnne onpanana noneennero cn, xaro xas-
na, ue yuemnxr eme ronxona rn n ynopnr, ue sacnyxaname
a nonyun enexrpomoxonere". Koraro Mnnrpam ncxa or nx-
xon or yuacrnnnnre n nscnenanero a nocouar ner ymn, sa
a onnmar nnunocrra na yuemnx, nounnxnamnre ce nscne-
nann nnna anar no-manxo nonoxnrennn n noneue orpnnaren-
nn ymn, orxonxoro nenounnxnamnre ce yuacrnnnn.
Harnacara na esnomomnoro, nesnaunrenno nnnrue" e
onnnernopena or Aon] Axman. Ha cenoro eno sa nero-
nara ponx n nsrpenanero na enpenre ocnonnara my samnra e,
ue ro npocro e nn nesnaunrenna ypmnuxa n mamnnara, xo-
xro e nsnnnxnana npexrnnnre na repmancxnx Pax. Hnuna-
ra orronopnocr sa cocrnennre ecrnnx no-necno moxe a ce
nserne, axo uonex npnnanexn na oprannsannx, n xoxro or-
ronopnocrnre ca pasenenn, a sanxennxra ca cnnno cnenn-
annsnpann.
Vecnn Knnam n Hnn Man or Vnnnepcnrera na Cnnn
cpannxnar nounnennero n ne rpynn or nscnenann nnna: e-
nara nrpae ponxra na npeanaren" (napexa na nxxo pyr
a npnnara enexrpomoxonere na yuem ce"), a pyrara - ponxra
na nsnpmnren" (npexrno npnnara moxonere). Ipynara na
npeanarennre e na nrn no-nounnxnama ce or rpynara na
nsnnnnrennre.
Hounnennero: ]aranen e]exr?
Hsnonre or nscnenannxra nacrponar Mnnrpam no-
xo necnmncrnuno sa emero. To nnme: Cnoconocrra na
uonexa a nsocrann uoneunocrra cn, ncmnocr nensexnocr-
ra ro a ro nanpann, cne xaro cnee ynnxannara cn nnunocr n
no-ronemnre nncrnrynnonannn crpyxrypn... e ]arannnxr e-
]exr, xoro npnpoara e nrpanna n nac n xoro n nrocpo-
uen nnan ana na nonornunnx nn nn mnoro cxpomen manc
sa onenxnane". To opn crnra oram a rnp ue cnecrra
na uonexa npecrana a ecrna, xoraro ro orronapx na nx-
rarnre na anropnrera. Hpn raxnna ocroxrencrna uonexr nan-
nnsa n ccroxnne, n xoero pasrnexa cee cn npocro xaro nn-
crpymenr na anropnrernara ]nrypa.
Onpanan nn e raxn necnmnsm? Hma nxxon ocnonannx
a ce npenonoxn, ue ne e. Ecrecrneno, ananornxra, oueprana
mexy excnepnmenrannara cnryannx na Mnnrpam n nanncrxa
Iepmannx, e nerouna n opn nonexama. Excnepnmenrr na
Mnnrpam e npecranen na yuacrnnnnre no naunn, xoro no-
ueprana neronara nonoxnrenna, xynrypno xenarenna nennocr,
nanpnmep sacnnnanero na pasnpanero na uonemxoro yuene n
namer. Oparnoro, nennre na nanncrxa Iepmannx ca npancr-
neno nnsxn - nesanncnmo or onnra a ce nsopasxr xaro
npeuncrnane na apncxara paca n csananero na no-nncma
nnnnnnsannx. pyra pasnnxa e, ue nscnenannre nnna na Mnn-
rpam ce nounnxnar camo xoraro excnepnmenraropr rn cne-
n ornnso, oxaro nenpexcnaroro cneene o ronxma cre-
nen e nenyxno npn ycnonnxra, xonro npeonaanar n nanncrxa
Iepmannx.
Hexra na Mnnrpam, ue xopara, nounnxnamn ce na anro-
pnrerna ]nrypa, orxnpnxr nnn npocro sapanxr cocrnenara
cn cnecr, moxe a e nna nxpna sa nxxon or o]nnepnre n
nanncrxnre xonnenrpannonnn narepn, no cc cnrypnocr ne e
nxpna sa noneuero or nscnenannre my nnna. Hancrnna n n-
no npnrecnnrenno, axo nscnenannre nnna cn xxa cnnpxann
n xxa nsrnexann cnoxonn n macrnnnn, oxaro anar cnn-
nn enexrpomoxone. Ouennnoro nanpexenne n nenonxocr na
noneuero or nounnxnamnre ce nscnenann nnna xcna noxas-
nar, ue re ne ca sarynnn or norne npancrnennre nnpocn.
Hpancrnenoro nm opxnane ce nnxa or nexenannero nm a
rnear yuemnx, xoero ena nn noxasna cancrnuno yononcr-
nne or npnunnxnanero na onxa.
pyr nxnam ynepenocr pesynrar ce o]opmx, xoraro Mnn-
rpam nocranx ne onepenn nnna saeno c ncxxo ncrnncxo ns-
cnenano nnne, xaro rpnmara nsnnnxnar ponxra na yunrenn.
Koraro nere onepenn nnna nanycxar excnepnmenra no cpe-
ara, 90% or ncrnncxnre nscnenann nnna rn cnenar n cmo
ne ce nounnxnar na excnepnmenraropa. Maxap ue n nanncr-
HHHE B HHHE 71
xa Iepmannx e nmano mnoro xopa, xonro xareropnuno ne ca
oopxnann cranamoro, nscnenannre nnna n excnepnmenrn-
re na Mnnrpam ne ca nmann npecrana ann pyrnre xopa me
oopxr rxxnoro nenounnenne, maxap a ca snaenn, ue exc-
nepnmenraropr nxma a ro nanpann. B nsnecren cmncn Mnn-
rpam nonpanx sapa, xaro nnmana nscnenannre cn nnna or
e]exrnnna npancrnena noxpena, xoxro n morna a sacnnn
xenannero nm a ne ce nounnxr.
Horpemno nnrepnpernpane
na noneennero
H naxpax ce npmame xm cnnno pasncxnannx nnpoc: 3a-
mo nnmnnre nanmarenn ronxona pamarnuno nanenxnar
nnnara na nenounnenne, xonro ca nepoxrnn n excnepnmenra
na Mnnrpam? Hnrepecno npenonoxenne e nsnrnaro or Crn-
nn Vecr n neronnre crpynnnn. Te rnpxr, ue axrtopnre"
(ncexn, xoro axrnnno e anraxnpan n cnryannxra) n nnmnn-
re nanmarenn uecro nmar mnoro pasnnunn nsnpnxrnx sa
npnunnnre sa noneennero n aena cnryannx. Bnnmannero
na axrtopa e ]oxycnpano npxy cpeara, or xoxro ro nsnpa
nn]opmannx, sa a pxonon ecrnnxra cn, oxaro nnnma-
nnero na nanmarenx e ccpeoroueno npxy axrtopa n ne-
ronoro noneenne. Bcnecrnne na rona axrtopr e cxnonen a
npnnncna npnunnnre sa noneennero cn na cpeara, oxaro
nanmarenxr arpnyrnpa ecrnnxra na axrtopa na neronnre
xapaxrepncrnxn. Hanpnmep, axo nonnrare pasnnunn xopa
samo aen uonex e opan anxa, re nepoxrno me nn xaxar, ue
ro e nenourena, anrnconnanna n aconmrno ncxpenrnpa-
na nnunocr. Axo nnrare camnx onpxnx, ro cnrypno me nn
oxcnn, ue e pasnonaran c rana nn]opmannx, ue anxara nec-
no moxe a e opana nnn ue e nman nyxa or napnre.
Cnope anannsa na Vecr xopara nonenxnar nounnenne-
ro n cnryannxra na Mnnrpam, samoro ca cxnonnn a ne nse-
mar npenn anropnrera na excnepnmenraropa. Te ce nnrar
xaxn rnn xopa nxa ce nounnxnann n saxnmuanar, ue camo
cancrnre nxa ce nounnnnn na napexannxra na excnepn-
menraropa.
3a a oxaxe reopnxra cn, Vecr yexana nxxonxo ymn
a yuacrnar n onp na pexnamna ]npma; rxxnara paora e a
ecrnar xaro nrpemnn nanmarenn n a sacnemar na
mnxpo]nnm oxymenrnre na ]npmara. Tesn, xonro yuacrna-
nn, xasnar, ue ca ce crnacnnn a ro nanpanxr sapan napnre n
npenonaraemara aconmrna esonacnocr na nnana. Bnm-
nnre nanmarenn, or pyra crpana, onnnxnar sa cmnnren-
noro nm noneenne rxxnara nnunocr, onncnaxn rn xaro or-
snnunnn, nennrennrenrnn, enn, necnrypnn, nemacrnn, ne-
sacnyxanamn onepne, neopasonann n nmnyncnnnn. Fes cm-
nenne nne neue cre ce cernnn sa nxxon nopann npnnararen-
nn, sa a onnmere excnepnmenrannnre ncnxonosn, xonro ce
onnrnar a yexr mnan cryenrn a ce nnycnar n xapnepa n
nnycrpnannnx mnnonax!
3axnmuennx
Hsxnmunrenno cnnnn xon]nnxrn morar a nsnnxnar, xo-
raro anropnrerna ]nrypa sanonxna na xopara a nsnnnxnar
esnpancrnenn ecrnnx, n resn xon]nnxrn morar a csa-
nar nourn nerpnnmn nnna na nanpexenne. Hounnennero e
no-nepoxrno, xoraro uonexr e no-cnnno anraxnpan c anro-
pnrernara ]nrypa, orxonxoro c xeprnara; nenounnennero e
no-nepoxrno, xoraro ro no nxxaxn naunn nanmana rex-
xoro nonoxenne na xeprnara. Hscnenannxra na Mnnrpam
nonnrar nxxonxo npancrnenn nnpoca or rnena rouxa xax-
ro na excnepnmenraropa, raxa n na nscnenanoro nnne. Hoxa-
sarenno e a ce cpannxr excnepnmenrannnre pesynrarn na Mnn-
rpam n na pyrn nscneonarenn c yxacxnamara peannocr na
Xnrnepona Iepmannx, no ananornxra ne nna a crnra rnpe
aneu.
Excnepnuen1s1 csc
cnuynnpannn sa1nop
Enn or na-npocnonyrnre excnepnmenrn n ncropnxra n<
ncnxonornxra - sapan onona, xoero, nsrnexa, pasxpnna s;
uonemxara npnpoa, n naunna, no xoro e nnannpan - e onn'
a ce orxpne rouno xax n samo npennananero n sarnopa (
ronxona ynnsnrenno npexnnxnane. Ouennno mnoro nema n<
ca nape cc cncremara na sarnopnre n sanannre omecrna
Bce no-uecrnre cnyuan na sarnopnnuecxn ynrone nn Be
nnxopnrannx n Amepnxa e npnsnax, ue nemo e cepnosm
opxano.
Pe]opmnpanero na cncremara e uyecno, no nponemnr!
npno rpxna npannnno a ce nenrn]nnnpar. Tpxna a ce o
mncnxr none rpn ocnonnn xomnonenra na cncremara na sarno
pnre: nasaunre nnn nasnparennre, camnre sarnopnnnn n opra
nnsannonnara crpyxrypa n ]nsnuecxara cpea na sarnopa. Tpx
na nn a onnnxname nasnparennre sa nemnnx xnnmar na yn
rone n nnnennx? 3naem, ue nnna c onxxe arpecnnna nn]
cancrnuna narnaca uecro nsnpar a cranar nasnparenn. Bro
para nsmoxnocr e sarnopnnnnre - cne xaro ca ecrecrnen*
nopnnnn n anrnconnannn - a csanar npornnna armoc]epa
xaxnaro n a e cpeara nm. Tperara nsmoxnocr e camnxr sar
nop - crpaara, ycnonnxra n xnnnnre, nnncara na ycamorenne i
pnrnnara nnacrona crpyxrypa - a e ocnonnnxr nnnonnnx.
Hpanonoona aprymenrannx moxe a ce nsnrne sa nce
xn or resn ]axropn, xonro npnunnxnar nponemn, no rona
nsxnmunrenno rpyno a ee oxaxe. Morar nn ncnxonosnre
a onpnnecar sa pasnpanero na nensnpannocrnre na cncre-
mara na sarnopnre? ]nnnn 3nmapo or Cren]opcxnx ynn-
nepcnrer nsmncnx ocrpoymen excnepnmenr, xoro nenn a ns-
cnena resn e]exrn
8
. Mnoro xpnrnnn onnnxnar nero n xo-
nernre my, ue npexpaunar rpannnara n npecnenane na nayu-
noro nosnanne, no onpen nauanoro na excnepnmenra re ne
nxa mornn a npornosnpar xaxno me ce cnyun. Excnepnmen-
rr na 3nmapo e enn or na-nsnecrnnre - nxxon nxa ro
napexnn nosopen - n anannre na ncnxonornxra.
Knmuon excnepnmenr:
nscnenanero cc cnmynnpannx sarnop
unnnn 3nmapo n neronnre xonern n Cren]opcxnx ynn-
nepcnrer Kper Xenn, Kpr Fanxc n enn xa]e ce nn-
repecynar or npnunnnre sa exymannsannxra, xoxro e ronxo-
na noncemecrna n sarnopnre. a npenonoxnm, ue onxnone-
nn unenone na omecrnoro ca yeenn a nrpaxr ponxra na
nasnparenn n sarnopnnnn n cnmynnpan sarnop, xoro nmn-
rnpa cpeara n ncexnnennoro ]ynxnnonnpane na ncrnncxn
sarnop. Axo cnmynnpannxr sarnop ne ycnee a npensnnxa
npaxenocrra n oruyxennero na peannnx sarnop, rona ne-
cmneno me nocxasna, ue nnunocrnnre xapaxrepncrnxn na
nasnparennre n na sarnopnnnnre, nnn n nere, ca xnsneno-
naxnn ccranxn na yxacnara cnryannx, orxpnnana n peannn-
re sarnopn. Or pyra crpana, axo noneennero, nanmanano
n cnmynnpannx sarnop, e mnoro noono na rona n peannnx,
rona n nocxasnano, ue nmenno cpeara na sarnopa e xpn-
rnunnxr ]axrop, xoro csana rasn armoc]epa.
Excnepnmenrr sanouna na 14 anrycr 1971 r. n Hano Anro,
Kann]opnnx. Tnmnnara na neennara cyrpnn e pasxcana or
nponnsnrenna cnpena na nonnnecxn xonn, oxaro nonnnnx-
ra ]yun ns rpaa, npnnpaxn yuacrnamnre xonexann or o-
Zimbardo, P. G. (1973). On the ethics of intervention in human psycho-
logical research: with special reference to the Stanford prison experiment.
Cognition, 2, 243-256.
HHHE B HHHE 75
monere nm n nsnenanam macon apecr". Bcnuxn sanoospe-
nn" ca onnnenn n yrnannn npecrnnennx, nn]opmnpann ca
sa xoncrnrynnonnnre nm npana, npocnarn ca npxy nonnnec-
xara xona, oncxnpann ca, cnoxenn ca nm enesnnnn n ca nxa-
pann na sanara ceanxa n narpynxara, sa a ar saxapann
n nonnnecxoro ynpannenne. Hxnara onepannx e nsnpmena
ronxona peanncrnuno naroapenne na crpynnuecrnoro na
Ipacxoro nonnnecxo ynpannenne na Hano Anro, ue npnrec-
nena maxa na enn 18-ronmen cryenr, apecrynan sa nop-
xen rpaex, xasna: Homncnnx, ue cnnr mn rpxna a e nan-
pannn nemo". *
Hpn npncrnranero n nonnnecxoro ynpannenne ca cnern
npcronnre orneuarnn na ncexn sanoospxn n ca nororne-
nn nenrn]nxannonnn ]opmynxpn sa neronoro ocne n nenr-
pannara nn]opmannonna asa annn. Cne rona e ocranen cam
n apecranrcxara xnnnx. Ho-xcno npes enx ncexn sanoos-
pxn c npenpsxa na ounre e saxapan n Oxpxnnx c na Cren-
]op", xero e cneuen ron, nperpcen, oesnapasnren n
cnaen c ynn]opma, uapma]n n ocnonnn nemn. Vnn]opma-
ra, nocena or sarnopnnnnre, ce ccron or mnpox xomnneson
c nenrn]nxannonen nomep ornpe n orsa, es onnn pexn,
nexa nepnra n xanxa oxono ennnx rnesen, rymenn canann n
manxa, nanpanena or nanonon uopan.
3arnopnnuecxnxr nasnparen cnpa sarnopnnnnre n nm
comana 16-re ocnonnn npannna na noneennero na sarnop-
nnxa, sanounaxn cc: 3arnopnnnnre rpxna a ce opmar
xm nasaunre c I-n sarnopnnuecxn nasnparen" n sanpm-
naxn c Heycnexr a ce nounnxnare na nxxoe or ropnnre
npannna moxe a onee o naxasanne".
Ha nasnparennre" npen rona e xasano, ue saauara nm
e a nopxar nopxuna crenen na pe n sarnopa, nyxna
sa neronoro e]exrnnno ]ynxnnonnpane". aena nm e camo
mnnnmanna nacoxa sa naunna, no xoro n rpxnano a ce
pxar, no xareropnuno nm e sapaneno a nsnonsnar ]nsn-
uecxa arpecnx. Te mnoro xcno ce pasrpannuanar or sarnopnn-
nnre no ynn]opmara cn, xoxro ce ccron or onxnonena pnsa
n nanranonn n nnxr xaxn, cnnpxa, nonnnecxa nanxa n ounna
c orneannn crxna.
Hasnparennre n sarnopnnnnre ca nspann or omo 75
nnna, orronopnnn na necrnnxapcxa oxna sa mxe oponon-
nn sa yuacrne n ncnxonornuecxo npoyunane na sarnopnnuec-
xnx xnnor" cpemy 15 onapa nenno sa nepno or ne cemn-
nn. ecerre sarnopnnnn n ennaecerre nasnparenn, xonro
ncmnocr yuacrnar n excnepnmenra, ca cpe orronopnnnre na
oxnara, sa xonro e npeneneno, ue ca na-crannnn (]nsnuec-
xn n ncnxnuecxn), na-spenn n na-manxo cxnonnn xm anrn-
connanno noneenne. B ecrnnrennocr mnosnncrnoro or rxx
ca cryenrn, nponsxoxamn or cemecrna or cpenara xnaca.
3arnopnnnnre n nasnparennre rpxna a xnnexr n rpa-
nnnnre na Cren]opcxnx oxpxen sarnop", xoro e pasno-
noxen n masero na crpaara na ]axynrera no ncnxonornx n
Cren]opcxnx ynnnepcnrer. Tosn cnmynnpan sarnop npena-
mepeno e nanpanen xonxoro e nsmoxno no-nenpnxren. Hma
rpn manxn xnnnn (2,80 m na 1,80 m), xaro nn ncxxa ca pasnpe-
enenn no rpnma sarnopnnnn. Hoono na peannnre sarnopn,
nposopnnre ca c pemerxn, a ocnen nasaunre nma nasnparen,
npexrop (3nmapo), xomncnx no ycnonnoro ocnooxanane
n xomnrer no onnaxnannxra. Bcnuxn yuacrnnnn ca nspasnnn
crnacne a yuacrnar, nesanncnmo ue ca npeynpeenn, ue one-
sn or rxx, na xonro ce nane a nrpaxr ponxra na sarnopnnnn,
me ar nanmanann, morar a ar ropmosenn n e ns-
moxno nxxon or ocnonnnre nm npana a ar nornxann no
npeme na npecrox nm n sarnopa".
Cnyunnoro ce n cnmynnpannx sarnop e ronxona nenpnxrno
n norennnanno ronxona onacno, ue nennxr excnepnmenr rpxna
a e cnpxn cne mecr nn, a ne cne nnannpannre ne cemn-
nn. Hacnnne n ynr nsyxnar, npen a ca nsmnnann na nn
or nauanoro na excnepnmenra. 3arnopnnnnre pasxcnar pexn-
re n nenrn]nxannonnnre cn nomepa, xpemxr n ncynar nasa-
unre n ce apnxanpar n xnnnnre. Hasaunre norymanar ynra
c nacnnne, nsnonsnaxn noxaporacnrenn, rpanc]opmnpar npa-
nara na sarnopnnnnre n npnnnnernn", nacrponar rn enn cpe-
my pyr n cncremno rn ropmosxr. Enn or sarnopnnnnre e-
moncrpnpa ronxona cepnosnn cnmnromn na emonnonanno pas-
crpocrno (esoprannsnpano mncnene, nexonrponnpyem nnau
n nncnn) camo cne enn en, ue rpxna a e ocnooen.
HHHE B HHHE T
Ha rpernx en ns sarnopa" ce nycxa cnyxr sa saronop
sa macono xrcrno. Tona xapa npexropa n nasaunre a npe
npnemar pasnnunn penpecnnnn n npenanrnnnn crnxn. H<
uernprnx en ome nama sarnopnnnn emoncrpnpar cnmn
romn na rexxo emonnonanno pascrpocrno n ca ocnooenn
rpern pasnnna ncnxocomarnuen opnn no nxnoro cn rxno \
cmo e ocnooen. C reuenne na npemero nxxon or nasaunre
nsrnexa, nsnnnuar orpomno yonnernopenne or ynpaxnx
nanero na nnacr n or cancrnunoro noneenne. Ocoeno nn
repecno nanmenne e, ue nsnonsnanero na cnna, ropmos
arpecnx or nasaunre ce ynennuana crannno c ncexn cnena:
en nesanncnmo or ]axra, ue cnpornnara na sarnopnnnnre
namanxna n nsuesna. Ocnen rona c reuenne na npemero nasa-
unre emoncrpnpar no-nnnpexrno nnacrra cn, nanpnmep no-
uyxnar c nanxnre cn no pnere cn nnn no meennre, xoxr
naxno nnn saemar excrpanaranrnn nosn. 3arnopnnnnre, or
pyra crpana, sanounar a ce nperpnar n nenpexcnaro r
rnear n semxra.
Tona, xoero, nsrnexa, non o npexparxnanero na excne-
pnmenra, e xomenrap, nanpanen or Kpncrnna Macnax - roe-
nnnara na 3nmapo. Tx ornna n sarnopa, sa a nnrepnmnpr
sarnopnnnnre. oxaro e ram, nnxa penna or sarnopnnnn
cc sanpsann oun, xonro ce nnauar no crpaxa o roanerna-
ra. Iocnoxnna Macnax nsyxna n nnau n nsxnnxna: Vxacnc
e rona, xoero npannm c resn momuera!" Ecrecrneno, cpnerc
na unnnn 3nmapo omexna npn resn ymn n excnepnmenrr
o]nnnanno e npexparen na cnenamara cyrpnn.
Moxe n na-xnnnre pasxasn sa rona - xaxno e a yuacr-
nam n raxona exymannsnpamo npexnnxnane, ca nennnnnre
na npexnre yuacrnnnn. Hpen excnepnmenra enn or nasaunre
nnme n nennnxa cn, ue e nann]ncr n e ronxona nearpecn-
nen, ue ne n morn a cn npecrann a manrpernpa pyre
xnno cmecrno. Ha rpernx en ro cxxam nnnonenno ce pa-
na na nnacrra a mannnynnpa xopara. Hpen sarnopnnnnre r
nmar nocemenne, ro rn npeynpexana a ne ce onnaxnar
axo ne ncxar rocrnre nm nnesanno a cn ornar. Tona, xoerc
nancrnna my xapecna, xasna ro, e, ue nma nourn nnen xonr-
pon na ncnuxo, xoero ce xasna n npann.
Ha nernx en nsnnxnar nponemn, samoro non sarnop-
nnx orxasna a nsxe canama cn. 3anncanoro n nennnxa na
nasaua na rosn eran e: Xnpnxme ro n ynxara, sanonxna-
xn my a pxn no enn canam nn ncxxa pxa... Pemaname a
nrpaem na crpynara na sarnopnnuecxara connapnocr n xas-
name na nonnx, ue ncnuxn pyrn me ar nnmenn or npano
na nocemenne, axo ro ne cn nsxe neuepxra... As mnnanam n
ypxm c nanxara cn nparara na ynxara... Mnoro cm pasrne-
nen na rosn sarnopnnx sapan npensnnxnanero na nponemn
n nenpnxrnocrn sa pyrnre. Pemnx a ro naxpanx nacnna, no
ro ne ncxame a xe. Ocrannx xpanara a ce crnua no nnnero
my... Mpasex ce, ue ro xapam a xe, no mpasex noneue nero sa
rona, ue ne xenae a ce xpann".
Kaxro neue orenxsaxme, nasaunre cranar nce no-pyran-
nn n arpecnnnn n xoa na excnepnmenra n npenepernar npe-
ynpexennero a ne nsnonsnar ]nsnuecxa cnna. Cmenpe-
menno 3nmapo n xonernre my nnmar, ue nma pasnnunx n
noneennero na nasaunre n ue camo oxono ena rpera or rxx
ca ronxona nocneonarenno npaxenn n emoncrpnpar ron-
xona ynnsnrenno noneenne, ue morar a ce onnmar xaro ca-
ncrn.
Or pyra crpana, sarnopnnnnre en cne en cranar nce
no-nacnnnn n nornar n ccroxnne na enpecnx n esnomom-
nocr. Moxe n npnunnara sa rona e, ue re sanounar a ocsna-
nar, ue ne morar a nanpanxr nourn nnmo, sa a noopxr
cnryannxra nnn a xonrponnpar cpeara. Kaxro rnacn crapa-
ra noronopxa: 3amo a nem c rnana ryxnena crena?".
Hesanncnmo or npexenpemennnx cn xpa excnepnmen-
rr na 3nmapo noxasna, ue pyrannn, rposnn sarnopnnuec-
xn cnryannn morar a ce pasnnxr opn xoraro nourenn rpax-
ann nrpaxr ponnre na sarnopnnnn n nasaun. exymannsann-
xra, xoxro ce noxnxna n Cren]opcxnx excnepnmenr, rpyno
n morna a ce npnnnme na ennanrnnre nnunocrn" na yuac-
rnnnnre. Ha-ecrecrnenoro oxcnenne e, ue sarnopnnuecxara
cpea e rasn, xoxro e na-cnnno orronopna sa noneennero na
yuacrnnnnre. Ho ymnre na 3nmapo neronoro nscnenane
pasxpnna cnnara na connannnre, nncrnrynnonannnre cnnn
a xapar opn xopa a ce anraxnpar n snn ena".
HHHE B HHHE
Konxo oaue cnmynnpannxr sarnop e nooen na peannnx
Cnnerencrnara or xopara c nnuen onnr or peannnre sarnop:
ca onxxe cmecenn. 3arnopnnnnre n xpnnoro c ycnnena on
pana na sarnop n Poy Ann xasnar, ue cnope rxx peaxnnn
re na sarnopnnnnre cnmynanrn cornercrnar na opxannr
n cnpxemonnonannn peaxnnn na mnoro sarnopnnnn, nsnexa
namn npnca sa npn nr. 3aenexxa or enn nnm sarnop
nnx xnpnx nsnecrna cnernnna npxy nacnnnocrra na sarnop
nnnnre cnmynanrn: Enncrnennxr naunn nancrnna a ce cno
ronm c me]onere (n rexcacxn sarnop) e a ce sarnopnm
cee cn ncnxnuecxn n ]nsnuecxn - yxnanno a cranem xon
xoro e nsmoxno no-nncx. Tona e ome enn naunn, no xor<
re nnmanar or uonemxn xauecrna. Te ne xenaxr a csana
nnnenne n sarnopa".
Kaxno xasnar xpnrnnnre?
Mnamnxr nasnparen n sarnopa Can Kyenrnn" e npenn
nmo cxenrnuen xm excnepnmenra na 3nmapo, xoraro <
nnrepnmnpan no renennsnxra. Honnran ann e penenanren s;
cncremara na sarnopnre, ro orronapx, ue e esnonesen, npe
yeen n meroonornuecxn e]exren, no ocnonana npeen
xara cn na xparxa necrnnxapcxa crarnx, xoxro e npouen. Cne;
rona npanoro na 3nmapo a nocemana xoro n a e or sarno
pnre n Kann]opnnx e ornero or npexropa na Orena no mec
rara sa nnmanane or cnooa. Tona ecrnne nocxasna - no
ne sa nnnnnnre, ue unnonnnuecrnoro e ynnameno, samoro 3nm
apo ope e cxnanan nemara.
Ha-momnara araxa nna or ocrncxnre ncnxonosn An]
Fanyasnsn n Cnamax Moxanen, xonro rnpxr, ue yuacrnn
nnre n excnepnmenra cc Cren]opcxnx sarnop ne ca n conn
anna cnryannx, xoxro e ]ynxnnonanno exnnnanenrna na ras]
na peannnre sarnopn; ncnuxo, xoero ce ncxa or rxx, e a nrpa
xr ponnre na sarnopnnnn n nasaun, n r xaro re nmar cnnm
crepeornnn sa noneennero na nasaunre n na sarnopnnnnre i
peannnre sarnopn, npocro ca ce anraxnpann n csnarenna po
nena nrpa, ocnonana na resn crepeornnn. B rasn npsxa e nn
repecno a ce orenexn, ue xoraro ca pasnnrnann sa arpecnn
noro nm noneenne, noneuero or nasaunre rnpxr, ue re npoc-
ro ca nrpann ponxra" na cypon nasau.
Fanyasnsn n Moxanen nscnenar nxxon or nenre cn, xaro
monxr xopara a nonnnar nnpocnnx, onncnam Excnepnmenra
cc Cren]opcxnx sarnop n npecranxm cne rona nopenna
or nnpocn. Ocemecer n enn nponenra or nscnenannre
orrarnar ocra rouno xaxno ce e onnrnan a oxaxe excnepn-
menraropr; nanpnmep enn pecnonenr nnme: To nxpna,
ue n sarnopa xopara ca pasnrpanann, omanonaxanann n ynn-
xanann".
Orpomnoro mnosnncrno or pecnonenrnre (90%) nporno-
snpar, ue nasaunre cnmynanrn me ca npaxenn, arpecnnnn n
yrnerxnamn. Taxn xoncencyc nocxasna, ue cmecrnyna nos-
nar crepeornn sa noneennero na sarnopnnuecxnre nasaun n
nasnparenn. Ho-manxo e crnacnero sa nepoxrnnre peaxnnn
na sarnopnnnnre cnmynanrn. Hpnnnsnrenno 30% cmxrar, ue
sarnopnnnnre me ce ynrynar n nxma a ce nounnxnar, pyrn
30% noosnpar, ue me ca nacnnnn n xpncnmn, a no-ronxmara
uacr or ocranannre cmxrar, ue re nepoxrno me ce nmmxar or
enara o pyrara xpanocr.
Cneonarenno, xaxro noxasnar resn annn, nasaunre cn-
mynanrn moxe n npocro ca ce npecrpynann, ue ce nounnx-
nar na xynrypnnx crepeornn sa arpecnnnnx, nenpnxren nasn-
paren n sarnopa, n ncmnocr ne ca ce anraxnpann nancrnna"
n ponxra, xoxro ca nrpann. He e cncem xcno oaue ann none-
ennero na sarnopnnnnre cnmynanrn moxe ronxona necno a
ce oxcnn c aprymenra sa crepeornnnre. He cmecrnynar xyn-
rypnn ouaxnannx sa rnnnunoro noneenne na sarnopnnnnre.
Hecmneno e nxpno, ue noneenuecxnre moenn, npoxnxna-
nn or anraxnpannre n ponenara nrpa, orpasxnar mnoro pasnnu-
nn nema, nxnmunrenno onona, xoero nrpaemnxr ponxra n
ncxan a npann, onona, xoero cnope nero e connanno xena-
renno, n xaxno cmxra, ue excnepnmenraropr ncxa or nero. B
rasn npsxa Fanyasnsn n Moxanen ca npann, xoraro xpnrn-
xynar 3nmapo sapan onycxanero, ue pesynrarnre my mo-
rar a ce oxcnxr cncem npocro. Txxnoro cocrneno oxcne-
nne na pesynrarnre na 3nmapo oaue cmo ne e cnpmeno
aexnarno. ann nacnnnocrra, enpecnxra, esnomomnocrra
HHHE B HHHE 8
n opn ncnxonornuecxara nc]ynxnnx, npoxnxnann or sarnop
nnnnre, ca npocro saenexnrenen npnmep na axrtopcxa nrpa
nenxma a yron na excnepnmenraropnre? opn axo rexxorc
emonnonanno pascrpocrno moxe a ce cnmynnpa, sa ncnxo
comarnunnre opnnn ce npnema, ue rpyno ce noanar na cn
mynannx.
Ha-cnnnoro oxasarencrno cpemy nexra, ue nscnena-
nnre nnna na 3nmapo npocro ca pasnrpanann" xynrypnc
e]nnnpann ponn, e, ue xpannre nepcnn na resn ponn ce na-
nmanar npenmno xm xpax na excnepnmenra. Axo Fanyasn-
sn n Moxanen ce
1
'npann, samo nnnoxpnnoro crepeornnno
noneenne ne ce npoxnxna or camoro nauano? Hemo noneue,
]nsnuecxoro manrpernpane n ropmos, emoncrpnpann or na-
saunre, nsrnexa, crnrar rnpe aneu n nacxauar onona, xo-
ero n ce ouaxnano npocro or nrpara na ponx. Maxap ue ns-
nnnennero na ponxra e na-nepoxrno n npnccrnnero na ayn-
ropnx, 3nmapo n ecrnnrennocr orxpnna, ue ropmosr na
sarnopnnnnre e no-ronxm, xoraro orennnre nasaun ca na ue-
rnpn oun c orenen sarnopnnx nnn ca nsnn oxnara na sannc-
namara anaparypa.
Hscnenanero ornnso na annnre, cpann or 3nmap-
o, noxasna, ue necmneno nma nsnecrno axrtopcxo nsnnne-
nne na pannnre erann na nscnenanero, xaro crepeornnnnre
ouaxnannx cnococrnar sa erepmnnnpanero na noneennero
na yuacrnnnnre. Cmenpemenno cn crpyna a ce orenexn, ue
e nepoxrno peannnre nasaun nnn nasnparenn n sarnopnre c-
mo a nrpaxr ponx" n npnnre nn cne sanounane na rasn
paora. C nanpenanero na excnepnmenra yuacrnnnnre, nsr-
nexa, cranar nce no-anraxnpann n ponnre, n xonro ca pasn-
peenenn, saenexnmo namanxnar nnnoro na ocsnanane na
cocrnennre cn ecrnnx.
Acnexrr na Cren]opcxnx sarnopnnuecxn excnepnmenr,
xoro npnrecnxna na-cnnno xopara, e ann e npancrneno npn-
emnnno nscnenannre nnna a ce nsnarar na raxana erpaannx
n npaxenocr. Moxe nn uonex nancrnna a onpanae nscne-
nane, n xoero uernpnma yuacrnnnn rpxna a ar ocnooe-
nn sapan nsxnmunrenno cnnna enpecnx, esoprannsnpano
mncnene, nexonrponnpyem nnau n xpocrnn nsnnnn"? Pasymno
nn e nno 3nmapo a cron nacrpana, oxaro nasaunre npn-
nyxanar sarnopnnnnre a uncrxr roanernnre c ronn pne,
nonnnar rn c noxaporacnrenn n rn xapar a npanxr nnnenn
onopn, xaro nonxxora na rpa nm cron nxxo or nasaunre?
Hpo]ecop Xapnc Cennn or Vnnnepcnrera na Hencnnna-nnx
nanpnmep onncna cnmynnpannx sarnop xaro a" n cpannxna
3nmapo c rpronen na crapn xonn n c pyrn, unnro ponn
rn nsxymanar a ca ronxona npornnnn, xonxoro nosnonxna
saxonr". Heronoro saxnmuenne e cnenoro: Hpenoa-
narenn, xonro n npecnenane na cocrnennre cn axaemnunn
nnrepecn n npo]ecnonanen nanpex mamxr, ynnxanar n no
pyr naunn ce ornacxr sne cc cryenrnre cn, norynar armoc-
]epara na nsanmno onepne n nnrenexryanna uecrnocr, es
xoxro - xaxro cme cxnonnn a xasname na ayrcaepnre, xon-
ro ncxar a ce pxar n namnre ena - ne moxe a npon]rx-
na nnro nearorr, nnro cnoonoro rpcene".
3amnrara na 3nmapo
B orronop 3nmapo rnpn, ue ncnxonornuecxnre nscne-
nannx ca npancrneno onpanann, axo neuanara - nanpnmep
nono nosnanne - narexana na sarynre
9
. To rnpn, ue sa-
rynre", nperpnenn or yuacrnnnnre, npecranar a cmecr-
nynar cne xpax na nscnenanero. Tona e yocronepeno upes
nnpocnnnn, nsnparenn na yuacrnnnnre nxxonxo cemnnn cne
excnepnmenra, nxxonxo mecena no-xcno n cne rona na e-
noronmnn nnrepnann. Hanpanen e onnr sa mnnnmnsnpane
na orpnnarennnre e]exrn or nscnenanero upes nponexane-
ro na enonennn cecnn, n xonro ce excnnnnnpar n ocxar
ernunnre xon]nnxrn, nocranenn or nscnenanero.
3nmapo npnsnana, ue no npeme na excnepnmenra nscne-
nannre nnna ca nnn nonoxenn na cnnno crpaanne, no no-
couna, ue ncnuxn yuacrnnnn ca nonncann o]nnnanno saxnne-
9
Zimbardo, P. G. (1975). Transforming experimental research into advo-
cacy for change. In Deutch M. and Hornstein H. A. (Eds.). Applying So-
cial Psychology: Implications for Research, Practice and Training. London:
Halstead.
HHHE B HHHE
nne sa nn]opmnpano crnacne", xoero xonxpernsnpa, ue m
nma napymanane na yennennero, sarya na nxxon rpaxanc
xn npana n ropmos. Ocnen rona nocouna, ue ncexn npo]ecno
nanen ncnxonor, xoro ce uyncrna nemacren or nscnenanerc
e moxen a noae xana o Komnrera no ernxa xm Amepn
xancxara ncnxonornuecxa aconnannx. B ecrnnrennocr cam<
eno sannrnane e apecnpano o Komnrera n pamxnre na n!
ronnn cne ocmecrnxnanero na nscnenanero - n ro e o
1
camnx 3nmapo!
Or nonoxnrenna rnena rouxa no-ronxmara uacr or yuac
rnnnnre cnoenxr* ue ca nayunnn nennn nema sa cee cn. Hx
xon or rxx xannarcrnar a ce orxaxar or uacr or nxrnar;
cn naxannnx, sa a paorxr na opononnn nauana n mecrm
sarnopn, a noneuero cranar samnrnnnn na pe]opmara na sar
nopnre. pyra nonsa or nscnenanero e nnnxnnero, xoero r<
oxasna npxy mnpoxara omecrnenocr. Hanpnmep ena rpax
ancxa rpyna nsnonsna pesynrarnre or excnepnmenra n cem
eno, sa a ce npeornparn nsrpaxanero na orpomen non sar
nop n oxpr Konrpa Kocra, Kann]opnnx, n nonsa na no-man
xn, asnpann n omnocrra nsnpannrennn saneennx.
Hpancrnenara nosnnnx, npnera or 3nmapo, e, ue nenr;
onpanana cpecrnara n cnope nex nscnenannxra ce onenx
nar, orunraxn nxnmuennre nonsn n nena". Tona cornercr
na na cranonnmero na noneuero ncnxonosn n e nspaseno n y
mnre na Komnrera no ernunnre cranaprn n ncnxonornuecxn
re nscnenannx xm Amepnxancxara ncnxonornuecxa aconna
nnx: Omnxr ernuen nnpoc nnnarn e ann nma orpnnarenei
e]exr npxy ocroncrnoro n narononyunero na yuacrnnnn
re, xoro nacxaua snauennero na nscnenanero". opn n ra
xa oaue nma rpynocrn.
Hpno, mnoro ope e a ce onpananar nscnenannxra n<
asara na nepoxrnnre nonsn n nena", no nne nennnarn snaen
xaxnn me ca nocnecrnnxra, npeou a e nn ocmecrnen exc
nepnmenrr. 3nmapo rnpn, ue nncoxara nena" na nero
nnx excnepnmenr cc sarnopa - or rnena rouxa na erpaa
nnx n ]nsnuecxo manrpernpane - ro e nsnenaana. Bnpem
rona no-panen n no-manx napnanr na ocnonnnx excnepnmen
r
e nn ocmecrnen no pxonocrnoro na 3nmapo n Cren
]opcxnx ynnnepcnrer n pesynrarnre o ronxma crenen yxr
cmnre npnrecnennx.
Bropo, onenxara na enn uonex na nonsnre n nenara" na
aeno nscnenane moxe a ne cnnaa c neunx pyra onenxa.
Mnoro xopa ne ca crnacnn cc 3nmapo, rnpexn, ue crpa-
annero na yuacrnnnnre ne e onpanano or nna xauecrnena
nn]opmannx, xoxro e narpynana.
Hmanyen Kanr n pyrn rnpxr, ue nenra ne moxe a on-
panae cpecrnara. Hpancrnennxr npnnnnn ne nna a nma ns-
xnmuennx, nesanncnmo xaxnn ca nocnecrnnxra. Pnrnnoro
cnenane na raxnna npnnnnnn oaue moxe a nma nsxnmun-
renno snomacrnn nocnecrnnx. Axo ny c nymxa nn nnra xe
ce namnpa maxa nn, samoro ncxa a x sacrpenx, me my xaxere
nn sapan cnasnanero na npnnnnna Bnnarn ronopn ncrn-
nara"? Pnrnnara n nepeanncrnuna npnpoa na raxana npanc-
rnena nosnnnx ne npnnnnua mnoro xopa.
Hocnecrnnx sa pe]opmara na sarnopnre
Hesanncnmo or xpnrnxnre Cren]opcxnx sarnopnnuecxn
excnepnmenr ana nneuarnxnamn n nponoxnpamn xm pasmn-
cn pesynrarn. Kaxno n oprannsannonnara crpyxrypa na sar-
nopnre npensnnxna raxnna snomacrnn e]exrn npxy yxa n
noneennero na sarnopnnnnre? 3nmapo rnpn, ue enn or
penenanrnnre ]axropn e rona, ue sarnopnre ca npoexrnpann
sa maxcnmnsnpane na anonnmnocrra. Bcnuxn sarnopnnnn no-
cxr cranaprnn ynn]opmn, xocara nm rpxna a e xco noc-
rpnrana n ce xpanxr cranaprno or cranaprnn unnnn n cran-
aprno npeme. Pasnpa ce, rxxnara sarnopnnuecxa nenrnu-
nocr e no ocaa.
Cmenpemenno nmenno nnacronara crpyxrypa n sarnopnre
e nenrn]nnnpana or 3nmapo xaro na-naxnnx ]axrop:
,Bnacrra e na-naxnara npomennnna n connannara ncnxono-
rnx, no n na-npenepernanara... Ionxmoro orxpnrne na amepn-
xancxnx nxennopnsm, ue peaxnnn, xonro ce noxpenxr, me
ynennuanar uecrorara cn, e camo rexnonornuna enexxa no
nnnnx xm ocnonnnx nnpoc xo xonrponnpa noxpennrennre".
HHHE B HHHE 8
B sarnopnnuecxara cncrema nasaunre nnn nasnparennr
ynpaxnxnar nnacr. Te ouaxnar sarnopnnnnre a ce nounnx
nar na ncnuxn npannna, no ne rn narpaxanar sa nounnenne
ro. Axo oaue sarnopnnnnre ne ce nounnxnar na npannnara
rona ce saenxsna n cnena naxasanne. Cneonarenno na-o
poro, na xoero sarnopnnxr moxe a ce naxna, e nasaunre ;
ce pxar npennnmo, raxa ue a snae xax a ce pxn, sa ;
nserne naxasannero. Koraro ecrnnrennn sarnopnnnn ca no
nnrann: Kaxnn ca xapaxrepncrnxnre na opnx nasau?", no
neuero xasnar, ue npenounrar nasaun, xonro cnasnar npa
nnnara" n ne npanxr nsxnmuennx.
uaxrr, ue sarnopnnnnre ca ornocnrenno necnoconn <
xonrponnpar cpeara cn nnn a nonyuanar narpan, xaro ec
rnar no onpeenen naunn, moxe a e or xpnrnuno snauenne
Haoparopnnre nscnenannx ca emoncrpnpann, ue raxnna o
croxrencrna csanar anarnuno ccroxnne, nsnecrno xaro sa
yuena esnomomnocr", xoero, nsrnexa, nma mnoro omo <
nacnnnocrra n nnncara na orxnnxnane na sarnopnnnnre cn
mynanrn na 3nmapo. Moxe n sarnopnnnnre mxxa a ca no
ononnn or yuacrra cn, axo xxa xnanenn n narpaxanann sr
rona, ue cnenar npannnara na sarnopa, nmecro a ar na
xasnann sa nenounnennero nm. Taxn noxo e npner c ns
necren ycnex n cnmnonnara nxonomnxa", ocena n 24-rr
rnana.
3axnmuennx
unnnn 3nmapo oprannsnpa cnmynannx na sarnop, sa E
nscnena neocrarnnre na cncremara na sarnopnre. To ycra-
nonxna, ue xoraro ca nomonenn a nrpaxr ponxra na nasaun E
sarnopa, orronopnn rpaxann ecrnar no ynnsnrenen n exy-
mannsnpam naunn xm pyrn orronopnn rpaxann, nrpaemn
ponxra na sarnopnnnn. Tona nocxasna, ue xm yxacnre
sarnopnre noxr nmenno cpeara n nnacronara crpyxrypa ram.
a ne cancrnunara npnpoa na nasaunre nnn anrnconnannara
npnpoa na sarnopnnnnre. Ho-xonxperno: sarnopnnuecxnre
nnacronn crpyxrypn nsncxnar or nasaunre a naxasnar sar-
nopnnnnre sa napymanane na npannnara n na sarnopnnnnre
ne ce paspemana a xonrponnpar cpeara cn n nxxaxna cmec-
rnena crenen. Cmenpemenno nscnenanero na 3nmapo
ncmnocr ne oopna anrepnarnnnnre oxcnennx n nma oxa-
sarencrna, ue npecrnnnnnre nancrnna ce pasnnuanar n nnu-
nocrno ornomenne or nopmannara nonynannx (xaxro me nn-
nm n 24-ra rnana).
Ocnen ue ocnrypxna nona nn]opmannx sa cncremara na
sarnopnre, Cren]opcxnxr sarnopnnuecxn excnepnmenr non-
nra naxnn ernunn nnpocn. Cnope 3nmapo nscnenanero
rpxna a ce npenenxna no xpnrepnx ann nonsara nannmana
nenara. B nscnenane, n xoero nenara" nxnmuna nxxonxo nn
xpano nemacrne n ynnxenne sa nxxon or yuacrnnnnre, non-
sara nancrnna rpxna a e nsxnmunrenna. Mnoro xopa cmx-
rar, ue nscnenanero na 3nmapo e xcen npnmep na nena",
xoxro cnnno nannmana nonsara n ue nscnenanero nome
ne e rpxnano a ce nponexa nnn n cnenano a ce npexparn
mnoro no-pano.
Cexc, nacnnne n menn
B noneuero sanann omecrna npes nocnennre ronnn ce
saenxsna noueprano ynennuenne na pox na npecrnnennxra
c nacnnne, nsnacnnnannxra n pyrnre cexcyannn npecrn-
nennx. Fes snauenne xax ce anannsnpar n xpnrnxynar annnre
ynennuennero e peanno n nsncxna oxcnenne. Mnoro xopa
onnnxnar mennre, rnpexn, ue orxpnro nacnnnnuecxnxr
n nopnorpa]cxn marepnan nxma xax a ne ynpaxnxna nomo
nnnxnne npxy mnanre n noarnnnnre. Hpocro cnnaenne
nn e, ue xonnuecrnoro nacnnne, noxasnano no renennsnxra, n
xonnuecrnoro orxpnr n xnen cexc, emoncrpnpano na nneo n
n nopnorpa]cxnre cnncannx, cmo ce ynennuanar npes noc-
nennre rpnecer ronnn? Hancrnna n reuenne na npemero
cxxam nma xopenannx mexy npenaranero na marepnann n
mennre n no-nncoxnx po npecrnnennx c nacnnne n cexcy-
annn nanaennx, no ann enoro e npnunna sa pyroro?
Hynnxynann ca ronxm po orennn cnyuan, xonro no-
cxasnar, ue raxona nsanmoornomenne cmecrnyna. Ero enn
nsxnmunrenno ornparnrenen npnmep, n xoro 14-ronmno
momnue e nananaro n nsnacnneno or ne 15-ronmnn n eno
14-ronmno momue. Momnuero ce rpnxeno sa manxo ere n ce
npmano y oma oxono 23 uaca - noxara, unero ere rnea-
no, x saxapana o ynnnara nnso o anapramenra, n xoro ro
xnneeno. oxaro npnxno xm anapramenra cn, o opmpa
cnpxna uepnena cnoprna xona - nna orxpanara or nnsxa
ynnna npes cmnx en. B nex ceenn rpnmara mnaexn, ne-
nosnarn na momnuero. Te my npenoxnnn a ro xauar, no ro
orxasano.
H rpnmara nocnenann momnuero o noxa, xero x
crpaunnn. Ennnxr or rxx x narnxan n rmen rn n nape-
nn a cn cnann nanranonnre, oxaro pyrnxr nsnann uexn-
xa. 3anounann a ro ranxr, no nnn npexcnarn or paspas-
nen xnren, xoro ce pasxpemxn. Cne rona nsnnexnn momn-
uero or noxa n ro copnnn sa eno pno nnso o pexara.
Ennnxr xasan na momnuero: Axo ne cn cnannm pexnre, me
nnesem n pexara".
Vxacenoro momnue ce cnxxno, a rpnmara x nsnacnnn-
nn. Te cn nonnxnann: Cera e rno pe" n x nsnacnnnann or-
nono n ornono. Hsnpmnnn n pyrn yxacxnamn cexcyannn
ecrnnx". Ennnxr ro pnrnan, samoro momnuero nnaueno,
xoraro my napennn a nma nonon axr. Cne nxxonxo mnnyrn
na cnenara omnn rpnma mxe n 30-re cn ronnn. Hpno rne-
ann momuerara a nsnacnnnar momnuero, a cne rona ce npn-
cennnnn n re. Cnope momnuero mxere nnn npnxrenn na
enoro momue. Ha enn eran momuerara n mxere nxynom
yuacrnann n nxxaxna ]opma na cexcyanna enocr c momnue-
ro. Koraro mxere cn rprnann, momuerara ornono ro nsna-
cnnnnn. Cne rona ne or rxx ypnnnpann npxy momnuero n
rpnmara cn rprnann, sannamnaxn ro, ue me my cuynxr npa-
ra, axo xaxe na nxxoro.
Momnuero - mpcno n nsxanxno - ycnxno a cepe nx-
xaxnn pexn n ornmno n anapramenra na cnox npnxrenxa, or-
xero nna nsnnxana nonnnnxra. Hexapxara, xoxro ro nsc-
nenana, orxpnna napanxnannx, enesn or sn n pacxornnn,
no ne ycnxna a x nscnena nnnonenno sapan ronemnre oro-
nn n nopan cnnnara onxa. Tpnmara mnaexn nnn npocne-
enn. H rpnmara cn npnsnann. B resn nrn npnsnannx nxma-
no n ena yma nnn nspas na pasxaxnne nnn nxxaxn nnrepec
xm muennxra, npes xonro npemnnano momnuero.
Or mncnra xm ecrnnero
Ornomennero na rasn yxacxnama ncropnx xm remara na
rasn rnana ce nsxcnxna or npoxypopa, xoro saxnnn: B oma
HHHE B HHHE 8
na rapropa xxa orxpnrn penna nopnorpa]cxn cnncannx, nx
xon or xonro noxasnaxa excnnnnnrno rnna snepcxn cexcyan
nn npecrnnennx, xonro ca nsnpmenn cpemy momnuero". To
na nocxasna, no, pasnpa ce, ne oxasna, ue resn nopnorpa]
cxn marepnann ca - none oruacrn - orronopnn sa nsnpmeno
ro npecrnnenne. opn ]axrr, ue morar a ce nnrnpar mno
ro noonn cnyuan, n xonro npecrnnennero e orneanen o
pas na axr nnn axrone, nsopasxnann n xnnra, ]nnm nnn rene
nnsnonno npeanane, npouerenn nnn rneann or onnnxemnx
ne ocnrypxna ocoeno oxasarencrno. Cmenpemenno raxnn;
cnyuan nonnrar`ncrnncxa nyxa or nscnenane. Bneuarne
nnero sa npnunna n cnecrnne ne moxe a ce npeneperne.
Onesn, xonro rnpxr, ue cmecrnyna xaysanna npsx;
mexy moennre or mennre n npecrnnennxra c nacnnne, uec
ro nsnonsnar pexnamara xaro ocnona sa mnennxra cn. Axo rene
nnsnxra, necrnnnnre n cnncannxra morar yenrenno a yex
anar xnnxn xopa a cn xynxr npoyxra X npocro xaro noxas
nar xax pyrn xopa ro xynynar n my ce panar, samo ronxn
po xopa a ne nocnenar npnmepa, xoraro nnxar nnn uera
r
sa nnna, pxamn ce no nacnnnnuecxn nnn cexcyanno excnnn
nnren naunn n ouennno my ce nacnaxanar? 3amo rpxn<
pexnamoarennre a nnamar orpomnn cymn, sa a morar rexnn
re npoyxrn a nn ce narpannar or mennre, axo ne ouaxna:
pexnamara a sacnnn mornnannxra na xopara a rn xynynar?
Tosn aprymenr nma nsnecrna cnna, no ne e nornuecxn noe
neonarenen. Honeuero or pexnamnpannre nema n memnu
ca raxnna, xonro xopara raxa nnn nnaue ncxar, nanpnmep xo
nn, xnannnnnn n naxannnn. Te cc cnrypnocr ne xenaxr m
cmnx naunn nacnnnnuecxn nnn nepnepsnn ]opmn na cexc
Honeuero pexnamn xasnar na xopara xox xomnannx nponsnex
a croxnre n ycnyrnre, xonro re xenaxr, nnn xe morar a ct
saxynxr. Hsopasxnanero na nacnnne n excnnnnnren cexc mo
xe a cyn xopara sa cmecrnynanero na onpeenenn ]op
mn na noneenne, no rona e rnpe pasnnuna resa.
pyr xaysanen" aprymenr e cnennxr. Tenennsnxra nn npe
cranx cranonnme sa omecrnoro n nn noxasna xax xopara ce p
xar n pasnnunn cnryannn. enara nmnrnpar moennre, xonrc
nm ce saanar - raxa re ce yuar a pearnpar na cnryannn, c xonrc
nnxora npen ne ca ce cncxnann. Ponrennre, yunrennre, non-
snesnre, parxra n cecrpnre, yunnnmnnre npexropn, xnnrnre,
cnncannxra n renennsnxra ocnrypxnar ponenn moenn. Cneona-
renno, axo nacnnnnuecxo nnn xopanocpeuno noneenne n exc-
nnnnnren n pyranen cexc cnoono ce emoncrpnpar npe e-
nara, re morar a sanounar a pasrnexar raxona noneenne xa-
ro ecrecrneno n npnemnnno. Hancrnna nma oxasarencrna n no-
xpena na rosn aprymenr-n ro rpyno moxe a e oopen.
Tona, pasnpa ce, ne osnauana, ue renennsnxra, nneo]nn-
mnre, nopnorpa]cxnre cnncannx n r.n. ca enncrnennxr nnn
opn ocnonnnxr nsrounnx na npnrecnnrennnre npomenn, xo-
nro ca ce ocmecrnnnn n namero omecrno. oxasnanero, ue
cmecrnyna npnunnno-cnecrnena npsxa mexy mennre n
no-nncoxnre nnna na nacnnne n omecrnoro, e mnoro rpyno,
samoro ecrnar ronxona mnoro pyrn ]axropn.
Hnro nx osnauana, ue ncexn e enaxno nonnnxn or nso-
pasxnanero na cexca n nacnnnero. Bnymennero no-cxopo e, ue
urou xopa - rpxna a npnsnaem, ue poxr nm e ornocnrenno
manx - ca ocraruno nonnnxnn or opasnre na uonemxa es-
cpeunocr, sa a npenpnar mncnra n ecrnne. Hexa oa-
ue ne ce noaname na xnnnosara a mncnnm, ue nponemr e
nesnaunrenen, samoro camo manx nponenr or xopara ca non-
nnxnn or renennsnxra, nneo]nnmnre n nopnorpa]cxnre cnn-
cannx. Hpes 1952 camo 0,024 % or amepnxancxnre rpaxann
ca nounnann ncnecrnne na nrnorpancnoprnn nponsmecrnnx,
no n crpana c pasmepnre na CAB rona osnauana, ue 37 794
ymn ca sarynnn xnnora cn. Manxnre nponenrn morar a ce
narpynnar o nenpnemnnno nncoxn nn]pn na yncrna, nsna-
cnnnannx n pyrn npecrnnennx c nacnnne.
Hpannnna nnrepnperannx
na nscneonarencxnre pesynrarn
Hpes nocnennre uernpnecernna ronnn ca nponexann
mnoro emnnpnunn nscnenannx - excnepnmenrannn naopa-
ropnn nscnenannx, nonenn nscnenannx, pyrn npoyunannx,
xomnnnpamn naoparopnara n nonenara paora - xonro ne-
HHHEBHHHE 91
nxr a ycranonxr nnn a oopxr npsxa mexy arpecnnnoro
noneenne n nacnnnero n mennre. Hpen oaue a norne-
nem pesynrarnre, rpxna a cme naxcno c npeyeenocrra na
raxnna nscnenannx. B mnoro cnyuan yuacrnar cnnnn ]nnan-
conn nnrepecn, xoero onxnoneno ne e penenra sa nenpeye-
ena nnrepnperannx na pesynrarnre, a n pyrn cnyuan pesyn-
rarnre na yuennre, xonro nsnpmnar nscnenanero, ca nnn
saymanann or rpynonn nnrepecn. B ena Komncnx, c]opmn-
pana or npesnenra na CAB, sa a ce sannmana c e]exrnre na
cexca n nacnnnero n mennre, na ocnonnnre renennsnonnn mpe-
xn e nosnoneno a: nmar nero npxy nasnauananero n xomncn-
xra na nama nsxnmunrenno ynaxanann ncnxonosn, xonro nmar
penyrannxra na excneprn no resn nnpocn, n a rn samenxr c
nenpo]ecnonanncrn c narocxnonno ornomenne xm renenn-
snonnara nnycrpnx. B pesynrar na rona Komncnxra ce cc-
ron npenmno or amartopn, mo ce ornacx o onenxara na pe-
synrarnre, n or pyrn unenone, xonro ca orxpnro nspann, sa
a samnranar onpeenenn nnrepecn. 3axnmuennxra na Komn-
cnxra ne ca sanxnrenno nenepnn, no ca nspasenn no raxn
npenasnnn n saonxonen naunn, ue uecro ce csana norpem-
noro nneuarnenne. oxnar na Komncnxra npxy renennsn-
onnoro nacnnne nanpnmep oxnxna, ue ro e npeno, no rona
saxnmuenne e oneueno n penna ynprannx n c ronxona mno-
ro pesepnn, ue mnoro necrnnnn cxnamar norpemno nocnanne-
ro n pemanar, ue Komncnxra e ocnoonna or orronopnocr
renennsnxra. Taxa ncexn, xoro cepnosno ce nnrepecyna a
nayun xaxnn ca nnn pesynrarnre, rpxna a pasunra na (nen-
pannnnnre) nnrepnperannn na necrnnxapcxnre penoprepn, oc-
nonann na (npeyeenn) oomennx, nanncann or npeye-
enn amartopn, necnoconn a pasepar oemncrnre n nsx-
nmunrenno rexnnuecxn oruern, nanncann or ncnxonosnre, xo-
nro n ecrnnrennocr nponexar nscnenannxra!
B nsnxsna neoranna xnnra, napeuena Sex, Violence and the
Media
10
! X. Asenx n . K. F. Haxc npanxr nperne na opnrn-
10
Eysenck, H. J. & Nias, D. K. B. (1978). Sex, Violence and the Media.
London: Maurice Temple Smith [New York: Harper & Row, 1979].
nannnre oxnan na Komncnxra n oomanar rexnnre pesyn-
rarn n saxnmuennx, no nmar orpomnn nponemn a nonyuar
oruernre na Komncnxra, xoxro, nsrnexa, ne xenae a nosno-
nn na nnxoro a npouere ecrnnrennnre excnepnmenrannn
pesynrarn!
pyr nponem c nscnenannxra n rasn onacr e, ue na
nenpo]ecnonanncra uecro ce xasna - or sannrepecynann crpa-
nn - ue annnre ca npornnopeunnn", ue nnmo ne moxe a ce
oxaxe" n ue ca nyxnn noneue nscnenannx", npen a mo-
rar a ce nanpanxr saxnmuennx n a ce npenpnemar ecr-
nnx. Pasnpa ce, nsmoxno e a ce xpnrnxyna ncxxo nscnena-
ne, no xoraro mnoro n pasnnunn nscnenannx, nsnonsnamn pas-
nnuna meroonornx, pasnnunn nonynannn n pasnnunn crnmy-
nn, ocrnrar o noonn saxnmuennx, rpxna a ce npnemar
na cepnosno. Hscnenannxra na Hmron npxy rpannrannxra
ca xpnrnxynann, oxaro e xnn, n ouennno ne ycnxnar a pe-
mar nponema c rpnre rena (nsanmoornomennero mexy nn-
xennero na cnnnero, nynara n semxra), no ne n nna opa
nayxa, axo ce npenepernar neronnre saxnmuennx. Hxma c-
npmenn nayunn nscnenannx, no rona ne osnauana, ue or na-
opnre or rxx ne morar a ce nsnnexar npnemnnnn n nennn
saxnmuennx.
Ena uecra n ocoeno ocxpnrenna xpnrnxa cpemy exc-
nepnmenrannnre nscnenannx npxy nacnnnero n mennre/co-
nnannoro nacnnne sacnyxana cnennanno nnnmanne. Ho-ns-
pacrnnxr anrop na rasn xnnra nenx eme npnsonan xaro
cnneren npe Kpancxara xomncnx (Komnrera Vnnxmc"),
c]opmnpana or pnrancxoro npannrencrno, sa a nscnena ns-
moxnnre e]exrn or cexca n nacnnnero n mennre. Komncnx-
ra ce pxonoeme or npo]ecop no ]nnoco]nx n n nex yuacr-
naxa mnoro nnnn nnunocrn, no ne n yuenn, a cc cnrypnocr
ne n ncnxonosn. Tona rapanrnpa, ue Komncnxra me e
nexomnerenrna sa orpomnara nnreparypa no remara, nxma a
moxe a x pasepe n me e necnocona a ocrnrne o cmncne-
nn saxnmuennx, nexn no rosn naunn connapna c noneue-
ro pyrn Kpancxn xomncnn.
Koraro unenonere na Komnrera Vnnxmc" uyxa sa excne-
pnmenrannnre nscnenannx, xonro ca nponexann, sanouna-
HHHE B HHHE 9.
xa a rnpxr, ue naoparopnnre excnepnmenrn (n xonro nan
pnmep na yuacrnnnnre ce noxasnar ]nnmn nnn nneosanncn
nsopasxnamn xpano nacnnne nnn excnnnnnrnn cexcyanm
cnenn) ca nsxycrnenn" n ue uonex ne moxe a oomana s;
noneennero n peannnx xnnor. Ho cmnx naunn nxa monn
a rnpxr, ue Iannne, rpxanxm ronxn no naxnonenn pan
nnnn, e paoren n nsxycrnena" cpea n ue pesynrarnre my m
ca npnnoxnmn n peannnx cnxr! Te onycnaxa uecro cpemana
ra rpemxa a mncnxr, ue naoparopnnre nscnenannx - nn*
nscnenannxra, nponexann npn nnnmarenno xonrponnpan*
ycnonnx - ca npocro nnyxrnnnn. Tona ne e nxpno.
Ecrecrneno, naoparopnara paora ce npmn c nen nponep-
xa na reopnn - or reopnxra ce npann nxxaxna npornosa n rx
cne rona ce nponepxna n naoparopnxra. Axo recrr nornpn
npornosara, reopnxra ce sacnnna, axo ne ro nanpann, reopnx-
ra orcnana n e nsmoxno a ce nanoxn a e nsocranena
Hmenno nponepxara na reopnxra e rona, xoero e naxno. He ce
npann onnr sa oomanane or naoparopnxra xm nnmnnx
cnxr.
a npenonoxnm, ue onpeenen excnepnmenr ce CTCTOH
or noxasnanero na nscnenannre nnna na nneosanncn, cp-
xamn rnnnunn cnenn or nsnacnnnane n ue cranonnmara na
nscnenannre nnna sa xennre ce recrnpar npen n cne no-
xasnanero na nneosanncnre. B raxnna excnepnmenrn onx-
noneno ce ycranonxna, ue resn cranonnma ce npomenxr no no-
coxa na no-ronxma xopanocpeunocr: cne xaro nnxr cnenn
na nsnacnnnane, noneue nscnenann nnna ca cxnonnn a nxp-
nar, ue xennre ce nacnaxanar na ornomennero xm rxx xaro
xm cexcyannn oexrn n ue xoraro xasnar ne", ncmnocr nmar
npenn a", nnn raxnna yexennx ce sacnnnar. Hanmana
ce npomxna no nocoxa na no-cnnen maunsm*, nnnmo pas-
pymanane na npneroro connanno cranonnme sa xennre xaro
xopa, xonro nmar npano a npnemar nnn a orxnpnxr cexcy-
annnre anancn. Kaxn rnn reopnx ce nponepxna c raxn exc-
nepnmenr?
* Or ncnancxn - npeynennuena mxecrnenocr, mxxapcrno". - Fen. npen.
Cnemamnxr oycnanxnero e]exr
na nacnnnero n mennre
Honeenuecxnre ncnxonosn ca paspaornnn nsxnmunren-
no momna rexnnxa sa nexynane na nannenrn, crpaamn or ]o-
nn n pyrn rpenoxnn ccroxnnx: ecencnrnsannxra. Tpenox-
nocrra ce namanxna, xaro ce cuerana npensnnxnama crpax
cnryannx nnn oexr, npecranenn n ornocnrenno nexa ]opma,
c nonoxnrenen crnmyn (ncxnnra, moxona n r.n.), oxaro
uonexr e n ccroxnne na penaxcannx. Hanpnmep, axo xena
nma ]onx or xorxn, npno ce nayuana xax a penaxcnpa n
cne rona, xoraro ce nouyncrna ornycnara n e yono, nnxa
cnnmxa na xore. Cnnmxara npensnnxna nsnecren crpax, no
ne ocraruno, sa a naenee na nenoro penaxcnpano cc-
roxnne nnn npnxrnnre uyncrna, nopoenn or xannanero na nc-
xnnra nnn noxue moxona; rx o nsnecrna crenen e nna e-
cencnrnsnpana. Hocrenenno cnnara na npensnnxnamnx crpax
crnmyn ce ynennuana (or xore xm xorxa, or cnnmxn xm pe-
annoro xnnorno), no rona ce npann mnoro nnnmarenno, raxa
ue nponoxnpanara rpenoxnocr nnnarn a e no-cnaa or nono-
xnrennnre uyncrna, npensnnxann or penaxcannxra n nono-
xnrennnre crnmynn. Henpexcnaro ce emoncrpnpa, ue npor-
pecnnnara ecencnrnsannx moxe a nexyna opn n na-cepn-
osnnre ]onn n rpenoxnn pascrpocrna sa ornocnrenno xpa-
rx nepno or npeme. Hponecr e na cnemane na oycnanxnero
nnn na nonropno oycnanxne (nx. ocma rnana), n xoro crn-
myn, xoro nxxora e nponoxnpan crpax n rpenoxnocr, sanou-
na a ce cnpsna c uyncrna na narononyune.
Hpnnaraxn reopnxra sa cnemanero na oycnanxnero xm
excnepnmenra, n xoro na nscnenannre nnna ce noxasnar nne-
osanncn, nsopasxnamn nsnacnnnane, moxem a ouaxname nop-
mannnre connannsnpann peaxnnn na yxac n ornpamenne a
ar nonoxenn na raxona cnemane na oycnanxnero or o-
pasnre na expana, axo xopara, xonro rnear, ca penaxcnpann,
cexr n yonn ]ortonn n ce nacnaxanar na nnrne nnn nn-
rapa. Tona npornosnpa reopnxra n xoraro xnnoresara ce npo-
nepxna n naoparopnxra, ce oxasna nxpna. Cneonarenno mo-
xem a pasrnexame reopnxra xaro sacnnena or pesynrarnre.
HHHE B HHHE
B ecrnnrennocr reopnxra sa cnemanero na oycnanxnero
cnnno noxpenena or crornnn naoparopnn excnepnmenrn
npanenn n pasnnuen xonrexcr, raxa ue nxma cmnenne s;
,oomanane" upes nnyxnnx or enn-enncrnen naoparo
pen excnepnmenr. Teopnxra sa cnemanero na oycnanxnero a
nsnonsna nsnn naoparopnxra sa neuenne na pasnnunn nno
ne nenpornunn pascrpocrna, npn rona c ronxm ycnex. Cneo
narenno pesynrarnre or naoparopnnre excnepnmenrn ne mo
rar a ce orxnpnxr c nexa pxa.
Ko nsnpmna nsnacnnnane?
Bsmoxno nn e a ce npornosnpa xaxn rnn nnunocr m(
e nonnnxna or nsopasxnanero na nsnacnnnannx, sa a oc
mecrnn na npaxrnxa arpecnnnn ecrnnx cpemy xennre? I
ena xnnra, napeuena Sex and Personality (Cexc n nnunocr")
no-nspacrnnxr anrop na rasn xnnra noxasa, ue nma cnce\
nnsxn nsanmoornomennx mexy nnunocrra n cexcyanmnu
narnacn, yexennx n noneenne
11
. Excrpaneprnre onxnone
no ocmecrnxnar npnnx cn nonon axr na no-panna nspacr i
cpannenne c nnrponeprnre, npn rona no-uecro, c noneue napr
ntopn n n noneue nosn. Ocnen rona re ce nnycxar n no-nn
nmonna nrpa npen nononnx axr n cpannenne c nnrponeprn
re n nmar no-pasnoopasno cexcyanno noneenne nsnn nono
nnx axr. Or pyra crpana, xopa, xonro nmar no-nncoxn pesyn
rarn no nropara ocnonna nmencnx na nnunocrra - nenporn
sm-cramraocr - ce pxar no mnoro pasnnuen naunn. T1
xaro rexnnre emonnn ca ronxona nsmenunnn n samoro pearn
par cc crpax n rpenoxnocr opn na nexo crpecnpamn cnrya
nnn - n rasn xareropnx rpxna a nxnmunm connannnx xon
raxr no npnnnnn n n uacrnocr cexcyannnx xonraxr - no-nepo
xrno e nenpornnnre a ce npnrecnxnar sa cexca, a ca ornpa
renn or onpeenenn neronn acnexrn n cneonarenno a nmar
no-manxo cexcyannn naprntopn n no-pexn nononn xonraxrn
11
Barnes, G. E., Malamuth, N. M., & Check, J. V. (1984). Personality am
sexuality. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 159-172.
orxonxoro no-crannnnre nnna. Tona e ocoeno nxpno sa nexe-
nennre xopa.
Ho-ronxm nnrepec no ornomenne na nsnacnnnanero npe-
crannxna ncnxornsmr - rperoro ocnonno nsmepenne na nnu-
nocrra. Xopara, xonro nmar nncoxn pesynrarn no cxanara sa
ncnxornsm, emoncrpnpar raxnna ueprn xaro arpecnnnocr,
cryennna, eronenrpnunocr, nmnyncnnnocr n necanrnmenran-
nocr n ce pxar no anrnconnanen n xopanocpeuen naunn.
Mnoro nscnenannx noxasnar, ue ncnxornsmr e rxcno cnpsan
c xpnmnnannoro noneenne n ncnxonaronornxra (nx. 24-ra rna-
na). Bo ce ornacx o cexcyannoro noneenne, nnnara c nnco-
xn pesynrarn no ncnxornsm ce xapaxrepnsnpar c npomncxyn-
rer, nmonnrcrno, npaxenocr n nnnca na yonnernopenne n
nmar no-manxo yrpnsennx sa cexca npen paxa. Cneonaren-
no rpxna a npornosnpame, ue xopara, xonro nsnpmnar ns-
nacnnnane, me nmar nncoxn pesynrarn no ncnxornsm n oc-
nen rona nnna es nnxaxnn xpnmnnannn npoxnn, no c nncoxn
pesynrarn no ncnxornsm, me ce nnrepecynar or nopnorpa-
]nx, nsopasxnama nsnonsnane na nacnnne cpemy xenn, me
npnsnanar, ue nsnonsnar cnna cpemy xenn n ocnen rona me
nsnnrnar nacnaa or rona.
Knmuon excnepnmenr: nsnonsnane
na cnna n cexcyanen xonrexcr
B nsxnmunrenno naxen excnepnmenr Fapnc, Manamr n
uex recrnpar ronxm po cryenrn no ornomenne na nnu-
nocrra n pasnnunn acnexrn na cexcyannocrra - cexcyannn
nosnannx, narnacn, mncnn, ecrnnrenno noneenne. Ocoe-
no nnnmanne ce opma na rnna narnacn, mncnn n nonee-
nne, cnpsann cc cnnnnx ncnxornsm. Vcranonxna ce, ue nn-
nara c nncoxn pesynrarn no ncnxornsm ca no-manxo morn-
nnpann a ce anraxnpar n cexcyanna enocr xaro nspas na
nmon n npnnpsanocr; nmar no-uecrn mncnn, cnpsann c
nsnonsnanero na cnna n cexcyannnre cpemn, n ne ce nacnax-
anar na mncnn sa no-rnnnunn xerepocexcyannn enocrn, a
na nacnncrnenn.
HHHE B HHHE
Koraro ca nonnrann ann nxa ce anraxnpann n nexon
nennnonanno cexcyanno noneenne, axo nxma manc a a
xnanarn, nnnara c nncoxn pesynrarn no ncnxornsm npnema
nsnacnnnanero - npnnyxananero na xenara a nanpann ne
mo cexcyanno, xoraro ne xenae - n caomasoxnsma. Koraro c
nonnrann sa namepennxra cn xm pyrnx non, nnnara c nnco
xn pesynrarn no ncnxornsm orpnuar namepennx sa nonon ax
n opanno-rennranen xonraxr, no npnemar rpynonnx cexc n npn
nyxananero na xenara a nanpann nemo npornn nonxra cn
Bo ce ornacx o cnpnxocnonennero c nopnorpa]nxra, res]
nnna cnoenxr no-cna xonraxr, orxonxoro xopara c nncm
pesynrarn no ncnxornsm, c nsxnmuenne na marepnann, no
xasnamn nsnonsnanero na cnna. Ornono: xaro nxno xonnen
nnonannnre cexcyannn enocrn ne cyxar npnxrnn uyncr
na, no cexcyannara enocr nacnna ro npann.
Hmaxn npenn resn pesynrarn, Fapnc n neronnre xone
rn nponxanar c nponepxa na xnnoresara, ue nnnara c nnco
xn pesynrarn no ncnxornsm me ca no-cexcyanno nsyen]
or resn c nncxn pesynrarn or marepnan c nacnnnnuecxa npn
poa
12
. Cexcyannara nsya ce mepn no na naunna: upes ca
mooruer n upes epexnnxra na nennca upes xnnauen ype 31
nsmepnane na onna. Hsnonsnannxr xaro crnmyn cexcyane!
marepnan ce ccron or pasnnunn, sanncann na xacero]on nep
cnn na pasxas or oxono 1000 ymn. Hma uernpn napnanra n;
ncropnxra - cc n es nacnnne (xenara e crnacna cpemy xe
nara ne e crnacna) n cc n es npensnnxnane na onxa. Pe
synrarr e mnoro nenycmncnen n ouaxnan. Hnnara c nncn
pesynrarn no ncnxornsm ca no-nsyenn or nepcnnre e:
nacnnne" n es onxa" na ncropnxra, resn c nncoxn pesynra
rn - or napnanrnre c nacnnne. Tona e nxpno sa camooruerena
ra cexcyanna nsya n sa ]nsnonornuno nsmepnanara nsy
a. Cneonarenno cmecrnyna xcno nsanmoornomenne mex}
noarnnnocrra na nacnnnnuecxn nopnorpa]cxn marepnan i
cnnnnre cexcyannn peaxnnn na raxn marepnan.
12
Barnes, G. E., Malamuth, N. M, & Check, J. V. (1989). Psychotism am
sexual arousal to rape depictions. Personality and Individual Differences, 5
273-279.
Hnna c nncoxn pesynrarn no nncrpymenrn, sa nsmepnane
na ncnxornsm n mnso]pennx nenpexcnaro ce orxpnnar n
nnunocrnn nscnenannx npxy ocenn nsnacnnnann
13
. Taxnna
xopa onxnoneno ce onncnar xaro npaxenn, paspasnn-
rennn, nenpennnmn n nmnyncnnnn, xonro nsxrnar nnsxo
emonnonanno onpsnane, emoncrpnpar cnaa npenenxa n ne-
pasnpane na connannnre cnryannn n uecro nonaar no ya-
pnre na saxona. Cneonarenno nnunocrra na ecrnnrennnx
nsnacnnnau cornercrna mnoro rxcno na rasn na norennnan-
nnx nsnacnnnau, ouepran no-rope.
pyrn nscnenannx ca noxasann, ue xoraro ca nsnoxenn
na nopnorpa]cxn marepnan, xoro nxnmuna nsnonsnanero na
cnna cpemy xenn, mxere or rosn rnn nnunocr cranar no-
arpecnnnn, omnnnpamn n pyrannn
14
. Texnnre narnacn xm
xennre ce nsmecrnar no nocoxa na no-ronxma xopanocpeu-
nocr. Karo nxno nonennre nscnenannx n naoparopnnre exc-
nepnmenrn crnrar o noonn saxnmuennx.
3a a cme crporo nayunn, raxona saxnmuenne rpxna a ce
nponepn, no r xaro n nno napnapmnna nenpexcnaro a
noxasname sanncn na nsnacnnnannx na nnna c nncoxn pesyn-
rarn no ncnxornsm n onnr cmecrneno a ynennunm pox na
nsnpmennre nsnacnnnannx, rpxna a ce saononnm c ne ron-
xona npexn oxasarencrna.
3axnmuennx
B no-mnpox xonrexcr cn crpyna a ce nnrnpar saxnmue-
nnxra, o xonro Asenx n Haxc ocrnrar cne nperne na ncnu-
xn emnnpnunn oxasarencrna no ornomenne na nacnnnero n
marepnannre n mennre: Ocnonnnre nn saxnmuennx ca, ue
13
Armentrout, J. A. & Haner, A. L. (1978). MMPIs of rapists, rapists of
children and non-rapist sex offenders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34,
330-332; Groth, S. N. & Birnbaum, H. J. (1979). Men Who Rape: The
Psychology of the Offender, New York: Plenum Press.
14
Malamuth, N. M. & Donnerstein, E. (1983). (Eds.) Pornography and Sexual
Aggression. New York: Academic Press.
HHHE B HHHE
oxasarencrnara nenycmncneno couar, ue noxasnanero na cex
ca n nacnnnero n mennre nancrnna oxasna nnnxnne npxy nar
nacnre n noneennero na spnrennre; ue resn e]exrn ca nsmen
unnn n sanncnmocr or erannre na marepnana n nnunocrr;
na spnrenx n ue npenopxnre sa ecrnne sanncxr nsnxno o
r
nennocrnara cncrema na uonexa. Arpecnnnn axrone, nonn s;
peneproapa or peaxnnn na nnnero, xaxro n axrone, xonro ne
ue ca ycranonenn, morar a ce npensnnxar or cnennre c nacn
nne, nsopasenn nn ]nnma, no renennsnxra nnn n rearpa. V
nopnorpa]nxra nnnxe npxy mnosnna spnrenn, no e]exrnre i
nepoxrno me ca m*mro no-npomennnnn. Hsmenunnocrra na pe
axnnxra e cnpsana c raxnna ]axropn xaro non na spnren)
nnn neronara nnunocr; ryx ecrnar n omn, xaxro n exono
rnunn ]axropn. Ionxmara nsmenunnocr na narnacnre n peax
nnnre ouennno npann nensmoxnn ynnnepcanno npnemnnn!
npenopxn; xomnpomncnre ca nensexnn n ne yonnernopx
nar nnxoro. Hamnre npenopxn, xonro ouennno ca oexr n<
earn, necrnacnx n cnopone o crenen, n xaxnaro ]axrono
rnunnre nn pesynrarn ne ca, nocxasnar neoxonmocrra ou
no-nsxco cneene na noxasnanero na nacnnnero n mennre
no n nxxon orpannuennx npxy nopnorpa]nxra, no ne n nr
epornxara... Beue ne moxe a ce rnpn, ue oxasarencrnara
ca nycmncnenn nnn rnpe npornnopeunnn, sa a nosnonxnar
npanenero na saxnmuennx; oxasarencrnara ca saenexnren
no nocneonarennn n cxonn..."
uecro ce rnpn, ue ncxxaxn xonrpon npxy mennr<
nxnmuna nensypa n cneonarenno eposnpa cnoonoro cnonc
n cnoonoro xyoxecrneno nspasxnane. Cne xaro camnre nn<
nmame cnnna nxpa n nyxara or cnoono cnono, ne cme nne
uarnenn or rosn aprymenr. Hoynrencrnoro xm pacono na
cnnne c ocnonanne e sapaneno or saxona. Moxem camo <
meuraem raxnna npannna a ca nnn n ecrnne nn Bamapc
xara penynnxa, xoraro Der Sttirmer e nynnxynan npasnoym
crnara cn cpemy enpenre. Mannnna nxa ncxann a cnopxr cpe
my raxnna npannna na asara na cnooara na cnonoro. 3amc
nmnnnnnrnoro n ouennno e]exrnnno noynrencrno x\
nacnnne cpemy xennre rpxna a ce rpernpa no pasnnuen na
unn? Cnooa - a, paspemnrenno - ne. Hoynrencrnorc
xm nacnnne or ncxxaxn nn e necnmecrnmo cc cmecrny-
nanero na nounnxnama ce na saxona emoxparnuna pxana
n ne moxe a ce samnrana ns ocnona na cnooara na cnono-
ro nnn xyoxecrnenara cnooa.
Honeue n no-opn nscnenannx necmneno rpxna a ce
npanxr, no nne ce cmnxname, ue xpannxr pesynrar me e mnoro
no-pasnnuen or rona, xoero neue ce e o]opmnno or cnpmena-
ra ocera paora. H na ncnuxo pyro: na sannrepeconann crpa-
nn ne nna a ce paspemana a mrxr nonre, xaro nnymanar,
ue pesynrarnre ca npornnopeunnn, meroonornxra - neaex-
narna, nnn saxnmuennxra - cmnnrennn. Cmecrnyna rnpe
cnnno crnacne, sa a ce ornpanxr raxnna xpnrnxn, n rnpe
ronxma xapmonnx n naexno oocnonann reopnn, sa a ce
cmnxname n ocnonnnre saxnmuennx. Omecrnoro me rn orx-
npnn enncrneno na mnoro nncoxa nena.
Ko e ny?
Enn or ronemnre cnopone cpe ncnxnarpnre n xnnnnunn
re ncnxonosn sacxra npnpoara na ncnxnunara onecr. o
mnnnpamoro cranonnme e, ue cmecrnynar naxnn cxocrnr
mexy comarnunara n ncnxnunara onecr n ue meronre sr
neuenne rpxna a nsemar npenn rosn ]axr. Heuennero m
comarnunara onecr sanouna, xaro nexapxr nenrn]nnnpr
npnpoara na onecrra. ocrnranero o npannnna narnosr
(mennnncxnx repmnn sa xnacn]nxannx na saonxnanero) e
na-xpnrnunara uacr or paorara na nexapx. Cne xaro t
yonnernopen, ue e orxpnn ncrnncxara npnpoa na comarnu
noro onnaxnane, nexapxr e n nosnnnxra a npennme noxo-
xmoro neuenne.
Ho cmnx naunn uecro ce npnema, ue ncnxnunnre pascr-
pocrna ca npnpyxenn or cnmnromn, xonro couar xm onpe-
enena narnosa (nanpnmep mnso]pennx nnn mannno-en-
pecnnna ncnxosa), xoxro cne rona ce nsnonsna, sa a pxono-
n neuennero. Pasnpa ce, uecro e mnoro no-rpyno a ce n-
arnocrnnnpa npannnno nponema, xoraro ro e c ncnxonorn-
uecxa, a ne cc comarnuna npnpoa - opn xopara es men-
nnncxo opasonanne pasnosnanar mexypnre n cuynennre xpa-
xa, xoraro rn nnxr. Cnoxnocrra na nponema e ope nnmc-
rpnpana or eno nscnenane, n xoero rpnma ncnxnarpn nnrep-
nmnpar enn n cmn nannenrn n ycranonxnar, ue ca crnacnn
sa npannnnara narnosa camo n 20% or cnyuanre.
Hpes nocnennre rpnecernna ronnn ce nanmana mnoro
cnnna peaxnnx cpemy nexra, ue ncnxnunoro pascrpocrno
rpxna a ce pasrnexa n mennnncxn repmnnn. Hcnxnarpn
xaro Tomac Bam n P. . Henr rnpxr, ue ncnxnunoro pas-
crpocrno e mnr. Ho cmecrno, rnpxr re, ncexn, xoro yx
crpaa or ncnxnuno pascrpocrno, npocro ce pxn no naun-
nn, orxnonxnamn ce or ouaxnannre. Omecrnoro pearnpa na
rona orxnonxnamo ce noneenne c neoopenne n e cxnonno
a cnara na cornernnx uonex nourn neunnx ernxer ncnxnuno
pascrpocrno". A cne xaro uonexr e nn ernxernpan xaro
ncnxnuno onen, omecrnoro ouaxna or nero a ce pxn n
cornercrnne c ernxera.
3nauennero na ernxernre e nsxnmunrenno ope nspa-
seno or Henr. To rnpn, ue axo nxxo ernxernpan yuen
xaxe: Bcnuxn xopa ca mamnnn", n morn a nonyun Hoe-
nona narpaa. Oparnoro, axo nxxo ernxernpan mnso]pe-
nnx xaxe: As cm mamnna", nenara me e xnpnen no
xnmu.
Tona npensnnxarencrno xm oprooxcannara ncnxnarpnx
neue e npensnnxano penna npomenn n nnanonere sa ncnxn-
arpnuna pexannnrannx, B Kann]opnnx nxxon or nenre na
xopa xaro Bam n Henr ca nsnonsnann nn ]opmynnponxara
na saxona Hanrepman-Harpnc-Bopr. E]exrr or rosn saxon
e a ce sarpynn xocnnrannsnpanero na nannenrn n ncnxnar-
pnunn xnnnnxn n a crane ome no-rpyno re a ar pxa-
nn ram sa nrn nepnon or npeme.
pocrnnre nnunn cnopone mexy onesn, xonro ce npnp-
xar xm mennnncxnx moen na ncnxnunnre pascrpocrna, n
resn, xonro nxpnar, ue ncnxnarpnunnre narnosn ca enncr-
neno n ymonere na nanmarennre, nepoxrno ca onpnnecnn
sa csananero na noneue ropemnna, orxonxoro na cnernnna.
Haxounn onnr a ce onenxr ornocnrennnre ocroncrna na
resn ne namerpanno npornnononoxnn cranonnma oaue e
nanpanen npen nxxonxo ronnn or enn Poysnxan or
Cren]opcxnx ynnnepcnrer. Hocnecrnnxra or neronoro ns-
cnenane ce uyncrnar n nec.
HHHE B HHHE 103
Knmuon excnepnmenr: moxem nn
a nenrn]nnnpame nyocrra?
enn Poysnxan e nsxnmunrenno sannrepecynan or pas-
nnunnre noxon xm neuennero na ncnxnunnre pascrpoc-
rna. B uacrnocr ro ce nnra nancrnna nn e npocra paora a
ce pasrpannun nopmannocrra or anopmannocrra, xaxro ce
nnymana or mennnncxnx moen. Hanpnmep n enara sa
yncrno ne e neonuano nnnn ncnxnarpn na samnrara a
npornnopeuar na cmo ronxona nnnn ncnxnarpn na onn-
nennero no nnpca ann onnnxemnxr e ncnxnuno span.
Poysnxan ocnen rona ocsnana, ue rona, xoero ce pasrnexa
xaro nopmanno n ena xynrypa, moxe a ce pasrnexa xaro
onacno anopmanno n pyra. Ha-naxpax ro nsmncnx
xnrpoymen naunn a ce onnra a onpeenn o xaxna crenen
cme cnoconn a pasrpannunm nopmannoro or anopmanno-
ro, ncnxnunoro spane - or nyocrra. Kaxno me crane, axo
nxxonxo nannno nopmannn xopa ce onnrar a ce xocnnra-
nnsnpar n ncnxnarpnuna onnnna, xaro ce npecrpynar, ue
nmar enn or cnmnromnre na nyocrra
15
? Be ar nn xna-
cn]nnnpann xaro nyn? Axo rn npnemar, nepconanr me
ocsnae nn, ue e onycnara rpemxa?
Orronopnre na resn n pyrn nnpocn ca nonyuenn or ns-
cnenane, n xoero ocem nopmannn xopa - nernma mxe n rpn
xenn - ce onnrnar a ar npnern n nanaecer pasnnunn
ncnxnarpnunn onnnnn. B rpynara nma mna, roxy-mo sanp-
mnn ncnxonor, nenarp, ncnxnarp, rpnma ncnxonosn, xyox-
nnx n omaxnnx. nanaecerre ncnxnarpnunn onnnnn ce na-
mnpar n ner pasnnunn mara na Hsrounnx n na 3anannx pxr
na CAB n cnnno napnpar: or ornocnrenno nonn - o crapn n
sanemapenn, or raxnna c opo cornomenne mexy nannenrn
n nepconan - o onnnnn, crpaamn or xpemxmo neocra-
ruen nepconan.
15
Rosenhan, D. L. (1973). On being sane in insane places. Science, 179,
250-258; Rosenhan, D. L. (1975). The contextual nature of psychiatric
diagnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 462-474.
Bcexn or ocemre yuacrnnnn ce oaxa na onnnnara, nc-
xaxn uac. Hpn npncrnranero na penennnxra ncexn or rxx ce
onnaxna, ue uyna rnacone (resn rnacone uecro ca nexcnn, no
cxxam xasnar: npasno", xyxo" n rno"; snyuar nenosnaro,
no ca or cmnx non xaro na yuacrnnxa). Bcexn ana ]anmnno
nme n sanxrne, no xasna ncrnnara sa cmecrnennre cnrnx n
xnnora cn.
Bcnuxn ca npenenenn xaro ncnxnuno onnn n ca npnern n
onnnnara na asara na xanmnnnannnre nm. Enn e narnoc-
rnnnpa xaro crpaam or mannaxanno-enpecnnna ncnxosa,
pyrnre - xaro mnso]pennnn. B momenra, n xoro ca npnern
n onnnnara oaue, yuacrnnnnre npecranar a cnmynnpar npns-
nann na anopmannocr, maxap ue nxxonxo or rxx npexnnxnar
xparx nepno na nepnnocr n rpenoxnocr, samoro uyncrnar,
ue nesaanno me ar nsonnuenn xaro nsmamnnnn, xoero
n nno nsxnmunrenno nenonxo.
oxaro ca n onnnnara, yuacrnnnnre xasnar, ue ce uyncr-
nar ope n neue ne ca npnrecnxnann or rnacone". Ho npnn-
nnn ce pxar pyxenmno n crpynnuemo. Enncrnennxr
neonuaen acnexr na noneennero nm e, ue npexapnar ocra
npeme n sanncnane na nanmennxra cn sa orenennero, n xo-
ero ce namnpar, neronnre nannenrn n nepconan. B nauanoro
resn enexxn ce noxr rano, no cne xaro nocrenenno crana
xcno, ue nnxo ne nm opma ocoeno nnnmanne, noenero
nm crana cncem orxpnro.
Hepapxnunara crpyxrypa na pasnnunnre onnnnn e ra-
xana, ue onesn c na-nncox npo]ecnonanen craryc nmar na-
orpannuenn ornomennx c nannenrnre (n ncenonannenrnre).
Cpennxr nenen xonraxr na yuacrnnnnre c ncnxnarpnre,
ncnxonosnre n nexapnre e 6,8 mnnyrn. Hpenn omara nnn-
ca na nnnmarenno nanmenne or nnnara c anropnrer ne e
nsnenanamo, ue yuacrnnnnre ne ca nsnncann mnoro pso.
ecrnnrennara nponxnrennocr na xocnnrannsannxra ce
npocrnpa or 7 o 52 nn, xaro cpenara nponxnrennocr e
19 nn.
]axrr, ue ncnuxn yuacrnnnn ca nsnncann cne nxxonxo-
cemnuen npecro moxe a noxasna, ue ncnxnarpnunnxr nep-
conan e orxpnn, ue re ca nnn ncnxnuecxn nopmannn npes nx-
HHHE B HHHE
noro npeme. Tona oaue ne e nxpno. Bcnuxn yuacrnnnn ca ns
nncann c narnosa mnso]pennx n pemncnx", xoero coun, u(
nsmamara ne e pasxpnra.
Hnrepecnoro e, ue ocra or peannnre nannenrn cranar no
ospnrennn no ornomenne na yuacrnnnnre. Hpnnre rpnmr
yuacrnnnn ca npnern n orenennx c omo 118 nannenrn, 35 or
xonro nspasxnar na rnac cmnennxra cn. Te xasnar nema xa
ro: Tn ne cn ny. Tn cn xypnanncr nnn npo]ecop. Tn npone
pxnam onnnnara". Cmenpemenno mnosnna or rxx ca ycno
xoenn or nacroxnanero na yuacrnnnnre, ue ca nnn onnn, npe
n a oar n onnnara, maxap ue ce uyncrnar ope, cne*
xaro ca nnn npnern. Bnpexn rona nexonnnna ncrnncxn na
nnenrn nponxanar a nspasxnar mnennero, ue yuacrnnnnre
ca ncnxnuno spann.
Axo npnemem resn pesynrarn raxa, xaxro nsrnexar, re
noxasnar, ue pasnnxara mexy ncnxnunoro spane n ncnxnuna
ra onecr e ronxona mrnxna, ue e nannno nsmoxno spannxr
a e cpxan c ncnxnuno onen, none or ncnxnarpnre. Poy
snxan ce nnra ann moxe a noxaxe oparnnx e]exr - ncnxnu
no onnn a ce pasrnexar xaro spann. To nsnonsna xarc
asa nscneonarencxa n ynnnepcnrercxa onnnna. Hepconanr
ram e uyn sa roxy-mo onncannx excnepnmenr n nn]opmnpa;
Poysnxan, ue nxma a e ronxona nannen.
Hpnoro nemo, xoero Poysnxan npann, e a xaxe na nep
conana na rasn onnnna, ue enn nnn noneue ]anmnnn" na
nnenrn me ce onnrar a ar npnern no nxxoe npeme npe;
cnenamnre rpn mecena. Hepconanr e nomonen a nanma
na ncnuxn nannenrn, xonro oar sa npnemane nnn n orene
nnero, n a xaxe ann cmxra, ue re ca ]anmnnn nnn ncrnncx*
nannenrn.
Hpenenxn ca nonyuenn sa omo 193 nannenrn, npnern sr
ncnxnarpnuno neuenne. uernpnecer n enn ncrnncxn nann
enrn ca npenenenn cc cnnna ynepenocr xaro ncenonannenr*
or none enn unen na nepconana. enernaecer nannenrn a
sanoospenn xaro momennnn or enn or ncnxnarpnre n or py]
unen na nepconana. B ecrnnrennocr nnro enn or ncenona
nnenrnre na Poysnxan ne rpcn neuenne npes rona npeme
Ouennno e cneonarenno, ue nepconanr na ncnxnarpnunara
onnnna nonxxora cmxra, ue xopara, nonepenn na rexnnre rpn-
xn, ca ncnxnuecxn spann.
Ocnonnoro saxnmuenne na Poysnxan, xoero e nsxnm-
unrenno naxno, axo e nxpno, e cnenoro: cno e, ue ne mo-
xem a pasrpannunm ncnxnuno spanoro or ncnxnuno onno-
ro n ncnxnarpnunnre onnnnn". uacr or nponema moxe a e,
ue npn nopmannn ocroxrencrna nexapnre n ncnxnarpnre ca
no-cxnonnn a napexar spannx uonex onen, orxonxoro on-
nnx - span. Ouennno e onacno nexap a ne ycnee a npenpn-
eme noxoxmnre ecrnnx, xoraro onen uonex nomonn sa
neuenne. Hcnxnarp, xoro orxaxe a xocnnrannsnpa uonex,
nmam noospnrennn cnmnromn n ncxa a e xocnnrannsn-
pan, moxe a ce nsnpann npe ceno eno, axo nannenrr
nnocnecrnne nsnpmn camoyncrno nnn yncrno, raxa ue sa
nero e ecrecrneno a rpemn or nosnnnnre na npenasnnnocrra.
Axo oaue ncnxnarpnre cranar rnpe npenasnnnn, e
nsmoxno a sanounar a npnnarar ernxernre na ncnxnunara
onecr n xm nopmannn xopa. Tona me e nsxnmunrenno
npeno sa sacernarnre, samoro omecrnoro nsnnrna no-
xo neonepne xm ncnxnuno onnnre. Maxap ue nec rone-
panrnocrra e no-cnnna, orxonxoro n mnnanoro, xoraro ncn-
xnuno onnnre ca nnn xnpnxnn sa pemerxnre n nynn-
nn" nnn ropenn xaro nemnnn, ncnxnunara onecr nce ome e
crnrmarnsnpama.
pyrnre ocnonnn resn na Poysnxan sacxrar rnpe ynn-
snrennnre ycnonnx, npexnnenn or nxxon or ]anmnnnre my
nannenrn no npeme na onnnunnx nm npecro. Camnxr Poy-
snxan nnxa enn or nannenrnre a e nr sa rona, ue ce
npnnnxnn xm cannrap n xasan: As re xapecnam". B ena
onnnna e onuano nepconanr cyrpnn a yn nannenrnre
c xpxcnn: Ae, xperenn, cranare!"
Ha nxxonxo nrn, xoraro ncenonannenrnre ce opmar
xm nepconana c nmesna mona sa nn]opmannx, cecrpnre n
cannrapnre npocro npenepernar monara n nponxanar nan-
pe c opnara na pyrara crpana rnana n 88% or npemero,
cpanneno cc 71%, xoraro monara e nna nacouena xm ncnxn-
arp. opn xoraro ncenonannenrnre nce nax nonyuanar orro-
nop, ro uecro e esnonesen. Axo ncenonannenr xaxe: Hsnn-
HHHE B HHHE 107
nere, oxrop X., moxere nn a mn xaxere xora me nmam npanc
a nsnnsam na nopa?", nexapxr uecro pearnpa c nemo xaro:
,opo yrpo, en. Kax cn nec?" n cne rona ce oraneuana,
es a nsuaxa orronopa. Taxona ornomenne ena nn n nsc-
ranonnno pasxnarenara camoonenxa na ncnxnuno onnnre.
T xaro Poysnxan, nsrnexa, nnymana, ue noneuero ncn-
xnarpn npaxocnar npemero cn n ne morar a pasrpannuar nop-
mannoro or anopmannoro, moxe a ce ouaxna, ue neronoro
nscnenane nopaxa ypx or nporecrn
16
. Touno rona n crana.
Crpannnnre sa nncma na Science (n xoero Poysnxan nynnxy-
na npnoro cn nscnenane) sanounar a nymar or xpocrnn
xpnrnxn.
Ena or ocnonnnre araxn cpemy nscnenanero na Poysn-
xan e, ue e nenornuno or nerona crpana a rnpn, ue r xaro
nponecr na ncnxnarpnuna narnosa, nsrnexa, ne paorn
mnoro ope c ncenonannenrn, ncnxnarpnunnre narnosn uu-
roea nxmar cronocr. Cnaocrra na rasn nnnnx na aprymen-
rannx e na-cnnno nspasena or Cemyp Knrn: Axo rpxname
a nsnnx ena xnapra* xpn n npnxpnnaxn xaxno cm nanpa-
nnn, ce noxnx n cnemnoro orenenne na nxxox onnnna, non-
pmaxn xpn, noneennero na nepconana me e cncem npe-
nnnmo. Axo me ernxernpar n nexynar xaro crpaam or xp-
nxma nenrnuna xsna, cmnxnam ce, ue nx morn yenrenno
a rnpx, ue mennnncxara nayxa ne snae xax a narnocrn-
nnpa rona ccroxnne".
pyra resa, nsnrnara or nxxonxo ncnxonosn n ncnxnar-
pn, sacxra saxnemxnanero or crpana na Poysnxan na ncnxn-
arpnre sapan narnocrnnnpanero na mnso]pennx ns ocnona
na rnpe ocxnnre oxasarencrna or enn-enncrnen cnm-
nrom (r.e. cnyxonn xanmnnnannn). Pasnpa ce, onnnnrenen
]axrop, xoro e penenanren, e, ue ncenonannenrnre opo-
nonno couar, ue ncxar a ar npnern n ncnxnarpnuna on-
16
Spitzer, R. L. (1975). On pseudoscience in science, logic in remission, and
psychiatric diagnosis: a critique of Rosenhan's "On being sane in insane
places". Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 442-452.
* Mxpxa sa reunocrn, panna na 1,14 n. - Fen. npen.
nnna. Konxo nopmannn, ncnxnuno spann xopa oruaxno ncxar
a nm nosnonxr a noxr cnnno orpannuen xnnor, saonxone-
nn or nsxnmunrenno anopmannn nnna? Moxe n ne e nepa-
symno nepconanr na ncnxnarpnunnre onnnnn a noosnpa,
ue nemo uaucmuua e cepnosno ne nape c nxxo, xoro ncxa
a e npner ram.
Poysnxan rnpn, ue nma ena npnsnara pasnnxa mexy
comarnunara n ncnxnunara onecr: xopara onxnoneno ce ns-
cranonxnar or npnara, oxaro sa nropara ce npnema, ue e rnp-
e nponxnrenna. H nancrnna, xoraro ca nsnncann or on-
nnnara, neronnre ncenonannenrn ca narnocrnnnpann xaro
crpaamn or mnso]pennx n pemncnx: re ue ca npnern sa c-
npmeno nopmannn. Cmenpemenno or rona ne cnena, ue cne
xaro ca nsnncann cne no-manxo or rpn cemnnn or onnnna-
ra, nepconanr e saenexnrenno nponnnarenen n nampex. 3nae
ce, ue crpaamnre or mnso]pennx uecro nmar xparxn nepno-
n na pemncnx, npes xonro nsrnexar cnpmeno nopmannn.
B pesynrar na rona e nyxno ocra nr nepno na nanme-
nne, npen uonex a e cnrypen ann e nacrnnno nnno nsc-
ranonxnane, raxa ue 19 nn xaro cpeen nepno na xocnnrann-
sannx, npen nsnncnanero na mnso]pennnnre", ne e nepa-
symna mxpxa.
narnosara mnso]pennx n pemncnx" moxe a snyun ra-
xa, cxxam ncnxnarpnre nponxanar a nmar cepnosnn cm-
nennx sa ncnxnunoro spane na ncenonannenrnre (n pemn-
cnx" osnauana npocro es npnsnann na onecrra"). Ouenn-
no ne ce npanxr nnxaxnn npenonoxennx sa nponxnrennn
cepnosnn nponemn. B ecrnnrennocr ena rpera or nsnnca-
nnre mnso]pennnn nmar nyxa or nonropna xocnnrannsannx
n pamxnre na ena ronna, a 50% ce nyxaxr or nex o ne
ronnn. Cornerno narnosara mnso]pennx n pemncnx" e
naropasymna.
Eno or nemara, xonro cnope Poysnxan ca ocoeno npn-
recnnrennn, e, ue ncnxnunoro spane na ncenonannenrnre ne
e orxpnro nesanncnmo or ]axra, ue re ce pxar cnpmeno
nopmanno, oxaro ca n onnnnara. Cmenpemenno nma nx-
xonxo npnunnn a ce cmnxname ann ncenonannenrnre na-
ncrnna ca ce pxann xaxro onxnoneno. T xaro mecr or
HHHE B HHHE 10
ncenonannenrnre ca xnnnnuno nnn npo]ecnonanno oyue
nn, sa rxx n nno nopmanno" a ocxar mennnnara ]
ncnxonornxra c rexnnre npo]ecnonannn xonern, xoero re A
npanxr. Ocnen rona n nno nopmanno" a xaxar na nepco
nana, ue ncxar camo a nonyuar ocrn o onnnnara xar<
uacr or excnepnmenr, no re ne npanxr n rona.
Cnpsan n norennnanno no-cepnosen nponem e, ue e ns
moxno ncenonannenrnre nenonno a ca ecrnann no naun
nn, xonro nornpxanar rxxnara ncnxnarpnuna narnosa i
raxa a ca ynxnnn npecrox cn n onnnnara. Tona n morn<
a ce cnyun, samo#o re snaxr ocra sa nenra na nscnenanerc
n nepoxrnnx my pesynrar (ncmnocr enn or ncenonannen
rnre e camnxr Poysnxan).
Ha-yenrennara npnunna a ne ce crnacnm c rnpe
nnero na Poysnxan, ue ne moxem a pasrpannunm nopmanno
ro or ncnxnuno onnoro n ncnxnarpnunnre xnnnnxn, e, ue mno
ro or peannnre nannenrn npanxr rouno rona pasrpannuenne!
Hpes 1975 r. Poysnxan orronapx na pacrxmara apmnx or
neronn xpnrnnn, xaro nsnra resara, ue re nosnonxnar na emo-
nnnre cn a rn pxonoxr: uonex nxma ocoenn rpynocr*
a pasepe onesn, xonro ce opxr eneprnuno, opn rnenno, se
a sanasxr nacroxmnre yexennx. Tesn yexennx ne ca cne-
uenenn es nor n oyuennero, nscnenannxra n na xnnnnuna-
ra ornena nnnnx".
pyrn nscnenannx
npxy ncnxnarpnunara onenxa
Poysnxan nocouna cmo, ue nma narpynnamn ce oxasa-
rencrna, ue ncnxnarpnunnre narnosn morar mnoro necno a
ce nsxpnnxnar. B eno nscnenane nscneonarennre nycxar sa-
nncana na xacero]on ncxycnx mexy nexap n nnrepnmnpan
npe rpyna or ncnxnarpn n xnnnnunn ncnxonosn. Hxxon or
cnymarennre uynar npenapnrenno or nexapx, ue nnrepnmn-
pannxr snyun nenpornuno, no ncmnocr e cncem ncnxorn-
uen". Bcmnocr nnrepnmnpannxr ana spann" orronopn na
nxxonxo or nnpocnre, penenanrnn na narnosara. Hpn or-
ccrnnero na npenapnrenno nnymenne ncnuxn ca crnacnn,
ue nnrepnmnpannxr ne e ncnxornuen. Cmenpemenno 60% or
ncnxnarpnre n 28% or xnnnnunnre ncnxonosn, xonro uynar
nnymennero, onenxnar nnrepnmnpannx xaro ncnxornuen.
B cnpsann nscnenannx Hanrp n Encn sanncnar na
nneo nnrepnm, n xoero ncxycnxra ce xonnenrpnpa npxy rpy-
onara ncropnx na xnnenra n npxy rpynocrnre, xonro ro
npexnnxna na paornoro cn mxcro. Bneosanncr e noxasan
na ne rpynn nncoxoopasonann ncnxnarpn n ncnxonnamnu-
nn ncnxonosn, na xonro ce xasna, ue nanmanar nnn nnrep-
nm sa naemane na paora, nnn ncnxnarpnuno nnrepnm. Hesa-
nncnmo or ]axra, ue ncexn rnea enn n cm sannc, onesn,
xonro cmxrar, ue nanmanar nnrepnm sa naemane na paora,
onenxnar xnnenra xaro mnoro no-ope npncnocoen, orxon-
xoro resn, xonro cmxrar, ue rnear ncnxnarpnuno nnrepnm.
Hocnannero, nsrnexa, e, ue ncnxnarpnunara onenxa uec-
ro e npeyeena n nenaexna. Pasnpa ce, uonex n ouax-
nan peannnre xannarn sa paora a ca no-ope npncnoco-
enn, orxonxoro cpenocrarncrnuecxnx ncnxnarpnuen nann-
enr n n rosn cnyua nn]opmannxra sa rnna nnrepnm (sa nae-
mane na paora nnn ncnxnarpnuno) e penenanrna n n cnena-
no a oxaxe nsnecrno nsecrnne.
Knmuonnxr momenr ryx moxe a ce nnmcrpnpa, xaro cn
npecrannre, ue cre nonnx na nocr n apmecxn narep n uyxn-
na. oxaro xapaynnre, uynare snyx n nnxare mrnxno ouepra-
nne na uonemxa ]nrypa. Axo snaere, ue mecrnnre xnrenn xaro
nxno ca pyxenmnn n ue nparr ne e nannso, npocro me
noncxare pyrnxr a ce nernrnmnpa. Or pyra crpana, axo
mecrnnre xopa ca npaxeno nacrpoenn, a sa npaxecxnre cnnn
ce snae, ue ca nannso, nepoxrno npno me crpenxre n nocne
me saanare nnpocnre. C pyrn ymn, copasxnare ce c nxna-
ra cnryannx, xoraro nsemare pemenne. Ho cmnx naunn e
pasymno a ce onycne, ue ncexn, xoro ncxa a e npner n
ncnxnarpnuna xnnnnxa, e mnoro no-nepoxrno a e ncnxnuno
onen, orxonxoro cpenocrarncrnuecxnre unenone na o-
mecrnoro.
Poysnxan oaue nma ena nannna resa, xoraro nocouna,
ue ncnxnarpnre rpxna a ca no-nnnmarennn, xoraro npnnarar
HHHE B HHHE H]
ncnxnarpnunnre ernxern xm nannenrnre. Ernxerr ne camc
nnnxe npxy naunna, no xoro pyrnre pasrnexar sacernarnre
xopa, no moxe a nnnxe n npxy mnennxra sa cee cn na resn
xopa n npxy naunna nm na nsanmoecrnne c oxonnnre. B
enn excnepnmenr mxe na amynaropno neuenne c ncropnx na
ncnxnunn nponemn ca naxapann a nxpnar, ue onepeno
nnne na excnepnmenraropa e nno nn]opmnpano npenapnren-
no sa ecrnnrennara nm ncnxnarpnuna ncropnx, nnn ue e na-
nnenr cc comarnuno saonxnane. Maxap ue na onepenoro
nnne ncmnocr ne ce xasna nnmo sa saonxnanero na nannen-
rnre - ncnxnuno nnn comarnuno, ro onenxna nannenrnre xaro
mnoro no-nanpernarn n rpenoxnn, xoraro re cn mncnxr, ue
ncnxnarpnunara nm ncropnx e nna pasxpnra npe nero.
Peannocrra na mnso]pennxra
Hesanncnmo or xpnrnxnre xm nscnenanero na Poysn-
xan" moxe a ce rnpn, ue mnso]pennxra e nemo, xoero c-
mecrnyna n csnannero na nanmarenx, a ne nrpe n nannen-
ra. C pyrn ymn, axo uonex ecrna npornnno na uoema na
omecrnoro sa rona xaxno e nopmanno, rorana ro e anopma-
nen, a rona, xoero ena xynrypa pasrnexa xaro nopmanno,
moxe a ce nsnpnema xaro cnpmeno anopmanno n pyra.
Amepnxancxnxr anrpononor xen Mp]n nsyuana pas-
nnunn nen sa nopmannocrra no npeme na noneno nscnenane,
n xoero rx npexapna snaunrenno npeme c ne mnoro pasnnunn
nesanann rpynn: ronopemnre mnnx ecxnmocn na ocrpon n Fe-
pnnrono mope n nnemero era opya n A]pnxa. Ecxnmocnre
nsnonsnar ymara nuthkavihak, sa a nocouar, ue ymara nnn
ymr na nxxoro ne e nape. Nuthkavihak ce npoxnxna no pasnnu-
nn naunnn, nxnmunrenno uonex a cn ronopn cam, a nnxa na
xopa, xonro ne cmecrnynar, a nxpna, ue e xnnorno, a nne
ypnna, a npann crpannn rpnmacn n a sannamna xopara. Mex-
17
Spitzer, R. L. (1975). On pseudoscience in science, logic in remission, and
psychiatric diagnosis: a critique of Rosenhan's "On being sane in insane
places". Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 442-452.
y nonxrnero nuthkavihak n mnso]pennxra nma ouennna nn-
socr, r xaro nuthkavihak nnxora ne ce nsnonsna, sa a onncna
eno-enncrneno xnnenne, a no-cxopo moen na noneenne, n
xoro rpn nnn uernpn cnmnroma cmecrnynar saeno.
Hopya nmar yma - were, xoxro moxe a ce npenee xaro
,nyocr". Tnnnunnre cnmnromn na were nxnmunar uynane na
rnacone, cmxx, xoraro nxma nnmo cmemno, saanane na nn-
pocn na cee cn n orronapxne, nsemane na opxne n nnesanno
ypxne na nxxoro c nero, nsxoxane na nynnuno mxcro, a cne
rona crnnane npxy ]exannnre.
Mnoro e nneuarnxnamo, ue resn ne npnmnrnnnn rpynn
or xopa - mnoro pasnnunn ena or pyra n or sananoro o-
mecrno - nnpexn rona nenrn]nnnpar ccroxnne na nyocr
nnn ncnxnuno pascrpocrno, xoero cornercrna ronxona o-
pe na sananara narnosa mnso]pennx". T xaro noneuero
pyrn nesanann rpynn cmo nmar nonxrne, cpono na mn-
so]pennxra, me cme na mnoro xnsrana nouna, axo samnrana-
me mnso]pennxra npenmno or rnena rouxa na peaxnnxra
na omecrnoro na neonuannre moenn na noneenne.
Ocnonna xpnrnxa na sananoro omecrno e, ue ro npoxnx-
na cnnna nerpnnmocr xm ncnxnuno onnnre. Ecxnmocnre n
nnemero opya no-ronepanrnn nn ca or nac xm crpaamnre
or nuthkavihak nnn or were? Cncem ne. Ecxnmocnre nonxxora
nocranxr ncnxnuno onnnx uonex n nrny c pemerxn npxy or-
nopa, npes xonro moxe a ce noana xpanara. Ocnen rona ]n-
snuecxn orpannuanar ncnxnuno onnnre, xoraro sanounar a
ycrnar n rn npnnyxanar a ce npnar y oma, axo nsxrar.
B Hnrepnx neunren or opya na ncnxnuno onnn uecro ce
rpnxn sa 12 o 15 nannenrn enonpemenno. Onesn, xonro ca
cxnonnn a xrar, onxnoneno ca c enesnnnn. anar nm ce
pasnnunn nnxonn ornapn cc cenpamo ecrnne.
Mnoro xopa rnpxr, ue cnoxnara n xonxypenrna npnpo-
a na sananoro omecrno nrpae snaunrenna ponx n npnunnx-
nanero na mnso]pennxra. B ecrnnrennocr oxasarencrna-
ra couar oparnoro. Fpoxr na xopara, xonro crpaar or mn-
so]pennx, e manxo no-manxo or enn na cro - rona e nxpno
xaxro sa nxxonxo sanann rpynn, raxa n sa nere roxy-mo pas-
rneann npnmnrnnnn rpynn. Hn]para e mnoro no-nncoxa n
HHHE B HHHE 113
Amepnxa, samoro amepnxancxnxr cranapr sa mnso]pennx
ne e ronxona crpor. Amepnxancxo-pnrancxa narnocrnuna
rpyna ycranonxna, ue enn n cmn nannenrn ca narnocrnnn-
pann xaro mnso]pennnn ner nrn no-uecro or amepnxancxnre
ncnxnarpn, orxonxoro or pnrancxnre.
Axo mnso]pennxra ue e nemo, xoero e npocro n csnanne-
ro na nanmarennre, xax rpxna a ce pasrnexa? 3aene-
xnrennnre cxocrna n onpeenennero, neuennero n cnyuanre
na mnso]pennx n mnoro pasnnunn omecrna nocxasnar, ue
mnso]pennxra e ornocnrenno nenonnnxna or ycnonnxra na
cpeara. Tona, ecrecrneno, noxasna, ue moxe n naxnn ca re-
nernunnre ]axropn. pyrn oxasarencrna cnnno noxpenxr
rasn nex. Hexa pasrneame noxn enoxunn nnsnann, n
xoxro none enn or namara e mnso]pennx. Kaxna e nepoxr-
nocrra opveum nnsnax a crpaa or mnso]pennx? Oxono
eno na ne - nsxnmunrenno nncoxa nepoxrnocr npenn or-
nocnrenno manxnx po cnyuan na rona saonxnane cnpxmo
nxnara nonynannx. Cmenpemenno moxe a ce rnpn, ue ro-
na e orpaxenne na nnnxnnxra or cpeara - rpxna a e mnoro
pascrponamo uonex a nspacrna n cemecrno, n xoero pyrnxr
nnsnax e ncnxnuno onen. Tosn aprymenr snyun npano-
noono, no ne oxcnxna enn onnnnrenen pesynrar: ram,
xero ennnxr or noxa enoxunn nnsnann crpaa or mn-
so]pennx, nepoxrnocrra namara nnsnann a ca mnso]penn-
nn cmo e eno na ne oopu roeamo o.usuaume ca omoe.euu
cropo cpeo paroauemo.
3axnmuennx
Mnoro xopa (ne ncnuxn or rxx mnso]pennnn) ce noymxr
no ornomenne na cronocrra na nscnenanero na Poysnxan.
Mannnna nxa orpexnn oaue, ue ro nma ycnex n axnenrnpa-
nero npxy nnemara, npe xoxro ca nsnpanenn ncnxnarpnre.
Axo, or ena crpana, ncnxnarpnre ne ycnexr a xocnnrannsn-
par n a nocranxr narnosa na uonex, rpcem npnem n ncnxn-
arpnuna onnnna, ca nonoxenn na pncxa or naxasarenno npec-
nenane, axo uonexr nnocnecrnne nsnpmn camoyncrno
nnn yncrno. Or pyra crpana, axo ncnxnarp ae ncnxnar-
pnuna narnosa na uonex, xoro ncmnocr ne crpaa or ncn-
xnuno pascrpocrno, rosn uonex cc cnrypnocr me e crnr-
marnsnpan or omecrnoro n nepoxrno me nperpnn n pac-
rnuna npomxna na As-opasa cn. Cmecrnynar pasnnunn cra-
nonnma sa ornocnrennara nena" na npmanero na nannenr c
mnso]pennx n xocnnrannsnpanero na ncnxnuno span uonex.
Karo nxno Poysnxan moxe a e npan, ue ncnxnarpnre ca rnp-
e roronn a pncxynar a npnemar n ncnxnuno spann xopa.
Ioronnocrra na ncnxnarpnre a narnocrnnnpar mnso]-
pennx na asara camo na eouu or ocnonnnre cnmnromn (r.e.
xanmnnnannn) necmneno ocnrypxna noxpena na cranonnme-
ro, ue rpemar nopan npexanena npo]ecnonanna npenasnn-
nocr. Cmenpemenno nxxonxo ncnxnarpn nspasxnar nsxnm-
unrenno cnnna nsnenaa or rosn acnexr na pesynrarnre na
Poysnxan, nocounaxn, ue onnaxnannxra or cnyxonn xanm-
nnnannn onxnoneno ce nexynar amynaropno.
Maxap ue nscnenanero na Poysnxan e nponoxarnnno n
ocrpoymno, ocnonnnre my saxnmuennx rpxna a ce orxnp-
nxr. Cmecrnynar nnymnrennn oxasarencrna, ue ncnxnuno
spannre +oeam a ce pasrpannuar or onnnre c ocra ronx-
ma rounocr c nsxnmuenne moxe n na mnoro neonuannre
ycnonnx na excnepnmenra na Poysnxan. Hemo noneue: mn-
so]pennxra ne e npocro naunnr na omecrnoro a ernxern-
pa n a xonrponnpa onesn, xonro npoxnxnar orxnonxnamo ce
noneenne. Kaxro cnro orenxsna Cemyp Knrn: Axo mn-
so]pennxra e mnr, rona e mnr cc cnnen renernuen xomno-
nenr". pamarnuno oxasarencrno n noxpena na nosnnnxra
na Knrn e nonyueno npes 1988 r., xoraro ca nenrn]nnnpann
rennre, nxnmuenn n nxxon rnnone mnso]pennx.
T)a ce ynuju
om uceomuume
Honeuero xopa - opn n axo nmar nonpxnocrnn nosna-
nnx sa ncnxonornxra - ca uynn sa excnepnmenrnre na Hannon
c xyuera, a nepoxrno n sa paorara na Cxnnp c nnxone n
rnn. Bnpexn rona omecrnenocrra nnnarn e nna cxen-
rnuna no ornomenne na penenanrnocrra na excnepnmenrnre
c xnnornn sa pasnpanero na uonemxara ncnxnxa. Cnpemen-
nnre ncnxonosn ope cn anar cmerxa sa onacnocrnre or npn-
emanero, ue onona, xoero e nxpno sa pyrnre xnnornncxn nn-
one, sanxnrenno e nxpno n sa xopara. Hne ne cme nxxaxn
neonuano cnoxen nn nnx nnn xyue. 3amo rorana nscneo-
narennre nponxanar a nsnpmnar ronxona mnoro excne-
pnmenrn c xnnornn? Hocounannre npnunnn onxnoneno no-
naar n ena or rpn xareropnn.
1. B mennnncxnre nscnenannx e cranaprna npaxrnxa
a ce nsnnrnar nonn nexapcrna npxy xnnornn, npen a ce
nsnonsnar npn nannenrnre. Maxap ue rasn nponeypa ne mo
xe a rapanrnpa, ue xopara nxma a npnemar npenn nexapcr
na, cc cnrypnocr cnococrna sa mnnnmnsnpanero na pncxo
nere. Hcnxonornuecxnre meron sa neuenne na nenposnre n
ncnxosnre cmo morar a ca onacnn; npocro e pasymna npe
nasna mxpxa npnonauannnre recrone a ce npanxr c xnnor
nn ram, xero rona e ocmecrnnmo.
2. Hxxon excnepnmenrn ne morar a ce nponexar c xopa no
ernunn copaxennx. Hanpnmep nxma ncnxonor, xoro a omncnx
a orenn maxara or erero sa nrn nepnon or npeme, sa a
nscnena snauennero na maxara sa pasnnrnero na erero. C
menpemenno raxnna excnepnmenrn ca nnn npanenn c mamynn.
3. Excnepnmenrnre c xnnornn morar a ca onpanann, axo
nn nomarar a yonnernopxname ecrecrnenoro cn nmonnrcr-
no sa cnera oxono nac.
Inannre n rasn uacr ce sannmanar c nxxon or na-noxasaren-
nnre n nponoxarnnnn excnepnmenrn c xnnornn, xonro ca npo-
nexann nxxora. Hanpnmep n ocma rnana ocxame nscnena-
nnxra npxy yuenero na nsxrnane" npn xyuerara. Kyuerara npo-
nxanar a npecxauar apnepa, sa a nsxrnar enexrpomox o-
pn xoraro enexrpomoxonere ca npexparenn. Tona ouennno esc-
mncneno noneenne nanooxna noneennero na xopa, crpaamn
or ocecnnno-xomnyncnnnn nenposn. Hcrnncxara cronocr na re-
sn nscnenannx c xyuera oaue e, ue re npenarar non mero sa
neuenne na xopa, crpaamn or raxnna nenposn, xoro ce oxasna
snaunrenno no-e]exrnnen, orxonxoro npenmnnre repannn.
B xpax na 70-re ronnn Xppr Tepac (enera rnana) ce
nacouna xm enn or na-naxnnre n npornnopeunnn nnpocn
n nxnara onacr na nscnenannxra c xnnornn: Bnmnanserara
npnrexanar nn cnoconocr sa nayuanane na esnx? Orronopn-
re, xonro ro orxpnna, nmar cmecrnenn nocnecrnnx sa reo-
pnnre sa ycnoxnanero na esnxa npn xopara. Bsmoxnocrra sa
ycnoxnane na esnx or mnmnansera e nsyuanana n or pyrn ns-
cneonarenn, no excnepnmenrnre na Tepac ca na-nnnnre n
onacrra ocera n ca ocoeno nennn, samoro cpannxnar conn-
annoro, ]nsnuecxoro n emonnonannoro pasnnrne na manxnre
mnmnansera c rona na uonemxnre ena.
pyr acnexr na uonemxara npnpoa, xoro nonsornopno e
nn nsyuanan upes xnnornncxn moenn, e nponemr sa ma-
unnara enpnnannx. Hocnecrnnxra sa ere, xoero ne nonyua-
na aexnarnn maunncxn rpnxn, ca mamann n c orpomno co-
nnanno snauenne. Kaxno ocnrypxna maxara, xoero e ronxona
cmecrneno sa nopmannoro pasnnrne na erero? Kaxno moxe
a ce nanpann, sa a ce onexuar nxxon or rxnnre nocnecr-
nnx or maunna enpnnannx? B ecera rnana ocxame or-
ronopnre na Xapn Xapnoy na resn n pyrn ouaponarennn nn-
pocn ns ocnona na nscnenannxra my c pesyc mamynn*.
* Mamynn or Rxna Asnx, nsnonsnann n mennnncxn nscnenannx. -
Fen. npen.
8
Heano1o nsxyc1no
na oycnannne1o
uernpn ca nsxnmunrenno ymecrnnre nnpocn, xonro ncn-
xonosnre nenpexcnaro cn saanar. Hpnnxr e: Kaxna e non-
sara or ncnxonornxra? Mennnnara ouennno e nonesna, sa-
moro nn nomara a nexyname nannenrn, crpaamn or mnpox
cnexrp or comarnunn pascrpocrna, ]nsnxara ouennno e
nonesna, samoro saxonnre na ]nsnxara pxonoxr ncnuxo, xo-
ero npannm. Fnonornxra, orannxara, reonornxra, xnmnxra n
r.n. ca nonesnn, samoro nn nomarar a nnnxem npxy cnera
oxono nac. Kaxna oaue e nonsara or ncnxonornxra?
Bropnxr nnpoc e manxo no-sanneren: Hcnxonosnre npe-
xapnar uacone n nycxane na nnxone npes nanpnnrn, xapane
na xyuerara a cnmnoorenxr npn snyxa na snnnn n no npnn-
nnn a npnnyxanar xnnornnre a npanxr rnpe neonua-
nn nema. Tona necmneno ne e penenanrno na noneennero na
uonemxnre cmecrna, ne e nn raxa? B xpana cmerxa xopara
npnrexanar esnx, nnrennrenrnocr or no-nncm panr n onarn-
re or xynrypa, xoxro ce npeana or xnnxn ronnn. Xnnornn-
re rn nxmar, raxa ue xaxno moxem a nayunm or xnnornnre,
xoero ne nxme mornn a nayunm mnoro no-ope or xopara?
Tpernxr nnpoc e: Ionxma uacr or nscnenannxra, npo-
nexann or ncnxonosn c xyuera, nnxone, xamcrepn, rnn n
r.n., nsrnexa xecroxa n nxnmuna anane na enexrpomoxone
n pyrn onesnenn crnmynn na nennnnn, essamnrnn xnnor-
nn. Tona ne nna a ce paspemana. Moxe n e neoxonmo a
rpnnm nnnncexnnn n pyrn xecroxn npaxrnxn sa mennnnc-
xn nenn, axo ocnrypxnar eouucmeeuomo cpecrno sa orxpnna-
ne na no-opn meron sa neuenne na onecrnre, no n ncnxo-
nornxra raxnna npaxrnxn, nsrnexa, ce nsnonsnar npocro sa
a yonnernopxnar esnenno nmonnrcrno.
uernprnxr nnpoc, xoro uecro cn saanar camnre ncn-
xonosn, e: Hcnxonosnre nponexar excnepnmenrn n naopa-
ropnn n cne rona nsnonsnar pesynrarnre, sa a npanxr ma-
mann eyxnnn sa ncexnnennnx xnnor na xopara na paor-
noro mxcro, n nrpara nnn n omonere nm. Ho ne e nn camnxr
axr na nponexanero na excnepnmenr n naoparopnxra nepe-
anncrnuen? He e nn nepoxrno nsxycrnenocrra na naoparopn-
xra a sacerne noneennero na nsyuanannre xopa nnn xnnor-
nn o raxana crenen, ue nnmo cronocrno a ne moxe a ce
nsnneue or excnepnmenrnre?
B rasn rnana ce naxname a noxaxem, ue or ncnxonorn-
uecxnre excnepnmenrn c xnnornn moxe a ce cneuenn mnoro
nenno n penenanrno nosnanne. Excnepnmenrnre, xonro me o-
cnm n xonro nsmnnanar nr nr n orxpnnanero na orro-
nop na nocranennre no-rope nnpocn, sacxrar yuenero na ns-
xrnane" n npeornparxnane na peaxnnxra". Vuenero na ns-
xrnane osnauana nayuanane xax a ce npmn saaua, raxa ue
a ce nserne nenpnxren crnmyn, n cne rona nsnpmnanero
na saauara opn xoraro nenpnxrnnxr crnmyn orccrna. Hpe-
ornparxnanero na peaxnnx osnauana npeornparxnane na ns-
nnnennero na onuano ecrnne, oxaro nornxr ro a ce
nsnpmna nsnenee. 3a a emoncrpnpame resn nonxrnx, ns-
paxme nxna nopenna or excnepnmenrn, npanenn c xyuera,
nnxone n pyrn xnnornn, a ne enn-enncrnen xnmuon exc-
nepnmenr. Baxnoro ca ne ronxona erannre na ncexn excne-
pnmenr, a omara meroonornx n pesynrarn.
Vuene na nsxrnane
Hpecranere cn ronxma naoparopna crax, pasenena na
ne orenennx c apnepa no cpeara. Fapnepara e ocraruno
nncxa, sa a moxe necno a ce npecxaua or xyue, no ce nnra,
raxa ue xyuero a ne e n ccroxnne a x npecxoun. nere ore-
A CE VUHM OT HBOTHHTE 119
nennx - nexa rn napeuem A n B - nmar merannn npuxn no
noa, no xonro moxe a reue rox, raxa ue na xyuero a ce ana
nex enexrpomox no onnara uacr na xpaxara. Hoono yc-
rpocrno moxe a ce nanpann sa nnxone, nsnonsnaxn npoc-
ra xyrnx, pasenena na ne (orryx n repmnnr shuttlebox*, xo-
ro ncnxonosnre uecro nsnonsnar, sa a onncnar rouno resn
ycnonnx).
Camnxr excnepnmenr e mnoro npocr n nxnmuna rpennpane
na xyuero a pearnpa na crnmyn, xoro ce nayuana a cnpsna
c enexrpomox. Crnmynr moxe a e mnrama cnernnna. Hpne-
mame, ue xyuero* e n orenenne A, mnramara cnernnna ce
nxnmuna n 10 cexynn no-xcno no noa n rasn uacr na nao-
paropnxra sanouna a reue rox, npensnnxnaxn nex enexr-
pomox na xyuero; mnoro cxopo ro cxaua npes apnepara n or-
enenne B, xero sa nsnecrno npeme e n esonacnocr. Cne
nxxonxo mnnyrn mnramara cnernnna ornono ce nxnmuna n 10
cexynn cne rona no noa n orenenne B nornua rox; xyuero
cxaua oparno n orenenne A, xero cera e n esonacnocr.
Tona nponxana nsnecrno npeme, xyuero cxaua or A n B n or
B n A, oxaro ce nayun a cxaua ne xoraro nonyun enexrpomo-
xa, a xoraro nnn ycnonnnx crnmyn", r.e. mnramara cnernn-
na, xoxro nsnecrxna enexrpomoxa. Honeuero xyuera (n nn-
xone) nayuanar rosn nannx mnoro pso n me nponxar a
cxauar n orronop na ycnonnnx crnmyn opn xoraro ro ne ce
cnena or nenpnxrnoro ycemane or enexrpomoxa. C pyrn y-
mn, re ca oycnonenn" a npnemar nannxa na nsxrnane, xo-
ro e ]ynxnnonanno esnonesen: cxauar npn cnrnana, maxap
ue neue nxma enexrpomox, xoro a ce nsxrna. Kaxro me nn-
nm cne manxo, mexy uonemxara nenposa n yuenero na ns-
xrnane npn xyuerara nma naxnn cxocrna.
Kaxro e n npn uonemxara nenposa, nannxr na nsxrnane-
ro e nsxnmunrenno cnnen n mnoro rpyen sa npeoonxnane.
Mnoro meron ca nnn nsnnrnann, sa a ce naxapar oycnone-
nnre no rosn naunn xyuera a oryuar nannxa a cxauar, xora-
ro ce noxnn mnramara cnernnna, no noneuero or rxx nsomo
* Ho ananornx c shuttlecock - ronxa c nepne n amnnrona; nemo, xoero
ce nomxra nanpe-nasa. - Fen. npen.
ne paorxr. uonex moxe a npneme, ue nycxanero na enexrpn-
uecxn rox no noa n orenennero, e roemo xyuero cxaua, me
paspymn nannxa a ce pearnpa na cnernnnara. Honyuananero
na enexrpomox, xoraro ro crnn na semxra, ne ro xapa a ce
oryun: rouno oparnoro, ro cxaua ome no-enrycnasnpano, ma-
xap ue e naxasnano c enexrpomox ncexn nr, xoraro ce npnse-
mn. Tona ornono e mnoro rnnnuno sa uonemxoro nenpornuno
noneenne, xoero onxnoneno ne ce ennmnnnpa upes nnxaxna
]opma na naxasanne, xonxoro n rexxo a e ro.
Ocecnnno-xomnyncnnnn nenposn
Hpen a onnmem xax moxe a ce npomenn rosn nannx,
nexa pasrneame rnnnuna uonemxa nenposa, xoxro e mnoro
cxona na yuenero na nsxrnane, a nmenno - ocecnnno-xom-
nyncnnnara. Onxnoneno nannenrr, crpaam or rosn rnn nen-
posa, emoncrpnpa mnoro cnnen crpax or sampcxnane, or nnn-
sane n xonraxr c mnxpon, mpcornx nnn pyrn nemecrna. To
ce onnrna a namann rosn crpax, xaro ce uncrn n mne n xaro
nsxrna ncxxaxn xonraxr c noospnrennn nonpxnocrn. Tona
noneenne na uncrene/mnene nocrenenno ynennuana uecrorara
cn, oxaro uonexr ne sanoune a npexapna npexomepno
npeme n uncrene, mnene, ncxane na pxxnre na nparnre,
crononere n macnre, mnnanane na noa c npaxocmyxauxa n r.n.
B xpana cmerxa noneennero uncrene crana ronxona xom-
nyncnnno, ue npaxrnuecxn ornema nxnoro npeme na uonexa.
To ryn paorara cn, nxma connannn xonraxrn c npnxrenn
nnn ponnnn n axo e xenen, nepoxrno ryn n xena cn. Hoo-
no pascrpocrno ouennno e nsxnmunrenno cepnosno n npen
nponexanero na nscnenannxra npxy npeornparxnanero
na peaxnnxra" c xyuera nxma ocoena naexa sa nsnexyna-
nero" my. Hcnxnarpnre onnrnar mnoro n pasnnunn meron sa
neuenne na ocecnnno-xomnyncnnnara nenposa, nxnmunren-
no ncnxoanannsa, enexrpomoxona repannx, ncnxorepannx, nen-
xoromnx (mosuna onepannx, npn xoxro npsxara na uacrn or
npe]ponrannnre xnone c ocrananara uacr or mosxa ce npe-
xcna, nx. nanaecera rnana). Hnro ena or resn repannn ne
e e]exrnnna n nnro ena ne nocrnra pesynrarn, xonro ca no-
opn or cnonranna pemncnx (noopennero, uecro nanma-
nano n nenpornunnre pascrpocrna n reuenne na npemero, xo-
raro ne e ocnrypeno neuenne). Cmenpemenno, maxap ue cnon-
rannara pemncnx e mnoro cnnna npn noneuero nenpornunn
pascrpocrna, rx e nsxnmunrenno cnaa npn ocecnnno-xom-
nyncnnnnre pascrpocrna; camo enn or ncexn rpnma nannen-
rn ce nscranonxna cnonranno nnn ce noopxna opn cne
nepno or ner ronnn - mnoro nncx nponenr noopenne n
cpannenne c rpenoxnara nenposa nnn peaxrnnnara enpecnx,
xero nponenrr na pemncnx cne ne ronnn e oxono 70.
Manxo xopa, xonro ne ca nmann xonraxr c ocecnnno-xom-
nyncnnnn nenpornnn, morar a nmar nxxaxna npecrana rou-
no xonxo nnnannnsnpamo e rona pascrpocrno. Ero eno onn-
canne na crpaxonere n pnryannre, xonro osemar xnnora na
19-ronmno momue, xaxro ca pasxasann or nspacrnnx my a-
ma: Koraro xopx ce cyn cyrpnn, onxnoneno n 11 ua-
ca, uyncrna, ue pnere my ca sampcenn n sarona ne moxe a
oxocne pexnre cn. He xenae a ce mne n anxra, samoro
cmxra, ue xnnnmr e sampcen, n ne xenae a cnese ony, o-
xaro ne ce oneue. 3arona as rpxna a ro onnuam, xaro np-
no nouncrnam oynxnre my n nax uncra pnsa, ento, uopann n
nanranonn. To pxn pnere cn nnrnarn na rnanara, o-
xaro as oynam ramnre n uopannre my n mnoro nnnmaname n
namara ro a ne sampcn nnmnara crpana na pexnre cn.
Bcxxa rpemxa nnn nnnnenr osnauanar, ue ro me rpxna a
onnua nonn uncrn pexn, samoro rpxna na ncxxa nena a
nserne sampcxnanero na pyrnre. Cne rona xopx cnnsa
ony, mne pnere cn n xyxnxra n cne rona npexapna oxono 20
mnnyrn n roanernara. Tona e rnpe nenpnxrna paora. To
rpxna a nnrne pnsara n xnnerxara cn, sa a cn rapanrnpa,
ue re ne oxocnar roanernara ceanxa, n rpxna a nponepn
ann ro e nanpannn xaxro rpxna. Torana as rpxna a sacra-
na na nparara n a ro narnexam, xaro ocnonnara mn ]ynx-
nnx e a ro ynepxnam, ue ne e nanpannn nnmo rnynano, sa a
sampcn pexnre cn. a naroapx na Fora, ro cera n nxxon
cnyuan ycnxna a ce cnpann cam c roanernara, es mox xonr-
pon, no nax rpxna a cm na nonnxnane, raxa ue a mora a
my nomorna, axo no nxxaxna npnunna sanoune a nsnaa n
nannxa. Tpxna a nocranxm necrnnnn na noa na roanernara
n a rn cmenxm ncexn en, sa a rapanrnpam, ue nanranonnre
my nnxora ne ca n xonraxr c nxxaxnn sampcxnamn nemecrna.
Axo ncxa camo a ypnnnpa, moxra saaua e no-necna. Hpocro
rpxna a nponepxnam nanranonnre n oynxnre my sa npcxn,
nonxxora rpxna a xnxxam na pne n na xonena c ]enepue.
Henpexcnaro my xasnam xonxo cmexornopnn cnope men ca
resn pnryann, samoro nnxora ne orxpnnam nnmo nepeno.
xopx nnxora ne nycxa noara n roanernara, samoro cmxra,
ue pexnre my me ce nsnpcxar, raxa ue eno or monre san-
xennx e a pnam nepnxxara n a ce cnpanxm c uecrnre no-
xaxn, xonro cranar sapan npexomepnara ynorpea na roa-
nerna xaprnx or xopx. Orcxopo ro sanouna a nponepxna
a nxma cpamnn xocmn no noa n ncxa or men a sacranam na
pne n xonena, sa a nponepxnam marenno noa. To rpxna
a e aconmrno cnrypen, ue nxma sampcxnane, samoro, axo
ne e cnrypen, me sanoune a ce npnrecnxna n nenpexcnaro a
ronopn sa rona. Tpxna a e aconmrno cnrypen n sarona nma
nyxa or nropo mnenne. B momenra, n xoro e nnrnan nnna
na nanranonnre cn, rpxna a nnxsa c xpnnuxa, noronena n
anrncenrnuen pasrnop, sa a nspma pso nnna. Koraro cn
mne pnere cne roanernara, neanrnuno rpxa ncexn npcr
n meronuno nsmnna ncexn mnnnmerp o naxrnre. Hxxora
ro rneax npes nxnoro npeme, no cera me nnxa camo or npeme
na npeme. Honxxora cn mne pnere, cymn rn n cne rona pe-
mana, ue ne e cnrypen ann rn e nsmnn xaxro rpxna. Ha rosn
eran onxnoneno rpxna a ro nasnpanam, raxa ue, xoraro
cnpmn, a e aconmrno cnrypen, ue paorara e cnpmena ne-.
anno, es a e ocranen n mnnnmerp sampcen".
Pasxasr nponxana n cmnx yx - npes nennx en. He e
nyxno ronxmo nopaxenne, sa a ce ocsnae, ue uonex, xo-
ro e ronxona rexxo sacernar, ne moxe a non nopmanen xn-
nor. Pascrpocrnoro na xopx e cnnno nnnannnsnpamo.
namara c ama my xnnexr n nxxaxn mnoro cnennanen nn
uncrnnnme.
3amo nxxon xopa ce pxar no rosn naunn? oxasarenc-
rnara noxasnar, ue ro npanxr, sa a namanxr rpenoxnocrra cn,
xoxro n npornnen cnyua me e nenonocnmo onesnena. Kora-
ro nm ce nonpeun a ce uncrxr, rpenoxnocrra nm ce noxauna n
nonxxora cranar nnnmo yxacenn. Koraro nm ce nosnonn a
ce nsmnxr, rpenoxnocrra nm nnnmo namanxna.
Hma ouennnn cxocrna mexy cnyuax c xyuero, xoero cxa-
ua n orronop na mnramara cnernnna (maxap ue oexrnnno ro
nxma or xaxno a ce crpaxyna, samoro enexrpnuecxnxr rox e
cnpxn), n nannenra c ocecnnno-xomnyncnnno pascrpocrno,
xoro ce uncrn (nnpexn ue oexrnnno nxma onacnocr or sa-
mpcxnane). Kyuero cxaua, a mnanxr mx ce mne, samoro
raxnna ecrnnx onexuanar crpaxa n rpenoxnocrra, nesann-
cnmo ue crpaxr rpenoxnocrra ca nenyxnn.
Hpn xyuerara n xopara nenpornunnre pascrpocrna morar
a nponxanar mecenn n opn ronnn es nnxaxno noope-
nne nesanncnmo or ncnuxn onnrn sa rxxnoro neuenne. Bnpe-
xn rona sa enn mero e oxasano, ue e nonsornopen n cnyuax
na xyuerara n rona e npeornparxnanero na peaxnnxra"
18
.
Hpeornparxnane na peaxnnxra
Ho cmecrno npeornparxnanero na peaxnnxra paorn no
cnennx naunn. Koraro mnramara cnernnna ce nxnmun n xy-
uero ce onnra a cxoun n esonacnara" sona, apnepara ce
nnra ronxona nncoxo, ue ro npocro ne moxe a x npecxoun,
]axrr, ue my e nonpeueno a cxoun, xapa xyuero a e
,nanoneno c emonnx" (repmnnr nanonxnane" e sanounan
mnpoxo a ce nsnonsna sa rosn mero na neuenne). To nne,
cxnmrn, nae, rnua xpocrno ns xnerxara n n crpaxa cn opn
moxe a ypnnnpa n a ce ouncrna. Cne nsnecrno npeme oaue
18
Baum, M. (1966). Rapid extinction of an avoidance response following a
period of response prevention in the avoidance apparatus. Psychological
Reports, 18, 59-64; Carlson, N. J. & Black, A. H. (1959). Traumatic avoid-
ance learning: Note on the effect of response prevention during extinc-
tion. Psychological Reports, 5, 409-412; Page, H. A. & Hall, G. F. (1953).
Experimental extinction as a function of the prevention of a response.
Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 46, 33-34; Polin, A. T.
(1959). The effects of flooding and physical suppression as extinction tech-
niques on an anxiety motivated avoidance locomotor response. Journal of
Psychology, 47, 235-245.
emonnxra my nnnmo namanxna nnrensnnnocrra cn n cne oxo-
no nononnn uac ro ce e npnmnpnno cc cara cn, ocoeno
cne xaro ne e nonyunno nnxaxn enexrpomox. Honropere npo-
neypara nxxonxo nrn n xyuero me e nsnexynano sannnarn;
mnramara cnernnna moxe a ce nxnmuna, no ro nxma a ce
onnrna a npecxoun apnepara.
Pasnpa ce, or ncnxonornuecxa rnena rouxa n rona nma
cmncn. Axo moxem sa momenr a npnernem o anrponomop-
]nsma, xyuero e cxauano c yexennero, ue axo ne cxoun, me
nonyun enexrpomox; rona, xoero rexnnxara na npeornparx-
nanero na peaxnnxra my e noxasana, e, ue nxma a nonyun enex-
rpomox, axo ne cxoun n ue cneonarenno crpaxonere my ca
neocnonarennn. Hpenmnnxr crpax e nanpannn nensmoxno
sa nero a nponepn peannocrra"; cera, cne xaro e nno npn-
nyeno a nponepn peannocrra, xyuero e cnocono a ecrna
no no-pannonanen naunn.
Knmuon excnepnmenr:
npeornparxnane na peaxnnxra c nannenrn
Moxem nn a nsnonsname rexnnxara na npeornparxnanero
na peaxnnxra c nannenrn n nma nn rx cmnx e]exr? Orronopr
e nonoxnrenen n na nara nnpoca. Ecrecrneno, excnepnmenra-
ropnre ca nsnonsnann no-pasnnunn meron, sa a oxaxar resa-
ra cn, raxa ue me npecrannm npocro oomeno onncanne na
nsnonsnannre nponeypn (eranno onncanne na resn nponey-
pn e npecraneno or C. x. Paxman n P. x. Xoxcn
19
n xnnrara
nm Obsessions and Compulsions [Ocecnn n xomnyncnn"]).
Hpno, ncnxonorr oxcnxna noponocrnre na neuenne-
ro na nannenra n nonyuana nn]opmnpanoro my crnacne (es
axrnnnoro crpynnuecrno na nannenra neuennero nxma a
nma ycnex, a npn ncnuxn cnyuan nannenrr nma npanoro a
snae xaxno me ce npann c nero n samo). Hannenrr ocnen rona
19
Rachman, S. J. & Hodgson, R. J. (1980). Obsessions and Compulsions.
New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
nma npanoro a orxaxe, axo ne xapecna onona, xoero repanen-
rr npenara.
Cne xaro ce e crnacnn, nannenrr e nneen n crax, n
xoxro nxma nourn nnmo pyro ocnen maca, na crona - enn
sa ncnxonora n enn sa nannenra - n xonrenep, nnen c mp-
cornx nnn pyr marepnan, sa xoro ce snae, ue nannenrr ns-
npnema xaro sampcxnam". Cne rona repanenrr cnara p-
xa n mpcornxra n xonrenepa n yexana nannenra a nan-
pann cmoro. Cera nna xpnrnunnxr momenr: nannenrr e na-
cpuen a ne rnua a cn mne pnere (xaxro n nanpannn n
nopmannnx cnyua, sa a namann rpenoxnocrra cn), a a ocra-
ne na mxcro n a nsrpnn nsxnmunrenno cnnnnre emonnn na
crpax, rpenora n esnoxocrno, xonro sannamnar a ro sane-
xr. a cn nanonen" or aena emonnx e nsxnmunrenno nen-
pnxrno npexnnxnane, no rx nocrenenno yrnxna n cne oxono
nononnn uac nannenrr moxe a rpnn cnryannxra cc cre-
nen na npnccrnne na yxa, sa xoxro n nauanoro e cmxran, ue
e nensmoxna.
queypa 1. Tesu oee epaquru noraseam oeurume ua naueum c
oocecueuo-ro+nv.cueuo pascmpocmeo ua oucro+qopma, romo
e no:vecmea., u noomura oa ce us+ue u us:ucmu, c.eo ramo e
us.oreu ua +pcomu" u opveu sa+pcume.u".
Huuuume e.eo noraseam omuocume.uo uucra cmeneu ua
noomur u oucro+qopm npeou cnpurocuoeeuuemo (BE), uo cu.-
uo vee.u:euue u ua oeeme c.eo cnpurocuoeeuuemo (AE). AE ooos-
ua:aea noomura u oucro+qopma c.eo usepueaue ua pumva.a
no no:ucmeauemo u us+ueauemo.
Huuuume eocuo noraseam eqerma ua npeoomepameaue ua
pumva.a no no:ucmeauemo u us+ueauemo. AE omuoeo co:u eu-
corume uuea ua noomur u oucro+qopm ua naueuma c.eo cnpu-
rocuoeeuuemo c +pcomuma" u m. u., uo mesu uuea cnaoam oo
no:mu cuomo paeuuue ramo BE (npeou cnpurocuoeeuuemo) e
pa+rume ua eouu :ac u npoo.raeam oa naoam npes c.eoeauu-
me oea :aca.
B rpaua c+emra naueumume c oocecueuo-ro+nv.cueuo pasc-
mpocmeo ca oovc.oeeuu oa o:aream uucru paeuuua ua oucro+-
qopm u noomur, roeamo ca rouqpoumupauu c ueua, roumo npe-
ou ca esnpue+a.u ramo usr.m:ume.uo san.auume.uu. Hpeoom-
epameauemo ua pearuma u+ no+aea oa npoeepm pea.uocm-
ma u oa uav:am, :e aro ue usn.um oou:auomo cu pumva.uo
noeeoeuue, u+a oa u+a uurareu cepuosuu noc.eocmeu.
Ho cmecrno rona e xporo na nponeypara, xoxro nec
mnpoxo ce nsnonsna or xnnnnunnre ncnxonosn n neuennero
na ocecnnno-xomnyncnnnnre pascrpocrna. Pasnpa ce, npo-
necr rpxna a ce nonrapx mnoro nrn, no neuennero e xpar-
xo. Onxnoneno ca nyxnn or naecer o rpnecer cnpnxoc-
nonennx.
]nrypa 1 noxasna xaxno crana onxnoneno n cnyuanre or
rosn nn. Cneonarenno namero reopernuno oxcnenne na cra-
namoro no npeme na neuennero c npeornparxnane na peaxnn-
xra e ocra rouno orpaxenne na ecrnnrennoro noneenne n
cyexrnnnoro npexnnxnane na nannenra.
quevpa 2. Tasu epaqura norasea uanpeora ua rourpemeu nau-
eum c oocecueuo-ro+nv.cueuo pascmpocmeo - T. H., sa nepuoo
om 16 ceo+uu, npes roumo mo no.v:aea mepanu :pes npeoom-
epameaue ua pearuma. B ua:a.omo mo nperapea 26 :aca ua
ceo+ua e pumva.uo +ueue ua soume cu, pecaue ua rocama, opc-
ueue, oo.u:aue u rnaue u.u +ueue. B rpa ua mosu nepuoo T. H.
noceeuaea ua mesu oeuocmu no:mu cuomo epe+e, ro.romo u
ocmaua.ume xopa -no 2 :aca ceo+u:uo.
Cera rpxna a cn saaem na nnpoca. Hpno, neuenne-
ro nancrnna nn npmn paora? Bropo, nannenrnre crpaar
nn or pennnnn, cne xaro ca nnn nsnexynann? Orronopr
na npnnx nnpoc e npocr. a, repannxra npmn paora n 80-90
nponenra or cnyuanre, npn rona sa mnoro xparxo npeme. Onx-
noneno ca nyxnn no-manxo or 20 xonrponnpann cnpnxocno-
nennx, sa a ce nocrnrne nnn nnno nsnexynane, nnn snaun-
renno namanxnane na pox pnryann, xonro ce nsnpmnar, ]n-
rypa 2 noxasna noopennero na rnnnuen nannenr no npeme
na repannxra. Cama no cee cn raxana rpa]nxa ne oxasna
nnmo, no nnmcrpnpa xaxno crana onxnoneno n pesynrar or
repannxra upes npeornparxnane na peaxnnxra. Tepannxra pa-
orn, npn rona ope. ocxopo nannenrnre c ocecnnno-xom-
nyncnnno pascrpocrno xxa npnemann cc cmyr n esnaex-
nocr n noneuero ncnxnarpnunn nncrnrynnn, samoro sa rxx
nnmo ne moxeme a ce nanpann. Cera re ca ronno nocpemann
n nexapnre ca nerpnennnn a onnrar resn nonn meron c nou-
rn cnrypnara naexa, ue me ycnexr a nm nomornar. Tasn
orpomna npomxna ce e ocmecrnnna camo sa nxxonxo ronnn,
npn rona naroapenne enncrneno na non noxo, npexrno
nayuen or excnepnmenrnre na ncnxonosnre c xyuera.
Kaxno crana oaue, cne xaro nannenrr e nsnexynan nnn
e nocrnrnan snaunrenno noopenne n repannxra e npexpare-
na? upo n napexn raxona neuenne aconmrno cnmnroma-
rnuno", nmaxn npenn, ue moxe a cme ce cnpannnn cc cnm-
nromnre, no ne n c nexamara no rxx onecr" nnn xomn-
nexc". Cnope upo cnmnromarnunoro neuenne e esnones-
no: ro nensexno non o pennnnn nnn samecrnane na cnmn-
romn (r.e. pasnnrnero na nonn cnmnromn, npnemaxn, ue np-
nonauannnxr cnmnrom e nn ycnemno npemaxnar). Enn or
npnnnnnnre na ncnxoanannrnunara oxrpnna e, ue cnmnromn-
re ca npocro nnmna nnnxannx sa xomnnexcno nexamo n oc-
nonara nm pascrpocrno. Ocnen axo ne ce nsnexyna ]ynamen-
rannoro pascrpocrno, cnmnromnre nnn ne morar a nsuesnar,
nnn me ar samenenn or pyrn. Hmenno rosn moen na
onecrra" na ocecnnno-xomnyncnnnnre pascrpocrna e na-
moen cpe ncnxnarpnre. Hcnxonosnre, or pyra crpana, nxp-
nar, ue moenr na onecrra e nenpnnoxnm xm noneenuecxn-
re pascrpocrna. Te rnpxr, ue n cnyuax na noneenuecxnre
pascrpocrna uonex npocro nma paora c moenn na norpemno
sayuanane nnn oycnanxne. Cneonarenno nannenrr nxma
nyxa or mennnncxo neuenne, a or nxxaxna ]opma na nonrop-
no yuene nnn oycnanxne. Hpnmepnre na pennnnn nnn samecr-
nane na cnmnromn me ocnrypxr xpnrnuno oxasarencrno sa
moena na onecrra, no cmecrnynar nn raxnna oxasarencr-
na? Kaxno crana n ecrnnrennocr c nannenrnre cne ycnemna
repannx upes npeornparxnane na cnmnromnre?
Orronopr e npocr. Maxap ue mnoro nannenrn ca npocne-
enn n nepno or nxxonxo ronnn, ne ce nanmanar pennn-
nn n nnmo or nopxxa na samecrnane na cnmnromn - rouno
oparnoro na npornosnre na upo. Bmecro rona onxnone-
no ce orxpnna nenpexcnaro noopenne n ncnxnunoro spa-
ne n noneenne na nannenra, opn n n onacrn, xonro ne ca
nnn nonoxenn na repannx. Tpyonara ncropnx na mnoro na-
nnenrn ce noopxna snaunrenno, xaxro n omoro nm mac-
rne, paunara nm yonnernopenocr n r.n. Tona e mnoro naxen
pesynrar n e napanenen na cxonn pesynrarn npn pyrn rnno-
ne nenpornunn nannenrn, nexynann c pyrn meron na none-
enuecxa repannx.
3amo repannxra ce nponanx n 10-20% or cnyuanre? Orro-
nopr, nsrnexa, e, ue rx ne ycnxna npn onesn nannenrn, sa
xonro nnnoro na crpaxa n rpenoxnocrra, npensnnxann n na-
uanoro na neuennero, e rnpe onesneno, sa a ce nsrpnn. B
raxnna cnyuan n`enenano a ce npenncnar rpanxnnnanrn
nnn pyrn menxamenrn, sa a ce namanxr resn xpann nnna
na ncxom]opr, maxap a e neoxonmo a ce noueprae, ue
pascrpocrnoro ne moxe a ce nsnexyna c menxamenrn, a ca-
mo a ce norncxa.
Hma n pyrn nsmoxnn naunnn sa cnpanxne c nannenrn,
xonro ne pearnpar ope na repannxra upes npeornparxnane
na peaxnnxra, no nce ome e rnpe pano a ce xaxe ann nx-
xo or resn nonn meron me nma ycnex. Mexynpemenno nexa
ce paname, ue pascrpocrno, xoero npen e nno nensmox-
no a ce nexyna, nec ce noana na ncnxonornuecxo nscnena-
ne n nonaropcrno n moxe a ce nexyna c ronxm ycnex sa orno-
cnrenno xparxo npeme.
Cronocrra na sooncnxonornxra
Cera nexa ce npnem xm nnpocnre, saaenn n nauano-
ro na rasn rnana. Kaxna e nonsara or ncnxonornxra? E, n
rosn cnyua none rx e nomornana na ronxm po xopa, crpa-
amn or ncrpecnpamn ncnxnunn pascrpocrna, a nonyuar
neuenne, xoero rn npma xm span n macrnnn xnnor. Tona
e nemo, c xoero uonex moxe a ce ropee. Maxap ue nspax-
me camo enn npnmep, sa a nnmcrpnpame resara, noneen-
uecxara repannx e nmana mnoxecrno noonn ycnexn. Orun-
raxn nennre rpnym]n n nsxnmunrennara mnaocr (rep-
mnnr noneenuecxa repannx" e csaen camo npen 30
ronnn), moxem a ouaxname ome mnoro npenomn. Bcexn,
xoro rnpn, ue ncnxonornxra ne e nnro npaxrnuecxa, nn-
ro nonesna n rosn cnpemenen cnxr, ce namnpa n rnpe ne-
naronpnxrno nonoxenne.
Kaxno a xaxem sa cronocrra na excnepnmenrnre c xn-
nornn? Honrapxme: namnre nocxauamn xyuera emoncrpn-
par snauennero na nscnenannxra c xnnornn sa pasnpane-
ro na nxxon or mexannsmnre, xonro pxonoxr uonemxoro
noneenne. Ocnen rona re nocxasnar meron sa neronara
npomxna n noopenne. Paorara npxy npeornparxnanero
na peaxnnxra c xnnornn npemecrna nsnonsnanero na rex-
nnxara npn nannenrnre c ocecnnno-xomnyncnnno pascrpoc-
rno. Ineaxn nasa, e cmnnrenno ann rexnnxara meme
a ce omncnx sa nsnonsnane c xopa, axo ne xxa npenapn-
rennnre excnepnmenrn c xnnornn. Bcmnocr mxxa nn ncn-
xonosnre a nmar cmenocrra a x nsnonsnar n nnnero na cnn-
noro nsymnenne n ncxom]opr na nannenrnre nm, axo ne sna-
exa or excnepnmenrnre c xnnornn xonxo ycnemna moxe a
e? Pasnpa ce, nnmo or rona ne oxasna, ue uonemxnre
cmecrna ca npocro no-ronemn, no-cnoxnn napnanrn na nn-
xone nnn xyuera - nnro enn ncnxonor nxma a npneme raxo-
na cranonnme. Tesn nscnenannx emoncrpnpar, ue nne nma-
me onpeenenn cxocrna c nnxonere n xyuerara, mo ce or-
nacx o nepnnara cncrema, n ue e nsmoxno a ce nsnonsnar
resn cxocrna. Or rona ne cnena, ue mom y xyuerara n nn-
xonere nma onpeenenn mexannsmn, re npnccrnar n y xopa-
ra - n nno rnpe rnynano a ce nxpna n rona n sooncnxo-
nosnre ca ocoeno npenasnnnn npn noonn ananornn. To
npocro osnauana, ue ram, xero e nsmoxno, cxocrnara
rpxna a ce nsnonsnar n ue npen a onnrname nonn meron
npxy uonemxn cmecrna, rpxna a rn nsnponame c xnnor-
nn. He e sanxnrenno meronre, xonro paorxr c xnnornn,
a npmar paora n npn xopara, no nma mnoro nponeypn,
xonro cme ernuno sanxenn a orxnpnnm n paorara c xo-
pa, ocnen axo ne cme cnrypnn - or onnra c xnnornn, ue nma
mnoro ronxma nepoxrnocr re a ca ycnemnn. Touno rona cra-
nonnme e npnero or nscneonarennre n mennnnara, xonro
recrnpar nonn nexapcrna nnn nscnenar nonn reopnn nn ]n-
snonornxra n nenponornxra. 3amo or ncnxonosnre rpxna a
ce ouaxna a npnemar pasnnuna narnaca?
H naxpax rpxna a ce nsnpannm npe nnpoca sa nxnm-
uenara xecroxocr n crenenra, o xoxro cme onpanann n ns-
nonsnanero na xnnornn n excnepnmenrnre. Tona ne e nayuen,
a ernuen nnpoc n xaro noneuero ernunn nponemn ne e nn-
poc na uepno n xno, a na pasnnunn nmancn na cnnoro. Hma
nonoxnrennn n orpnnarennn crpann, npenmcrna n neocra-
rnn n sa nere nosnnnn, no nne nxpname, ue n cnyuan xaro
roxy-mo onncannx ornocnrenno nexara onxa n ncxom]opr,
xonro nsrpnxnar yuacrnamnre xnnornn, morar a ce onpan-
axr or rnena rouxa na xpanara nonsa sa uonemxnre c-
mecrna, xonro cmo crpaar. Bsmoxno e pyrn a ne ca cr-
nacnn. Bne, unrarenxr, rpxna a pemnre sa cee cn. B noo-
nn nnpocn nxma yonn nnn xareropnunn orronopn.
3axnmuenne
B oomenne: orxpnname, ue ouennno rpnnnanen excnepn-
menr n sooncnxonornxra nma mnpoxomamann nocnecrnnx
sa uonemxoro macrne n sa neuennero na onpeenenn nenpornu-
nn pascrpocrna, xonro n mnnanoro ca ce cmxrann sa neneun-
mn. Ocnen rona nnxame, ue noonn excnepnmenrn, ocoeno"
xoraro rexnnre yponn ce npnnarar xm xopara, nmar naxnn
reopernunn nocnecrnnx: re couar, ue ncnxoanannrnunara reo-
pnx n ecrnnrennocr rpemn sa onpeenenn pascrpocrna n
ue no-npocrnre nxennopncrnunn oxcnennx na nenpornunara
onecr e no-nepoxrno a ca nepnn. H naxpax, raxnna excne-
pnmenrn nocxasnar, ue e nsmoxno a e norpemno a sax-
nemxname excnepnmenrnre c xnnornn xaro nepenenanrnn sa
uonemxoro noneenne. Moxem mnoro a nayunm or nnxonere
n xyuerara, xoero me nn nomorne a pasepem n cmecrneno
a nnnxem npxy uonemxoro noneenne.
mnunanse1o, xoe1o
nspac1na xa1o e1e
Hxxon or na-nnrepecnnre excnepnmenrn n ncropnxra na
ncnxonornxra sacxrar mnmnanserara - na-nnsxnre nn xn-
nornncxn ponnnn. Honeuero nscneonarenn ca ce ]oxycnpa-
nn npxy enn ronxm nnpoc: Morar nn mnmnanserara a yc-
noxr esnxonnre ymennx? Hma oaue enn ome no-ronxm
nnpoc: Hmar nn mnmnanserara norennnana a nspacrnar n
a ce pasnnnar no cmnx naunn xaro uonemxnre ena? Eno
amnnnosno nscnenane na Xppr Tepac or Konymncxnx
ynnnepcnrer, Hm Hopx, nsyuana connannsannxra na manxo
mnmnanse n pasnnrnero na neronara nnunocr n nepno or ue-
rnpn ronnn - mnoro no-nro or excnepnmenrannnx nepno,
neoxonm sa xoro n a nno or pyrnre excnepnmenrn, onn-
cann n rasn xnnra.
3amo a yunm mnmnanse a ronopn?
Hpen a ocnm n erann paorara na Tepac, nexa pas-
rneame ocnonnre. Hanpnmep: samo e naxno a snaem ann
mnmnanserara morar a ce nayuar na esnx? Ha-npocrara npn-
unna e, ue cme npnpono nmonnrnn a nsyuaname nensnecr-
noro, opn xoraro nenara e acrponomnuecxn nncoxa (rpxna
camo a cn nomncnnm sa xananero na uonex na nynara). Hex-
ra, ue moxe a ycneem a xomynnxnpame c pyr nonornuen
nn n raxa a ocmecrnnm xonraxr c rnena rouxa, xoxro e
nannno nsnn nnunnx nn onnr, e nsxnmunrenno ouapona-
renna.
Bropara ocnonarenna npnunna e nspasena or Tepac: Bs-
moxnocrra a ce nanmana xax oanxnero na esnx - xaxro
ro nosnaname - me nonnnxe npxy xynrypara na rpyna or mnm-
nansera moxe a ocnrypn esnenen norne npxy rona, xaxn
e nn xnnorr n sopara na uonemxara nnnnnnsannx".
Tperara npnunna sa nscnenanero ann mnmnanserara mo-
rar a onnaexr esnxa e, ue ycnexr nnn nponanr na raxona
naunnanne moxe a cnococrna sa paspemanane na xpocrnnx
reopernuen cnop sa uonemxoro nayuanane na esnxa. Hpouyrn-
xr nxennopncr F. ]. Cxnnp rnpn, ue xopara nayuanar esnxa
nourn no cmnx naunn, no xoro nnxonere ce nayuanar a
narncxar puxa, sa a nonyuar xpana: ncxxo noneenne, xoero
ce cnena or narpaa nnn noxpennenne, me ce nonrapx. Axo
Cxnnp e npan, nxma ouennna npnunna mnmnanserara a ne
morar a nayuar esnxa, crnra onnrnre nm sa onnaxnanero my
a ce narpaxanar no noxoxm naunn.
Inenara rouxa na Cxnnp, nsrnexa, nma onpeenenn
ocroncrna. Koraro uonemxoro ee nsae snyx, xoro mo-
xe a ce pasnosnae xaro yma nnn neno noone, ponrennre
onxnoneno emoncrpnpar oopennero cn nepanno (opo
momnue!") nnn ]nsnuecxn (nperpxn n nenynxn) n raxa
noxpenxr noneennero na erero. Cmenpemenno, xoraro o-
mynanero mexy maxara n nenoro ere npes npnara ron-
na or xnnora ce nscnena ornnso, ce oxasna, ue maxara nar-
paxana npaxrnuecxn ncnuxn noxannsannn na erero, a ne
camo onesn, xonro cnnno nanooxnar peura na nspacrnnx.
Hosnnnxra na Cxnnp nma mnoroponn xpnrnnn, none-
uero or xonro rnpxr, ue ro npenara cnnno onpocrenuec-
xo oxcnenne na nayuananero na esnxa. Hcnxonnnrnncrr Ho-
m uomcxn nacroxna, ue npocro pasnoopasnero na nspeue-
nnxra, xonro enara csanar, n rxxnara cnoconocr a cs-
anar nonn nspeuennx ne morar a ce oxcnxr c onpocrenuec-
xn nen sa noxpennennero. uomcxn rnpn, ue uonemxnxr
mosx e nporpamnpan" a npann pasnnunnre rpamarnuecxn
rpanc]opmannn, xonro ce noxnxnar nn ncexn esnx. pyrn ro-
nopxr sa rasn cnoconocr sa ycnoxnane na esnxa xaro cnoco
sa ycnoxnane na esnxa". Cmecrnynanero na raxana npoena
cnoconocr cc cnrypnocr nomara sa oxcnxnanero na saene-
xnrennara cnoconocr, xoxro enara npnrexanar, sa a cs-
anar rpamarnuecxn npannnnn nspeuennx mnoro npen a ca
nmann ]opmanno oyuenne no rpamarnxa.
Inana sa esnx
Hxxon ncnxonosn rnpxr, ue cnoconocrra a ce nsnons-
na rosn npoen cnoco sa ycnoxnane na esnxa sanncn or cnenn-
annsannxra, xoxro ce pasnnna nocrenenno n nere nonyxna
na mosxa. Hopmannnre ena sanounar a ronopxr npes nro-
para cn ronna, cne xoero esnxonnre nm ymennx ce pasnnnar
pso oxm nerronmna nspacr. Cne rona resn ymennx ce
pasnnnar no-anno o nyeprera. Pasnnrnero na mosunara
cnennannsannx e ycnopeno na moena na ycnoxnanero na esn-
xa. Mosunara cnennannsannx na npaxrnxa e nnna npes ny-
eprera. ororana enara yuar necno esnxa, no cne rona e
rpyno a ce nayun emopu esnx n yuemnxr onxnoneno ro ro-
nopn c uyx axnenr. Hpen nyeprera enara c nexora ce nay-
uanar a ronopxr n nropn esnx.
uomcxn n nocneonarennre my npnemar, ue npoenara cno-
conocr sa ycnoxnane na esnx ce orxpnna camo npn xopara.
Cornerno, cne xaro mnmnanserara ne npnrexanar npoe-
nnx cnoco sa ycnoxnane na esnxa, n rpxnano a ca nannno
osaauenn, xoraro crana yma sa onnaxnane na esnxa. Cneo-
narenno no nnpoca, ann mnmnanserara morar a nayuar esnx,
nosnnnxra na Cxnnp xnonn xm nonoxnrennnx orronop, a
na uomcxn - xm orpnnarennnx. Ko e npan?
Hxma cmnenne, ue na-pannnre onnrn a ce npeaar oc-
nonnre na esnxa na mnmnansera ca ann pesynrarn, naron-
pnxrnn sa nosnnnxra na uomcxn. Te nourn nensmenno ca ce
ynenuanann c nnen nponan. Knr n Karpnn Xec npexapnar
mecr ronnn n onnrn a nayuar xencxo mnmnanse, napeueno
Bnxn, a nsronapx anrnncxn ymn. B xpax na rosn nepno
Bnxn moxena a xasna camo uernpn ymn: moma", nona",
,rope" n uama". Vunrennre npnonauanno nocranxnn ycr-
nnre n ycrara n npannnnara nosnnnx, no rx nocrenenno ce
nayunna a pna ycrnnre n ycrara cn cc cocrnennre cn p-
ne, sa a csana snyxonere.
3amo ce e nponannn rosn onnr? Hecmneno uacr or npn-
unnnre e ]axrr, ue sa mnmnanserara ne e ecrecrneno a ns-
nonsnar no rosn naunn rnacnnre cn crpynn. Axo ne ce npnrec-
nxnar, re onxnoneno ca mnuannnn. Hemo noneue: mnmnan-
serara ca ]nsnuecxn cnoconn a nponsnacxr npnnnsnrenno
12 oruernnnn snyxa n cpannenne c uonemxnre cro.
3naxon esnx na mnmnanserara
Ocnonen npenom ce ocmecrnxna, xoraro Ann n Fearpnc
Iapnp or Vnnnepcnrera na Henaa n Pnno nnxar nxm
]nnm, sacner or Knr n Karpnn Xec. opn n es snyxa cemec-
rno Iapnp ycnxna a pasnnun xaxno xasna Bnxn, xaro cnen
xecronere, npnpyxanamn nennre snyxone. Tona rn xapa a
ce sannrar ann nxma a e no-necno a ce nsnonsnar xecrone,
a ne snyxone, ocoeno cne xaro mnmnanserara n nnen cnon-
ranno nsnonsnar pasnnunn xecrone sa mona n pyrn noonn.
Hpes mnn 1966 r. cemecrno Iapnp sanouna a oyuana
enoronmno xencxo mnmnanse. Te ro napnuar Vomo no nme-
ro na oxpra n Henaa, n xoro xnnexr. Vomo n mnoro orno-
mennx emoncrpnpa nocnonnunara cnoconocr sa nmnrannx
na uonexonoonnre mamynn. Hanpnmep npes ecernx me-
cen or nscnenanero rx xne ena or xyxnnre cn no naunna,
no xoro cemecrno Iapnp onxnoneno xnxr nex. Hnnn
manxara nannuxa c noa, noranx xyxnara n nex, cne rona x
nsnaxa n x nocymana c xannnx.
Tasn cnoconocr sa nmnrannx e nsxnmunrenno nonesna,
xoraro crana yma sa npenoananero na Vomo na amepnxanc-
xnx snaxon esnx - esnx, ocnonan na xecrone, uecro nsnonsnan
or rnyxnre xopa. Tx ycnxna a nayun uernpn snaxa nnn ymn
npes npnnre ceem mecena or oyuennero, ome ener - npes
cnenamnre ceem mecena, n 21 - n rpernx ceemmeceuen ne-
pno. Cne rpn n nononnna ronnn Vomo ce nayunna a cnr-
nannsnpa omo 132 ymn n cemecrno Iapnp nsuncnxnar,
ue pasnpa rpn nrn noneue snann, orxonxoro moxe a nspa-
sn. Ocnen rona moxe a xomnnnpa ymnre cmncneno.
Hma n nxxon pyrn saenexnrennn nscnenannx. enn
Hpnmax or Vnnnepcnrera na Kann]opnnx nsmncnx nsxycr-
nen esnx, nsnonsnaxn nnacrmaconn unnone. To nma ronxona
ronxm ycnex c neronoro mnmnanse snesa Capa, ue rx n xpana
cmerxa ycnxna a mannnynnpa unnonere, sa a csae cnoxna
nocneonarennocr xaro Mepn ana xnxa Capa".
Hsxymanamo e a ce rnpn, ue raxnna nscnenannx e-
moncrpnpar, ue mnmnanserara morar a nayuar esnxa. Cmen-
pemenno, xaxro noxasnar nscnenannxra na Tepac, rona o-
nycxane moxe n ne e nxpno.
Knmuon excnepnmenr: npoexrr Hnm
Koraro sa npn nr cpema mxxoro mnmnanse, xoero ns-
namepxna a oyuana, Xppr Tepac e 37-ronmen epren, npe-
noanam n Konymncxnx ynnnepcnrer. Tona crana na 2 exem-
npn 1973 r. n mnmnansero e camo na ne cemnnn. Tepac pe-
mana a ro napeue Hnm unmncxn (nrpa na ymn or Hom uom-
cxn). 3a pasnnxa or xnmuonnre excnepnmenrn, ocenn n py-
rnre rnann, rosn nponxana noncron nourn uernpn ronnn
20
.
Tepac cmxra, ue n pyrnre nscnenannx npxy ycnoxnane-
ro na esnxa mnmnanserara rnpe uecro ca orrnexann n or-
nocnrenno crepnnna n neconnanna cpea. Tepac e pemen Hnm
unmncxn a e orrnean n cpea, nanooxnama nmemara
n pyxenmna armoc]epa, saonxanxma uonemxoro ere. To-
sn noxo nma npenmcrnoro, ue esnxr na Hnm me ce pasnne
n pesynrar na connannn nsanmoecrnnx rouno raxa, xaxro
crana n npn uonemxnre ena.
Tepac n nnxaxn cnyua ne e yeen, ue mnmnanserara
nancrnna ca ycnonnn esnxa no naunna, sa xoro rnpxr no-
pannnre nscneonarenn. To cmxra, ue rona, xoero mnmnanse-
rara ca nayunnn, uecro moxe a ce orxnpnn xaro neecrecrne-
nn rpnxone. Moxere a nayunre rnn a xnnar ncxone c
pasnnunn nnerone n onpeenen pe, sa a nonyuar xpana, no
nnxo nxma a pasrnexa rona xaro oxasarencrno, ue rnn-
20
Terrace, H. S. (1979). Mm. New York: Alfred Knopf.
re morar a xoncrpynpar nspeuennx. Hnro nx me oxaxem
nemo, axo nanoxnm ymara monx" npxy xn ncx, yunren" -
npxy uepnen ncx, ana" - npxy cnn ncx, a xpana" - npxy
senen ncx, n rnr nn ronopn", xaro xnne n pea: Monx
yunren ana xpana". Tepac ce naxna a moxe a orcrpann ro-
sn nponem, xaro ycron na nsxymennero a npenoana na Hnm
esnxa raxa, cxxam e nxxaxn canonen nomep. Vcnoxnanero na
esnxa rpxna a e uacr or connannsannxra.
Hcropnxra na excnepnmenra na Tepac c Hnm ncmnocr e
pasenena na ne uacrn: omoro connanno pasnnrne na Hnm n
no-xonxperno - ycnoxnanero na esnxa or nerona crpana.
Connannsannxra na Hnm
Hnm unmncxn e cnn na Han n Kaponnn, xonro ce pasrnex-
ar xaro na-nnrennrenrnnre n crannnn xnnornn n xononnx
or mnmnansera n Oxnaxoma. Hnm npexapna no-ronxmara uacr
or npnnre cn 18 mecena n ronxma xma, cocrnenocr na V. E.
P. n Cre]ann Ha]apx. Tona e rnnnuno nmopxcxo omaxnn-
crno, ccroxmo ce or Cre]ann, nropnx cnpyr V. E. P., rpn
ena or npenmnnx pax, uernpnre ena na V. E. P. or no-
panen pax, n npnxrenxa na cemecrnoro, xoxro e yunrenxa.
Hpes npnnre uernpn mecena n oma na Ha]apx Hnm cnn
no 15-18 uaca na en npe nernoro na Cre]ann n V. E. P. Tou-
no xaro uonemxo ee, nenennre my ce cmenxr na ncexn nx-
xonxo uaca, nnran e, sa a ce opnrne cne xpanene, noxnp-
nxn e nn nsyxa, nperpman e n e rymxan or ncexn nonaram
rpnxn sa nero.
B mnoro ornomennx Hnm npnnnua noneue na ere orxon-
xoro uonemxoro ere. Heronnre emonnonannn peaxnnn nan-
pnmep, nsrnexa, ca no-cnnnn, orxonxoro na uonemxoro e-
re, ocoeno xoraro pasnpa, ue enn or rpnxemnre ce sa nero
e nemacren. Enn nr, xoraro xenn (eno or enara n ce-
mecrnoro) nnaue, Hnm cxaua n pnere n ce nrpenuna nac-
roxrenno n ounre . Cne rona oxocna nexno crpannre n ce
onnrna a nsrpne cnsnre .
Honxxora naunnr, no xoro Hnm pearnpa na V. E. P.,
crpanno nanomnx na ennonnx xomnnexc. Enn cneoe, xo-
raro Cre]ann n V. E. P. cnenn, V. E. P. nocernan, sa a npe-
rpne Cre]ann. B cmnx mnr Hnm cxounn n ro yxanan. (B
xononnnre or mnmnansera uecro ce nanmana, ue mxxn e-
era araxynar ama cn, xoraro ce cnxynxna c maxa nm.)
Pasnnrnero na Hnm n onpeenenn ornomennx e no-pso
or rona na uonemxoro ere. To moxe a nnsn n xpax na
nropnx cn mecen n enn mecen no-xcno a ce nsnpanx, axo
nma xaxno a xnane. Koraro e na 20 mecena, nsnnrannero na
ecrecrnennre my nyxn neue e npnxnmunno n ro peonno ns-
nonsna rpnero cn.
Honeennero my npn nxrane nanooxna rona na uonem-
xoro ere. Koraro sanouna a cnn cam npes nernx cn mecen,
Hnm nnmn nnn xnenun n nponxenne na nxxonxo mnnyrn,
xoraro e cnaran a cn nerne. Cmenpemenno paspemennero
a pxn mnme nnn nepon onxnoneno e ocraruno, sa a
ro ycnoxon.
Koraro Hnm e nourn na ena ronna, sanouna a nsnonsna
uernpn cran n Konymncxnx ynnnepcnrer xaro saanaunnna
n ercxa rpanna, npmaxn ce neuep npn cemecrno Ha]apx.
To e ronxona nonnxen n eneprnuen, ue ce nanara cranre
nnnmarenno a ce oesonacxr, sa a ne nsxra. Hpnonauanno
yunrennre my ce onnrnar a sarnapxr nparara c nepnra n xnm-
uanxa, no Hnm ycnxna a x ornopn. Cne rona re onnrnar xyxn
c npyxnnn, xonro nsncxnar snaunrenna cpunocr, sa a ar
ornopenn. Hnm nax ycnxna a xra or npeme na npeme n rnan-
nnx xopnyc na ]axynrera no ncnxonornx. (Hpornnno na nony-
nxpnoro yexenne, ncmnocr e mnoro necno Hnm a e
pasnnuen or ncnxonosnre ram.)
B xpana cmerxa yunrennre n rpnxemnre ce sa Hnm or-
xpnnar, ue na-e]exrnnnnxr naunn a ro ncnnnnnnnpar e a
ce oraneuanar or nero, xasnaxn Tn nom" nnn As ne re
onuam" na amepnxancxn snaxon esnx. Tnnnunara my peax-
nnx na rona e a cnpe onona, xoero npann, n pso a nsrnua
o nonaramnx rpnxnre, npanexn snann nperpnn" nnn ns-
nnnxna".
Km mnn 1975 r. Hnm crana ronxona yen n rpyen sa
cnpanxne, ue crana neoxonmo a ro npemecrxr or oma na
Ha]apx. Hape c pyrnre nema ro cuynnn nxxonxo nennn
nemn n pesynrar na cnoconocrra cn a cxaua npxy ncxxax-
nn meenn n a nncn no nonnnenre. 3a macrne Konymnc-
xnxr ynnnepcnrer npnrexana npexpacna xma c 21 cran -
ena]nn, nononnnara or xonro ca aenn cpemy nenncox
naem na Tepac. Tam Hnm nonyuana ner cran sa cocrnenn
nyxn.
oxaro e n ena]nn, Hnm uecro e saxaunnn. Enn nr
uyn Kapn (ena or yunrenxnre my) a npnrornx xyna c onece-
nn xxn sa ox n nnsxara crax sa nanmennx rouno npen
a cn rprne. Hxxonxo mnnyrn no-xcno pyrara my yunren-
xa Hopa Hernro ro ocrannna cam na macara sa cmxna na nene-
nnre, sa a orne n xnacnara crax n ce norornn sa cnenama-
ra enocr. Koraro ce npnana n craxra sa nanmennx, sa a
nseme xynara c oxa, rx nna nsuesnana. Hnm nponxanan
a nexn na macara, cnmynnpaxn nennnnocr. Tx ro nsrneana
crporo n nanpannna snannre: Ke e xynara?", a Hnm npocro
nn osaauen n ce ornexan, xaro ue nn ce onnrna a nomor-
ne a x namepn. Ena xoraro Hopa ro sannamnna, ue me ro
yapn, Hnm x xnanan sa pxa n x sanen o mnnxara sa macara.
Ha noro croxna nonyonpasnenara xyna c oxa!
Ocnen rona mnmnansero ce pxano no nsymnrenno e-
rnncxn naunn, xoraro Cmsan Kynnn - pyra or yunrenxnre
my - onecna xorxara cn. To npenoxnno nxnna xnceno mnx-
xo na xorxara n nno nsymeno, xoraro xorxara onnsana n-
xnnara. Cnenamnx nr Hnm npenamepeno npenoxnn na
xorxara npasna nxnna. Cne rona nannnnn nxnnara c xn-
ceno mnxxo n ro nsxn.
Hnm onuan a yuacrna n noneuero or omaxnncxnre sa-
aun n pyrn enocrn, xonro ce nsnpmnann oxono nero. Oco-
eno cxnonen nn a nomara n npnrornxnero na cocrnennre
my xcrnx n emoncrpnpan ronxmo rpnenne n rpnxonnocr npn
cmecnanero n pxanero na ccranxnre. pyra saaua, n xox-
ro c yononcrnne ce nxnmunan, nno mnenero na unnnnre; rne-
an mnoro ccpeoroueno, xoraro nsnonsnan rara, sa a rn
maxe cc canyn. Axo no nxxaxna npnunna nn nsxnmuen or
xyxnencxnre enocrn, cn ormmanan, xaro ornapxn mxa]one-
re n uexmexerara n nsnpasnan cpxannero nm nnn nyc-
xan uemmnre n npeopman xo]ara sa oxnyx.
Hpen cro ronnn uapns apnnn nsnra resara, ue nspa-
sxnanero na emonnn xaro paocr, rnxn, npnnpsanocr n nmo-
nnrcrno npn mnmnanserara nma oruernnno uonexonooen xa-
paxrep. E, noneennero na Hnm necmneno nornpxana na-
nmennxra na apnnn, camo ue emonnnre na Hnm ce nspasx-
nar no-npexrno n nnrensnnno, orxonxoro uonemxnre. Axo
or nro npeme ne e nnxan nxxoro, xororo xapecna, Hnm ro
nocpema c nncnn na yononcrnne, ycmnnxn, nene no semxra
or paocr, nperpxn, nenynxn n nomene.
ocra no-nenpnnnexarenna crpana na xapaxrepa na
Hnm e, ue ce crpemn a omnnnpa na ncexn, axo rona e
nsmoxno. Koraro non yunren ro nnxa sa npn nr, ro
ro nonara na xecrox recr, sa a nonyun namomne. Hen-
ponoxnpannre my nsnnnn na arpecnx npn resn npnn cpe-
mn ce noxnxnar c raxana cxopocr n xecroxocr, ue nonnre
yunrenn cxopo ce oxasnar nsnopann, naxanann n cc cx-
cann pexn.
Ho-nsnenanamara or cnoconocrra na Hnm a nspasxna
cnonre uyncrna e ymennero my a nposnpa npes onnrnre na
xopara a npnxpnnar emonnnre cn. Hopa - moxe n na-o-
para or yunrennre na Hnm - ro oomana, xoraro onncna nax-
nnre acnexrn na nsanmoornomennero cn c Hnm: Tona eme
nemo noneue or ornycnarocr. Hnm nmame neonuana cno-
conocr a pasunra" uyncrnara na xopara. Bnnarn cm cmx-
rana, ue rpxna a a uecrna, samoro ro me pasnpame...
xapame me a ce uyncrnam xaro rona".
Esnxono oyuenne
Hcnxonosnre, xonro ce onnrnann a npenoanar esnx na
npecrannrenn na pyrn nonornunn nnone, ca ce ]oxycnpa-
nn npenmno npxy mnmnansera. Ocnonnara npnunna sa rona
e, ue nnunocrra na mnmnansero nanooxna uonemxara, xoe-
ro n rpxnano a ynecnn omynanero. 3nauennero na rona
crana xcno no npeme na excnepnmenra na Tepac, n xoro Hnm
nsnonsna snaxonnx esnx na-cnoono c xopara, xonro na-
ope nosnana n xapecna. pyrara ocnonna npnunna e, ue or
ncnuxn npnmarn mnmnanserara npnrexanar mosx, xoro e
na-nnso no cnoxnocr n ornocnrenno rerno o rosn na uo-
nemxnx.
a ce nayun Hnm na amepnxancxnx snaxon esnx ce oxas-
na mnoro no-rpyno, orxonxoro e ouaxnan Tepac. (Henpexc-
narnxr neocrnr na cpecrna, sa a nnama na ronxm po
xopa a ce rpnxar sa Hnm 24 uaca n enonomne, 365 nn n
ronnara, osnauana, ue nma ronxmo rexyuecrno cpe opo-
nonnnre nomaraun, xonro samecrnar npo]ecnonanncrnre.
Hnm e yuen or 60 pasnnunn yunrenn camo sa 46 mecena n
ouennno raxnna nenocneonarennn nsanmoornomennx ne ca
nonesnn.) Ero xaxxanpnmep ro nayuana snaxa sa ua". Vun-
renxara my Hopa ro xapa a opma nnnmanne, oxaro rx
nannna ropema noa n uama c naxerue ua. Cne rona rx o]op-
mx c pnere cn snaxa sa ua" n ro nacpuana a cn nnne.
Cne rona Hnm npenara pnere cn, raxa ue Hopa a moxe
a o]opmn npcrnre my n noxoxmnx snax. Hocne Hnm ce
onnrna a o]opmn pnere na Hopa, sa a nanpann snaxa sa
,ua". Koraro e nocrnrnan rona, Hopa my ana uamara ua,
xoxro ro cn e noncxan.
Cne rona oyuenne Hnm nocrenenno sanouna a npann
snaxa sa ua", xoraro yunrenxr my npann snaxa n pasronopa.
Ha-naxpax ro npann snaxa, xoraro nnxa uaenara uama.
Vuenero oaue ome ne e sanpmeno. Touno xaxro manxoro
ere uecro xasna xyue" na mnpox cnexrp or xnnornn n npe-
mern, raxa n Hnm nonxxora npann rnpe ronemn oome-
nnx, cnrnannsnpaxn nrpa mene ua", xoraro nrpae na ro-
nennna.
Hone n eno ornomenne Hnm ycnxna a emoncrpnpa no-
ronxma esnxona nonnxnocr, orxonxoro uonemxnre my yun-
renn. Tepac norennuxan Hnm, oxaro ro ce pxan sa p-
necen xnon c nere cn pne. Hnm nesaanno nsmncnnn necen
naunn a nocoun, ue ncxa rennuxanero a nponxn: cnr-
nannsnpan ome" n ren" c ronnre cn xpaxa!
Eno uonemxo ymenne, xoero Hnm ycnoxna c pasnnrnero
na esnxonnre cn ymennx, e cnoconocrra a nxe. To oue-
nnno e saenxsan, ue yunrennre my orxnnxnar, xoraro cnrna-
nnsnpa nnn mpcno" (osnauanamo, ue rpxna a orne o ro-
anernara), nnn cnx" (r.e. ue e ymopen). To nocrenenno sa-
nouna a nsnonsna resn na snaxa, xoraro re ca ouennno ne-
noxoxmn, moxe n samoro e oreruen n ncxa npomxna.
Hnm onnaxna npnnx cn snax (nnx") na uernpn mecena
n ro pso e nocnenan or ome uernpn snaxa (rope", cna-
xo", a" n ome"). Hnrepecno e a ce orenexn, ue nma nx-
xonxo nynnxannn sa rnyxn ena, xonro yuar npnnx cn snax
na uernpnmeceuna nspacr. ymnre morar a ce cnrnannsn-
par mnoro no-necno, orxonxoro a ce noxannsnpar, nepoxrno
samoro mycxynnara xoopnnannx, neoxonma sa snyxonere,
e mnoro no-]nna.
Karo nxno Hnm ce nayuana a nspasxna 125 snaxa npes
npnnre cn 44 mecena n nepoxrno moxe a pasnpa noneue or
200 snann. Hanpexr my e mnoro xaornuen n sanncn cnnno
or ymennxra na orennnre yunrenn n npsxara, xoxro re nsr-
paxar c nero. Ho nemoro pxonocrno na Hopa Hernro Hnm
ycnxna a nayun no ner snaxa na mecen - noneue or na nrn
noneue, orxonxoro npen nenoro npncrnrane.
Hpes nxroro na 1975 r. no pxonocrnoro na Hopa Hnm
sanouna a csana xomnnannn or no na snaxa, nxnmunrenno
,ome xe", rennuxa men" n a xnxa". Hpes nxroro na
1976 r. ro cnrnannsnpa xomnnannn or no rpn n noneue snaxa
(men ome xe", rn rennuxa men" n men pemn ee"). C
reuenne na npemero ro sanouna a nsnonsna nce noneue y
mnre, c xonro pasnonara. Mexy 1 mnn 1975 n 13 ]enpyapn
1977 r. yunrennre na Hnm ro nanmanar a cnrnannsnpa na
19 000 ]pasn, ccroxmn ce or no na nnn noneue snaxa. Tasn
orpomna cyma ne e nonyuena npocro upes nonropenne na nxxon
xo xomnnannn: Hnm csana 5 235 oruernnno pasnnunn xom
nnannn. Hpocro pasnoopasnero na neronnre snaxonn xomn
nannn nocxasna mnoro yenrenno, ue Hnm ne rn yun nansycr.
3a cxanenne ne e nsmoxno a ce nnn oxe n morno a
crnrne yuenero na Hnm. 3apan ]nnanconn n pyrn nponemn
xm xpax na 1977 r. Tepac e npnnyen a npne Hnm n Hncrn
ryra sa nscnenane na npnmarnre n Hopman, Oxnaxoma.
Moxe a ce rnpn, ue Hnm xomnnnpa snann, xonro snae,
no noneue nnn no-manxo cnyuaen naunn. Tona oaue ne e nxp-
no. a pasrneame xomnnannxra or na snaxa, ccroxma ce
or npexoen rnaron n men" nnn Hnm". Enaxno nepoxrno
nn e Hnm a cnrnannsnpa rennuxam men" n men rennu-
xam", nnn rennuxam Hnm" n Hnm rennuxam"? Cncem
ne. To cnrnannsnpa npno c rennuxam" n 107 cnyuax, a c
,men" nnn Hnm" npno - n 16 cnyuax. C pyrn ymn, nsnpa
pea npno c rnarona n 87% or npemero. Karo nxno rnaronr
e nocranen npn n 83% or npemero, xoraro Hnm xomnnnpa
npexoen rnaron c men" nnn Hnm". Hxxonxo pyrn anannsa
nornpxanar, ue nn ]pasnre na Hnm cmecrnyna onpeene-
na crpyxrypa - rouno xaxro x nma n n uonemxnre nspeuennx.
Hma ome eno naxno cxocrno mexy ]pasnre na Hnm n
resn na enara. Koraro enara ca na erana na csananero na
xomnnannn or no ne ymn, oxono 80% or resn ]pasn morar
a ce nnrepnpernpar xaro cnaamn xm ocem cemanrnunn xa-
reropnn. ne or resn xareropnn ca oexr + nonyuaren (nan-
pnmep xpana Hnm") n ecrnne + oexr (nanpnmep xm rpos-
e"). Koraro Tepac ocmecrnxna cmnx ananns npxy ]pasn-
re na Hnm, orxpnna, ue 84% or neronnre xomnnannn or no
na snaxa cornercrnar na cmnre cemanrnunn xareropnn.
oxasarencrnara, ocenn oryx, nocxasnar, ue Hnm
ycnoxna esnxa no naunn, nanooxnam mnoro rosn na uonem-
xoro ere. Hma oaue n nxxon naxnn pasnnxn. Bneosann-
cnre na omynanero mexy Hnm n neronnre yunrenn ca npo-
xexrnpann na saanena cxopocr, raxa ue a moxe a ce nnn
rouno xora Hnm sanouna ]pasara no ornomenne na nsxasna-
nero na neronnx yunren. Maxap ue yunrennre my ne ro cs-
nanar, Hnm rn npexcna mnoro no-uecro, orxonxoro nopman-
noro uonemxo ere npexcna ponrennre cn. Hsrnexa, ue
Hnm ce nnrepecyna mnoro noneue a xaxe na yunrennre cn
xaxno ncxa or rxx a nanpanxr, orxonxoro a nnnmana xaxno
re my xasnar.
Vcranoneno e, ue no-manxo or 20% or nsxasnannxra na
nopmannoro ere ce ccroxr or nmnrannn na ]pasnre na po-
nrennre n oxono 30% or onona, xoero xasna erero, e cnon-
ranno n ne e npocro orronop na nspacren. opn cne nxxon-
xo ronnn oyuenne 40% or ]pasnre na Hnm ca mnoro rounn
nmnrannn na onona, xoero my e xasano, n camo 10% or snann-
re my ca cnonrannn. C pyrn ymn, Hnm nsnonsna esnxa no ne
ronxona rnopuecxn n nonaropcxn naunn, xonxoro erero.
Ha-naxnnxr or pesynrarnre na Tepac xnpnx ome no-ro-
nemn cmnennx npxy cpannnmocrra na esnxonnre ymennx na
Hnm n na uonemxoro ere. Koraro sanounar a ronopxr, ena-
ra c nopmanen cnyx csanar nsxasnannx, ccroxmn ce cpeno
or 1,5 ymn, no pso ocrnrar o 4 nnn noneue ymn na ns-
xasnane (oxm 26-meceuna nspacr). Inyxnre ena emoncr-
pnpar cmoro napacrnane na pox snann na nsxasnane, no
onxnoneno manxo no-xcno or nopmannnre ena. Oparno-
ro, cpenara nponxnrennocr na nsxasnannxra" na Hnm oc-
rana saenexnrenno nocroxnna - oxono 1,5 snaxa mexy 26- n
46-meceuna nspacr.
pyra ocnonna pasnnxa mexy Hnm n enara e, ue no-n-
rnre ]pasn na enara onxnoneno npeanar mnoro no-ronxm
cmncn, orxonxoro no-xparxnre. Hnm ne ro npann, xaxro mo-
xe a ce nnn or na-nrara my ]pasa: a noproxan men
a xm noproxan men xm noproxan a men noproxan a men
rn". Cpannenne c ne- n rpnsnaxonnre xomnnannn na Hnm
pasxpnna, ue neronnre rpnsnaxonn xomnnannn npaxrnuecxn
ne oanxr nnmo (ocnen yapenne) xm xomnnannnre my c
na snaxa. Ha-uecrnre my rpnsnaxonn xomnnannn nxnmu-
na: nrpax men Hnm", nperpmam Hnm nperpmam", nrpa
men nrpax" n xm men xm".
Axo uonex cpannn ycnoxnanero na esnxa c nsxaunanero na
crna, nsrnexa, ue mnmnanserara ca mnoro ymenn n nsxauna-
nero na npnnre nxxonxo crnana. Cne rona oaue re cxxam
nannno cnnpar. Moxe a nayuar ome ymn, no ne noopxnar
cnoconocrra cn a xomnnnpar resn ymn n no-nrn, no-
npnnnuamn na nspeuennx ]opmn. Hsxymanamo e a ce pas-
rnexa nnncara na cnoco sa ycnoxnanero na esnxa nnn nemo
noono npn mnmnanserara xaro nenpeoonnma apnepa npe
nsxaunanero no-narope no esnxonara crna. Axo e raxa, Hnm
unmncxn moxe n a e ymecrno napeuen, samoro cxxam nor-
npxana cranonnmara na aama cn Hom uomcxn.
3axnmuennx
Connannoro n emonnonannoro pasnnrne na Hnm unmnc-
xn n mnoro ornomennx nsxnmunrenno nanomnx rona na uo-
nemxoro ere. Bcmnocr neronnre emonnonannn peaxnnn uec-
ro ca npocro no-cnnnn n no-xpann napnanrn na uonemxnre
emonnn. To ce pxn yno n npann naxocrn - noneenne,
nosnaro na mnoro noxonennx uonemxn ponrenn.
Hnm unmncxn e mnoro ymen n nayuananero na snann n
nspasxnanero na cee cn no orpannuen naunn n e ecrecrnena
cxnonnocrra rnpe peannnre my nocrnxennx a ce pasrnex-
ar xaro pasxpnnamn onnaxnane na esnxonn ymennx. Ho-nnn-
marennnxr ananns oaue noxasna, ue na npaxrnxa moxe n
nma no-manxo, orxonxoro nnxar ounre.
10
Amon n npnnspsanoc1
Hmonra ne e necna onacr na nscnenane. Hoernre, ]n-
noco]nre n noneuero onxnonenn mxe n xenn x pasrnexar
xaro na-nnrepecnoro n na-naxnoro or ncnuxn uyncrna, no
ncnxonosnre ca x orxrnann. Tpyno e a ce npensnnxar ne-
saannn uyncrna na nmon n naoparopnxra, no e mnoro necno
crpaxr a ce renepnpa, axo uonex omorae xopara c enexrpon
n rn sannamn c enexrpomoxone. Ocxnocrra na ncnxonorn-
uecxnre nscnenannx npxy npnpoara na nmonra xapa ame-
pnxancxnx ncnxonor Xapn Xapnoy a nanpann cnenoro necn-
mncrnuno saxnmuenne: Manxoro, xoero snaem sa nmonra,
ne nacxaua npocrnre nanmennx, n manxoro, xoero nnmem
sa nex, e nanncano no-ope or noernre n pomanncrnre".
Cnope nac Xapnoy e rnpe cxpomen no ornomenne na
cocrnennre cn naxnn orxpnrnx no ornomenne na npnpoara
na nmonra. Bcmnocr neronnre nscnenannx npxy nmonra
cpe pesyc mamynn nmar cmecrnenn nocnennn sa pasnpa-
nero na pasnnrnero na nmonra npn uonemxnre cmecrna.
Knmuon excnepnmenr:
nmon mexy maxn n nonopoenn
Xapn Xapnoy or Vnnnepcnrera na Vncxoncnn e nocnernn
nxxonxo ronnn na nsyuanane na naunnnre, no xonro mamy-
nnre ce nayuanar a pemanar pasnnunn rpynn nponemn. B
xoa na paorara ro saenxsna, ue mnoro or nonopoennre
mamynn, orrneann n naoparopnxra, emoncrpnpar cnnna
npnnpsanocr xm xnnnmuerara nnn crnarnre mapnenn ne-
nenn, nsnonsnann sa noxpnnane na noa na xnerxnre nm. Fe-
erara crncxar spano resn nocrenxn n nmar xpocrnn rnennn
nsyxnannx, xoraro re ce orcrpanxr c xnrnenna nen. uonem-
xnre eera o ronxma crenen emoncrpnpar cmara npnnp-
sanocr xm nyxxann nrpauxn n pyrn mexn npemern. Xapnoy
sanouna a noosnpa, ue ouennnoro yononcrnne, xoero ne-
ronnre eera mamynn nsnnnuar or crncxanero na nocren-
xnre n morno a oxcnn ronxma uacr or npsxara mexy ma-
xara n nonopoenoro. B xpana cmerxa maxara mamyna npe-
xapna nrn uacone, nperpmaxn spano eero cn
21
. 3a a
nponepn rasn nex, ro csana ne mamyncxn maxn".
Enara - nnarnenara maxa" - nma cnpmeno nponop-
nnonanno n o]opmeno mamyncxo rxno, nanpaneno or pno,
no e noxpnra c ryma n oneuena n xnro-xa]xna namyuna pe-
xa, xoero x npann mnoro mexa na nnnane. Enexrpnuecxa xpym-
xa sa nex nsnuna ronnnna, xoero x npann n ronna. pyrara
mamyncxa maxa" e noona, no e nanpanena or ren n nxma
,xom]opren xonraxr". H nere maxn nmar rpn".
Feerara mamynn ca orenenn or ecrecrnennre cn ma-
xn manxo cne paxanero n ca nocranenn n ena n cma crax
saeno c xannnenara n c renenara maxa. 3a nxxon or mamy-
nnre camo rpra na xannnenara maxa ocnrypxna mnxxo; oc-
ranannre nonyuanar mnxxoro cn camo or renenara maxa. Kox
maxa samecrnren npenounrar re? B orpomnoro mnosnncr-
no or cnyuanre mexara, namyuna maxa, xoxro nm npenara
,xom]oprnnx xonraxr". Feerara npexapnar cpeno 18 uaca
na en n rymxane c nex n cpannenne c no-manxo or 2 uaca nen-
no c renenara maxa. Hcrnncxara nsnenaa oaue e, ue pesyn-
rarnre ca nourn cmnre opn sa rpynara, xoxro moxe a no-
nyuana mnxxoro cn camo or renenara maxa: resn mamynn
cmo npexapnar no-ronxmara uacr or enx n xonraxr c xannn-
enara maxa. C pyrn ymn, eerara mamynn ne onuar or
rna, a ca rnann sa nmon.
21
HarJow, H. F. (1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13,
673-685.
Pannnre xpnrnnn na nscnenannxra na Xapnoy nsnrar
pasnnunn nspaxennx cpemy nannnocrra na excnepnmenra.
Hxxon rnpxr, ue mamynnre ne xapecnar renra. pyrn nacro-
xnar, ue pyrn nemecrna moxe a ca ocnrypxnann noneue xom-
]opr, orxonxoro xannnxra. Xapnoy orxnpnx npnara rpyna
xpnrnxn, xaro nocouna, ue eerara mamynn npexapnar mnoro
npeme n xarepene no crpannre na renennre cn xnerxn n n nsc-
nenane na renra c ycrara n pnere cn. Hpenounrannero, xo-
ero manxnre mamynn nmar xm xannnxra, e emoncrpnpano
n or ]axra, ue re nsnpar a npexapnar mnoro noneue npeme
npxy noxpnrara c xannnx maxa, Orxonxoro npxy maxn, nox-
pnrn c nsxycrnena xonpnna, nnnnn nnn rpy rnacnannp.
pyrn xpnrnnn ce cmnxnar, ue nanmennxra na Xapnoy
nmar nxxaxno peanno snauenne sa nmonra npn xopara
22
. Xap-
noy nancrnna ce saema a xnpnn cnernnna npxy uonemxara
norpenocr or xonraxr n npnnpsanocr. Kaxro nocouna:
,Enncrnenara npnunna sa nsnonsnane na mamynn, a ne na
nnxone, e, ue annnre me morar no-ope a ce oomxr sa
uonexa". opn n raxa mamynnre ne ca uonemxn cmecrna.
Ha-cepnosnoro nspaxenne cpemy pannnre nscnenannx
na Xapnoy n rasn onacr e, ue re cxxam nnymanar, ue enncr-
nenara npnunna, nopan xoxro eerara mamynn onuar ma-
xnre cn, e sapan xom]opra na xonraxra, xoro ocnrypxnar.
Xapnoy orronapx na rona onnnenne, xaro xoncrpynpa noneue
maxn samecrnrenn. To ycranonxna, ue enn mnoro naxen
]axrop, ocoeno npes npnnre ne cemnnn or xnnora na ma-
mynara, e ronnnnara na maxara. Feerara nancrnna ca or-
ncnarn" or maxn samecrnrenn c neena noa nn nennre cn.
Ocnen rona npenounrar maxn, xonro ce xnarxr nanpe-na-
sa, npe raxnna, xonro ocranar na eno mxcro.
B no-xcnn nscnenannx Xapnoy ce saema a nscnena xon-
xo cnnno eerara mamynn ce npnnpsnar xm maxnre sa-
mecrnrenn. To ro npann, xaro csana uernpn yponnnn ma-
xn", xonro ca noxpnrn c xannnen nnar. Enara or npeme na
22
Harlow, H. G. & Mears, C. (1979). The Human Model: Primate Perspec-
tives. Washington, DC: Winston.
npeme nspnrna xomnpecnpan nsyx, nropara ce xnarn ronxo-
na cnnno, ue eerara uecro naar, rperara cpxa xaranynr,
xoro uecro nscrpenna eerara or nex, a uernprara e xe-
nxsna moma" n nma nxxonxo merannn mnna, xonro or npeme
na npeme nponnar npes rxanra.
Ecrecrneno, eerara mamynn emoncrpnpar npnsnann
na emonnonanno pascrpocrno npn npnnx onnp c nenpnxrnnre
xapaxrepncrnxn na ncxxa yponnna maxa". B momenra, n
xoro maxara ce npne xm nopmannoro oaue, eerara p-
so ce npmar npn nex n ce pxar raxa, cxxam ncnuxo e npocre-
no. Bcmnocr, xaKro rnpn Xapnoy, cxxam enncrneno xo-
para, xonro nponexar excnepnmenra, npexnnxnar crpec!
Cne rona Xapnoy orxpnna n pyrn naunnn, no xonro nnar-
nennre maxn, nsrnexa, samecrnar ncrnncxara maxa. Kora-
ro nonopoennre mamynn ca nocranenn n nenosnara cpea,
nnna c pasnnunn oexrn (xyrnn, uamn), sa xonro ce snae, ue
npecrannxnar nnrepec sa mamynnre, nsnonsnar nnarnenara
cn maxa xaro asa na onepannnre, nscnenaxn cpeara cn
sa manxo, cne xoero ce npmar npn nex sa cnrypnocr. Koraro
nnarnenara maxa orccrna, eerara uecro sampsnar" n
cnnra nosa. Hxxon or rxx xrar xm cpeara na craxra, xe-
ro onxnoneno ce nocranx maxara, n cne rona ce nnycxar or
oexr xm oexr, nnmexn n nnauexn.
ann nonopoennre mamynn nancrnna emoncrpnpar c-
mara nmon xm nnarnennre maxn, xaxro xm peannnre?
Ero xax orronapx Xapnoy na rosn nnpoc: Hmonra xm nc-
rnncxara maxa n nmonra xm cyporarnara mnoro cn npnnn-
uar... oxonxoro moxem a nanmaname, npnnpsanocrra na
nonopoennre mamynn xm ncrnncxara maxa e cnnna, no
ne no-cnnna or rasn na excnepnmenrannara mamyna xm cypo-
rarnara nnarnena maxa, n cnrypnocrra, xoxro eero nonyua-
na or npnccrnnero na ncrnncxara maxa, ne e no-cnnna or
cnrypnocrra, nsnnnuana or nnarnennx cyporar".
Eno or npnnre nema, xonro uonemxara maxa sae-
nxsna y eero cn, e, ue ro uecro x rnea ccpeoroueno n
nnnero. Xapnoy pemana a orxpne xonxo naxnn ca nnnennre
xapaxrepncrnxn sa nonopoennre mamynn. Ha eno ee e
aena cyporarna nnarnena maxa, xoxro nma esnspasna
xprna pnena ronxa nmecro rnana. Feero pearnpa enry-
cnasnpano na samecrnrenx na maxa cn, xoero nocxasna, ue
opn nnne, xoero n cnpxno uaconnnxa, ne cnnpa eero a
onua maxa cn.
\ Ho npemero, xoraro nonopoenara mamyna e cranana na
3mecena, nscneonarennre ca norornnnn no-cnnno npnnn-
uamo na mamyna nnne or nnar. Te ropo ro nocranxr na
mxcroro my, no eero nornexa n sanouna a nnmn. Ma-
mynara ocrana yxacena npes cnenamnre nxxonxo nn n ro-
rana nonyuana npxonno npospenne: nsnpra rnanara na 180
rpayca, raxa ue ornono a moxe a rnea pnenara ronxa.
Koraro excnepnmenraropnre sanprar rnanara n npannnnoro
nonoxenne, eero ome nenx x opma, raxa ue nnnero
a ne ce nnxa. Manxo cne rona mamynara nnra rnanara or
rxnoro, saxapna x c rpxanxne n enn rn n x nsocranx. Axo
napa]pasnpame nnrepnperannxra na Xapnoy na rasn cnyuxa,
eero e cnocono a onua maxa es nnne, no ne n maxa c
ne nnna.
Hscnenannxra na Xapnoy c nnarnennre n renennre ma-
mynn cranar mnoro nsnecrnn n uecro ca ocxann npes 60-re
ronnn. Maxap ue ro npnnercrna pexnamara, ne e ocoeno
macrnnn or naunna, no xoro ce pasnnnar nemara. Cmnenn-
xra my ce sacnnnar, xoraro nnen ncnxonor n noem ncnxna-
rp nesanncnmo enn or pyr npanxr enn n cm xomenrap
npe nero. H namara xasnar: 3naem nn, Xapn, me nnesem n
ncropnxra na ncnxonornxra xaro amara na nnarnenara ma-
xa!" Cne xaro ne xonnee sa raxana ca, Xapnoy sanouna a
omncnx n pyrn acnexrn na nmonra, sanounaxn c nnmana-
nero or maxa n neronnre nocnecrnnx.
Hocnecrnnxra
or maunnara enpnnannx
Moxe a nsrnexa napaoxcanno, no na-necnnxr naunn
a ce nsyuana nmonra e a ce nnn xaxno crana, xoraro nm-
onra orccrna. oxaxere, ue nnncara na nmon nma cepnos-
nn nocnennn, n me cre oxasann, ue nmonra e naxna. Xns-
nenonaxnoro snauenne na maunnara nmon e rnpe oue-
nnno n cnyuanre na maunnara enpnnannx", npn xoxro e-
ero e oreneno or maxa cn no npeme na nxxon nnn na ncnu-
xn pannn erann or pasnnrnero my.
E]exrnre or nnmananero or maxa ca nsyuanann npen
oxono 40 ronnn or pnrancxnx ncnxonor xon Foynn, xo-
ro e nomonen or Cneronnara spanna oprannsannx a noror-
nn oxna sa ncnxnunoro spane na esomnnre ena. Tona e
uacr or nscnenane, nponeeno or Connannara xomncnx xm
Oennennre nannn, npxy cnennannnre nyxn na enara, or-
enenn or rexnnre Cemecrna n nocranenn n npnemnn omone
nnn nncrnrynnn. Foynn crnra o saxnmuennero, ue nnmana-
nero or maxa sanxnrenno nma snomacrnn nocnecrnnx,
nxnmunrenno manonerno orxnonxnamo ce noneenne n ncn-
xonarno noneenne.
3a cxanenne na Foynn pyrn nscneonarenn ne ca ycne-
nn a nonropxr pesynrarnre my n ro e nn sanxen a mo-
n]nnnpa nnxannxra cn. Cera cmecrnyna omo crnacne,
ue ne maxara e ronxona nyxna, xonxoro nnunnxr nonoxnre-
nen xonraxr c nonaram rpnxn nnn rpyna or npcrnnnn.
Cpe npnmarnre Xapn Xapnoy ycnxna! a noxaxe, ue nma
mnpoxomamann nocnecrnnx, xoraro na eera mamynn ne
e paspemeno a nnxar nnn a nsanmoecrnar c pyrn ma-
mynn npes npnnre nxxonxo mecena or xnnora nm. Koraro
nxxonxo mamynn, nsonnpann no rosn naunn, ce cepar sa-
eno, pearnpar mnoro arpecnnno. Mnoro or rxx ecrnar no
nooen naunn na nannenrnre n ncnxnarpnuna onnnna. Han-
pnmep sampsnar" n crpannn nosn, npanxr ouennno esnen-
nn, mnoroxparno nonrapxmn ce nnxennx nnn npocro sxnar n
npocrpancrnoro uacone nape.
Xapnoy orxpnna, ue pyro ocnonno nocnecrnne or panna-
ra nsonannx e npaxrnuecxoro orccrnne na cexcyanen xnnor
n spxnara nspacr. Karo uacr or onnr sa ynennuanane pox na
mamynnre upes pasmnoxanane ro n neronnre xonern nxap-
nar nopmanna, cexcyanno onnrna mxxa mamyna n cmara
sona xaro nxxon nsonnpann npen xencxn mamynn. Mxxa-
ra mamyna ne ycnxna a onnon nnxox or xencxnre. Kaxro
naxonnuno oomana Xapnoy, axo xencxara mamyna ne e
npecnenana, oxaro e mnaa, nepoxrno me ocrane encrnena
npes ocrananara uacr or xnnora cn.
Homom sa neonuannre
Kaxno moxe a ce nanpann, sa a ce nomorne na mamy-
nnre, orrneann n nsonannx, sa a cranar no-pyxenmnn?
]axrr, ue nopmanno orrneannre mnan mamynn npexap-
nar mnoro npeme n nrpa ena c pyra, nocxasna na Xapnoy,
ue nocranxnero na nsonnpannre mamynn saeno c nopman-
no orrneann mamynn na cmara nspacr moxe a e non-
sornopno. B neronnx cnyua oaue pesynrarnre nnn xaracr-
po]annn. Hsonnpannre mamynn npocro sampsnar or crpax
n pxxo nsanmoecrnar c nopmannnre. Te npexapnar none-
uero or npemero cn n nperpxn n xanane na cee cn n cnnna-
ne n rna.
Ouennno ocnonen nponem e crpaxr, xoro nopmannn-
re mamynn cyxar y orrneannre n nsonannx. Enn or na-
unnnre a ce saonxonn nponemr e a ce nocranxr nsonnpa-
nnre n xomnannxra na nopmanno orrneann mamynn, xonro
ca nxxonxo mecena no-mnan or rxx. Hsrnexa, ue nsonnpa-
nnre mamynn morar a ce nayuar na aexnarno connanno no-
neenne, axo npnonauanno ca n xonraxr c mamynn, npnre-
xanamn no-npocrn connannn ymennx, r.e. no-mnan mamy-
nn. C pyrn ymn, pasnnxara mexy connannnre ymennx na
orrneannre n nsonannx n na onesn, c xonro rpxna a omy-
nar, rpxna a ne e rnpe ronxma.
Mennna Honax - ena or crpynnnnre na Xapnoy - yc-
nxna a emoncrpnpa nourn nnna connanna pexannnrannx
npn mamynn, nsonnpann npes npnnre 12 mecena or xnnora
cn. Tona e orpomno nocrnxenne. ocxopo ce nxpname, ue sna-
unrennnre connannn npen, npnunnenn or nrocpounara nso-
nannx n mnaenuecxara nspacr, ca neoparnmn.
Honax nsnonsna mamynn repanenrn", xonro ca rpn nrn
no-mnan or orrneannre n nsonannx mamynn, n e narpaena
c nocrenennoro nsuesnane na nexenarennoro, es aanrnnno
noneenne or crpana na npen nsonnpannre mamynn, xomn-
nnpano c anno ynennuanane na nrpara n connannnx xonraxr.
Hyxnn ca oaue nourn ne ronnn ycnnena paora, sa a ce
nocrnrne rasn rpanc]opmannx.
Tesn pesynrarn nocxasnar, ue nmonra n npnnpsanocrra,
xonro cmecrnynar mexy mamynnre nnn xopara na noona
nspacr, morar a ca no-momna cnna sa opo, orxonxoro ce
ocsnana. Maxap ue maunnara nmon nepoxrno e neanr,
nmonra mexy npcrnnnnre nonxxora e ymepen samecrnren.
Mnoro reopernnn or upo nacam rnpxr, ue noxoxma-
ra crnmynannx n nauanoro na xnnora e cmecrnena sa nopman-
noro pasnnrne - rona e xnnoresara sa xpnrnunnx nepno". an-
nnre na Honax, nsrnexa, oopnar rasn xnnoresa, none npn ma-
mynnre. Onrnmncrnuno nornenaro, nennre pesynrarn noc-
xasnar, ue uonemxnre cmecrna cmo morar a ca no-xnnann,
orxonxoro ca cmxrann upo n neronnre nocneonarenn.
Maunnn n amnnn nncrnnxrn
Cnonrannoro yononcrnne, xoero noneuero uonemxn ma-
xn nsnnnuar or nonaranero na rpnxn sa enara cn, nocxasna
na mnoro ncnxonosn, ue cmecrnyna npoen maunn nnc-
rnnxr". Ha nonpxnocrra rona cxxam oxcnxna mecennre n
ronnnre camoornepxena npeanocr na maxnre xm enara
nm, no nma pasnnunn rpynocrn c nexra, ue ncnuxn xenn npn-
rexanar maunn nncrnnxr.
Hpno, ocra xareropnuno e emoncrpnpano, ue xopara
nmar mnoro no-cnan nncrnnxrn n cpannenne c pyrnre no-
nornunn nnone. Ho-noxasarennoro e, ue npensnnxnamnre
npnrecnenne nncoxn nponenrn na noo na eera" n manr-
pernpane na ena rpyno morar a ce nomnpxr c xonnennnxra
sa maunnnx nncrnnxr. nec nanpnmep snaem, ue noneuero
]nsnuecxn arpecnnnn ponrenn cmo ca nnn npenepernann
n manrpernpann xaro ena n pesynrar nnn na noma cpea" n
,noma nacnecrnenocr", nnn na nere.
H ryx paorara na Xapnoy xnpnx nnrepecna cnernnna.
Heronnxr nnan e a nanmana maunncxoro noneenne na
xencxn mamynn, orrneann npes npnnre nxxonxo mecena
or xnnora cn n nsonannx. Tpynocrra e, ue resn mamynn ca
cexcyanno neocsnarn n ce oxasna npaxrnuecxn nensmoxno
re a cranar maxn npocro xaro ce ocrann npnpoara a noe-
me xypca cn! B oruaxnnero cn Xapnoy n neronnxr exnn or ns-
cneonarenn csanar ycrpocrno, nsnecrno nomexy nm c ra-
ntonnoro xcnn sa nsnacnnnane", n xonro re moxenn a ar
sanpsnann n ocemenxnann. Tona ana xenannx e]exr.
Kaxno crana, xoraro resn nsonnpann xencxn paxar np-
noro cn ee? Onxnoneno ro npenepernar. Camo axo eero
e mnoro nacroxrenno, re or npeme na npeme my ocnrypxnar
nsnecrna osa or xom]opra na xonraxra, xoro ro rpcn.
Bcmnocr or uernprnx mecen nararx nxxon or npnopo-
nnre eera na resn nxmamn maxa maxn" ncmnocr ca na-
xasnann no-manxo, orxonxoro eerara na nopmannnre ma-
xn, n nm ce nosnonxna no-ronxm xonraxr cc spnara na ma-
xnre. Koraro raxnna maxn paxar sa nropn nr, onxnone-
no sanounar a ce rpnxar sa nonopoenoro no ocra aexna-
ren naunn.
Hemara oaue nennnarn npornuar ronxona rnaxo. Hx-
xonxo or nxmamnre maxa maxn" rnuar eerara cn nnn
narncxar nnnero nm xm noa na xnerxara. Enn-na nrn
excnepnmenraropnre ne pearnpar ocraruno pso, sa a non-
peuar na maxara a cnue xpaxa nnn npcrnre na eero
cn. Ha-yxacnara maxa or ncnuxn nxa rnanara na eero cn
n ycrara cn n nponxana a x crncxa xaro npxen xapro].
Bcmnocr nanmennxra na Xapnoy, nsrnexa, noxasnar,
ue nexra sa ynnnepcanen maunncxn nncrnnxr moxe n e nor-
pemna. Mnoro mamynn maxn (a nepoxrno n uonemxn ma-
xn), xonro ne ca nnn orrneann n nopmanno, nmemo nsan-
moornomenne cc cocrnennre cn maxn, csanar mnoro cnn-
no nneuarnenne na nnna nnnca na maunncxn nncrnnxr.
Xapnoy nscnena n ponxra na amara. Bn ncnuxn ma-
myncxn cemecrna, xonro ro nsyuana, amara e necmneno
omnnnpamnxr nnnnn, nopxam craryca cn, es a ns-
nonsna ]nsnuecxa cnna, ocnen axo uonex ne pon ncenonnxc-
xanero n nomnnnanero, noronnanero n or npeme na npeme no
nxxo sannamnrenen xecr.
Hpn xopara amnre onxnoneno ca npenounrann npe
maxnre xaro pyrapn sa nrpa ome or eera na ocemmeceuna
nspacr n rona npenounranne ce sanasna n npes nropara ro-
MO31K, HHUHOCT H EMOHHH 155
nna or xnnora. Aconmrno cmoro e nxpno sa pesyc mamy-
nnre, orrneann n nnennnuecrno. Bspacrnnre mxxn ma-
mynn couar roronnocrra cn a nrpaxr cc cocrnennre cn nnn
c uyxnre manxn, xaro anar cnennanen cnrnan: samanam n
nsnxnen xnnnornsnpam norne, npnpyxen or nex yap no
yxoro. Mxxnre eera ca ononnn a nrpaxr c ncxxo nspac-
rno mxxo xnnorno, no xencxnre eera ca no-npnnpunnn
n npenounrar a cn nrpaxr c rarxo.
Cxopomno nscnenane na cnoono xnneemn pesyc ma-
mynn n onnnara Karmany, Henan, pasxpnna, ue nnnre mx-
xn mamynn ca no*manxo cxnonnn a nomarar n rpnxnre sa
eerara or resn, orrneann n nnennnuecrno. Ho npeme na ns-
romnrennn 1500 uaca nonenn nanmennx nma camo 18 cny-
uax na npnxrnn nsanmoecrnnx mexy nspacren mxxn ex-
semnnxp n ee. Ennaecer or rxx ca xparxa nrpa nnn ueme-
ne n camo ceem ca no-nponxnrennn npnmepn na amnnn
rpnxn. Hanmanar ce rpn nrn noneue arpecnnnn cpemn, no-
neuero or xonro nxnmunamn nexn nnecnnnn n yapn.
Ha-pamarnunnxr nanmanan nnnnenr ce ornacx o
omnnnpam nspacren mxxn exsemnnxp, napeuen Cnox, n
enonenno ee na maxa, xoxro nounnana. Hpnonauanno
Cnox ce rpnxn sa eero no saenexnrenno nexen naunn, no
ce pasnn, xoraro ro sanouna a ce nprn n a nnaue. Ha nx-
xonxo nrn enoro ee e pxano sa xpaxara c rnanara na-
ony nnn e noceno no naxr or Cnox, xoraro ro rnua, sa a
rnea opa mexy pyrn mamynn. 3a cxanenne na eero
Cnox cxxam ne ocsnana, ue ro ce nyxae or xpana, n erero
ymnpa or rna. Hecpunocrra na rasn ronxma nspacrna mxxa
mamyna ce nnxa n or ouennnara necnoconocr a cxnane
]axra, ue eero e ympxno. nrn uacone cne cmprra my
ro nponxana a ro ueme n a ro pasnacx cc cee cn.
Xapnoy ycranonxna, ue mexy mamynnre nma naxnn no-
nonn pasnnunx n peaxnnnre na eerara opn npen a ce oc-
rnrne spxna nspacr. Koraro ce nocranxr saeno c eera, xen-
cxn mamynn npen mnomecrnoro nesaanno sanounar a ce
pxar no rpnxonen n nmem naunn. Oparnoro, mxxnre
mamynn npen mnomecrnoro ca nnn espasnnunn, nnn nexo
arpecnnnn.
ann omara nnnca na nnnmanne n espasnnune or crpana
na nspacrnara mxxa mamyna xm cocrnenoro cn noromcr-
no e pannosnauna na ecrecrnenara" peaxnnx na uonemxnx a-
ma xm neronnre ena? uacr or amnre npenounrar a noc-
nemanar cnoonoro cn npeme na rpannnonno mxxn enoc-
rn, nanpnmep nnene na npa n rneane na ]yron, no no-ro-
nxm nponenr nonarar ronnn n nmemn rpnxn sa enara cn.
Mnoro ]emnnncrn ca araxynann nscnenannxra na Xap-
noy, samoro re cxxam nnymanar, ue uonemxnre eera onenx-
nar n ce pasnnnar camo axo sa rxx npes nxnoro npeme ce rpn-
xar maxnre nm. Xapnoy ocrana rnyx sa rexnnre onnnennx.
B nnrepnm c Kapon Tanpnc n cnncanne Psychology Today ro
pearnpa -na resn araxn c ymnre: uonexr e enncrnenoro
xnnorno, cnocono a ronopn, a xenara e enncrnenoro xn-
norno, necnocono a ne ronopn".
3axnmuennx
Xapn Xapnoy nocnemana noneue or 30 ronnn na nscne-
nane na snauennero na xnnennero, xoero napnuame nmon, npn
pesyc mamynnre. Ocnonnara my crparernx e a nanmana
e]exrnre or orcrpanxnanero na pasnnunn acnexrn na nopman-
nara nmema cpea, n xoxro ce pasnnnar eerara mamynn.
Hpnnxr ronxm ycnex na rasn crparernx e n nenrn]nnnpane-
ro na xom]opra na xonraxra xaro na-naxnnx npnnoc na ma-
xara xm narononyunero na eero.
Ho-xcno Xapnoy ycranonxna, ue nnmananero or maunn-
cxn rpnxn cepnosno sacxra cnoconocrra na mnanre mamy-
nn a ce pasmnoxanar nnn a ce connannsnpar ycnemno, a c-
moro e nxpno n sa xopara. To oaue orxpnna, ue nmonra n
nnnmannero or no-mnan npecrannrenn na nna n xpana
cmerxa morar a npeoonexr nomnre nocnecrnnx or maun-
nara enpnnannx.
Hmonra na maxara xm erero e nemo, xoero nsema-
me sa aenocr, no maunncxnx nncrnnxr" ne e ronxona npo-
en, xonxoro npnemame, xaxro Xapnoy xcno emoncrpnpa n
paorara cn c mamynn.
.u:uocm u e+ouu
Pasnnxnre mexy ncnxonornuecxnx n ]nsnonornuecxnx
noxo xm uonemxoro noneenne morar a ce nsxcnxr upes
ena ananornx. a npenonoxnm, ue ncnxonor n ]nsnonor,
xonro nnxora npen ne ca nnxann xona, ce saemar a pase-
par xax ]ynxnnonnpa. Hcnxonorr ce ccpeorouana npxy
cxopocrra na xonara, xax ce pxn na nrx, naexnocrra ,
pasxoa na ropnno n r.n. Cne rona ro nsnonsna rasn nn]op-
mannx, sa a pascxana npxy nponecnre n mexannsmnre nrpe
n nex (morop, axymynarop, cxopocrna xyrnx, xopmnnna ypea
n r.n.). ]nsnonorr ce xonnenrpnpa npxy nrpemnocrra na
xonara, moxe n orxpnnaxn ronxma uepna xyrnx (axymy-
narop) n opmaxn na-ronxmo nnnmanne na nanncnre or
enara crpana. To nma rpynara saaua a ce onnra a on-
peenn ponxra na ncxxa uacr na xonara n xax re ca cnpsann.
Cneonarenno ncnxonorr rnea na nemara ornn n npann
npenonoxennx sa onona, xoero crana nrpe, oxaro ]nsno-
norr nscnena nrpemnocrra, onnrnaxn ce a nsnneue me-
xannuen cmncn sa nemara, xonro orxpnna ram.
B neannnx cnyua noxor na ncnxonora n na ]nsnono-
ra rpxna a ce onnnar nsanmno n rona nce noneue crana na
npaxrnxa. Bcmnocr cmecrnyna non xnpn, napeuen ncn-
xo]nsnonor", xoro ce onnrna a nsnonsna ]nsnonornxra, sa
a nsxcnxna ncnxonornuecxn pesynrarn, n oparnoro.
B rasn uacr pasrnexame nscnenannx, xonro ycnemno ca
nnrerpnpann nn]opmannx or ]nsnonornuecxn n ncnxonorn-
uecxn nsrounnnn. Cnpemennara paora npxy nnrennrenr-
nocrra (ennaecera rnana) e npnocrenenen npnmep na ra-
xn mnoroncnnnnnnapen noxo. Ome orxaxro no mona na
]pencxoro Mnnncrepcrno na opasonannero An]pe Fnne cs-
ana npnnx cranaprnsnpan recr sa nnrennrenrnocr n naua-
noro na XX nex, ncnxonosnre ce nnrepecynar or noueprann-
re pasnnunx, xonro cmecrnynar mexy uonemxnre cmecr-
na, xoraro crana yma sa nnrenexryannn cnoconocrn.
B pesynrar na ycnnnxra cn ncnxonosnre ca nayunnn mnoro
sa ocnonnnre ]axropn, xonro onpeenxr nnrennrenrnocrra,
snauennero na nacnecrnenocrra n onpeenxnero na nnrenex-
ryannnx norennnan n r.n. Cmenpemenno npecron ome mno-
ro a ce yun sa ]ynxnnonnpanero na nnrennrenrnocrra. Han-
pnmep cncem ocxopo npaxrnuecxn ne snaexme nnmo sa no-
ueprannre pasnnunx n mosunara enocr mexy xopa c pas-
nnuna crenen na nnrennrenrnocr. Tasn nponacr n nosnannxra
nn eme sannnena or nscnenannxra na Ann n Hnen Xen-
pnxcn or Hncrnryra no ncnxnarpnx n Honon n nauanoro
na 80-re ronnn.
Pasnpa ce, nma mnoro no-pacrnunn n pamarnunn naun-
nn sa nscnenane na ]ynxnnonnpanero na mosxa, orxonxoro
npnxpennanero na enexrpon xm uepena n sanncnane na enex-
rpnuecxara axrnnnocr na mosxa. B nanaecera rnana ce o-
cxar rpn ocnonnn xareropnn ncnxoxnpyprnx. Xnnxn npe]-
ponrannn nooromnn (n xonro ce npexcnar nnaxnara, cnps-
namn ]ponrannnre xnone n pyrnre uacrn na mosxa) ca oc-
mecrnenn, sa a ce onexun crpaannero na nannenrn c oce-
cnnno-xomnyncnnno pascrpocrno n menanxonnx. Honxxora re
nocrnrar nenra cn, no pncxonere or npenpmane na nannenra
n esmosuna maca" ca nsxnmunrenno ronemn. Hanocnex
nnrepecr ce npexnpnx xm nsnonsnanero na amnranoro-
mnxra, npn xoxro amnranara* (aemonnnoro xpo) ce npe-
xcna nnn nsrapx. Henra na rasn onepannx e a ce namanxr
* Eno or asannnre xpa - nanooxnamo aem cnno nemecrno, pas-
nonoxeno noxo nn ncxxo or nonyxnara na rnannnx mosx. -
poro nma npsxa c oonxrennara cncrema n xnnoranamyca. Heronnre
]ynxnnn ca cnpsann c nacrpoennxra, uyncrnara, nncrnnxrnre n ne-
poxrno cc cnomenn sa cxopomnn cnrnx. - Fen. npen.
crpaxr n rnenr, no - ornono - nma mnoro snomacrnn crpa-
nnunn e]exrn.
Hcropnxra na ncnxoxnpyprnxra ne e nsnxno xaranor na
rpemxn n snomacrnx, samoro nma none enn ronxm ycnex. B
onnr a ce peynnpar e]exrnre na rexxnre ennnenrnunn npnc-
rnn xnpypsnre ca paspaornnn nponeypara na paspxsnanero
na masonecroro rxno (cennnrennara rxan, cnpsnama nere
nonyxna na mosxa). Tona e nmano ne naxnn nocnecrnnx.
Hpno, ennnenrnunnre npnnann cranar no-pexn n no-yn-
pannxemn. Bropo, pasxpnrn ca ouaponarennnre pasnnunx mex-
y ]ynxnnonnpanero na nere nononnnn na mosxa.
B rpnnaecera rnana nscnename xopennre na nnunocrra.
Cmecrnynar na ocnonnn naunna sa nscnenane na nono-
rnunara ocnona na nnunocrra. Hpnnxr e a ce nscnenar nnu-
nocrnnre cxocrna n enoxunn n pasnoxunn nnsnann, xaro
ocnonnoro npenonoxenne e, ue xonxoro no-enaxnn renernu-
no ca nnsnannre (enonnunnre n cpannenne c pasnoxunn-
re), ronxona no-ronxmo me e nnnxnnero na nacnecrnenocrra.
Ionopexn omo, oxasarencrnara couar, ue nnnnnyannnre
pasnnunx n nnunocrra nmar no-cnnno ornomenne c nacnecr-
nenocrra, orxonxoro ce ocsnana.
Anrepnarnnnnxr mero sa nscnenane na nnunocrra e ]n-
snonornuen. Hma pasnnunn rexnnxn sa sanncnane (nanpnmep
mepemn mosunara axrnnnocr, xoxno-rannannunara peaxnnx
n cpeunara uecrora), xonro morar a ce nsnonsnar, sa a ce
emoncrpnpa, ue mexy nama ymn nma ronemn napnannn
nn ]nsnonornunara axrnnnocr. X. x. Asenx e nsnonsnan
nn]opmannx, nonyuena or nscnenannx npxy nnsnann, n ]n-
snonornunn nscnenannx, sa a npenoxn reopnx sa nono-
rnunara ocnona na nnunocrra.
Axo nnunocrra o ronxma crenen nma nonornuna ocnona,
or rona cnena, ue arpnyrn xaro macrne cmo o ronxma cre-
nen ca nonnnxnn or nonornxra. Tona npornnopeun na no-
nynxpnoro yexenne, ue nnmnnre cnrnx n ycnexr n oc-
nonnn c]epn na xnnora npensnnxnar macrne. B uernpnnae-
cera rnana emoncrpnpame, ue nmenno rnnr nnunocr, xoro
nacnexname, nn npann no-macrnnnn nnn no-nemacrnn or py-
rnre.
B nernaecera rnana nscnename emonnnre npes ounre na
ncnxonosnre n ]nsnonosnre, paoremn n ranem. Emonnonan-
nnre ccroxnnx ouennno sanncxr or xopa n nema n nenocpe-
crnenara nn cpea, no onxnoneno nxnmunar n oruernnnn ]n-
snonornunn npomenn. Knacnuecxara reopnx sa emonnnre, ns-
nrnara or Crennn Baxrp n xepm Cnnrp, nocranx e-
naxno yapenne npxy ncnxonornuecxnre n ]nsnonornuecxn-
re npnunnn. Texnnxr mero sa mannnynnpane na ]nsnono-
rnuecxoro ]ynxnnonnpane ne e xnpyprnuen - re nocrnrar npo-
menn nn ]nsnonornunara axrnnnocr upes menxamenrn.
Haxparxo, rasn uacr pasxpnna mnpoxnx cnexrp or nen-
no npnnoxpnnane mexy paorara na ncnxonosnre n ]nsno-
nosnre n onacrnre na nnrennrenrnocrra, nnunocrra, emonn-
nre n anopmannoro noneenne.
11
Hsmepnane na
nnrennrenrnocrra
ocxopo nmame ocra omo crnacne mexy excneprnre
no ornomenne na nonxrnero nnrennrenrnocr. Hnrennren-
rnocrra eme nxxaxna oma, ncenponnxnama xornnrnnna
cnoconocr, xoxro nn nosnonxna a ce cnpanxre ope c ncnu-
xo, xoero nanooxna ymcrnen nponem. Tasn nncoxo nene-
na cnoconocr o ronxma crenen ce cmxrame sa renernuna
aenocr; maxap ue cpeara n morna a nonnnxe npxy na-
unna, no xoro ce emoncrpnpa nnrennrenrnocrra, n n morna
a ecrna xaro cnnxa, axo e mnoro nenaronpnxrna, mne-
nnero eme, ue rx ne onpnnacx c noneue or moxe n 20% sa
omoro xonnuecrno nsmenunnocr n nnrennrenrnocrra, orx-
pnnano n nsyuananara nonynannx. Ocnen rona nmame nxxon-
xo cnennannn cnoconocrn - nepanna, nn]pona, yuene nan-
sycr, nepnenrnnna, no mo ce ornacx o nnrenexryannara cno-
conocr, re ne oxcnxnaxa nnmo n crenenra, n xoxro ro npa-
neme omara nnrennrenrnocr. Koncencycr eme, ue nnre-
nnrenrnocrra e c orpomno opasonarenno n connanno snaue-
nne. Bamnxr oxo n paorara nn, xaxro n connannnxr nn
craryc sanncexa nsxnmunrenno cnnno or nnrennrenrnocrra
nn. Kcmerr, nnunocrra n cemennre npsxn cmo nrpaexa
ponx, pasnpa ce, no mnoro no-manxa, orxonxoro npoenara
nnrenexryanna apa.
Hpes nocnennre ronnn resn cranonnma nonyunxa mno-
ro xpnrnxn. Mnoro xpnrnnn orpnuar, ue nnrennrenrnocrra e
cmncneno nonxrne. Te ne npnemar, ue nacnecrnenocrra on-
peenx pasnnunxra n rasn necmecrnynama cnoconocr n nmec-
ro rona rnpxr, ue connannara xnaca n pyrnre nnnxnnx or
cpeara ca pemanamnre ]axropn n opasonarennnx n rpyo-
nnx ycnex xaxro n n connannnx craryc.
Honeuero or resn xpnrnxn nnar or xopa, xonro ne ca
ocoeno xomnerenrnn n rexnnuecxnre onacrn na renernxa-
ra, ncnxomerpnxra n xoncrpynpanero na recrone sa ymcrne-
nn cnoconocrn, n mnosnncrnoro or rxx ce noxnxnar n nony-
nxpnnre cemnunnnn, ncexnnennnnnre n nonnrnuecxnre
rpaxrarn nmecro n nayunnre cnncannx. Bnpexn rona, r
xaro noonn xpnrnxn ca nonyunnn ronxma nynnunocr, re
oxasnar nnnxnne npxy nonnrnuecxn pemennx. Orxnpnxne-
ro na noopa n yunnnmara n nsocranxnero na npaxrnxara
na noronnre o ronxma crenen ca nonnnxnn or resn aprymen-
rn. Txnara ncropnx na cp Cnpnn Fpr*, xoro e cxan-
nnn nxxon or annnre cn, ana orar marepnan na xpnrnnn-
re. Cmenpemenno nenepnnre annn na Fpr nsrpaxar mno-
ro manxa uacr or emnnpnunnx marepnan, npxy xoro ce oc-
nonana oprooxcannoro cranonnme sa nnrennrenrnocrra, n
cnpemennnre oxasarencrna cnnno noxpenxr rpannnon-
noro rnenme.
Fpnrancxn ncnxonor, nsnecren c paspaornanero na ]axropnnx
ananns n ncnxonornuecxoro recrnpane n c nscnenannxra cn npxy
e]exra na nacnecrnenocrra npxy nnrennrenrnocrra n noneenn-
ero. Cne cmprra my nneuarnxnamnre anomannn n nxxon or nero-
nnre recronn annn xapar onpeenenn yuenn a nonoxar na npeo-
nenxa crarncrnuecxnre my meron. Te crnrar o saxnmuennero, ue
Fpr e mannnynnpan n nepoxrno ]anmn]nnnpan onesn pesynrarn
or IQ recrone, xonro na-yenrenno noxpenxr neronnre reopnn
sa ynacnexnanara nnrennrenrnocr n connanna xnaca. earr npxy
noneennero my nponxana, no ncnuxn crpann ca crnacnn, ue no-
xcnnre my nscnenannx nmar na-manxoro cepnosnn rpemxn, n mno-
snna npnemar, ue ro e nsmncnnn nxxon annn. Connnocrra na no-
pannara my paora oaue onpanana penyrannxra my na enn or na-
nsxnennre nnonepn na nearornuecxara ncnxonornx nn Bennxo-
pnrannx. - Fen. npen.
Mexynpemenno ]nsnonosnre nsnrar nonn noxon xm
nsmepnanero na nnrennrenrnocrra, xonro xnpnxr nona cner-
nnna npxy nnpocn xaro: 3amo ymcrnennre cnoconocrn ce
nnomanar c nanpenanero na nspacrra, samo nma connannn
n xnaconn pasnnunx n nnrennrenrnocrra n xoe erepmnnnpa
n no-ronxma crenen nnrennrenrnocrra - npnpoara nnn ns-
nnrannero?
Haxparxo, resn nonn noxon nn nomarar a nsmepna-
me nnrennrenrnocrra upes ncnxo]nsnonornunn meron,
r.e. upes nsnonsnane na enexrpoenne]anorpa]a, nnn ma-
mnnara na mosunnre nnnn". Hemo noneue: ocnonana-
xn ce na nmamn mamann nocnecrnnx reopnn sa npnpo-
ara na nnrennrenrnocrra n nennx ]nsnuecxn cycrpar,
resn nonn noxon nn anar mnoro no-noxo npospenne
sa npnpoara na nnrennrenrnocrra, orxonxoro e nno ns-
moxno npen.
IQ recrone
Hpn rpannnonnnre naunnn sa nsmepnane na nnrenn-
renrnocrra xannarr nonyuana nponemn, xonro - o-
xonxoro e nsmoxno - ne nsncxnar npnonrn nosnannx.
Axo raxona nosnanne e nyxno sa recronere, rorana e nax-
no a ce rapanrnpa, ue ncnuxn xannarn ro npnrexanar n
enaxna crenen. IQ recrr (IQ nna or Intelligence Quotient
|xoe]nnnenr na nnrennrenrnocr], xaro cpenocrarncrnuec-
xnxr uonex nma IQ 100) nxma sa nen a e recr sa yunnnm-
nn nosnannx, a sa cnoconocrra a ce mannnynnpar ene-
menrnre na nxxaxn nponem n a ce orxpne pemenne, xo-
ero ne e nno uacr or nnxaxno ]opmanno oyuenne, ]nry-
pa 1 noxasna pasnpeenennero na 1Q n nonynannxra xaro
nxno.
Taxnna recrone ynnnepcanno noxasnar, ue cmecrnynar ns-
pasenn pasnnunx mexy connannnre xnacn, xaro pasnnxara
mexy cpenara n paornnuecxara xnaca e oxono 30 nynxra.
Hma pasnnxn n mexy pasnnunnre pacn: uepnoxoxnre ame-
pnxannn nmar pesynrarn c oxono 15 nynxra no-nncxn or e-
nnre amepnxannn, manannre - npnnnsnrenno cmnx po
nynxrone no xnrannre, a nnrannre or Cpena Enpona - or
mecrnoro nacenenne na Cpena Enpona.
enara, xonro ce npecranxr ope na resn recrone, onx-
noneno ce npecranxr no-ope n n yunnnme n n ynnnepcnre-
ra, orxonxoro enara cc cnan nocrnxennx. Axo ce nscne-
nar enara n eno n cmo cemecrno, ce orxpnna, ue re ce pas-
nnuanar no IQ n ue onxnoneno no-ymnnre ce nsxaunar no
connannara crnnna, a no-rnynannre cnnsar naony. Eno-
xunnre nnsnann - nesanncnmo ann ca orrneann saeno
nnn ca orenenn pano n xnnora n ca orrneann or pasnnunn
cemecrna - nmar mnoro nnsxn pesynrarn. Pasnoxunnre
nnsnann cn npnnnuar mnoro no-manxo. Ocnnonennre ena
npnnnuar noneue na nonornunnre cn ponrenn, orxonxoro
na ocnnonnrennre cn, maxap ue nropnre na npaxrnxa morar
a ocnrypxnar nxnara nm cpea npes ercrnoro.
Honxxora ce xasna, ue no recronere sa nnrennrenrnocr
ennre ca nncmecroxmn cnpxmo pyrnre pacn, samoro re ca
csaenn or enn ncnxonosn, no rona ne e nxpno. Hpno, rec-
ronere ne ce xoncrpynpar no npnmxnxa na ncnxonora, a rpx-
na a cnenar cncem oexrnnnn crarncrnuecxn npannna. Bro-
po, ycranoneno e, ue no resn recrone, xoncrpynpann or enn
ncnxonosn, xnracxn n xnoncxn ena n nspacrnn ce npecra-
nxr snaunmo no-ope, orxonxoro enn ena n nspacrnn -
nesanncnmo or no-nncxnx connonxonomnuecxn craryc n no-
nomoro oyuenne n yunnnme!
Hoxnonnnnnre na erannrapnsma rpyno nxa npnenn ra-
xnna ]axropn. Te npepxsnar ncnuxnre nm naexn sa ocrn-
rane o pax na ynnnepcannoro panencrno. Orryx n xpnrnxnre
n npaxenocrra nm xm ncexn, xoro psne a cnomene ]ax-
rnre n a samnrana oprooxcannara nosnnnx. Mnoro or resn
xpnrnxn oaue ca nacouenn cpemy ena xnmepa, samoro npe-
cranara, xoxro mnoro xopa nmar sa mexannsma na nacnecrne-
nocrra - xaxnro amara, raxn n cnnr" - e mnoro aneu or
peannocrra. Axo amara nancrnna paxame cnoe xonne, nx-
me nmann ocnonarennn npnunnn sa npnrecnennx. Peannocrra
oaue e cncem pasnnuna.
Hacnecrnenocr n nnrennrenrnocr
Hexa pasrneame ope nsnecrnnx n connno oxymenrn-
pan ]enomen na perpecnxra xm cpenara". Tona e yoen
naunn a ce xaxe, ue ponrenn, xonro ca ocoeno oraro nnn
eno naapenn c onpeenenn ]nsnuecxn nnn ymcrnenn xapax-
repncrnxn, me rn npeaar na enara cn n no-manxo xpana
]opma; c pyrn ymn, rexnnre ena me perpecnpar xm cpena-
ra. enara na mnoro nncoxn nnn na mnoro ymnn ponrenn me
ca nncoxn nnn ymnn, no xaro cpeno ne ronxona nncoxn nnn
ymnn, xonxoro ca ponrennre nm. enara na mnoro nncxn nnn
mnoro rnynann ponrenn xaro cpeno nax me ca no-nncxn n
no-rnynann, no ne n cmara crenen xaro ponrennre cn.
]nrypa 2 noxasna npecranara, xoxro noneuero xopa nmar
sa ]ynxnnonnpanero na nacnecrnenocrra. Cnope rona nor-
pemno cranonnme sa nacnecrnenocrra mnoro rnynannre po-
nrenn nmar mnoro rnynann ena, mnoro ymnnre ponrenn
nmar mnoro ymnn ena n r.n. Axo eme raxa, mxxme a nmame
aconmrno crarnuno xacrono omecrno, n xoero enara na pa-
ornnnnre ca sannnarn opeuenn a xonaxr nrnnmara n a
rouar noara. Peannocrra oaue e mnoro pasnnuna, xaxro ce
nnmcrpnpa na ]nrypa 3.
Tyx nnxame perpecnxra n ecrnne. Or uernpnre ena na
mnoro rnynann ponrenn camo eno cmo e mnoro rnynano, ne
ca rnynann, a eno e cc cpena nnrennrenrnocr. Ho cmnx na-
unn or uernpnre ena na mnoro ymnn ponrenn camo eno e mno-
ro ymno, ne ca ymnn, a eno e cc cpena nnrennrenrnocr. O-
parnoro, or uernpnre mnoro ymnn ena eno nponsxoxa or cpe-
no nnrennrenrno cemecrno, ne - or ymnn ponrenn, n camo
MO31K HHUHOCT H EMOHHH 167
eno or mnoro ymnn ponrenn. Cneonarenno renernxara rapan-
rnpa nenpexcnaro paspxnane na rennnx ]on, naenxnaxn
na xnaconnre n cemennre nnrepecn. Cmecnanero na rennre cs-
ana pasnnunx, a ne camo cxocrna mexy ponrennre n enara.
Tona npenpma ncxxa xacrona cncrema n nonornuecxa escmnc-
nnna n n nemo nensmoxno sa nopxane ocnen upes nonnrn-
uecxn n xynrypnn orpannuennx. Ocnen rona npann xnaconnre cnc-
remn rpynn sa nopxane, ocnen axo nxma snaunrenna conn-
anna monnnocr. Cmecrnenoro e, ue xonnuecrnoro connanna
monnnocr n sanannx cnxr e rouno raxona, xaxnoro e neoxon-
mo, sa a ce nopxa crannna pasnnxara n IQ mexy paornn-
uecxara n cpenara xnaca, samoro ccranr na xnacnre ce npo-
menx or noxonenne na noxonenne, xaro no-ymnnre ena or pa-
ornnuecxara xnaca ce nsnrar n cpenara, a no-rnynannre ena
or cpenara xnaca nornar n paornnuecxara.
uocmma cpeo uoeomo noro.euue e cuomo, uo +uoeo e.vnaeume
u +uoeo v+uume pooume.u csoaeam nouroea u oea cc cpeoua
uume.ueeumuocm, a cpeouume pooume.u - oea, roumo ca no-
e.vnaeu u.u no-v+uu om mx.
Bcnuxo rona nma cnpmen nonornuen cmncn n cmecr-
nyna orpomno xonnuecrno ]axronornunn nscnenannx, xonro ro
noxpenxr. Ouennno oaue nce ome orccrna xnsnenonaxno
napue or mosaxara. He moxem a nacnenm naunna, no xoro
ce pxnm, xaxro ne moxem a nacnenm nemo ronxona nene-
mecrneno xaro nnrennrenrnocrra". Moxem a nacnenm camo
]nsnuecxn, comarnunn, anaromnunn crpyxrypn, or xonro npo-
nsrnuar nnrennrenrnocrra n noneennero nn nsanmoecrnne
cc cpeara. Cneonarenno, oxaro ne ysnaem nemo sa ]nsnono-
rnuecxnre mexannsmn, xonro nexar n ocnonara na pemananero
na nponemn n pyrnre rnnone nosnanarenno noneenne, n o-
xaro ne cme n ccroxnne a nsmepname rxxnoro ]ynxnnonnpane,
pasunrame na xocnenn, a ne na npexn oxasarencrna, a xpnrnnn-
re nnnarn morar a nocouar nsmoxnnre nsrounnnn na rpemxa,
xonro e rpyno a ce ennmnnnpar nannno. Touno npxy rosn
nponem no-nonnre nscnenannx ca xnpnnnn naxna cnernnna.
Kopennpane na ]nsnonornunn annn c IQ
Pasmepr na rnanara n pasmepr na mosxa n rernoro o-
nxxe xopennpar c nsmepennx IQ, no nsanmoornomennero e
ronxona cnao, ue nxma npaxrnuecxa snaunmocr. Enexrpon-
pononmocrra na xoxara, xoxro uecro ce pasrnexa xaro npns-
nax na ymcrnena ynocr n mornnannx, e no-ronxma npn ym-
nnre, orxonxoro npn rnynannre ena, no maxap ue nsanmoor-
nomennero mexy enexrponpononmocrra na xoxara n IQ e
no-rxcno, orxonxoro mexy pasmepa na mosxa n IQ, nax ne e
ocraruno rxcno, ue a nma ncrnncxa npaxrnuecxa cronocr.
o ronxma crenen nourn cmoro meme a ce xaxe n mnna-
noro sa onnrnre a ce mepn npemero na peaxnnx" xaro nnn-
xannx na nnrennrenrnocrra. B resn nsmepnannx nscnenanoro
nnne ce nsnpanx npe cnernnna n yron: xoraro xpymxara cner-
ne, ce saecrna enexrpnuecxn ramep, a nscnenanoro nnne
rpxna a narncne yrona xonxoro ce moxe no-pso, sa a
cnpe ramepa. Bpemero, xoero my e neoxonmo, sa a pearn-
pa, moxe a ce mepn mnoro rouno. Hxxora ce e cmxrano, ue
upes rona ycrpocrno moxe a ce mepn cxopocrra na nponexa-
nero na nmnynca no nenponnre n mosxa n ue e nsmoxno
cxopocrra na nponexane a e cnpsana c nnrennrenrnocrra,
no ne e ycranoneno a nma nxxaxno rxcno nsanmoornomenne.
Cmenpemenno, nsnonsnaxn cmara excnepnmenranna
nex, no nnexaxn onpeenenn npomenn, moxe a ce nonyun
mnoro no-nncoxa xopenannx mexy npemero na peaxnnx n nnre-
nnrenrnocrra, ]mypa 4 noxasna rnna xonsona, nsnonsnan n ra-
xnna excnepnmenrn. Hscnenanoro nnne cen npe xonsonara,
xaro noxasanenr my e npxy yrona ,Jwme". Koraro cnerne e-
na or xpymxnre, ro nesaanno mecrn npcra cn, sa a narncne
yrona, cnpsan c rasn cnernnna. Koraro cnerne camo ena xpym-
xa, nscnena ce npocroro npeme na peaxnnx". Koraro ce nsnon-
sna noneue or ena xpymxa, rona e npeme na peaxnnx npn ns-
op". Ouennno e, ue xonxoro noneue nsopn nma, ronxona no-
nro e npemero na peaxnnx. Onxnoneno orunrame ynennuenn-
ero n pox na npenoxennre nsopn ne camo no xonnuecrnoro
xpymxn, no n upes nrone", xonro ce poxr xaro norapnrmn or
pox, raxa ue nsopr mexy ne xpymxn ccrannxna enn nr
nn]opmannx, mexy uernpn xpymxn - na nra, a mexy ocem -
rpn nra. Bpemero na peaxnnx ce ynennuana nnneno c ncexn
onnnnrenen nr, xaxro ce nnxa na ]nrypa 5. 3aenexere, ue
rpnre recrnpann rpynn ca ocra ope orenenn - c nsxnmuenne
moxe n na npocroro npeme na peaxnnx (nyna nra nn]opma-
nnx), xaro rnynannre momnuera nnnarn nmar no-nro npeme na
peaxnnx, a ymnnre - no-xparxo.
Hma n pyrn naunnn a ce nsnonsna excnepnmenrr c
npeme na peaxnnx. Enn or rxx e napeuen napanrmara na
Hosnp" - excnepnmenr, n xoro na nscnenannre nnna ce no-
xasnar crnmynn, xonro morar a ca nenrnunn (AA) nnn pas-
nnunn (Aa); nscnenanoro nnne rpxna a narncne yron, sa
a nocoun xonxoro e nsmoxno no-pso ann crnmynnre ca
nenrnunn nnn pasnnunn, ]nrypa 6 noxasna npemenara na pe-
axnnx na nennrennrenrnnre cryenrn (resn c nncxn pesynrarn
na nepanen recr) n ymnnre cryenrn (c nncoxn pesynrarn na
nepanen recr). 3aenexere, ue sa a ce ocrnrne o peme-
nnero pasnnunn"? e nyxno no-nro npeme, orxonxoro sa
,nenrnunn" xaxro sa ymnnre, raxa n sa rnynannre cryenrn,
no rnynannre nmar nyxa or no-nro npeme sa nara rnna
crnmynn n ocoeno nro npeme - sa no-rpynara saaua.
Tpern mero, ornono pasnnuen, e r.nap. napanrma na
Crpnpr, npn xoro na nscnenanoro nnne ce noxasna naop
or nn]pn nnn yxnn, cnenann nesaanno or orenna npona"
nn]pa nnn yxna, na xoxro ro orronapx c a" nnn ne" n sann-
cnmocr or rona ann npoara e nnn ne e nna nxnmuena n
npnonauanno noxasannx naop. Mepn ce npemero na peaxnnx,
nnn npemero sa nsemane na pemenne npn narncxanero na y-
rona sa a" nnn ne", ]nrypa 7 noxasna pesynrarnre or exc-
nepnmenr c nscnenann nnna c ymepen n nncox IQ. 3aenexe-
re, ue c ynennuanane na pasmepa na naopa ce ynennuana n
npemero na peaxnnx, no orronopnre ne" ornemar no-nro
npeme or orronopnre a", n ue ymnnre nscnenann nnna ca
no-psn nn npemero cn na peaxnnx, orxonxoro cpeno nnre-
nnrenrnnre nscnenann nnna, xoero crana nce no-nnno c yne-
nnuanane na pasmepa na naopnre.
Ouennnoro saxnmuenne e, ue xaxnaro n a e napanrma-
ra, nma ocra cnnno nsanmoornomenne mexy npemero na
peaxnnx n nnrennrenrnocrra n ue rona nsanmoornomenne cra-
na no-cnnno c ynennuanane na cnoxnocrra na saauara. Hnro
ena or saaunre n excnepnmenrnre sa npeme na peaxnnx nx-
ma nnxaxnn xynrypnn erepmnnanrn, raxa ue nonyuennre pe-
synrarn morar a ce cmxrar sa nourn nsnxno cnoonn or nnn-
xnnx or cpeara, sa xonro uecro ce rnpn, ue onpeenxr yc-
nexa nnn nponana na onxnonennre IQ recrone. Cneonaren-
no ero enn oexrnnen, xynrypno cnpanennn naunn sa nsmep-
nane na nnrennrenrnocrra.
Maxap ue raxnna recrone n pyrn noonn nncrpymenrn
ca nnrepecnn, samoro emoncrpnpar, ue mnoro npocro nepnen-
rnnno noneenne n npeme na peaxnnx cnnno xopennpar c nn-
rennrenrnocrra, re ne xnpnxr ocoena cnernnna npxy reo-
pernunara npnpoa na nnrennrenrnocrra nnn npxy nenara
]nsnuecxa asa. Cmenpemenno nmenno rona e rnnr nn]op-
mannx, xoxro moxe a ce ocnrypn or enexrpnuecxnre noren-
nnann", sanncnann npxy enexrpoenne]anorpamara (EEI).
Mosunn nnnn n IQ
upes enexrpon, nocranenn npxy uepena, EEI ynanx enex-
rpnuecxnre norennnann, renepnpann or mosxa, n rn sanncna
xaro cepnx or nnnn. onpen nxxonxo ronnn resn nnnn ne
csanaxa nneuarnenne sa rxcna npsxa c nnrennrenrnocrra.
Enexrpnuecxnre norennnann ca nopenna or nnnn, xonro ce
noxnxnar nnesanno, xoraro cpemy ounre na nscnenanoro nnne
n excnepnmenra cnerna xpxa cnernnna nnn ro uyna nnesanno
xnnxnane, npeanano no cnymanxn, ]nrypa 8 noxasna nsnnx-
namnre n pesynrar nnnn npn rpn nscnenann nnna, ncxxo or
xonro e nonoxnno IQ recr (rpynonnx recr na Ornc) n nma pe-
synrar cornerno 137, 100 n 73. Touno rosn sannc na enexrpn-
uecxn norennnann e nynnxynan or x. H. Eprn - xanacxnx
ncnxonor, xoro e nnonep n nscnenannxra npxy nsanmoorno-
mennero mexy IQ n enexrpnuecxnre norennnann. Eprn mepn
narenrnocrra na resn nnnn, c pyrn ymn, xonxo pso ce no-
xnxnar, cne xaro crnmynr (spnrenen) e npecranen na nscne-
nannre nnna, xonrn ca ena. To orxpnna, ue npn no-ymnnre
ena narenrnocrra e no-xparxa. C pyrn ymn, nnnnre nsnnx-
nar no-pso npn no-ymnnre ena, orxonxoro npn no-rnynann-
re. Kaxro noxasna ]nrypa 8, nnnnre npn no-rnynannre ena ca
na-ynxenn n pasrernenn. Tona e nnrepecna nonnna, no ne e
censannx. Koraro ca recrnpann no-ronemn rpynn, nsanmoorno-
mennxra mexy nnrennrenrnocrra n narenrnocrra na noren-
nnannre ne ca ronxona nnsxn. Hpnonauanno pyrn nscneo-
narenn ce sarpynxnar a nonropxr pesynrarnre na Eprn, no
xoraro na-naxpax ce emoncrpnpa, ue neronnre nscnenannx
morar a ce nonropxr, xopenannnre mexy IQ n narenrnocrra
na norennnannre nax ca pasouaponamo nncxn.
Knmuon excnepnmenr: IQ e panen
na mnnnmym rpemxn npn npepaorxara
Ha rosn eran sanouna paorara n Hncrnryra no ncnxnar-
pnx n Honon, noena or Hnen n Ann Xenpnxcn
23
. Tx e
nxnonena or mncnra, ue moxe n axo nornenem n nopo-
nocrn reopernunnre ocnonn, na xonro ce asnpa nsmepnanero
na enexrpnuecxnre norennnann, n axo noopnm nsnonsnannre
meron sa nsmepnane, nanmanannre xopenannn morar a ca
no-snaunmn. Hnen Xenpnxcn npomenx crnmyna or spn-
renen na cnyxon (oruacrn samoro spnrennnre crnmynn csa-
nar mnoro apre]axrn npn sanncnanero na EEI) n ocnen rona
sanouna a nsmepna amnnnrynre na nnnnre, a ne camo rxx-
nara narenrnocr. Tx cxopo ycranonxna, ue ymnnre xopa nmar
no-ronemn, xaxro n no-psn nnnn, n xaro xomnnnpa resn
na nnexca, rx nocrnra mnoro no-nnymnrenna xopenannx -
rasn, xoxro xapa uonex a ce nsnpann na crona n a sanoune
a nnnmana. Ocnonnara crnxa oaue npecron - paspaorna-
nero na reopernuna oocnonxa sa nxnara nponeypa n nen-
rn]nnnpane na npannnna mxpxa, ocnonana na rasn oocnon-
xa. Tona e nanpaneno or Ann Xenpnxcn.
3naem, ue nn]opmannxra, ocrnrama o xopara na mosxa
npes cernnnnre xanann, ce xonpa n cne rona ce nsnpama or
ena uacr na mosxa xm pyra upes nenponn, cnpsann enn
c pyr nocpecrnom cnnancn. Hpemnnananero na nn]opmann-
xra npes xopara e uacr or nponeca, xoro enexrpnuecxnre no-
rennnann rpxna a ynonxr, no nma mnoro nnpocn ornocno
naunna, no xoro nn]opmannxra ce xonpa, npemnnana npes
cnnanca n naxpax ce cnpsna upes enexrpnuecxnx norennnan
c IQ. Xenpnxcn - no cnnara na excneprnnre cn nosnannx n
onacrra na xomnmrpnara rexnonornx - ycnxna a nsnrne
reopnx, xoxro oxcnxna xax nn]opmannxra moxe a ce xon-
pa n nenponnn nynconn noronn n ocnen rona ocnrypxna reope-
23
Hendrickson, D. E. & Hendrickson, A. E. (1982). The biological basis of
intelligence. In Eysenck, H. J. (Ed.). A Model for Intelligence. New York:
Springer-Verlag.
rnuno oxcnenne na noxnmnunnre cnrnx, xonro ce oc-
mecrnxnar, xoraro nn]opmannxra npemnnana npes cnnancn-
re. H no-naxnoro: ro nsnra xnnoresara, ue n npepaorxara
na nn]opmannxra e nepoxrno a ce noxnxnar rpemxn. Xopara
nmar xoncncrenrna n xapaxrepna cpena nepoxrnocr or nox-
nara na raxnna rpemxn n nmenno rasn cpena nepoxrnocr cno-
pe nero n Hnen e nonornunara ocnona na pasnnunxra n
nnrennrenrnocrra. Hma cmncn n resara, ue uonex moxe a
ecrna pso n ymecrno npxy nonyuenara nn]opmannx ca-
mo o crenenra, o xoxro nocrnnamara nn]opmannx ce npe-
paorna npannnno! Cemecrno Xenpxxcn cnmnonnsnpa c
yxnara R nepoxrnocrra nocrnnamoro nocnanne a e ocra-
runo xopexrno, sa a e pasnosnaro or uonexa. Hnnnny-
annnre pasnnunx n R cneonarenno morar a ar nonornu-
nnxr exnnnanenr na nnrennrenrnocrra. Cemecrno Xenpnx-
cn noxasnar - upes xomnmrpna cnmynannx - e]exrnre na
nnexanero na pasnnunn rpemxn npxy npeananero na c-
omennxra n ocnen rona emoncrpnpar, ue raxa nonyuenara
xaprnna cornercrna mnoro ope na pyrn mepxn sa nnrenn-
renrnocrra.
Kax e cnpsano ncnuxo rona c enexrpnuecxnre norennna-
nn? Hma oxasarencrna - or nscnenannx cc sanncn na or-
ennn nenponn, ue cmecrnyna nsnecrno nsanmoornomenne
mexy EEI n nynconnx norox, xoro npeana aeno come-
nne, a orryx n nsmoxnocrra sanncnre na enexrpnuecxn no-
rennnann a pasxpnnar erann sa nynconnx norox n nsmox-
nnre rpemxn n npeananero. Taxnna rpemxn n rpxnano a
nmar e]exr na samasnane" na nnxonere n pasnre mexy
nnnnre, npanexn rn no-manxo oruernnnn; rpemxnre na npe-
ananero nxa npomennnn ]opmara na nnnnre. Hemo none-
ue: rpemxnre n npeananero, xonro nxa nanpannnn pasnos-
nananero rpyno nnn nensmoxno, me aar nyncon norox,
xoro e pasnnuen or cnoonnx or rpemxn nyncon norox. To-
na e naxno, samoro nxxonxo enexrpnuecxn norennnana onx-
noneno ce ocpenxnar, sa a csaar nynnxynannre narpa-
mn. Tona ocpenxnane e nyxno sapan nncxoro ornomenne
cnrnan xm mym npn sannca, xoero osnauana, ue ]opmnre na
nnnnre cranar xcnn camo xoraro ce ocpenxr nxxonxo nn-
nn. Ocpenxnanero na npannnnn n nenpannnnn nynconn noro-
nn me ennmnnnpa no-]nnnre erann n me npenpma ns-
nnxnamara n pesynrar xpnna n no-nopmanna.
Tona nancrnna e xapaxrepncrnxa na rpnre xpnnn na ]nry-
pa 8. Ha-nnrennrenrnoro nscnenano nnne (HH) nma xpnna,
xoxro noxasna mnoxecrno sanprynxn, a na-manxo nnrenn-
renrnoro nscnenano nnne nma mnoro cnoxona, rnaxa xpn-
na. Axo sanprynxnre npecrannxnar acnexrn na comenne-
ro, xoero ce npeana, rorana e xcno, ue ro ce npeana mnoro
no-e]nxacno n xopara na nscnenanoro nnne F. A., orxonxoro
npn P. H., xaro I. X. e nxxe no cpeara. Tesn sanprynxn ne
ca cnyuann xopenarn na IQ camo npn resn rpn nscnenann
nnna. ]nrypa 9 noxasna ]opmnre na nnnnre na ecer ymnn n
ecer rnynann nscnenann nnna n excnepnmenr na Eprn n Ba-
]ep. opn npn ern norne uonex moxe a nnn, ue nere
rpynn or xpnnn ce pasnnuanar mnoro cmecrneno no xomn-
nexcnocr, amnnnrya n narenrnocr, xaxro e npenneno or
reopnxra na cemecrno Xenpnxcn.
Kax moxem a nsmepname rasn nnrynrnnno ouennna xa-
paxrepncrnxa xomnnexcnocr"? Karo mnoro rpya n rorona
mxpxa, cemecrno Xenpnxcn nsnonsna rona, xoero napnua
,xananena mxpxa". Te npoxexrnpar yronemen napnanr na na-
nmanannre xpnnn npxy nncra xaprnx, nocranxr ronxm po
xap]nnn no xonrypa n cne rona npoxapnar nnmxa npes xap-
]nnnre. Cne xaro nanpanxr rona, pasnnnar nnmxara n ns-
mepnar nxnnara . Pesynrarr e mnoro nneuarnxnam; xo-
penannxra mexy xananenara mxpxa n IQ e ronxona nncoxa,
xonxoro n mexy enn op IQ recr n pyr! Hnmo no-yen-
renno ne e ocrnrano o rosn momenr, nocxasnaxn, ue mo-
xe n reopnxra n nsmepnannxra npnxr n npannnna nocoxa.
Pasnpa ce, nec xananenara mxpxa" e nsocranena - xomnm-
rpr nsmepna nxnnara na sanprynxnre c mnoro no-ronx-
ma rounocr.
Hocnecrnnx or rexnnxara
na enexrpnuecxnre norennnann
Hnen Xenpnxcn nponxana c recrnpane na crornnn
ena n nspacrnn, nsnonsnaxn npnsnarn recrone sa nnrenn-
renrnocr n rexnnxara na enexrpnuecxnre norennnann, opa-
ornana no onncannx no-rope naunn, n nonropennx na cocr-
nennre nscnenannx, n nonyuana o ronxma crenen enn n
cmn pesynrarn. Hsrnexa, nxma cmnenne, ue nec moxem
a mepnm nnrennrenrnocrra ]nsnonornuno c rounocr, xoxro
e cpannnma c na-opnre cmecrnynamn nec IQ recrone. Ce-
mecrno Xenpnxcn nocrnra nemo nancrnna naxno n nono n
nsmepnanero na nnrennrenrnocrra. Hnen nperne na resn n
cnpsann c rxx nscnenannx e npecranen or X. x. Asenx n
H. Faper
24
. B cmoro npeme, maxap nec a nsrnexa, ue nma
24
Eysenck, H. J. & Barrett, P. (1985). Psychophysiology and the measure-
ment of intelligence. In Reynolds, C. R. & Wilson, V. L. (Eds.). Method-
mnoro recnn npsxn mexy nnrennrenrnocrra n ]nsnonornx-
ra na mosxa, nne nce ome ne pasnpame rounnx naunn, no
xoro enoro nponsnexa pyroro.
Kaxno a xaxem sa emero? nec moxem a rnpnm,
ue nmame mxpxa sa nnrennrenrnocrra, cnoona or xynrypnn
erepmnnanrn - onnnenne, xoero nponxana a e nannno
n nsnecrna crenen opn sa na-opnre IQ recrone (r.e. onesn
20%, xonro ce nxar na cpeara). Fn rpxnano a cme cnoco-
nn a npannm npornosn, a npenpnemame noop n a ana-
me cnern na xopara na asara na uncra mxpxa sa rxxnara o-
ma ymcrnena cnoconocr - nesanncnmo or rxxnoro opasona-
nne, cemena nnn xnrecxa ncropnx. Fn rpxnano a cme n
ccroxnne a nscnename acnexrn na nnrennrenrnocrra, xon-
ro ca nsnrann nourn nenpeoonnmn apnepn npe nscne-
nannxra n mnnanoro, npn rona c no-ronxma naexa sa ycnex.
Hanpnmep pasnnrnero na nnrennrenrnocrra na nonopoenn-
re n manxnre ena no mecrronmna nspacr ne moxe a ce
nscnena xaxro rpxna c nomomra na IQ recronere. Hma rec-
rone sa eera, no re nancrnna ne ca opa mxpxa sa nnrenn-
renrnocrra; onxnoneno recrnpar ]nsnuecxoro, a ne ymcrne-
noro pasnnrne n ne xopennpar ocoeno cnnno c nnrennrenr-
nocrra n spxna nspacr. B pyrnx xpa na cxanara: n cnena-
no a cme n ccroxnne a nsyuaname ynaxa na ymcrnenara
cnna c nspacrra. B mnnanoro rona nno rpyno, samoro npe-
nmnoro yuene nnrep]epnpa c nsmepnanero na nnrennrenr-
nocrra, raxa ue recronere anar pasnnunn pesynrarn n sann-
cnmocr or rona ann mepxr npenmno ]nynna" nnn xpnc-
rannsnpana nnrennrenrnocr"*. H naxpax, n rpxnano a mo-
ologcal and Statistical Advances in the Study of Individual Differences. New
York: Plenum Press; Barrett, P. T.& Eysenck, H. J. (in press). Brain electri-
cal potentials and intelligence. In Gale, A. & Eysenck, M. W. (Eds.). Hand-
book of Individual Differences: Biological Perspectives. Chichester: Wiley.
Pasrpannuenne, nneeno n ncnxonornxra or Pemn F. Kertn. Kpuc-
ma.usupa.ama nnrennrenrnocr ce ornacx o ymennxra nnn nosna-
nnxra, xonro cme ]opmnpann no npeme na oyuennero nnn narpynna-
nero na onnr, oxaro q.vuouama nnrennrenrnocr osnauana cnoco-
nocrra na uonex a ce aanrnpa xm nonn cnryannn. - Fen. npen.
xem a xaxem nemo sa paconnre n xnaconnre pasnnunx, es
a ce namecnar xynrypnnre ]axropn n a nopaxar esxpa-
nn cnopone.
Hma enn onnnnrenen reopernuen nponem, unero pe-
manane nec e nsmoxno. Cnomenaxme cmecrnynanero na cne-
nnannn cnoconocrn ocnen omara nnrennrenrnocr. Te nona-
ar n ne mnpoxn xareropnn: nepannn cnoconocrn n nep-
nenrnnnn n mexannunn cnoconocrn, n mexy rxx n nere mo-
sunn nonyxna, nsrnexa, cmecrnyna nsanmoornomenne.
Bepannoro nsnnnenne xaro ue nn ce xonrponnpa na-neue
or nxnoro nonyxno na mosxa (cc cnrypnocr npn ecnop-
xnre nnna), oxaro nepnenrnnno-mexannunnre cnoconocrn,
nsrnexa, ce xonrponnpar n mnoro no-ronxma crenen or xc-
noro nonyxno. Hscnenannxra npxy pasnenennx mosx"
ca ocoeno noxasarennn n rona ornomenne. nere nononnnn
na mosxa ce oennxnar or corpus callosum (masonecroro rx-
no) - cnon eenn nepnnn nnaxna. 3a mennnncxn nenn (nan-
pnmep sa xonrponnpane na ennnenrnunn npnnann) nonx-
xora ce nanara rosn cnon or nnaxna a ce npexcne, ocranx-
xn nere nononnnn na mosxa noneue nnn no-manxo nsonnpa-
nn ena or pyra. Bsmoxno e a ce npecranx marepnan camo
na enara nononnna na mosxa - n raxa a nsyuaname n no-
ponocrn xax ]ynxnnonnpa camocroxrenno ncxxo or nonyxn-
ara (nx. nanaecera rnana).
Be e ouaponarenno a ce nponepn - npn nopmannn xopa
n npn nannenrn c pasnenen mosx" - xax npecranxnero na
nepannn n nenepannn recrone e cnpsano c moennre na enex-
rpnuecxnre norennnann, sanncann noorenno or nere nony-
xna. Ha reopnx n rpxnano a orxpnem, ue cpe xopara,
xonro emoncrpnpar necornercrnnx mexy nepannnx n ne-
nepannnx IQ, nnnara c nncox nepanen IQ cnena a emoncr-
pnpar no-xomnnexcnn ]opmn na nnnnre n nxnara nononnna
na mosxa, oxaro resn c nncox nepnenrnnno-mexannuen IQ -
a noxasnar no-xomnnexcnn ]opmn na nnnnre na xcnara xe-
mnc]epa. Tosn e camo na-ouennnnxr or mnororo excnepn-
menrn, xonro neue ca nsmoxnn. Hsrnexa, ue cme na npara
na penonmnnx n nscnenanero na ymcrnennre cnoconocrn.
12
Pasnenennn1 uossx
uonemxnxr mosx oranna ce pasrnexa xaro xpannnnme
na yma, a orryx n ronxmoro my cnmnonno snauenne. Mosxr
e orronopen sa mnoro or nonoxnrennnre nocrnxennx na uo-
neuecrnoro, nxnmunrenno nennxnre nponsneennx na nsxycr-
noro n ronemnre nayunn orxpnrnx. Koraro oaue mosxr ne
]ynxnnonnpa ope, cnenar rparnunn n nnnannnsnpamn
e]exrn, nxnmunrenno, pasnpa ce, crpannnre moenn na no-
neenne, orxpnnann npn nyocrra n ncnxnunnre pascrpocr-
na. 3a nxxo, xoro e ncnxnuno onen, na onxnonen esnx ce
xasna, ue cn e sarynn yma" nnn e uannar n rnanara".
Hexra, ue mosxr e nmnxara na ncnxnunara onecr, or
nexone e xapana mnoro xopa a samnranar resara sa npexrno
ecrnne npxy mosxa, sa a ce nocrnrne neuenne. Hsnonsna-
nn ca nnn mnoxecrno yxacxnamn meron na neuenne", xaro
enn or na-nsnecrnnre e rpenanannxra, xoxro, nsrnexa, ce
e nsnonsnana ome npes xamennara enoxa. Ha nannenra - es
a e anecresnpan - ce nponna ynxa n uepena, sa a ce ocnoo-
n nopaxaemoro narpynnane na nexenann napn n rnanara
my. uepenn, orxpnrn n Hepy, emoncrpnpar saspanxnane oxo-
no ynxara, xoero osnauana, ue nxxon or resn snomacrnn nn-
na ca onenenn or onepannxra.
Ome no pnmcxo npeme nma nnrepec xm rexnnxn, xonro
npemecrnar enexrpoxonnyncnnnara repannx. Hexapxr Cxpn-
onn Hapryc onncna nocranxnero na enexrpnuecxa smnop-
xa npxy rnanara na nannenra xaro nexapcrno cpemy rnano-
onne, a Hnnnn-crapmn npenopuna nsnenanamnx enexr-
pomox or raxana smnopxa xaro ornnuno nexapcrno cpemy
ponnnara onxa. Enexrpoxonnyncnnnara repannx nec
nxnmuna npnnaranero na enexrpomoxone mexy 70 n 130 non-
ra. Te npensnnxnar xonnyncnn, noonn na ronemnre enn-
nenrnunn npnnann {grand mal). Tasn rexnnxa e orxpnra sa
npn nr n xpax na 30-re ronnn n nonxxora ce nsnonsna n
neuennero na enpecnx, maxap ue ne e xcno samo. Hoxasa-
renno e oaue a pasrneame ncropnxra na nonara mamnna
sa enexrpoxonnyncnnna repannx, nncrannpana n ena on-
nnna n Anrnnx n nsnonsnana c ymepen ycnex n nponxenne
na noneue or mecr mecena - oxaro ne ornmn mexannxr n
ne orxpnn, ue e cnpsana nenpannnno. Ouennno cnnara na
nnymennero moxe a e xnmuon ]axrop n npensnnxnanero
na noopenne.
Hooromnx n amnranoromnx
Ha-cmecrnenara nonparna rouxa n ncropnxra na mosu-
nara xnpyprnx e ena xon]epennnx na nenponosn, nponeena
n Honon npes 1935 r. xexcen n ]ynrn npanxr nperne
na paorara cn: re ca ycnenn a nocrnrnar no-ymepeno none-
enne na ne mnmnansera cne xnpyprnuecxo orcrpanxnane
na ]ponrannnre nm xnone. Hopryrancxnxr nenponor Anro-
nno Erac Monns crana na xpaxa n nnra: Axo orcrpanxnanero
na ]ponrannnx xn npeornparxna pasnnrnero na excnepnmen-
ranna nenposa npn xnnornn n ennmnnnpa ]pycrpnpanoro no-
neenne, samo a ne e nsmoxno rpenoxnnre ccroxnnx npn
uonexa a ce onexuanar no xnpyprnuen nr?"
Monns n neronnxr xonera Anmea Hnma ce saemar a
aar orronop na rosn nnpoc. Te nsnonsnar xnpyprnuecxnx
mero npe]ponranna nooromnx n onnr a mon]nnnpar ncn-
xnunnx xnnor na nannenrn c ocecnnno-xomnyncnnno pascr-
pocrno n c menanxonnx. Hpepxsnar onpeenenn nnaxna, npe-
mnnanamn npes ]ponrannnre xnone xm pyrn uacrn na mo-
sxa. Hsnonsnannxr nncrpymenr e cnennanen nox, napeuen
nenxorom, xoro re nxapnar npes manx ornop n uepena. Kn-
nomannre cn cnomnxr Honer na xyxynnue rneso" na Ken
Kncn. B rosn ]nnm nmenno nooromnxra nocranx oxonuare-
nen xpa na reponunara opa na Penn Harpnx Maxmp]n
cpemy Ionxmara mececrpa.
Pexnamara, xoxro Monns npnnnnua xm rasn nona ]opma
na mosuna xnpyprnx, non o orpomno nonnmanane na nnre-
peca xm npe]ponrannara nooromnx. Hpes naecerre ron-
nn mexy 1935 n 1955 r. n CAB n Bennxopnrannx ca nsnpme-
nn npnnnsnrenno 70 000 nooromnn. Vonrp upnman -
npnsnarnxr oaen na amepnxancxnre nooromncrn - nnuno
e nsnpmnn noneue or 3500 nooromnn. Cnanara n npecrn-
xr na Monns my onacxr Hoenona narpaa npes 1949 r. C
reuenne na npemero oaue ce narpynnar nnnxannnre, ue npe]-
ponrannara nooromnx ne e nananexra, sa xoxro nperennpa
Monns. uecrn ca oxnanre sa pasnnunn snomacrnn crpannunn
e]exrn, nxnmunrenno anarnx, esorronopnocr, namanenn nn-
renexryannn cnoconocrn, nnomena npenenxa, namaneno rnop-
uecrno n opn xoma n cmpr. Cne xaro neocrarnnre na
rasn ]opma na mosuna xnpyprnx cranar no-ouennnn, poxr
na nannenrnre, nonarann na nooromnx, namanxna, oxaro
naxpax nn]para crana mnoro manxa. Monns nonyuana onona,
xoero cnope mnosnna sacnyxana, xoraro ro sacrpenna n rp-
naxa enn or cocrnennre my nannenrn, nonoxenn na noo-
romnx.
Hponnxra na nxnara cara sa npe]ponrannara nooromnx
oaue e, ue n xpana cmerxa na xn cnxr nsnnsa ]axrr, ue
eno or nonoxennre na nooromnx mnmnansera na xe-
xcen n ]ynrn e pasnnno mosuen acnec n pesynrar na
noma xnpyprnuna rexnnxa n ue pyroro ncmnocr ne e
noxasano oruerennre opn e]exrn or nooromnxra!
C nsocranxnero na nooromnxra ncnxoxnpypsnre" nsmecr-
nar nnnmannero cn or ]ponrannnre xnone na mosxa xm
nnmnunara cncrema. Omo xasano, nnmnunara cncrema ce
namnpa n cpeara na mosxa n sa uacr or nex - amnranara
(aemonnnoro xpo), ce cmxra, ue e nxnmuena n xpocrra n
arpecnxra.
Aprp Knnnr n neronnre xonern ocmecrnxnar amnra-
noromnn (nesnn nnn cpxsnane na amnranara) npxy mamy-
nn, xonro xnnexr n cnoona xononnx. opara nonnna e, ue
re cranar no-manxo arpecnnnn n no-pyxenmnn xm xopara,
xonro ce rpnxar sa rxx. Homara nonnna, xoxro ne ycnxna a
nsnpe nxxon ncnxoxnpypsn, e, ue resn xnnornn nsrnexar
opxann n crpaxnnnn, xoraro ce npnar n crapara cn xono-
nnx n nnara npnpoa. Te ca nannno necnoconn a ce cnpa-
nxr cc cnoxnocrra na connannnx xnnor n pso ce npenp-
mar n connanno nsonnpann.
Hcnxoxnpypsnre onxnoneno crnrar o aemonnnoro x-
po, xaro nacounar rnx enexrpo xm nenra npes manxa yn-
xa, nponra^ uepena, n nycxar cnnen enexrpnuecxn rox npes
enexrpoa, xoro paspymana rxanra oxono neronnx npx.
Xeprnn na ncnxoxnpyprnxra
Ha-snomacrnoro npnnoxenne na rexnnxara na amnra-
noromnxra e n CAB, xero ce npaxrnxyna npxy npecrnnn-
nn, nsnexanamn npncn n sarnopa. Tnpn ce, ue roranam-
nnxr rnanen npoxypop na Kann]opnnx nynnuno npnsonana
a ce nsnpmar amnranoromnn na ncnuxn arpecnnnn npec-
rnnnnn, nacranenn n sarnopnre na mara, sa a ce orcrpanxr
,mosunnre nenrpone, orronopnn sa crpaxa n rnena".
Enn cnyua, xoro npensnnxna orpomnn sarnannx, e na
H. C. - ncnxonar, ocen sa npeymnmneno yncrno n nsna-
cnnnane n npexapan 18 ronnn n ncnxnarpnuna onnnna n Mn-
unran. Koraro anoxar na nme Ie Kanmonnn uyna sa nnana
H. C. a crane npnnxr xnnenr na ncnxoxnpyprnx n xnnnnxara
,Ha]aer", cnoenx npe Detroit Free Press sarpnxenocrra cn
n nnnnnnpa ceno eno. Cnope cnnerencxnre noxasannx
na H. C. npn nscnymnanero ro an nncmeno crnacne sa ncn-
xoxnpyprnx camo samoro cmxran, ue moxe a e ocnooen
cne onepannxra. Ocnen rona rnpxn, ue nn noneen a mnc-
nn, ue ce crnacxna camo na nmnnanrnpane na enexrpon, a ne
na ecrpyxrnnna xnpyprnx.
Tpnunennoro xypn nocranonxna, ue xopara, xonro ca ne-
opononno nnmenn or cnooa, ne morar a anar npanno
aexnarno crnacne sa onacnn mosunn onepannn. Ocnen ro-
na pemana, ue n rosn cnyua ncnxoxnpyprnxra napymana Hp-
nara nonpanxa na xoncrnrynnxra (rapanrnpama npanoro na
cnoono cnono na rpaxannna) n rona, ue moxe a nma e]exr
na nnomena namer n nnrenexryannn cnoconocrn.
pyr ope nsnecren cnyua nxnmuna 34-ronmnnx nnxe-
nep na nme Tomac P., xoro e nonoxen na amnranoromnx or
Bpnn Mapx n ]panx Tpnnnr. Cne onepannxra ro e op-
xan n nma nanynocrn, xaxro n e necnocoen a paorn. Koraro
e xocnnrannsnpan nonropno sapan crpannoro cn n onacno
noneenne, e orxpnr nenx a npnn ns orenennxra c rna-
na, noxpnra c ropn, necrnnnn n napnann. Kasna, ue ro nanpa-
nnn, samoro nn ynnamen, ue n pyrn uacrn na mosxa my
morar a ar paspymenn. Maxa my, onncnaxn noneenne-
ro my cne ncnxoxnpyprnxra, xasna: Iopxoro momue sanpn-
nnua na esmosuno mexoreno... 3naem, ue ro eme paspy-
men or rasn onepannx".
Hpannnre orpannuennx npxy nsnonsnanero na ncnxoxn-
pyprnxra ca ce ynennunnn npes nocnennre ronnn n pesynrar
na omecrnenoro nsmymenne or nxxon or ornparnrennnre
nocnennn. Barcxnxr saxononpoexr N 4481 na Kann]opnnx
nanpnmep orpannuana ynorpeara na enexrpoxonnyncnnnara
repannx n ncnxoxnpyprnxra n mara n e nonncan xaro saxon n
xpax na 1974 r. or roranamnnx ryepnarop na mara Ponan
Pern (cne rona e samenen or saxon N 1032, nnxsn n cnna
na 1 xnyapn 1977 r.).
He moxe a ce orpeue, ue cnoxnocrra na uonemxnx mosx
npann mnoro rpyna xnpyprnuecxara nameca, es a ce npe-
nsnnxnar penna nenpnxrnn, a nonxxora n yxacxnamn crpa-
nnunn e]exrn. Cmenpemenno nma n nxxonxo ycnexa n rasn
rnana ce sannmana rnanno c ena noona ncropnx, ocnonana
na nneuarnxnamara paora na Poxp Cnepn
25
or Kann]op-
nncxnx rexnonornuen nncrnryr n neronnre xonern. Tesn ns-
cnenannx ca onexunnn uonemxoro crpaanne n ocnen rona
ca onenn o nxnonxnamn nonn npospennx sa ]nsnonornu-
noro n ncnxonornuecxoro ]ynxnnonnpane na mosxa.
Knmuon excnepnmenr:
onepannxra no pasenxnero na mosxa
Paorara na Poxp Cnepn n neronnre crpynnnn n Kan-
rex e c manx po nannenrn c rexxa ]opma na ennnencnx,
unnro rexxn xonnyncnn ne morar a ce xonrponnpar c menxa-
menrn. Hanpnmep npnnxr nannenr e 48-ronmen nerepan or
nonara, xoro nma npnnann or noneue or ecer ronnn, xa-
ro cpeno nma no na ronemn npnnaxa na cemnna, ncexn or
xonro ro ocranx n esnomomno ccroxnne none sa enn en.
Panxannara ]opma na neuenne, npnera sa nannenrn c enn-
nencnx, ce ocnonana na ]axra, ue uonemxnxr mosx e noen
opran, ccroxm ce or xcna n nxna xemnc]epa, cnpsann c mocr
or nepnnn nnaxna, napeuen corpus callosum (masonecro rxno).
Tosn mocr or nepnna rxan e npepxsan xnpyprnuecxn, xaro
xnpypsnre n rosn cnyua ca ]nnnn Boyrn n xoyse] Foy-
rn. Maxap ue rasn onepannx onxnoneno ce napnua pasnen-
nane na mosxa", nasnannero e onxxe nerouno, samoro no-
noxnre uacrn na mosxa ocranar cnpsann.
25
Sperry, R. W. (1968). Hemisphere deconnection and unity in conscious
awareness. American Psychologist, 23, 723-733.
Onpanana nn e nna raxana pacrnuna xnpyprnuecxa nn-
repnennnx? Ocnonnara nex e, ue paspxsnanero na masonec-
roro rxno me orpannun ennnenrnunnre npnnann o enara
xemnc]epa n no rosn naunn me ocnrypn nsnecrno onexuenne
na nannenrnre. Ocnen rona nma nxxon oxasarencrna, ue ns-
moxnnre nenpnxrnn crpannunn e]exrn me ca manxo (Ponan
Mapc n Poxp Cnepn npen rona ca ycranonnnn, ue pas-
pxsnanero na masonecroro rxno npn xorxn n mamynn ne nno-
mana cepnosno ymcrnennre nm cnoconocrn).
Karo nxno e]exrnre or rasn onepannx ca mnoro naror-
nopnn. B cnyuax na 48-ronmnnx noenen nerepan n nponxe-
nne na nxxonxo ronnn cne onepannxra ne ce nanmana nn-
ro ena ronxma xonnyncnx. Bropnxr nannenr - omaxnnx n
maxa n 30-re cn ronnn - cmo nxma npnnann, cne xaro
ce nscranonxna or xnpyprnunara onepannx. Mannnna nann-
enrn nancrnna nponxanar a nmar npnnann, no xonnyn-
cnnre nm ca mnoro no-nexn n no-pexn ornpen n onxnoneno
ca orpannuenn o enara crpana.
Bcnuxn nannenrn emoncrpnpar nsnecrna sarya na xpar-
xonpemennara namer, nponemn c opnenrannxra n ymcrnena
ymopa nesaanno cne onepannxra. Hxxon or rxx ca necnoco-
nn a ronopxr o na mecena cne onepannxra. Bn ncnuxn
cnyuan oaue ce nanmana nocrenenno nscranonxnane. Cne
nxxonxo mecena nnro enn or rxx ne ce uyncrna no-pasnnuno,
orxonxoro npen onepannxra. Karo nxno e nocrnrnaro cmec-
rneno namanenne na ennnenrnunnre npnnann, npn rona na
mnoro nncxa nena" or rnena rouxa na nrorpannre crpa-
nnunn e]exrn.
Paorara na Cnepn nonyuana snaunrenna nsnecrnocr. Ec-
recrneno, mennre npenpmar n censannx rpynocrnre na na-
nnenrnre n cnpanxnero c nara cn nonymosxa, no nornena-
ro oexrnnno, na-saenexnrennnxr pesynrar or onepannxra
no pasnennane na mosxa" e nnnmara nnnca na nsecrnne
npxy onxnonenoro noneenne. Bcmnocr Cnepn rpxna a
csae cnennanen recr, sa a emoncrpnpa neyocrnara or
]ynxnnonnpanero na pasenennx mosx. Tosn recr ce ocnona-
na na ]axra, ue nn]opmannxra, npecranena spnrenno na nx-
nara nononnna na ncxxo oxo, ce npoexrnpa n xcnoro nony-
xno na mosxa, a rasn, npecranena na xcnara nononnna
na ncxxo oxo, ornna n nxnoro nonyxno. Axo norner na
nannenra ce xonrponnpa n nn]opmannxra ce npecranx sa e-
na ecera or cexynara nnn sa no-xparxo npeme, sa a ce npe-
ornparxr nnxennxra na oxoro, Cnepn moxe a rapanrnpa,
ue camo enara nononnna na mosxa nonyuana nn]opmannx.
Eno or npnnre orxpnrnx na Cnepn e, ue nannenrnre my
nmar na orennn spnrennn nrpemnn cnxra. Axo xaprnnara
na oexr ce npecrann na enara xemnc]epa, re x pasnosna-
nar, xoraro rx ornono e npecranena na cmara xemnc]epa.
Axo oaue xaprnnara ce npecrann n pyrara nononnna or spn-
rennoro none, raxa ue a ce npoexrnpa n npornnononoxnoro
nonyxno, re pearnpar raxa, cxxam nxmar cnomen a ca nnx-
ann xaprnnara npen rona.
Ha-nneuarnxnamoro cnnerencrno sa cmecrnynanero na
na cncem orennn spnrennn cnxra sa resn nannenrn e nony-
ueno, xoraro ymara heart (cpne) e noxasana n nenrpa na
spnrennoro none, xaro he (ro) e nnxno or nenrpa, a art (ns-
xycrno) - nxcno or nenrpa. T xaro esnxr n peura o ro-
nxma crenen ca nenoxemnc]epnn ]ynxnnn, nannenrnre xas-
nar, ue morar a nnxr ymara art, xoraro nm e npecranena
nxcno n ce npoexrnpa n nxnara xemnc]epa. Koraro oaue ca
nomonenn a nocouar c nxnara pxa ena or ne xaprn {art
nnn he), sa a nenrn]nnnpar ymara, xoxro ca nnenn, re
nensmenno couar he, xaro npnunnara e, ue xcnara xemnc]epa
xonrponnpa nnxennero na nxnara pxa, a he e nno npecra-
neno na xcnoro nonyxno!
Oranna ce snae, ue esnxr e cnpsan n mnoro no-ronxma
crenen c nxnoro nonyxno, orxonxoro c xcnoro, maxap ue
npornnononoxnoro ce orxpnna npn nxxon nenopxn nnna. Hp-
nonauannoro oxasarencrno sa rona nna or nsyuananero na
nannenrn, xonro ca nperpnenn rpanmn na rnanara nnn ca npe-
xnnenn mosuen nncynr. Hanpnmep mnoro no-nepoxrno e pana
or ornecrpenno opxne n nxnara crpana na rnanara nnn nncynr
n nxnoro nonyxno a sacernar peura nnn cnoconocrra sa
nncane, orxonxoro noono napanxnane n xcnoro nonyxno.
Cnepn ycnxna a oxaxe rona mnoro yenrenno. To yc-
ranonxna, ue spnrennnxr marepnan, npoexrnpan na nxnoro no-
nyxno, moxe a ce onnme or nannenrnre ycrno nnn nncme-
no no nopmanen naunn. Koraro oaue cmnxr marepnan ce
npecrann na xcnoro nonyxno, nannenrr nacroxna, ue ne
e nnxn nnmo nnn ue e nmano camo nponxcx na cnernnna.
Bnpexn rona, axo nocne nannenrr e nomonen a nsnonsna
nxnara cn pxa, sa a nocoun cornernara xaprnnxa nnn oexr,
ro nxma nponemn a nocoun rouno oexra, sa xoro roxy-
mo e xasan, ue ne e nnxn!
B saanen napnanr na rosn excnepnmenr na nannenrxa
e npecranena nopenna or neyrpannn reomerpnunn ]nry-
pn. Cne rona sa xparxo na xcnoro nonyxno e npoxex-
rnpana cnnmxa na rona xena. Hannenrxara xasna, ue ne e
nnxna nnmo, no na nnnero ce noxnxna nyxana ycmnnxa n
rx sanouna a ce cmee. Koraro e nonnrana na xaxno ce cmee,
xenara orronapx: He snam... na nnmo, o, rasn cmemna ma-
mnna".
Beue cnomenaxme, ue xcnoro nonyxno onxnoneno ne
xonrponnpa peura. Cmenpemenno pyrn nanmennx na Cne-
pn n neronnre xonern couar, ue xcnoro nonyxno e cnoco-
no n nsnecrna crenen a pasnpa nncmenn n nsronopenn ymn.
Axo nmero na oexra (nanpnmep rymnuxa") ce npoxexrnpa
sa xparxo na xcnoro nonyxno, nannenrr moxe a nsepe
rymnuxara cpe pyrn oexrn camo xaro nnna c nxnara cn p-
xa (xonrponnpana or xcnoro nonyxno).
xcnara xemnc]epa opn e cnocona a pearnpa noxox-
mo na sanonen xaro: Hamepn nnoa, xoro mamynnre on-
uar na-mnoro" - nannenrnre ca cnoconn a nsnaxr anan
or ropa c nnacrmaconn nnoone c nxnara cn pxa. Hannenrnre
napnpar or rnena rouxa na esnxonnre ymennx na xcnoro cn
nonyxno. Ha-ymennxr or rxx ycnxna a nannme npocrn
ymn, xaro nocranx nnacrmaconn yxnn npxy macara c nxna-
ra cn pxa, no cne xaro e nspexn yxna no yxna ymara,
xaxro my e nno napeeno, ne moxe a x nspeue.
ocera ce ]oxycnpaxme npenmno npxy nponemnre,
na xonro ce narxnar nannenrnre na Cnepn npn cnpanxnero
cc spnrenna nn]opmannx. Hoonn rpynocrn ce npe-
xnnxnar n xoraro oexrnre ce nocranxr - es a morar a
ce nnxr - n nxnara nnn n xcnara pxa. Hn]opmannxra or
nxnara pxa ornna n xcnara xemnc]epa, a rasn or xcnara
pxa - n nxnara. Oexrnre, nocranenn n xcnara pxa sa
nenrn]nnnpane upes oxocnane, necno ce onncnar nnn nme-
nynar ycrno nnn nncmeno. Axo cmnre oexrn ce nocranxr
n nxnara pxa, nannenrnre camo raaxr n uecro, nsrnexa,
ne ocsnanar, ue nome nma nemo n pxara nm. Cmenpe-
menno, axo enn or oexrnre, sa xonro nannenrr e xasan,
ue ne pasnosnana, e nser or nxnara my pxa n e nocranen
cpe ysnna pyrn nemn, uonexr e cnocoen a ro nsnan -
ornono c nxnara pxa - opn cne saanxne or nxxonxo mn-
nyrn. Ionxmo orpannuenne npe nsnnnennero ryx e, ue na-
nnenrnre morar a nsnnexar oexra camo axo npes nxnoro
npeme nsnonsnar ena n cma pxa - re ne morar a pasnos-
naxr c enara pxa nemo, xoero e nno nenrn]nnnpano
camo npen mnr c pyrara.
Hpensxocrnoro na nxnoro nonyxno npe xcnoro n mn-
pox cnexrp or saaun xapa mnoro xopa a napexar nxnara
nononnna na mosxa rnanna", a xcnara - nropocrenenna
xemnc]epa". Tona e noxo norpemno cranonnme. Axo ce or-
aneunm or nepannnre cnoconocrn n pasrneame pyrn nn-
one ymennx (nanpnmep npocrpancrnenn), nonoxennero e c-
npmeno pasnnuno. Tecronere na Cnepn n Foyrn n Kann]op-
nncxnx rexnonornuen nncrnryr noxasnar, ue xcnara pxa,
xoxro e no xonrpona na nxnoro nonyxno, ne e cnocona a
nopen noxuera, sa a cornercrnar na npecranen na xap-
rnnxa moen, nnro a napncyna xy n rpn nsmepennx, oxaro
nxnara pxa moxe a nsnnnxna n nere saaun cncem sao-
nonnrenno.
Hanocnex nma nnrepecno cnnerencrno, ue xcnoro no-
nyxno moxe a e no-rxcno nxnmueno n emonnonannnre npe-
xnnxnannx. Hesnn n noneuero onacrn na nxnara xemnc]epa
ce npnpyxanar or uyncrna na sarya, xonro morar a ce ouax-
nar n pesynrar na ncxxo cepnosno napanxnane, oxaro ynpex-
anero n no-ronxmara uacr na xcnara xemnc]epa nonxxora
ocranx nannenra nesannrepeconan sa napanxnannxra cn n ns-
moxnnre nocnecrnnx or rxx.
Cne xaro ca recrnpann mnoroxparno, nannenrnre na Cne-
pn sanounar a nsnonsnar pasnnunn crparernn, sa a ce cnpa-
nxr c nocranennre nm saaun. Koraro cnerna uepnena nnn se-
nena cnernnna npe xcnara xemnc]epa, nannenrr npno
npocro raae xaxn e nnerr. C npaxrnxara oaue, axo xcno-
ro nonyxno nnxa uepnenara cnernnna n uyna nxnoro nony-
xno a raae senena", npensnnxna nampmnane n noxna-
mane na rnanara. Tona ana nnnxannx na nxnoro nonyxno,
ue orronopr e norpemen.
Maxap ue mennre ca nouepranann nponemnre, xonro
nannenrnre c pasnenen mosx" cpemar npn nsnnnxnanero
na ornocnrenno npocrn enocrn, Cnepn ycranonxna, ue no-
nxxora e npenmcrno uonex a nma na mosxa. To ncxa or
nannenrnre cn a nsnnnxnar enonpemenno ne pasnnunn sa-
aun sa spnrenna ncxpnmnnannx, xaro enara ce npecranx
na enoro nonyxno, a pyrara - na pyroro, n re ce cnpanxr
ope, cxxam nsnnnxnar ncxxa saaua camocroxrenno. O-
parnoro, nopmannn xopa ycranonxnar, ue nere saaun onpe-
eneno nnrep]epnpar ena c pyra, axo ce onnrar a rn ns-
nnnxnar enonpemenno.
na pasyma n enn?
Enn or na-npensnnxarennnre nnpocn, xonro nsnnx-
nar or nnonepcxnre nscnenannx na Cnepn, e ann ro oxonua-
renno e emoncrpnpan cmecrnynanero na na pasyma, ncexn
cc cocrneno csnanne. Camnxr Cnepn nxpna, ue ro e nanpa-
nnn. To oxnxna npe ynaxananara Axaemnx na nayxnre:
,Bcnuxo, xoero nnxxme ocera, emoncrpnpa, ue xnpyprnu-
nara onepannx e ocrannna resn xopa c na orennn pasyma,
r.e. c ne orennn c]epn na csnannero. Tona, xoero ce npe-
xnnxna n xcnara xemnc]epa, nsrnexa, e nsnxno nsnn c]e-
para na csnannero na nxnara". Hancrnna mnoro xareropnu-
no nsxasnane.
Excneprnre oaue ca pasenenn n mnennxra cn ornocno
cmenoro rnpenne na Cnepn. uacr or rpynocrra ce nprn
oxono cpxannero na csnarenen onnr". Tepmnnr e on-
peenxn nonymeronnro xaro nsmepennero, xoero nn npann
no-cxonn na xyue, orxonxoro na xomnmrp", no ca nsmox-
nn penna pyrn e]nnnnnn.
Ha-opnxr onnr ocera a ce paspemn nnpocr sa no-
noro csnanne e npenpner or Hey, Vnncn n Iasannra
26
. T
xaro e ornocnrenno necno a ce onenxr npnpoara n orpann-
uennxra na csnannero n ronopemara" nxna xemnc]epa, no e
mnoro no-rpyno a ce nanpann cmoro no ornomenne na nx-
mara" xcna xemnc]epa, re pemanar a nsnonsnar xaro cnoe
nscnenano nnne Hon C. - momue, xoero nma no-cnnna esnxona
penpesenrannx n xcnoro nonyxno, orxonxoro e nanm-
anano npn xoro n a e nannenr c pasnenen mosx".
Enn nr na enara xemnc]epa na Hon C. ca npecranenn
ymn n ro e nomonen a rn onenn no cxanara op-nom".
Mnoro or ymnre npensnnxnar cncem pasnnunn onenxn or
nere nonyxna, xaro onenxnre na xcnara ca nenpexcnaro
no-nnso o nomnx" xpa na cxanara, orxonxoro resn na nx-
noro nonyxno. ymn xaro Hon", maxa" n cexc" ca one-
nenn xaro mnoro opn" or nxnoro nonyxno n xaro mno-
ro nomn" or xcnoro. Tesn pasnnunx nocxasnar, ue ncxxa xe-
mnc]epa moxe n npnrexana cnox ynnxanna cncrema sa npn-
nncnane na cyexrnnnn cronocrn na xopa n cnrnx.
Ocoeno nnrpnrynamo e, ue Hon e rpyen sa onnaxnane n
enx, xoraro ca nonyuenn resn pasnnunx n onenxnre na nere
nonyxna. Karo ue nn ro yxnanno e cxapan cc cee cn.
Koraro onenxna cmnre ymn nropn nr, e cnoxoen n nocny-
men. Hoopenoro my nacrpoenne npn nropnx onnr e orpase-
no npenmno n no-nonoxnrennnre onenxn na xcnoro nony-
xno n rona noxpenx nexra, ue xcnara xemnc]epa n ns-
necren cmncn e no-emonnonanna". Bropnx nr onenxnre no
cxanara op-nom" or nere nonyxna ca no-cxonn.
onnnnrennn oxasarencrna n nonsa na nexra, ue ncx-
xo nonyxno cn nma cocrnen pasym, ca nonyuenn, xoraro
Hon e nonnran xaxna paora n xapecan. Hxnara xemnc]epa
nspnua ueproxnnx", a xcnara - anromonnnn pannra". Hs-
rnexa, ue Cnepn ne e nn rnpe aneu or ncrnnara, nsn-
raxn resara sa na pasyma, xonro morar a cmecrnynar cn-
26
Gazzaniga, M. S. & LeDoux, J. E. (1977). The Integrated Mind. New York:
Plenum Press.
mecrno n eno rxno, no rona moxe a ce cnyuna camo xoraro
nsnecrnn esnxonn ymennx npnccrnar nn ncxxa xemnc]epa.
Mnoro nonynxpnn nncarenn ca npannnn mamann saxnm-
uennx sa nopmannnre xopa n opn sa neaexnarnocrra na uo-
nemxnre omecrna ns ocnona na nscnenannxra na Cnepn c
nexonnnna nannenrn c rexxa ennnencnx. Kasna nn ce, ue nep-
annara, nornuecxa xynrypa na sanannx cnxr ce ynpannxna
or nennre nonyxna na nacenennero my, oxaro mncrnunnre,
xyoxecrnennre n pennrnosnnre xynrypn na Hsroxa ca asn-
pann na omnnannxra na xcnoro nonyxno.
Tosn ananns nocxasna na ncnxonora Popr Opncren,
ue rpxna a nma penonmnnx n sananoro oyuenne c mnoro
no-cnnno yapenne npxy nenepannnre ymennx. Touno xaxro
nma xopa, xonro ca c nenn, a pyrn - c ecnn nonnrnuecxn
nsrnen, nma n nopxnnnn na nxnara n na xcnara xemnc-
]epa. Xm Caxc ennc - nscneonaren na anrnncxnx esnx -
araxyna xcnoro" nnxenne, na xoero npnnanexn Opncren,
onnaxnaxn ce, ue nenoxemnc]epnnre nepannn ymennx c xpn-
rnuno snauenne pso erenepnpar n namero renennsnonno
omecrno. 3a cxanenne noneuero or yuacrnnnnre n rosn cnop,
nsrnexa, npanxr crpannoro npenonoxenne, ue nere nony-
xna na nopmannnx mx nnn xena ca pasenenn xaro resn
na nannenrnre na Cnepn. Ha-nonsornopnnxr noxo necm-
neno n nn a ce xapmonnsnpa n nnrerpnpa ]ynxnnonnpane-
ro na nere nonyxna, a ne enoro a ce pasnnna sa cmerxa
na pyroro.
Mnoro naxen nnpoc, xoro nourn nnncna or nornea na
nonynxpnnre anropn, e ann moxem esonacno a npnemem,
ue pasnnunxra mexy nere nonyxna npn nopmannn xopa ca
cmnre xaro orxpnnannre or Cnepn npn nannenrnre c npe-
xcnaro masonecro rxno. Bsmoxno e uecrnre ennnenrnunn
npnnann, xomnnnpann c ncnuxn nponemn na npncnoco-
xnanero cne xnpyprnunara onepannx, a npanxr mosxa na
raxnna nannenrn mnoro no-pasnnuen or rosn na nopmannnre
xopa.
Kax moxem a nscnename naunna, no xoro ]ynxnnonn-
pa ncxxa xemnc]epa npn nopmannn xopa? Enn nonesen me-
ro e a ce sanncnar mosunnre nnnn, nopoenn or nxxaxn
+osr .u:uocm u EMOHHH 193
crnmyn, upes manxn merannn enexrpon, npnxpenenn xm ue-
pena, n enexrponno a ce ycnnnar resn peaxnnn, nsnonsnaxn
cnennannn xomnmrpnn rexnnxn, sa a ce pasrpannuar or nen-
pexcnarara mosuna axrnnnocr. Tasn rexnnxa nsmepna ro-
na, xoero e nsnecrno xaro npensnnxann enexrpnuecxn no-
rennnann" (nx. ennaecera rnana) n n sanncnmocr or mxcro-
ro, xoero nsepem sa nocranxne na enexrponre, moxem a
mepnm mosunara axrnnnocr n nxnoro nnn n xcnoro nony-
xno.
B enn rnnnuen excnepnmenr nscnenannre nnna ca no-
monenn a nsnnxnar nxxonxo nepannn saaun (nanpnmep
peunnxon recr, orxpnnane na cnnonnmn) n npocrpancrnenn
saaun (nanpnmep xoncrpynpane na xpcr or mecr nnacrma-
conn napuera, pncynane na uonemxa ]nrypa). Hanmana ce
no-nspasena mosuna axrnnnocr n nxnara xemnc]epa n cpan-
nenne c xcnara, xoraro ce nsnnnxna nepannara saaua; o-
parnoro ce noxnxna, xoraro ce nsnnnxna npocrpancrnenara
saaua. Tesn nanmennx cornercrnar ope na nexra na
Cnepn, ue nxnara xemnc]epa e omnnnpama sa esnxonnre yme-
nnx, a xcnara - sa npocrpancrnennre cnoconocrn.
Hma onnrn rexnnxnre na mosunnre nnnn a ce npnnarar
xm ope nsnecrna nonona pasnnxa - ue xennre onxnoneno
ca no-opn or mxere no nepannnre saaun, oxaro mxere
npensxoxar xennre no npocrpancrnenn saaun. ann xennre
nmar no-opn nepannn ymennx, samoro nmar no-ronxma
esnxona penpesenrannx n xcnara xemnc]epa n cpannenne c
mxere n oprannsannxra na rxxnara xcna xemnc]epa sa
esnxa nnrep]epnpa nn c onnrnre na xcnoro nonyxno a ce
cnpanx c npocrpancrnenn saaun? Orronopr n na nara nnpo-
ca, nsrnexa, e a". Xennre emoncrpnpar ornocnrenno no-
cnnna mosuna axrnnnocr n xcnara xemnc]epa n cpannenne c
mxere, xoraro ca anraxnpann nn nepannn enocrn.
Cmenpemenno xpocxynrypnnre nscnenannx onxxe ca
nanpannnn nponn n cranonnmero, ue xcnoro n nxnoro nony-
xno nmar ocra cnennannsnpann ]ynxnnn. Hynoa Taa-
noy or Toxncxnx mennnncxo-sonexapcxn xonex orxpnna
nnrepecnn pasnnunx mexy mosxa na xnonnnre n cpannenne
c rosn na pyrn rpynn. To ycranonxna, ue snynnre na na-
cexomn, xnnornn, x, nxrp n nnnn axrnnnpar nxnoro no-
nyxno na ronopemnre xnoncxn xopa n xcnoro - na ncexn
pyr! Ocnen rona orxpnna, ue snynnre na rpannnonnn xnonc-
xn mysnxannn nncrpymenrn xaro shakuhachi npensnnxnar c-
mnx moen.
Kaxna e npnunnara sa rasn neonuana peaxnnx na snynn-
re? Cnope Taanoy oxcnennero ce xpne n ocoenocrnre na
xnoncxnx esnx. Ha xnoncxn ncnuxn rnacnn snynn n rexnnre
nponsnonn ca cmncnenn ymn. Tona osnauana, ue mnoro ec-
recrneno nsnnxnamn snynn nanooxnar xnoncxn ymn n sa-
rona axrnnnpar npepaornamnre esnxa cncremn na nxnoro no-
nyxno.
Bcnuxn oxasarencrna couar, ue namnre nonyxna onx-
noneno ecrnar no acnmerpnuen naunn, r.e. mnoro enocrn
sanncxr n no-ronxma crenen or enoro nonyxno, orxonxoro
or pyroro. Hpn pyrn nonornunn nnone uecro ce orxpnna
cnmerpnunoro ]ynxnnonnpane na nere uacrn na mosxa. Kax-
nn ca npenmcrnara n neocrarnnre na acnmerpnunoro mor
suno ]ynxnnonnpane?
Eno or npenmcrnara moxe a ce nnmcrpnpa c npnxasxa,
pasxasana or ]pencxnx monax or XIV nex Xan Fypnan. Eno
marape nno nsnpaneno npe nnemara a nsepe mexy ne
enaxno ope nsrnexamn n namnpamn ce na enaxno pascro-
xnne xynn ceno, no ymnpa or rna, samoro nxma nornuecxa npn-
unna a rprne xm enara xyna, a ne xm pyrara. B peannnx
xnnor npnpoara nsnpenapna raxona rparnuno noneenne, xa-
ro cnaxna xnnornnre n xopara c npeyeenocr na peaxnnx-
ra, xoxro onxnoneno rn xapa a nsnpar xynara nxcno.
Omo xasano, acnmerpnxra moxe a e npenmcrno, axo ce
onnrnare a npmnre ne mnoro pasnnunn enocrn enonpe-
menno. Axo ncxxa enocr moxe a ce nsnpmna or pasnnuno
nonyxno, nnrep]epennnxra mexy nere ce namanxna. Or
pyra crpana, axo ce onnrnare a ce cnpannre c ena-enncr-
nena, xomnnexcna saaua, moxe a e no-rpyno a xoopnnn-
pare noneennero, axo ncxxo nonyxno npann uacr or nyx-
nara npepaorxa camocroxrenno.
Mapcen Knncypn nponepxna nxxon or resn nen upes mno-
ro npocra saaua, xoxro necno moxere a onnrare n camn. Tx
nxnmuna anancnpanero na npuxa nnn na ecnnx, nnn na ne-
nnx noxasanen xonxoro e nsmoxno no-nro. Axo ecnop-
xnre nnna npanxr rona, oxaro sanasnar mnuanne, morar a
anancnpar npuxara no-nro na ecnnx noxasanen, orxon-
xoro na nennx, samoro xcnara pxa no npnnnnn e no-ymena.
Cmenpemenno, axo xopara ronopxr, oxaro ce onnrnar a a-
nancnpar npuxara, ce nonyuana oparnnxr pesynrar: cera re
morar a anancnpar npuxara no-nro npxy nennx noxasa-
nen, orxonxoro na ecnnx. Karo ue nn ronopenero yra npu-
xara or ecnnx noxasanen.
Kaxno crana? Peura n xcnara pxa ce xonrponnpar or
nxnoro nonyxno n sarona nsanmno cn npeuar. Oparnoro,
peura n nxnara pxa ce xonrponnpar or pasnnunn nonyxna
n ce nanmana camo ymepena nnrep]epennnx. Tosn npocr,
no ocrpoymen excnepnmenr noxasna norennnannnre npenm-
crna na acnmerpnxra. Axo ncxxo nonyxno ce xonnenrpnpa
npxy orenna saaua, enonpemenno morar ycnemno a ce ns-
nnnxnar ne pasnnunn enocrn.
3axnmuennx
Hcropnxra na onnrnre a ce mon]nnnpa uonemxoro no-
neenne upes npexrno nsecrnne npxy mosxa noxasna,
ue e rnpe necno a ce npensnnxar panxannn noneenuec-
xn npomenn. Hponemr e, ue xenannre onxnoneno ce npn-
pyxanar or penna nenpennenn n snomacrnn npomenn. To-
na e oneno o ynennuanamn ce npannn orpannuennx npxy
nsnonsnanero na pasnnunn ncnxoxnpyprnuecxn rexnnxn.
Cmenpemenno nma nxxon mosunn onepannn, xonro ca
ce oxasann nennn npn onpeenenn ocroxrencrna. B rosn xon-
rexcr paorara na Cnepn e ocoeno naxna, samoro e ocnrypn-
na nsxnmunrenna nonsa or rnena rouxa na narononyunero
na nannenrn c ennnencnx n na narpynnanero na nosnannx sa
cnoxnoro ]ynxnnonnpane na mosxa.
13
Kopenn1e na nnunoc11a
Hpen noneue or ne xnnxn ronnn pennorpnxnxr ]nno-
co] Teo]pacr - rorana na 99 ronnn - nnme xnnra, osarnanena
Characters (Xapaxrepn"), n xoxro saana nnpoc, xoro e nenr-
panen sa ronxm po cnpemennn ncnxonornuecxn nscnenannx:
,3amo crana raxa, ue maxap nxna Ipnnx a ce namnpa no
eno n cmo nee n ncnuxn rpnn a ce nsnnranar no nooen
naunn, nmame pasnnuen xapaxrep?" C pyrn ymn, Teo]pacr,
noono na mnoro xopa cne nero, ce uyn samo orennnre xo-
pa ce pxar ronxona pasnnuno, nmar pasnnunn cnoconocrn
n pasnnuna nnunocr. To ne namnpa orronop, a npocro onncna
pasnnunn nnnnnn, xonro emoncrpnpar - n npeynennuena ]op-
ma - ueprn, xonro onxnoneno ce orxpnnar n mnoro xopa, nan-
pnmep cnnnnnocr, cmenocr, ynopnrocr n r.n.
Ocnpemenxnane na uernpnre reunocrn"
pennnre rpnn paspaornar onncarenna cncrema na nnu-
nocrra, cnope xoxro nma menanxonnunn", xonepnunn",
,]nermarnunn" n canrnnnnunn" xopa. Tesn repmnnn npon-
xanar a ce nsnonsnar opn n nec n ncnnnnnnn xaro xomeo-
narnxra.
Cnpemennnre ncnxonosn ca ycranonnnn, ue raxana xare-
ropnsannx o nsnecrna crenen e nonesna, no, pasnpa ce, orpom-
noro mnosnncrno or xopa ne ca uncrn menanxonnnn, xonepnnn,
]nermarnnn nnn canrnnnnnn. Bnnxenm Byn - ocnonarenxr
na npnara ncnxonornuecxa naoparopnx n Hannnr npen cro
ronnn - nacouna nnnmannero xm ]axra, ue menanxonnnnre
n xonepnnnre cn npnnnuar no rona, ue nmar cnnnn n necno
nsynmn emonnn, oxaro ]nermarnnnre n canrnnnnnnre
npnrexanar ornocnrenno crannnn emonnn. 3arona ro nocry-
nnpa nsmepennero emonnonannocr", xoero ce npocrnpa or
xpana necrannnocr o xpana crannnocr. Ocnen rona op-
ma nnnmanne na ]axra, ue xonepnnnre n canrnnnnnnre cn npn-
nnuar no rona, ue nmar nsmenunno noneenne, oxaro menanxo-
nnnnre n ]nermarnnnre ca cpannnrenno nensmenunnn. 3amecr-
naxn nsmenunn"n nensmenunn" c no-cnpemennnre repmn-
nn excrpanepr" n nnrponepr", moxem a xaxem, ue Byn e
npennnn nroporo ocnonno nsmepenne na nnunocrra.
Kaprnnara, napncynana or pennnre rpnn n nanpanena
no-npnnoxnma or Byn, e noxasana na ]nrypa 1. Tx ce ccron
or ne ocnonnn nsmepennx na nnunocrra: emonnonannocr/nen-
pornsm, npornnonocraneno na crannnocr, n excrpanepcnx,
npornnonocranena na nnrponepcnx. Maxap ue ncexn uonex nma
nxxaxna nosnnnx no resn ne ocn, ne e sanxnrenno a nona-
a n enn or uernpnre xnapanra. Bcmnocr noneuero xopa ce
pasnonarar oxono rouxara na npecnuane, emoncrpnpaxn
nnunocrn, xonro ne ca nnro xpano crannnn, nnro xpano
necrannnn, nnro xpano excrpaneprnpann, nnro xpano nn-
rponeprnpann, a ca mexnnnn". Bannnocrra na rasn xaprn-
na ce noxpenx or orpomno xonnuecrno oxasarencrna or pas-
nnunn nsrounnnn
27
. ymnre nrpe n xpra couar ueprn, xonro
- nsern saeno - xapar uonexa a e xareropnsnpan xaro
nnrponepr nnn excrpanepr, crannen nnn necrannen.
Kax moxem a nsmepname resn ueprn n xax - a mepnm
,nnunocrra"? Ha npn norne nsrnexa nourn npornnopeune
a ce ronopn sa nsmepnane" na nnunocrra. Kax moxem a
mepnm nemo, xoero e ronxona mnoronnxo, xomnnexcno n ne-
]nsnuecxo? B nsnecren cmncn rona nspaxenne e pasymno;
ne moxem a mepnm nnunocrra xaro raxana. Moxem oaue a
mepnm pasnnunn acnermu na nnunocrra. Ho cmnx naunn ne
moxem a mepnm Bcenenara, no moxem a nsmepnm pasnnu-
nn nenn acnexrn, nanpnmep mexysnesnn pascroxnnx nnn
]nsnuecxn ccran na nnanernre.
Hsmepnane na nnunocrra
B ecrnnrennocr nma mnoro pasnnunn nncrpymenrn sa
nsmepnane na nnunocrra. Bcnuxn cn nmar cnnnn n cnan
crpann, no es nsxnmuenne nponsrnuar or enn npnocre-
27
Eaves, L. & Eysenck, H. J. (1975). The nature of extroversion: A geneti-
cal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 102-111;
Eysenck, H. J. (1980). (Ed.). A Model of Personality. New York: Springer;
Fulker, D. W. (1980). The genetic and environmental architecture of
psychoticism, extroversion and neuroticism. In Eysenck, H. J. (Ed.). A
Model of Personality. New York: Springer.
nenen ]axr: nnunocrra e nonxrne, xoero e nsnneueno or no-
neennero, a noneennero no onpeenenne e nanmaemo n
nsmepnmo.
a pasrneame nnunocrna uepra xaro ynopcrnoro. Hapnua-
me uonex ynopnr, axo cme ro nnxann a nanpxra cnnn, moxe
n n nponxenne na nrn nepnon, nesanncnmo or onxara,
ymopara, cxyxara n pyrn nnnxnnx, xonro nxa ro naxapann
a ce orxaxe. Moxem a mepnm npemero or nauanoro na yn-
paxnxnanero na ycnnnxra o momenra, n xoro ro ce orxasna,
xaxro n moxem a mepnm noneuero or cnnnre, xonro ro rpx-
na a npeoonxna, *sa a nponxn. Cneonarenno nonxrnero
,ynopnrocr" ce ocnonana na nanmaemo, nsmepnmo noneenne
n o ronxma crenen cmoro e nxpno sa pyrnre nnunocrnn
ueprn. Hsmepnanero nennnarn e necno, no no npnnnnn onxno-
neno e nsmoxno a ce npoexrnpa excnepnmenr, xoro me e
penenanren na ueprara, xoxro uonex nsyuana. Bcmnocr n none-
uero cnyuan e mnoro necno a ce npoexrnpar mepxn sa nnunocr-
ra. Tpynocrra ce xpne n rapanrnpanero, ue re nancrnna mepxr
onona, xoero nscneonarenxr ncxa a nsmepna.
Bnpocnnnn n onxnoneno nanmenne
Ha-crapnre n na-mnpoxo nsnonsnannre meron sa ns-
mepnane na nnunocrra ca nanmennero n nnpocnnnnre.
Bcmnocr nsmepnanero upes nnpocnnnn e nsnneueno or
mnoro no-crapa rexnnxa: camonanmennero. Bcnuxo, xoero
npannm, e a monnm xopara a nn xaxar pesynrarnre or coc-
rnennre cn camonanmennx npxy noneennero nm npes noc-
nennre nxxonxo ronnn. a npnemem, ue ce nnrepecyname or
ueprara connannnocr". Moxem a nanmaname uonexa, a
cnenm xonxo uecro xon na naprnra, c xonxo xopa ronopn na
resn naprnra, xonxo npeme npexapna cam n craxra cn n r.n.
Tona n nno onxnoneno nnn nexonrponnpano nanmenne:
nne ne npannm nnmo, sa a orpannuaname nscnenanoro nnne
n ouennno ne moxem a nanmaname nxnoro my penenanr-
no noneenne - ne moxem a ro cnename xaro cxnxa no 24
uaca na en, a opn n a moxexme, npnccrnnero nn necmne-
no me npomenn noneennero my. Cneonarenno pasxasr my
sa onuanoro my noneenne, aen nepanno nnn no ]op-
mara na orronopn na nnpocnnnn, moxe a e mnoro no-naex-
en, orxonxoro npocro nanmennero - n xpana cmerxa ro
nnnarn e saeno cc cee cn! Pasnpa ce, me rpxna a my ce
onepnm; axo ro nma ocnonarenna npnunna a nn mamn, nx-
ma a moxem a pasunrame na neronnre orronopn. 3a noneuero
nenn oaue cmecrnyna opo crnacne mexy nnmnoro
nanmenne n onenxara na noneennero na aen uonex n ca-
moonenxnre, aenn n orronop na nnpocnnx nnn no npeme na
nnrepnm.
Konrponnpano nanmenne
Moxem a ycnpmencrname nanmennero, xaro ro nan-
pannm xonrponnpano. a npenonoxnm, ue xaro uacr or nn-
repeca cn xm connannnocrra ncxame a orxpnem rouno xon-
xo connannno nnn neconnannno ce pxar xopara n ncxy-
cnn c nenosnarn. Onxnonenoro nanmenne nxma a nn no-
morne a cme rounn n onenxara - npenmno sapan cnyuana-
ra npnpoa na nenosnarnre, c xonro me ce cpemar pasnnunn-
re nn nscnenann nnna. Hxma a moxem a xaxem o xaxna
crenen peaxnnnre nm ca erepmnnnpann or cocrnenara nm
nnunocr nnn or nnunocrra na nenosnarnre. Fnxme mornn a
npeooneem rona, xaro ypenm excnepnmenranna cpema mex-
y namnre nscnenann nnna n oyueno onepeno nnne, xoero
nnnarn me ce pxn no npenapnrenno yrounen naunn, nesa-
nncnmo or rona xoro cpema. Hanpnmep onepenoro nnne mo-
xe a e nncrpyxrnpano a ne npann cnonrannn nsxasnannx no
npeme na npnnre ner mnnyrn, a crana cnonooxornnno npes
cnenamnre ner mnnyrn n cne rona a ce npma xm neo-
mnrennocrra. Cpemara moxe a ce ypen n naoparopnx, a
pasronopr - a ce sannme na xacero]on. Excnepnmenraro-
pr n morn a nanmana npes enonocouno orneano, a
opn n a ]nnmnpa noneennero na nscnenanoro nnne, sa a
nanpann nsmoxno poenero na cnyuanre, n xonro ro ce yc-
mnxna, mnra, rnea onepenoro nnne n r.n. Ho rosn naunn me
nonyunm mnoro rouen sannc na cranamoro n nxme mornn a
cpannxname noneennero na eno nscnenano nnne n rasn cran-
aprnsnpana cnryannx c rona na pyrnre. Konrponnpanoro
nanmenne moxe a e mnoro op mero sa nsmepnane na
nnunocrra.
pyr naunn sa noopxnane na onxnonenoro nanme-
nne e a ce nnee cncrema sa orunrane na npemero. a npe-
nonoxnm, ue ce nnrepecyname or arpecnnnocrra, emoncrpn-
pana or enara, n ncxame a onennm rpyna or ena no rona
xauecrno. Moxem a ornem na ercxara nnomaxa na nxxon-
xo nrn n a nanmaname noneennero nm. Tona oaue nxma
a e mnoro rouno - nxme mornn a opmame noneue nnnma-
nne na nxxon ena n cpannenne c pyrn. Kopexrnnxr mero
me e a nanpannm cnncx c nmenara na ncnuxn ena n a noc-
nemaname rouno 60 cexynn na nanmananero na ere N 1,
60 cexynn - na ere N 2, crnraxn o xpax na cnncxa n na-
nmanaxn ncxxo ere sa enaxn nepno or npeme. Koraro
crnrnem o xpax na cnncxa, me sanounem ornono orrope. Be
nmame n cnncx, rouno onpeenxm sa xaxnn noneennx me
cnenm, n xponomerp, sa a nn xaxe xonxo nro e npon-
xnn ncexn rnn noneenne. Axo nponxnm nanmennxra cn
n reuenne na mecenn, moxem a anannsnpame pesynrarnre cn
n a nnnm xonxo nocneonarenno ce pxn ncxxo ere, c pyrn
ymn, nnnarn enn n cmn ena nn ca arpecnnnn, nnn arpecnn-
nocrra e npocro cnyuaen rnn noneenne. Tesn nanmennx
nax me ca narypanncrnunn, no me ca mnoro no-ope xonrpo-
nnpann n cneonarenno no-naexnn, orxonxoro onxnone-
noro nanmenne.
Tesn ycnpmencrnannx na rexnnxara na nanmennero
nn onnxanar o ena excnepnmenranna rexnnxa, sa xoxro e
ycranoneno, ue nma mnoro npenmcrna npn nsmepnanero na
nnunocrra - rexnnxara na mnnnarmpnara cnryannx". T xa-
ro uecro e rpyno nnn nensmoxno a ce nanmanar xopara
n ecrecrnena cpea, a nn ncexn cnyua rnn cnryannnre, na
xonro re ce narxnar, onxnoneno ne ca nenrnunn, samo a
ne ce ycrpon npocra cnryannx n naoparopnxra, xaro ce nono-
xar ycnnnx ncnuxn nenn acnexrn a nonrapxr xnrecxa cn-
ryannx, or xoxro ce nnrepecyname? Tona n orcrpannno ncnu-
xn namn rpynocrn n me nn nomorne a nanpannm rounn ns-
mepnannx.
Hexa ce npnem na ynopnrocrra xaro nnunocrna uepra.
Hecno e a ce ycrpoxr naoparopnn saaun, xonro nsncxnar
ynopnro noneenne, a cne rona moxem a mepnm peaxnnxra
na ncexn uonex na nxnmuennre saaun n a nnnm ann cra-
rncrnuecxnxr ananns na annnre noxpenx nexra, ue cme me-
pnnn nancrnna ynopnrocrra. Kax nxme noxonnn? Moxem
a ornem n yunnnme
28
n a ypenm yunrennre a aar na
yuennnnre cn nopenna or recrone, pasnpa ce, rapanrnpa-
xn, ue enara ne ocsnanar, ue ca recrnpann. Hanpnmep yun-
renxr moxe a rn sanee n cnoprnnx canon n a oxnn cpen-
nonanne, sa a nnn xo moxe a pnne na-cnnno nnamo-
merpa (nncrpymenr, xoro perncrpnpa cnnara na pnane-
ro). Cne xaro e ycranonnn maxcnmannara cnna na pnane
na ncxxo ere, yunrenxr oxnxna, ue ncxa a nnn xonxo n-
ro ncxxo ere moxe a pxn nnamomerpa na ne rpern or
maxcnmannnx onn (raxa me ennmnnnpa pasnnunxra n cnna-
ra mexy enara). Cnope reopnxra, xonxoro no-ynopnrn ca
enara, ronxona no-nro me onnrnar, npeoonxnaxn onxara
n ymopara, xonro nacrnnar cne mnoro xparxo npeme.
B pyr, cncem pasnnuen recr yunrenxr moxe a ae na
xnaca recr sa nnrennrenrnocr, xaro orenexn npemero, nyx-
no sa pemananero na ncexn arem or ncxxo ere. Cpe necnnre
n ymepeno rpynnre aremn nma n raxnna, xonro ca rnpe
rpynn sa ncxxo ere. Hnrepecyname ce a orxpnem xonxo nro
ncxxo ere nponxana a ce opn c resn nponemn, npen a
ce orxaxe. Tona npeme ce npenpma nocne n mxpxa na rxxnara
ynopnrocr.
Axo csaem, a peuem, 20 recra sa ynopnrocr, ncnuxn or
rnn mnnnarmpna cnryannx", n recrnpame ncnuxn ena c nce-
xn recr, moxem nn a noxaxem, ue copr or pesynrarnre no
resn 20 recra ncmnocr mepn ynopnrocrra?
Pasnpa ce, npnoro nn sanxenne me e a emoncrpn-
pame, ue enara, xonro ca ynopnrn no enn recr, ca ynopnrn n
no pyrnre. Axo rona ne e raxa, rorana recronere nxma a me-
28
MacArthur, R. S. (1951). An experimental investigation of persistence
and its measurement at the secondary School level. London, Ph.D. thesis.
MO31K BHHHOC1 H EMOHHH 203
pxr ena n cma uepra n n nno escmncneno a cnpame
pesynrarnre no rxx. Axo oaue ncnuxn recrone nancrnna xo-
pennpar, cne rona rpxna a nnnm ann rona ce nxn na
]axra, ue ncnuxn re mepxr enn n cm ]axrop, nanpnmep nn-
rennrenrnocr. He, ne ro npanxr: rnynannre ena nxmar no-
nncoxn nnn no-nncxn pesynrarn no ynopnrocr or ymnnre e-
na. Cne rona me rpxna a ypenm ncnuxn namn ena a -
ar onenenn no ynopnrocr or rexnnre yunrenn ns ocnona na
npenonoxennero, ue yunrennre ocra ope nosnanar yue-
nnnnre cn; me orxpnem, ue resn xopenannn ca nonoxnrennn,
npn rona ocra nncoxn. enara, xonro ca onenenn xaro yno-
pnrn or rexnnre yunrenn, ce npecranxr xaro ynopnrn n no
namnre recrone. Cne rona nxme mornn a rnpnm, ue yno-
pnrnre ena nepoxrno ce npecranxr no-ope n yunnnme, or-
xonxoro neynopnrnre, n nancrnna, xoraro ce nanpanxr nyx-
nnre xopexnnn sa nnrennrenrnocr, orxpnname, ue rona cmo
e nxpno. H naxpax, xoraro xoncrpynpame nnpocnnx, saana-
xn nnpocn sa ynopnrocrra, ynopnrnre ena n excnepnmenra
ca ynopnrnre ena or nnpocnnxa. Bsemaxn ncnuxo rona sa-
eno, crana cncem xcno, ue namnre mnnnarmpnn cnryannn
nancrnna mepxr onona, xoero cn nocranxr sa nen a mepxr.
Excnepnmenrannn meron
Ornnaxn ena xpauxa nanpe or noxoa na spannx pa-
sym, xapaxrepen sa rexnnxnre na nanmennero n nnpocnnnn-
re, crnrame o excnepnmenrannnre mepxn, ocnonann na xonx-
pernn reopnn. Te ca rpynn sa ocxane, samoro, sa a ce
nanpann cmncneno rona, rpxna eranno oxcnenne na nxnm-
uennre reopnn, xoero moxe a e nra n cnoxna paora, no
nexa nsemem enn cnpxonpocren npnmep. Hsnrnara e reo-
pnx, ue nnrponeprnre ca no-uyncrnnrennn xm nnmna crnmy-
nannx, orxonxoro excrpaneprnre. Kax moxem a nponepnm
rona? Ho-ony cnena npnmep na enn excnepnmenranen no-
xo. Hpno, mepnm cxopocrra, c xoxro nscnenanoro nnne cnm-
noorenx, xaro nocranxme napue namyx n ycrara my sa 20 cexyn-
n; nperernxme ro npen n cne rona n raxa onpeenxme xonn-
uecrnoro cnmnxa, xoero e nornnan. Cne xparxa nounnxa ns-
nnnxname ornono cmnx excnepnmenr, no rosn nr nocranx-
me uernpn xanxn nnmonon cox npxy esnxa na nscnenanoro
nnne. 3nae ce, ue rona ynennuana cxopocrra na cnmnoorenx-
nero npn noneuero xopa. E, xnnoresara rnacn, ue axo nnrponep-
rnre ca no-uyncrnnrennn, rxxnara cxopocr me ce ynennun none-
ue, orxonxoro rasn na excrpaneprnre. Cneonarenno, axo sna-
em nnnoro na excrpanepcnx nnn nnrponepcnx na nscnenannre
nnna or orronopn na nnpocnnx, moxem a xopennpame rexnn-
re pesynrarn no excrpanepcnx c ynennuananero na cnmnoore-
nxnero n a noxaxem, ue xopenannxra n ecrnnrennocr e or-
pnnarenna. Hnrponeprnre, xonro nmar nncx pesynrar no exc-
rpanepcnx, noxasnar no-ronxmo ynennuenne na cnmnoorenx-
nero, orxonxoro excrpaneprnre. Tona e pesynrarr, xoro mo-
xem a ouaxname, n ro nornpxana reopnxra nn.
Excnepnmenrannnre recrone or rosn nn ca ocoeno nn-
repecnn n naxnn no ne npnunnn. Hpnara e, ue re ne morar
a ce ]anmn]nnnpar. B ecrnnrennocr nscnenanoro nnne
nxma npecrana, ue recrnpame nnunocrra my, a opn n a my
xaxem, ro nxma a snae xaxno e snauennero na neronnre pe-
synrarn. Bropara e, ue xaro nsnrame reopnn or rosn nn, ce
naxname a nocrnrnem no-opo pasnpane na mexannsmnre,
nexamn n ocnonara na namnre nnunocrnn nsmepennx.
Hsnonsnanero na recrone or rosn nn sa npaxrnuecxn ne-
nn oaue nma n enn neocrarx. Te nxmar nnnma nann-
nocr", c pyrn ymn, ne ca ouennno penenanrnn sa nennre, sa
xonro ce nsnonsnar. Kannar sa paora, xoxro nsncxna nnr-
poneprnpann ueprn, me e mnoro nsnenaan a orxpne, ue ce
mepn cxopocrra, c xoxro cnmnoorenx!
Hourn cmoro moxe a ce xaxe sa pyrnre nnunocrnn
recrone, ocnonann na ]nsnonornunn mepxn. ope nsnecrno
e, ue emonnonannnre peaxnnn ca rxcno cnpsann c ]nsnono-
rnunnre npomenn: crpaxr n rnenr ce npnpyxanar or yne-
nnuanane na cpeunara uecrora. Axo rpxna a nsnpame xan-
narn sa paora, xoxro nsncxna or rxx a ocranar mnoro cno-
xonn n crannnn npn ycnonnx na snaunrenna onacnocr, mo-
xem a rn nsnarame na crpec n naoparopnxra (a peuem, san-
naxa sa enexrpomox) n a mepnm ynennuennero na cpeuna-
ra uecrora, npnunneno nnn or sannaxara, nnn or ecrnnren-
noro npnnarane na enexrpomox. Hscnenann nnna, unxro cp-
euna uecrora ce ynennuana pso n namanxna mnoro anno,
moxe n nxma a ca na-opnxr nsop sa paora, xoxro nsnc-
xna ronxmo xnanoxpnne".
Cmecrnynar mnoro noonn ]nsnonornunn nnnxaropn,
xonro morar n ca nnn nsnonsnann xaro mepxn sa nnunocrra,
no onxnoneno nsncxnar cnoxna naoparopna anaparypa n sa-
rona ne ca mnoro noxoxmn sa onxnonena nnunocrna onen-
xa. B cnennannn cnyuan oaue n xoraro poxr na nscnenann-
re nnna ne e rnpe ronxm, ]nsnonornunnre recrone morar a
ca nsxnmunrenno nonesnn.
Hpoexrnnnn recrone
Cera me pasrneame rnpe pasnnuna xareropnx or rec-
rone, xonexrnnno nsnecrnn xaro npoexrnnnn nncrpymenrn"
29
.
Te ce ocnonanar na resara, ue cme cxnonnn a npoexrnpame
namnre nen n crpaxone, amnnnnre n mncnnre cn npxy ma-
repnan, xoro e cnao crpyxrypnpan. Excneprr no npoexrnn-
nn nncrpymenrn moxe a nsyuana npoyxrnre na nopaxe-
nnero nn n or rxx a ocrnra o nenre n mncnnre, xonro rn
nopaxar.
Ha-nsnecrnnxr npnmep na npoexrnnno recrnpane e rec-
rr c macrnnennre nerna na Popmax. Ha nscnenanoro nnne
ce noxasna nopenna or macrnnenn nerna, xonro ca cnmer-
pnunn, no no cmecrno escmncnenn no ]opma n ca nnernn
nnn uepno-enn. To rpxna a xaxe na xaxno cnope nero
npnnnua macrnnenoro nerno. Orronopnre, xonro uonex onx-
noneno nonyuana, ca: ne nemnnn", nenepya", ne crapn-
nn" n r.n. Hma pasnnunn npannna, sa xonro ce rnpn, ue xas-
nar na excnepnmenraropa xax a ocrnra or resn orronopn o
nnunocrra na nscnenanoro nnne. Onxnoneno excnepnmen-
raropr ce onnrna a nonyun nxnocrna xaprnna na remnepa-
menronnre xapaxrepncrnxn na nscnenanoro nnne. B rosn cmn-
29
Zubin, J., Eron, L. D. & Schumer, F. (1965). An Experimental Approach
to Projective Techniques. New York: Wiley.
cn moxe a ce xaxe, ue npoexrnnnnre recrone ca enncrne-
nnre peannn nnunocrnn recrone - ncnuxn pyrn ce onnrnar a
mepxr camo mnoro orpannuenn acnexrn na nnunocrra.
pyr mnoro nsnecren recr e TAT (Temarnuno-anepnenrn-
nen recr). Hpn nero na nscnenanoro nnne ce noxasna nopen-
na or pncynxn nnn xaprnnn, unero cpxanne e nenenacoue-
no nexcno. Or nero ce ncxa a pasxaxe ncropnx sa ncxxa
xaprnnxa n resn ncropnn cne rona ce onenxnar n nnrepnpe-
rnpar. Xnnoresara n rosn cnyua e, ue arpecnnnnxr uonex me
nnme pasxasn, xonro cpxar mnoro noon, nnnero c npexa-
neno cnnen nonon naron - pasxasn, nnnn cc cexcyanna ax-
rnnnocr, a amnnnosnnxr uonex - ncropnn, n xonro repoxr n
pasxasa ycnxna n pasnnunn naunnannx. Hma ronxm po pas-
nnunn npoexrnnnn recrone, no rosn c macrnnennre nerna n
TAT ca ocranann na-mnpoxo nsnonsnannre n na-nsnecrnn-
re. Paorxr nn re?
Cne mnoro ronnn ronxm enrycnasm orronopr or yx-
nanno crornnn excnepnmenrannn nscnenannx e ocra nenyc-
mncnen: npoexrnnnnre recrone ne paorxr mnoro ope. Te
ne ca n cornercrnne c pesynrarnre, nonyuanann or pyrn nnu-
nocrnn recrone, n opn nenrnuna npoexrnnna nn]opmannx
or enn n cm uonex moxe a non o cncem pasnnunn nn-
repnperannn na nnunocrra my, axo ce opaorna or pasnnunn
excneprn.
Enn rnnnuen excnepnmenr me e ocraruen, sa a ae
na unrarenx npecrana sa nscnenannxra, xonro ca npanenn
npxy rnpennxra na excneprnre. Ho npeme na nonara ro-
nxm po xannarn sa amepnxancxnre noennonsymnn cn-
nn ca nnn nonoxenn na nxna arepnx npoexrnnnn recrone.
Te ne ca opaorenn no onona npeme, a ca nsocranenn o xpax
na nonara. Torana excnepnmenraropr nspanx recronere na
50 xannarn, xonro ca ce npecrannnn nsxnmunrenno ope
nn noennonsymnnre cnnn na CAB n ca nspxann ncnuxn
nsnnrannx n npemexnx c nnna noea. To nan n apxnnnn-
re annn sa 50 nponana - xopa, xonro ca ce npeuynnnn no
nsecrnne na crpeca n ne ca crnrnann onnxe. Ionxm po
excneprn n resn pasnnunn npoexrnnnn rexnnxn ca nomonenn
a npernear crapnre pesynrarn n a xnacn]nnnpar norennn-
annnre ycnexn" n norennnannnre nponann". Bcnuxn re ca
paornnn nn noennonsymnnre cnnn, snaxr sa xaxno crana
yma n cmxrar excnepnmenra sa cnpanennn. Kasano naxpar-
xo, camo enn or excneprnre ana orronopn nsnn pamxnre na
cnyuanoro, npn rona npornosnre my ca rnpe norpemnn! Ton-
xona sa excneprnre no npoexrnnnn recrone.
Mnoro pyrn noonn excnepnmenrn crnrar o cxonn sax-
nmuennx. B enn or rxx 50 nnna c rexxa nenposa n 50 cnp-
meno nopmannn xonrponnn nnna ca recrnpann c macrnnennre
nerna na Popmax n pesynrarnre ca onenenn or nxxonxo exc-
neprn. Hnro enn or rxx ne moxe a xaxe c no-ronxma or
cnyuanara rounocr xon ca nenpornnnre n xon - nopmannnre
nscnenann nnna. Hxma cmnenne, ue xaro nnunocrnn recro-
ne resn npoexrnnnn nncrpymenrn ne ca naexnn n cneona-
renno ne morar a ce npenopunar.
Cmenpemenno raxona renepanno ocxane ne nna sa-
nxnrenno a nxnmuna TAT. Koraro TAT ce nsnonsna, sa a
ce recrnpar xonxpernn ueprn, a ne nxnocrna nnunocr, n xora-
ro xaprnnxnre ca cnennanno nopann, sa a connpar ena
xonxperna crpana na remnepamenra na uonexa (norpenocr
or nocrnxennx, crpax or nponan n r.n.), rorana pesynrarnre
nepoxrno me ca ocra naexnn. Hacrpana or raxnna xonx-
pernn ynorpen oaue, opn n TAT ne ocrana nenpenm or
excnepnmenrannnre onenxn na neronara nonesnocr.
Ipa]onornxra (anannsr na nouepxa)
30
e mero sa onenxa
na nnunocrra, xoro xopennpa no-ope c no-naexnnre rec-
ronn meron. B eno nscnenane 50 nscnenann nnna nonn-
nar nnunocrnn nnpocnnnn n rpa]onoxxa ce onnrna a npor-
nosnpa orronopnre nm or opasnn na rexnnx nouepx. Tx e npana
n 62% or cnyuanre, npn nonoxenne ue mancr e 50%. Hpn
npenenxnre, sa xonro e ocoeno cnrypna, rx e npana n 68% or
npemero. Hscnenannre nnna onxnoneno ce pasnnuanar no
nocneonarenen naunn no ornomenne na nexorara, c xoxro
nouepxr nm moxe a ce narnocrnnnpa, n nnunocrnnre uep-
30
Eysenck, H. J. (1945). Graphological analysis and psychiatry: an experi-
mental study. British Journal of Psychology, 35, 70-81.
rn ce pasnnuanar copasno nexorara, c xoxro npnccrnnero
nnn orccrnnero nm moxe a ce ononn n nouepxa na ncexn
uonex. Ipa]onoxxara ocnen rona nma ycnex npn cueranane-
ro na xapaxreponnre cxeuone na nscnenannre nnna n pyrn
marepnann c rexnnx nouepx. Hcnxnarpnre n ncnxonosnre, xo-
nro ca ce onnrnann a npenenxnar nnunocrra or nouepxa, na-
nnno ce nponanxr. Haxparxo: nsmoxno e ymennxr rpa]o-
nor a narnocrnnnpa nnunocrnn ueprn no nouepxa c no-opa
or cnyuanara nepoxrnocr.
Ienernuna ocnona na nnunocrra?
Camara nex nnunocr" nnymana nocneonarennocr. Hpn-
emame, ue uonex, xoro e connannen, npnxasnnn nnn rpeno-
xen, emoncrpnpa resn ueprn nocneonarenno npes ronnn-
re, a ne na nepannomepnn nnrepnann. Tona nocxasna, ue e
nsmoxno n erepmnnannxra na nnunocrra a yuacrnar rene-
rnunn ]axropn
31
. Touno n rona ca nxpnann n nexapnre na pen-
na Ipnnx.
Kaxnn ca oaue oxasarencrnara no ornomenne na nac-
necrnenocrra? Bnnxe nn rx npxy nnunocrra? Ha-opnre
oxasarencrna nnar or nscnenannx na nnsnann. Or npeme
na npeme npnpoara nn ocnrypxna nxnonxnamn roronn exc-
nepnmenrn no ]opmara na enoxunn n pasnoxunn nnsna-
nn, xonro nn nomarar a nscnename nnnxnnero na nacnecr-
nenocrra no ne pasnnunn nrexn. Moxem a nscnename e-
noxunnre nnsnann, xonro ca nnn pasenenn no npeme na
paxanero nnn manxo cne rona n xonro ca nnn orrneann n
cnpmeno pasnnuna cpea (or npnemnn ponrenn, n cnponn-
rannma nnn no nxxaxn pyr naunn). Bcxxaxnn cxocrna mexy
pasenennre enoxunn nnsnann morar a ca pesynrar camo
or nacnecrnenocrra, a ne na cpeara, r xaro re ca npecra-
nann a cnoenxr ena n cma cpea manxo cne xaro ca na-
nycnann maunnara yrpoa.
31
Eaves, L., Eysenck, H. J, & Martin, N. G. (1988). Genes, Culture and
Personality: An Empirical Approach. New York: Academic Press.
pyrnxr nr nn nosnonxna a npannm cpannennx mexy
enoxunn n pasnoxunn nnsnann. a npenonoxnm, ue
onpeenena uepra, nanpnmep connannnocrra, ce nxn ns-
nxno na npnunnn or cpeara. Enncrnenara pasnnxa mexy
enoxunn n pasnoxunn nnsnann e, ue npnnre nmar no-
ronxma oma nacnecrnenocr, no rx e nepenenanrna na na-
mara xnnorernuna uepra n cneonarenno enoxunnre nns-
nann ne n rpxnano a ca no-cxonn no ornomenne na co-
nnannnocrra, orxonxoro pasnoxunnre. Hexa oaue cera
npenonoxnm, ue nacnecrnenocrra nancrnna nrpae naxna
ponx n nopaxanero na pasnnunx n connannnocrra. B rosn
cnyua me ouaxname enoxunnre nnsnann a cn npnnn-
uar mnoro noneue, orxonxoro pasnoxunnre npocro samo-
ro nmar noneue enaxnn renn. Omoro npannno moxe a ce
nspasn no cnennx naunn: xonxoro no-cxonn ca enoxu-
nnre nnsnann no ornomenne na ueprara, xoxro uonex nsy-
uana, ronxona no-cnnno e nsecrnnero na nacnecrnenocr-
ra; oparnoro, xonxoro no-noonn ca pasnoxunnre nns-
nann no ornomenne na aena uepra, ronxona no-cnnno e
nsecrnnero na cpeara.
Kaxn e pesynrarr or mnoxecrno ncnxonornuecxn nsc-
nenannx npxy nnsnann, ocmecrnenn nn Bennxopnrannx
n CAB, xero e npmena no-ronxmara uacr or rasn paora?
a nsemem npno excnepnmenrnre, nsnonsnamn enoxunn
nnsnann, orrneann orenno. Tyx pesynrarr e rnpe neo-
uaxnan. Vcranoneno e, ue enoxunn nnsnann, orrneann pas-
enenn, ca manxo no-cxonn, orxonxoro resn, xonro ca orrne-
ann saeno. B ecrnnrennocr n nere rpynn ca mnoro cxo-
nn no ornomenne na excrpanepcnxra n nenpornsma; nosnana-
xn ennnx nnsnax, uonex moxe a nanpann mnoro rouno npe-
nonoxenne sa nnunocrra na pyrnx.
Kax e nsmoxno oaue cpeara ne camo a ne ycnxna a
nanpann no-cxonn nnsnannre, xonro nspacrnar saeno, no
ncmnocr a rn npann no-pasnnunn, orxonxoro resn, xonro
nspacrnar orenno? Orronopr moxe n ce xpne nmenno n
ronxmoro cxocrno, xoero cmecrnyna mexy rxx. Enoxu-
nnre nnsnann uecro neononcrnar or ]axra, ue ne rn pasr-
nexar xaro orennn nnnnnn n ca cxnonnn a yronemxnar
210 XAHC HMAHKTAH3EHK HABHPEHHE HA HCHXHKATA
ncxxaxnn penn n cnyuann pasnnunx n noneennero cn npoc-
ro sa a nsrnexar pasnnunn. Taxa ennnxr nnsnax moxe a
noeme nperonopnre" c nnmnnx cnxr, oxaro pyrnxr - nr-
pemnoro ynpannenne na enocrra nm. Tona pasenxne na po-
nnre uecro ce nonomara or ]axra, ue enoxunnre nnsnann
cn npeuar enn na pyr n yrpoara noneue, orxonxoro pasno-
xunnre, samoro n noneuero cnyuan cnoenxr oma nnanen-
ra. Taxa ennnxr moxe a nnmana pyrnx or uacr or neronnx
xn or cnmecrnoro cnaxnane c xpn, noexn o pasnnunx
n rernoro, xonro uecro xopennpar c nnrennrenrnocr, omnna-
nnx n r.n. Cneonarenno, oparno na ouaxnannxra, enoxu-
nnre nnsnann cnoenxr npenaranna cpea, no morar n a ne
x cnoenxr ronxona nopanno, xonxoro pasnoxunnre nnsna-
nn. Hexnre pasnnunx n npexnnxnannxra n yrpoara morar a
naxapar enoxunnre nnsnann cne paxanero a nouepra-
nar n a npeynennuanar resn pasnnunx.
Kaxnaro n a e ncrnnara sa resn cnoxnn nnpocn, nxma
cmnenne, ue oxasarencrnara or enoxunn nnsnann, xon-
ro ca orrneann pasenenn, emoncrpnpar mnoro xcno, ue
nacnecrnenocrra nrpae mnoro naxna ponx n npensnnxnane-
ro na nnunocrnn pasnnunx. E]exrr na nacnecrnenocrra e
ocoeno cnnen npn xopa c no-xpann pesynrarn no excrpanep-
cnx-nnrponepcnx nnn nenpornsm-crannnocr. To e no-yme-
pen n cpeara na nere ocn, r.e. mexy xopara, xonro ne ca
ocoeno excrpaneprnpann nnn nnrponeprnpann, emonnonan-
nn nnn crannnn.
Excnepnmenrnre, cpannxnamn enoxunn n pasnoxunn
nnsnann, nornpxanar rona saxnmuenne. Or oxono 20 ns-
cnenannx nxma nnro eno, n xoero xopenannnre npn eno-
xunn nnsnann a ne ca no-cnnnn, a onxnoneno mnoro no-
cnnnn, or resn npn pasnoxunn nnsnann. Tona ce ornacx ne
camo o ocnonnn nnunocrnn npomennnnn, nanpnmep excrpa-
nepcnx-nnrponepcnx n nenpornsm-crannnocr, no n o ro-
nxm po pyrn nsmepnmn ueprn.
Koraro ce nsnonsnar ymecrnnre nnunocrnn recrone - nn-
pocnnnn nnn oexrnnnn excnepnmenrannn nponeypn, pesyn-
rarnre nnnarn noxpenxr resara, ue nacnecrnenocrra nrpae
nsxnmunrenno naxna ponx n nopaxanero na pasnnunx n nnu-
nocrra
32
. He e necno a ce ae nn]pona cronocr na snauenn-
ero cornerno na npnpoara n nsnnrannero. Pesynrarnre or
recronere sanncxr oruacrn or ecrnnrennnre nncrpymenrn,
xonro ce nsnonsnar sa ocmecrnxnane na nsmepnanero. Ocnen
rona poxr nsyuanann nnsnann uecro e rnpe manx, sa a
ae rounn pesynrarn. Mnnnmannara cronocr sa npnnoca na
nacnecrnenocrra oaue e oxono 50%, xaro maxcnmymr e n
cnexrpa na 70-re nponenra. Bepoxrno nn]pa xaro 60% me e
na-opara oraxa sa momenra. Tona ce ornacx o ynacne-
xnanero na ocnonnnre nnunocrnn xapaxrepncrnxn (r.e. excr-
panepcnx-nnrponnpcnx, nenpornsm-crannnocr). Ho-npocrn
ueprn xaro connannnocr nnn nmnyncnnnocr anar no-nncxn
cronocrn, no nax n nopxxa na 50-60 nponenra. Cneonaren-
no ne moxe a nma cmnenne, ue nnunocrra nma spano xpo
or npoenn noneenuecxn moenn. Tona xpo (renornnr",
xaxro nxa ro napexnn renernnnre) nsanmoecrna cc cpe-
ara, sa a csae ecrnnrenno nanmananoro noneenne
(]enornna").
Cnpemennnre meron sa ananns, npnnarann xm mnoro
ronemn rpynn or nnsnann (nxxon nannmanar 12 000 noxn),
ca ann orara nn]opmannx, xoxro ne moxe a ce nonyun or
no-npocrnre nsnaxn, xonro xxa onuann onpen nxxonxo
ronnn. Enn or na-naxnnre pesynrarn e cnpsan c nnnxnn-
ero na ]axropnre na cpeara, xonro oruacrn erepmnnnpar
nnunocrra. Te ca pasenenn na ne rpynn: nxamnre ce na
oma cpea (r.e. nxamn ce na ]axra, ue enara or eno n
cmo cemecrno cnoenxr enn n cm om, enn n cmn po-
nrencxn rpnxn n mnoro pyrn xapaxrepncrnxn na cpeara) n
nxamnre ce na cnrnx, cnyunamn ce na enara n eno n
cmo cemecrno, xonro morar a rn xapar a ce pasnnuanar
nnunocrno (r.e. eno ere nma op yunren, pyroro - nom,
nnn enoro ce pasonxna or nxxaxna onecr, a pyroro - ne).
Hpnnxr rnn nnnxnne or cpeara e napnannx mexy rnnone-
re cemena cpea", a nropnxr - napnannx nrpe n cemenara
32
cal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 102-111.
cpea). Cnpemennnre meron sa ananns nn nomarar a one-
nnm nnnxnnero na resn na rnna nnnxnne or cpeara n pesyn-
rarr e rnpe nsymnrenen.
Honeuero reopnn sa nnunocrra ca npnanann ronxma re-
xecr na nnnxnnero na cemecrnoro. Cneonarenno nxme ouax-
nann napnannxra mexy rnnonere cemena cpea" a ca xpn-
rnunnxr ]axrop, oxcnxnam nncxnx na or npnnoca na cpea-
ra sa nnunocrnnre pasnnunx. Bcmnocr ncnuxn mnpoxoma-
mann nscnenannx, npanenn ocera, ca nannno ennoymnn,
ue oxasarencrnara sa pasnnuanamn ce nnnxnnx or cpeara
mexy cemecrnara ca manxo, axo nsomo rn nma. Bcnuxn
nenrn]nnnpann nnnxnnx n resn nscnenannx ca or rnna na-
pnannx nrpe n cemecrnoro"! C pyrn ymn, oxasarencrna-
ra nsrnexar cncem xareropnunn, ue no-oprooxcannnre rn-
none reopnn sa nnunocrra, nxnmunrenno ]poncrxara, ca
norpemnn n ue ]axropnre or cpeara, xonro onpnnacxr sa
pasnnrnero na nnunocrra, ne ca cnpsann cc cemecrnoro, c
rnna nsnnranne, xoro nonyuaname, nnn c nxxaxnn pyrn yc-
nonnx na cpeara, erepmnnnpann or cemecrnoro! Her mno-
ro mnpoxomamann nscnenannx, ocmecrnenn n Cxannna-
nnx, Anrnnx, CAB n Ancrpannx, nsnonsnamn pasnnunn mero-
n, pasnnunn nnsnann, pasnnunn nnpocnnnn n pasnnunn me-
ron na ananns, nonyuanar enn n cmn pesynrarn
33
.
]nsnonornuna ocnona na nnunocrra?
Tesn pesynrarn nonnrar nxxon nnrepecnn nponemn. Pas-
npa ce, nensmoxno e a ce nacnen noneennero. Moxem a
nacnenm camo ]nsnonornunn crpyxrypn, xonro morar a ce
nenrn]nnnpar or ]nsnonora nnn or anaroma. Cmenpemenno
onona, xoero mepnm, xoraro ronopnm sa nnunocr, e noneenn-
ero. Tona nocxasna, ue rpxna a nma nxxaxnn ]nsnuecxn
crpyxrypn n nepnnara nn cncrema, xonro nopaxar nonee-
nne or rnn, xoro nn xapa a narnocrnnnpame uonexa xaro
33
Eaves, L., Eysenck, H. J., & Martin, N. G. (1988). Genes, Culture and
excrpaneprnpan nnn nnrponeprnpan, nenpornuen nnn cran-
nen. Cera nmame nsnecrna npecrana, xaxnn crpyxrypn ca
nxnmuenn. Pasrneare ]nrypa 2, xoxro e mnoro npocra nar-
pama na xopara n rpnaunnx mosx. B ocnonara na rnannnx
mosx ce namnpa r.nap. nncnepanen mosx. To xoopnnnpa
enocrnre na no-npnmnrnnnara uacr na nepnnara nn cncre-
ma, ynpannxnama nspasxnanero na emonnnre upes ne nocnc-
remn: cnmnarnxonara n napacnmnarnxonara nepnna cncrema.
Emonnn xaro crpax n rnxn nnnarn ce cnrcrnar or ]nsnuec-
xn cnmnromn (yuecren nync, ycxopeno nmane, nsnorxnane,
cnnpane na xpanocmnnanero, pasmnpxnane na sennnnre n r.n.),
xonro ce onocpecrnar or cnmnarnxonara cncrema n ce xoop-
nnnpar or nncnepannnx mosx. Cne xaro nonor sa crpaxa
nnn rnena e nsuesnan, napacnmnarnxonara nepnna cncrema or-
nono ycnoxoxna nemara (onexa cpeunara uecrora n n-
manero o nopmannnx nm remn, nscranonxna xpanocmnnane-
ro n no npnnnnn ornycxa oprannsma). Bncnepannnxr mosx n
crpyxrypnre na anronomnara cncrema ca ]nsnuecxara ocnona
sa nnnnnyannnre pasnnunx n nenpornsma n crannnocrra.
Hpn nsanmoecrnnero cc cpeara re csanar ]enornnno-
ro noneenne, xoero nsmepname c namnre nnpocnnnn.
Or pyra crpana, excrpanepcnxra-nnrponepcnxra e rxcno
cnpsana c onuanoro nnno na nsya na xopara. Bcnuxn
nosnaname pasnnunnre nnna na ]nsnonornuna nsya. Han-
pxrame ce n ce nnnyname, cnnno cme nsyenn npen naxen
nsnnr, no cme ornycnarn n cnnnnn xcno neuep npe renenn-
sopa. Mosxr ]ynxnnonnpa na-ope npn ymepenn nnna na
]nsnonornuna nsya.
Hnrponeprnre nmar no-nncoxn onuann nnna na nsy-
a, orxonxoro excrpaneprnre, n sarona re onxnoneno ca no-
opn n yuenero, oycnanxnero n nsnponsnexanero. Kopa-
ra ocnen rona nma ]ynxnnxra a nopxa xonrpona na no-
onnnre nnna na mosxa n sarona noneennero na nnrponep-
rnre e no-norncnaro or rona na excrpaneprnre. Ena nnmcr-
pannx moxe a nsxcnn nemara. Anxoxonr npann xopara no-
excrpaneprnpann, oxaro am]eramnnnre, xonro ca crnmynan-
rn, nmar npornnononoxnnx e]exr - r xaro ynennuanar nn-
noro na xoponara nsya, re npanxr xopara no-nnrponeprn-
pann. Cmoro e n c nnxornna n xo]enna n sarona cryenrnre,
xonro yuar ycnneno sa nsnnr, ca cxnonnn a nymar n a nnxr
xa]era, sa a ce nopxar ynn n a yuar no-ope. Cneo-
narenno, anaxn na xopara enpecanrn nnn crnmynanrn, mo-
xem a npomenxme ]nsnuecxara ocnona na rxxnara nnunocr,
a raxa n noneennero nm. E]exrr or raxnna menxamenrn n
pora moxe a ce recrnpa upes ]nsnonornuecxn recrone, xon-
ro mnoro npexrno mepxr enocrra na xopara. Hponexann
ca mnoro raxnna nscnenannx (sanncnane c EEI na mosunnre
nnnn, xonro nec morar a ce mepxr c ronxma rounocr,
sanncnane na cpeunara uecrora, nmanero, enexrponpono-
nmocrra na xoxara, npomennre n pasmepa na sennnnre n r.n.)
n no npnnnnn re noxpenxr reopnxra, ue excrpanepcnxra-nn-
rponepcnxra e cnpsana c nnnoro na ]nsnonornuna nsya.
Taxnna nscnenannx npecrannxnar nemo noneue or axa-
emnuen nnrepec. Te nmar naxnn npaxrnuecxn npnnoxennx
n ocnen rona xnpnxr cnernnna npxy noneenne, unero pas-
npane uecro cmxrame rpyno, nanpnmep nenposara, nana-
nnsma n npecrnnoro noneenne. Kaxro nnxxme, excrpanep-
rnre nmar nncxo pannnme na nsya, oxaro nnrponeprnre -
nncoxo. B ecrnnrennocr noneuero xopa rpcxr cpenn nnna
na nsya. Tnpe cnnnara nnn rnpe cnaara nsya e
nenpnxrna n xopara ce onnrnar a rn nsxrnar. Tona nocxas-
na, ue excrpaneprnre xaro nxno me ca rpcaun na ycemannx",
r.e. re me ncxar a ynennuanar nsyara cn, xaro ce nnycxar
n noneennx, xonro nm ocnrypxnar xonraxr cc cnnnn cnernn-
nn, mymna mysnxa, cexcyanna nsya n r.n. Taxona rpcemo
cnnnn ycemannx noneenne oxcnxna n connannnocrra na ex-
crpanepra: cnpsnanero c pyrn xopa ynennuana neronoro nn-
no na ]nsnonornuna nsya. Oparnoro, nnrponeprnre ns-
xrnar xonraxra c rnpe mnoro xopa, samoro ro ynennuana
nnnoro nm na ]nsnonornuna nsya o nenpnxrno nncoxn
crenenn.
Hnn a pasrneame pyro nocnecrnne or nnnnnyanno-
ro nnno na ]nsnonornuna nsya. 3a nenpornunnre cnmnro-
mn n pascrpocrna nec ce cmxra, ue ca npnonrn upes npo-
nec na oycnanxne, r.e. upes cnpsnane na onesnen crnmyn c
neyrpanen crnmyn, xoro - no cnnara na ocroxrencrnara - ce
cnpsna c onesnennx crnmyn. Hanpnmep ena xena nonyun-
na sa nxn xnnor ]onx or xorxn, samoro cancrnunnxr a-
ma yannn nmnmara xorxa npe ounre , xoraro nna ere.
Hexorara na oycnanxnero oaue o ronxma crenen ce onpee-
nx or nnnoro na nsya na xopara. Tona osnauana, ue cne
xaro nmar no-nncoxo nnno na nsya, nnrponeprnre ce oyc-
nanxr mnoro no-necno n sarona ca no-noarnnnn na nenpornu-
nn pascrpocrna. Tasn npsxa mexy nenposara n oycnanx-
nero e emoncrpnpana yenrenno n mnoro nscnenannx, xax-
ro nnxxme n cema rnana.
T xaro nnunocrra nma mnoro cnnna nonornuna ocno-
na, or rona cnena, ue xopara no npnnnnn ca mnoro no-pasnnu-
nn enn or pyr, orxonxoro nsrnexa na npn norne. Cxnon-
nn cme a nxpname, ue noneuero xopa ca xaro nac, moxe n
pasnnuanaxn ce nexo sapan cnrnx n mnnanoro nm. Ocnen
rona nxpname, ue re necno nxa mornn a npnemar namnx na-
unn na mncnene n a npomenxr noneennero cn, sa a sanpn-
nnuar noneue na nac. Tona yexenne oaue e cncem nor-
pemno, xaxro me nnnm n 24-ra rnana. nrara ncropnx na
nponana nn n npensnnrannero na npecrnnnnnre n neycne-
xr nn a naxapame nanannre a ce pxar xaro onxnonenn
uonemxn cmecrna ca yenrenno oxasarencrno sa ]axra, ue
xopara noxo ce pasnnuanar enn or pyr. Hmaxn npenn
rosn ]axr, rpcenero na Vronnx n xpana cmerxa e rnynano
ynpaxnenne. Tona, xoero e pa sa enn, moxe a e a sa pyr,
n na-oporo, na xoero moxem a ce naxname, e nxxaxna
]opma na xomnpomnc, xoro ne onxa nnn napanxna rnpe
mnoro xopa.
Tona moxe a e mnoro ananno n nenpnemnnno saxnmue-
nne sa nerpnennnnre neanncrn, xonro rpcxr pax na semx-
ra, no sa cxanenne nnn moxe n sa macrne e rouno nsxnne-
nne sa ]axrnre no cnyuax. Hamnre pasnnunx npanxr cnmecr-
nnx xnnor nsxnmunrenno rpyen, nesanncnmo ann crana y-
ma sa cemecrnoro, pxanara nnn mexynaponara omnocr.
Pasnpanero, ue xopara ca nenonpannmo pasnnunn enn or
pyr, e nauanoro na mpocrra sa ncexn nauenam ncnxonor.
14
qax1ops1 mac1ne
Bacrnero e ena or ocnonnnre nenn n xnnora. Mnoro xo-
pa oruaxno ro rpcxr, a orryx n orpomnara (n nponxanama
a pacre) apmnx na onesn, unro nsnec e nnn a namanxnar
macrnero, nnn a ro nonomarar. Connannn paornnnn, ncn-
xnarpn, ncnxorepanenrn, paunn xoncynranrn n xnnnnunn ncn-
xonosn ca cxnonnn a ce crnacxr sa norpenocrnre na ne-
macrnnre n crornnn nonynxpnn xnnrn nn xasnar, ue macrne-
ro moxe a ce nocrnrne upes nera, ]nsnuecxn ynpaxnennx,
penaxcannx, ceeyrnpxanane, yonnernopxnamn nsanmoor-
nomennx, monnrnn, opn ena...
ann oaue npecnenanero na macrnero e nsnxno opa
nen? B enn nnrepecen pasxas na Mapx Tnen, osarnanen The
Mysterious Stranger (3araunnxr nenosnar"), anren npenara
a nanpann enn crapen macrnnn. Tona snyun mnoro npnnnexa-
renno na crapena n anrenr cnasna oemannero cn... xaro ro
npann ny. Crapenr npexapna ocrarxa or nnre cn n ncnxn-
arpnuno saneenne, xero ronopn c nopaxaemn crapn npnx-
renn, xapun necmecrnynamn napn n npann necmecrnynamn
apone. Hsrnexa, ue e nsmoxno enn macrnnn xnnor a e
enonpemenno npasen n escmncnen no cmecrno. Tona ne e
onpeenenne, xoero mnosnna or nac nxa ncxann a npnemar.
,Bacrne" e ena or onesn ymn, unero snauenne ncnuxn
cmxrame, ue snaem, no nnpexn rona e rpyno a ro e]nnnpa-
me. To ouennno osnauana nxxonxo pasnnunn nema. Axo nxxo
xaxe: Mnnanara ronna eme mnoro macrnnna sa men", ne
nsnonsna ymara macrnnna" n aconmrno cmnx cmncn, n
xoro nxxo, xoro xasna: Houyncrnax ce nancrnna macrnnn
na naprnro cnomn". B npnnx cnyua macrne" ce nsnonsna
sa nrorpano yonnernopenne nnn saononcrno, oxaro nn
nropnx ce ornacx o emonnonanna npnnonnrnarocr, xparxo
uyncrno na ey]opnx. 3a nennre na rasn rnana me npnemem, ue
n nere e]nnnnnn nmar nsnecrnn ocroncrna. Bacrnero
moxe a ce pasrnexa xaro xomnnannx or yonnernopenne
or xnnora n cnnno nonoxnrenno, no xparxo emonnonanno npe-
xnnxnane.
Ccranxnre na macrnnnnx xnnor
Orronopr na spannx pasym na nnpoca: Kon ca ccran-
xnre na macrnnnnx xnnor? e, ue macrnero nponsrnua rora-
na, xoraro nn ce cnyuna nopenna or npnxrnn nema. Cneo-
narenno, axo nmame ocraruno napn, opn npnxrenn, o-
p cemeen xnnor, opo spane n nnrepecna n ope nnarena
paora, nepoxrno me cme no-macrnnnn or nxxo, xoro e
een, espaoren, es npnxrenn, es cemecrno n r.n. Ame-
pnxancxnxr axaemnx xonaran ]pnman naxonnuno oxa-
pnxarypxna rona cranonnme sa macrnero: Ha-macrnnnnxr
uonex na Cenepnoamepnxancxnx xonrnnenr e 40-ronmna
ynnrapncrxa npecrannrenxa na yxonencrnoro. Tx xnnee n
Kanaa n paorn na nnno paorno npeme. Omxena e sa
npn nr, onua cnpyra cn n ro x onua, non axrnnen,
saononxnam x cexcyanen xnnor. Hma axananpcxa crenen
(ne e sanpmnna marncrparypa), neuenn 25 000 onapa na ro-
nna. Tx n cnpyrr ca n opo spane. He e ocoeno penn-
rnosna, ne nxpna n excrpacensopnoro nsnpnxrne, nmana e
npxonn npexnnxnannx, or npeme na npeme ce e uyncrnana n
xapmonnx c Bcenenara, ynepena e n cee cn n n pxononnre
cn nennocrn, nxpna, ue xnnorr nma cmncn n nocoxa n ue
rx xonrponnpa opnre n nomnre nema, xonro ce cnyunar.
He e eena".
Hma enemenr na ncrnna n nexra, ue namero nnno na mac-
rne sanncn or xonnuecrnoro npnxrnn nema, xonro nn ce cnyu-
nar, n or nosnnnxra nn n omecrnoro. He e nsnenanamo, ue
nxxon ]axropn ca no-snaunmn or pyrn npn onpeenxne nn-
noro na macrnero cn. B nxxonxo mnpoxomamann nscnena-
nnx ce ycranonxna, ue nspacrra, eranr or xnsnennx nnxn,
connonxonomnuecxnxr craryc, npo]ecnonannnxr craryc n ce-
mennre oxon nnnxxr npxy macrnero, no nonr, pacara,
opasonannero n pennrnxra nourn ne oxasnar nnnxnne.
Maxap a e ycranoneno, ue pasnnunnre rpynn n omecrno-
ro ce pasnnuanar no nnnoro cn na macrne, na-nneuarnxna-
moro e, ue e]exrnre na connonxonomnuecxnx craryc n ncnu-
xn pyrn ]axropn, cnomenarn no-rope, ncmnocr ca rnpe
cxpomnn. Hma mnoro no-ronemn pasnnunx empe nn ncxxa
rpyna, orxonxoro +erov rpynnre. Cneonarenno xopa, xonro
ca mnan, orarn n c nncox connonxonomnuecxn craryc, ne ca
sanxnrenno macrnnnn, nnro nx crapnre n ennre cranar
sanxnrenno nemacrnn. C pyrn ymn, rpxna a norpcnm
pyrae npnunnnre sa macrnero.
,Xeonnunnxr mexannsm"
3amo opnre nema" n xnnora, nsrnexa, nmar no-ma-
nx e]exr npxy nrocpounoro macrne, orxonxoro ce cmx-
ra? Orronopr cxxam e, ue npnxrnnre npexnnxnannx ynenn-
uanar nnnoro nn na macrne nce no-manxo ncexn nr, xoraro
ce cnyunar. Hpncrpacrennxr xm moxonaa, xoro ornna a
paorn n moxonaona ]apnxa n moxe a xe ronxona moxo-
na, xonxoro ncxa, e n pax na semxra... n nauanoro. Cne rona
moxonar - a opn n mncnra sa moxona - npecrana a e
npnxrna. Bo ce ornacx o cnnara na no-npnxrnnre cnrnx
na xnnora a nn npanxr macrnnnn, nsrnexa, cmecrnyna n
ecrna nenpexnonen saxon sa namanxnamara ornnara.
Bacrnero sanncn - oruacrn - or onona, xoero nn ce e cnyu-
nano n mnnanoro. Cnoconocrra na mnnannre cnrnx a on-
nerxnar nacroxmnre npexnnxnannx e noueprana or amepn-
xancxnx ncnxonor Xapn Xencn. To rnpn, ue ncnuxn nne
nmame nnno na aanrannx" - rouxa na neyrpannocr, cor-
nercrnama na onona, xoero ouaxname a ce cnyun, xaro ouax-
nannxra ce ocnonanar na mnnannre nn npexnnxnannx. Axo cra-
namoro e cmoro xaro ouaxnannxra nn nnn na nnnoro na aan-
rannx, ne ce uyncrname nnro macrnnnn, nnro nemacrnn. Axo
cranamoro e no-opo nnn no-nomo or ouaxnanoro, ce uyncr-
name macrnnnn nnn nemacrnn.
Axo Xapn Xencn e npan n xnnoresara cn, ue ncexn, xoro
ce crpemn xm macrne, e n ocra sarpyneno nonoxenne. Ho-
penna or npnxrnn npexnnxnannx me csae macrne, no n
me nonnmn ouaxnannxra nn o no-nncoxo pannnme. Bcnecr-
nne na rona crana nce no-rpyno nonnre npexnnxnannx a ca
no-opn, orxonxoro ce ouaxna. H raxa, n nacroxmoro mac-
rne ce xpnxr cemenara na emoro nemacrne. Tona enpecn-
pamo cranonnme sa macrnero e nno napeueno xeonnunnx
mexannsm" - npn rasn nenra, sannxnana upes xoene, ne
moxere a ocmecrnnre ncrnncxn nporpec - es snauenne xonxo
pso rnuare. T xaro e nsxnmunrenno nenepoxrno xn-
norr nenpexcnaro a ce oxasna no-op or ouaxnanoro,
rpcaur na macrne e xnanar n raxana xeonnuna xaropra*.
Enn or na-uecro cpemannre naunnn, no xonro ynennua-
nanero na ouaxnannxra nnn nnnoro na aanrannx namanxna
macrnero, moxe a ce nnn n xnnora na mnnnonnre xopa, xo-
nro c nspacrra cranar nce no-ope ]nnancono. Honeuero or
rxx ncmnocr ne ce uyncrnar no-ope n rxxnoro ynennuana-
mo ce orarcrno onxnoneno ne rn npann no-macrnnnn. Te
ouaxnar nce no-oxonen xnnor n ecxannpamnre ouaxnannx cna-
rar rana npxy macrnero nm.
Hesanncnmo or npornosnre na reopnxra sa nnnoro na aan-
rannx, mnosnna rnpo nxpnar, ue noneuero napn me rn nan-
panxr mnoro no-macrnnnn. Koraro amepnxancxnxr renennsn-
onen ncnxonor xoc Fpapc nnra spnrennre ann axo cra-
nar 25% no-ope ]nnancono, rona me rn nanpann no-macr-
nnnn, nourn ncnuxn orronapxr nonoxnrenno. Kaxnn ca ]ax-
rnre? Ho cmecrno oxasarencrnara noxpenxr reopnxra sa
nnnoro na aanrannxra. Eno ronxmo nscnenane, xoero nsy-
uana noenrennre na Barcxara norapnx na Hnnnoc, mnoro
or xonro ca cneuennnn no 1 mnnnon onapa, ycranonxna, ue
resn xcmernnn" ne ce uyncrnar no-macrnnnn cne ronxmara
Or anrn. treadmill - esxpana nenra, sannxnana upes xoene, xa-
ropra. - Fen. npen.
neuana, orxonxoro npen nex. Oxasna ce, ue re ne ouaxnar a
ce uyncrnar no-macrnnnn n ne ronnn cne rona. Cpannenne-
ro mexy resn noenrenn na norapnx n pyrn xopa, xonro
nsnennennna nonyuanar ronxmo nacnecrno nnn ronxm xc-
mer, cmo ne orxpnna nxxaxn nonoxnrenen e]exr na orar-
crnoro npxy nnunoro macrne
34
. Tona ca nsnenanamn pesyn-
rarn. B xpana cmerxa amepnxancxoro omecrno uecro ce pas-
rnexa xaro na-marepnanncrnunoro na semxra.
Teopnxra sa nnnoro na aanrannx npann ome no-nsnena-
namara npornosa, ue xopara, xonro crpaar or rexxa ]nsn-
uecxa nnnannnocr, nocrenenno me namanxr ouaxnannxra cn
n raxa me cranar ronxona macrnnnn, xonxoro n ncexn pyr. C
pyrn ymn, re me ce npncnocoxr xm nenaronpnxrnnre o-
croxrencrna, n xonro ca ce oxasann. Kaxro rnacn ena ocra
escpeuna apacxa noronopxa: Xnpnn uonexa n mopero n
ro me crane pna".
unnnn Fpnxman, amepnxancxn ncnxonor n Hopryecrpn
Rnnnpcnrn, Enancrn, Hnnnoc, nponepxna resn nen c
xeprnn na nrnorpancnoprnn nponsmecrnnx, xonro ca nnn
nannno napannsnpann (or npara naony), nnn c napannsnpa-
nn onnn xpannnn. Hesanncnmo or orpomnnre orpannuennx,
xonro napannsara e nanoxnna na xnnora nm, resn xopa npo-
nxanar a nsnnnuar cmo ronxona yononcrnne xaro spa-
nnre or onxnonenn enocrn - xaro ronopenero c npnxrenn
nnn rneanero na renennsnx. Ha-saenexnrennoro e, ue o
ne ronnn re ouaxnar a ca ronxona macrnnnn, xonxoro n
pyrnre. T xaro xaracrpo]nre nm ca ornocnrenno neoran-
namnn, rxxnoro nacroxmo pannnme na macrne e onxxe no-
nncxo or rona na pyrnre xopa, no nxma oxasarencrna sa ne-
macrne nnn oruaxnne.
Pnuap Bynn n Cmsan exp or Hnrcpr n Vnnnepcn-
rera n Hoprnan onenxnar nnnara na macrne n nannno n
uacrnuno napannsnpann nnna, xonro ca n rona ccroxnne or
npnnnsnrenno 20 ronnn, n ycranonxnar, ue rxxnoro yon-
nernopenne or xnnora e nesnaunrenno no-cnao, orxonxoro
34
Eysenck, M. W. (in press). Happiness: Facts and Myths. London: Erlbaum.
na nonynannxra xaro nxno. Onesn, xonro nmar npenmcrnoro
na cnnna connanna noxpena or ponnnn n npnxrenn, ca cmo
ronxona macrnnnn, xonxoro n pyrnre xopa. Karo uacr or npo-
neca na npomxna na ouaxnannxra n aanrannxra mnosnna or
rxx xasnar, ue nnnannnocrra nm nma n nonoxnrenna crpana.
Tx rn e naxapana a ca no-rpnennnn n ronepanrnn n n no-
ronxma crenen a ocsnanar, ue mosxr e no-naxen or myc-
xynnre.
Eno or na-saenexnrennnre nornpxennx na reopnx-
ra sa nnnoro na aanrannxra nna or Enn en or xnnora na
Hnan ennconnu" r pycxnx pomanncr Anexcanp Conxe-
nnnnn. Knnrara e noprper na xnnora n cnnpcxn rpyon na-
rep - rema, no xoxro Conxennnnn e ope norornen a nn-
me, cne xaro e npexapan ocem ronnn n penna cnnpcxn rpy-
onn narepn. Hesanncnmo or yxacnre na ncexnnennnx xnnor
repoxr na xnnrara Hnan ennconnu Byxon ne e n oxaxnoro
ccroxnne, xoero uonex cn npecranx. Hpecrana sa npnunnn-
re sa rona ce o]opmx, xoraro ro pasrnexa enx or xnnora
cn, xoro e onncan n nauanoro na xnnrara: Byxon cn nerna
a cnn nannno ononen. Onsn en xcmerr ro eme nanec-
rnn nenenx: ne ro xxa rnxnann n xapnepa, ne xxa nsnpa-
rnnn rpynara n nocennmero, eme ce oxonan o xyna c xama
na neuepx, noaur na pnraara eme cmernan nopmnre o-
pe, eme nocrponn crena n rona my e ocrannno yononcr-
nne, eme cxpnn ope onona napue noxonxa, cneuenn nemo
or Hesap neuepra, xynn cn onsn rmrmn. H ne ce eme paso-
nxn. Feme ro npexnnxn... en es nnro enn rmen onax.
Hourn macrnnn en."
Byxon e npncnoconn ouaxnannxra cn naony, sa a cor-
nercrnar na necronre na narepa, n cneonarenno ne e nemac-
ren. Hpncnocoxnanero my e ronxona cnnno, ue opn nema
xaro xynynanero na rmrmn n rona, ue ne ce e pasonxn, ca
ocrarunn, sa a npenpnar enx n op.
Kaxno moxem a nanpannm sa xeonnunnx mexannsm?
Hapaoxcanno, enn or naunnnre a ynennunm emoro mac-
rne me e a ce namann nnnoro na aanrannx n nacroxmero,
xaro ce nsxrnar npnxrnn enocrn. B cneronnnre pennrnn
nma mnoxecrno npnmepn sa rosn noxo - re pasrnexar npe-
mennoro nspxanne or yononcrnnx xaro nenen onnr. Ho-
mncnere sa xpncrnxncxara rpannnx na nocrnre, npes xonro
40 nn mexy npnnx en na Bennxnre nocrn n naneuepnero
na Bennxen ca nocnerenn na nocr n noxaxnne. pyr npnmep e
Pamaan - enernxr mecen n mmcmnmancxnx nynen xanenap,
npes xoro nxpnamnre mmcmnmann nocrxr or nsrpen o sanes.
Knmuon excnepnmenr: xo e macrnnn?
ocera pasrnexaxme macrnero or rnena rouxa na npn-
xrnnre n nenpnxrnnre cnrnx n rxxnoro nnnxnne npxy ouax-
nannxra. 3a cxanenne reopnxra sa nnnoro na aanrannx ne
xasna nnmo sa nnunocrra na uonexa, xoro npexnnxna npnxr-
nnre nnn nenpnxrnnre cnrnx, xaxro nocounar Hon Kocra n
Popr Maxpe or Hannonannnx nncrnryr no ocrapxnanero n
Fonrnmop, Mepnnen. Cnerr, xaxro n xasan Ocxap Van,
ce ccron or na rnna xopa: onrnmncrn n necnmncrn. 3a np-
nnre uamara e nnnarn nanononnna nnna, a sa nropnre - nn-
narn nanononnna npasna, n rona rpxna a oxasna nnnxnne
npxy omnre nnna na macrne. Kaxro orenxsna nenx ame-
pnxancxnxr ncnxonor E nnp: uonex ce nacnaxana na
yononcrnnxra, samoro e macrnnn, a ne oparnoro".
Kocra n Maxpe pemanar a ce ccpeorouar npxy cy-
exrnnnoro npexnnxnane na uonexa, a ne npxy nnmnnre c-
nrnx. Ha ncnxonornuecxn xapron npnxrnn emonnn xaro ns-
ya, yononcrnne, enrycnasm n ouaxnane ca nsnecrnn xaro
,nonoxnrenen a]exr". Orpnnarennnxr a]exr" e rounara npo-
rnnononoxnocr - nenpnxrnn emonnn xaro crpax, npaxenocr,
pennocr, ]pycrpannx n r.n. Kocra n Maxpe reopernsnpar, ue
macrnnnnre xopa ca resn, xonro npexnnxnar ronemn osn no-
noxnrenen a]exr n mnoro manxo orpnnarenen a]exr. Moxe
nn a e ronxona npocro xaro n necenra? Bacrnero npocro
nnpoc na axnenrnpane na nonoxnrennoro n ennmnnnpane
na orpnnarennoro nn e?
3a a nponepxr reopnxra cn, Kocra n Maxpe nsmepnar
xonnuecrnoro nonoxnrenen n orpnnarenen a]exr, xoro ce
npexnnxna or ronxm po xopa, n cmenpemenno rn onenxnar
sa nnrponepcnx-excrpanepcnx n nenpornsm-crannnocr - oc-
nonnnre necnpsann nnunocrnn nsmepennx, xonro ca nsnr-
narn npen mnoro ronnn or no-nspacrnnx anrop na rasn xnn-
ra. Pesynrarnre ca mnoro nneuarnxnamn. Excrpaneprnre cno-
enxr mnoro noneue nonoxnrenen a]exr, orxonxoro nnrpo-
neprnre, no ne ce pasnnuanar cmecrneno or rnena rouxa na
orpnnarennnx a]exr. Oparnoro, nenpornunnre nnna cnoe-
nxr snaunrenno noneue orpnnarenen a]exr, orxonxoro cra-
nnnnre nnnnnn, no nere rpynn cn npnnnuar no camoorue-
rennx nonoxnrenen a]exr
35
. C pyrn ymn, nsmepennero nnr-
ponepcnx-excrpanepcnx orpasxna nnnnnyannnre pasnnunx
n cxnonnocrra a ce npexnnxna nonoxnrenen a]exr, oxaro
nmencnxra nenpornsm-crannnocr orpasxna nnnnnyannnre
pasnnunx n renennnxra a ce npexnnxna orpnnarenen
a]exr.
T xaro excrpaneprnre ca xopa, xonro ca connannnn n
nmnyncnnnn, Kocra n Maxpe ca nmonnrnn a orxpnxr xo
or resn xomnonenrn na excrpanepcnxra e no-orronopen sa nn-
coxoro pannnme na nonoxnrennnx a]exr, npexnnxnan or ex-
crpaneprnre. Te orxpnnar, ue connannnocrra, nacnaara or
xomnannxra na pyrnre, e xomnonenrr, xoro nma ocnonen
npnnoc sa nonoxnrennnx a]exr. Tona ncmnocr ne e mnoro
nsnenanamo, samoro mnosnncrnoro or na-npnxrnnre nn npe-
xnnxnannx nxnmunar pyrn xopa.
Cneonarenno macrnnnnre xopa ca resn, xonro xomnnn-
par mnoxecrno npexnnxnannx na nonoxnrenen a]exr c mn-
nnmanno npexnnxnane na orpnnarenen a]exr, a na rosn mo-
en orronapx crannnnxr excrpanepr. Crannnnre excrpaneprn
nancrnna ca xcmernnn, samoro excrpanepcnxra nm nosnonxna
a npexnnxnar ronemn osn nonoxnrenen a]exr, a crann-
nocrra nnn nnncara na nenpornsm rn npenasna or nscrpa-
nanero na rnpe mnoro orpnnarenen a]exr. Ha-nemacrnn-
re xopa ca nenpornunnre nnrponeprn. Or ena crpana, rxxna-
ra nnrponepcnx oysana nacnaxananero na xnnora n npe-
xnnxnanero na nonoxnrenen a]exr, a or pyra, nenpornsmr
35
Costa, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extroversion and
neurotocism on subjective well-being: happy and unhappy people. Jour-
nal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 668-678.
nm rn npann mnoro yxsnnmn na rpenoxnocrra n na orpnna-
rennnx a]exr.
Cera ocrana a pasrneame crannnnre nnrponeprn n nen-
pornunnre excrpaneprn. Maxap ue n nere rpynn ca mexnn-
nn no nnnoro cn na macrne, ce pasnnuanar pamarnuno no
ncexnnennnre cn emonnonannn npexnnxnannx. Crannnnre
nnrponeprn ca mnoro ]nermarnunn nnna, xonro nsxrnar ncx-
xaxnn emonnonannn xpanocrn n pxxo ca enpecnpann nnn
rnpe ey]opnunn. Txxnara nnrponepcnx nm npeun a npe-
xnnxnar rnpe mnoro nonoxnrenen a]exr, a crannnocrra
nm rn cnacxna or npexnnxnanero na rnpe mnoro orpnnare-
nen a]exr. Oparnoro, nenpornunnre excrpaneprn ce nosxr
nenpexcnaro na emonnonanno nnaxue na yxacnre, npexnnx-
naxn nncoxn pannnma xaxro na nonoxnrenen, raxa n na or-
pnnarenen a]exr.
Kocra n Maxpe nponexar onnnnrenno nscnenane,
xoero ocnrypxna ome no-nneuarnxnama noxpena sa nexra,
ue nnunocrra e na-naxnnxr erepmnnanr na macrnero. Te ce
nnrar ann nnunocrnn nncrpymenrn, nonnnenn n enn mo-
menr or npemero, morar a npornosnpar macrnero ecer ro-
nnn no-xcno. Hannno npenepernaxn ncnuxn npnxrnn nnn
nenpnxrnn cnrnx, xonro ca ce cnyunnn npes resn ecer ro-
nnn, re orxpnnar, ue onesn, xonro ca nnn onenenn xaro cra-
nnnn excrpaneprn, ca mnoro no-macrnnnn ecernnerne cne
onenxara, orxonxoro resn, xonro ca nnn onenenn xaro nen-
pornunn nnrponeprn. Cneonarenno, axo nmare xcmera a
cre crannen excrpanepr, emero nsrnexa opo!
Hnrpnrynamnre pesynrarn na Kocra n Maxpe orxnpnxr
nonynxpnoro yexenne, ue cnerr e pasenen na emonnonan-
nn xopa, xonro uecro npexnnxnar emonnonannn npxone n na-
ennx, n neemonnonannn xopa, xonro ce nocxr no rnaxo n
ocra cxyuno nnaro. Henpornunnre excrpaneprn necmneno
ca cxnonnn a ca rnpe emonnonannn, a crannnnre nnrpo-
neprn - neemonnonannn, no crannnnre excrpaneprn n nenpo-
rnunnre nnrponeprn ne morar a ce pasrnexar npocro xaro
emonnonannn nnn neemonnonannn. Crannnnre excrpaneprn
npexnnxnar ey]opnnre na xnnora, no ne n norncxamnre mo-
menrn, a nenpornunnre nnrponeprn npanxr oparnoro. Cne-
onarenno - npornnno na nonynxpnoro cranonnme - e ns-
moxno xopara a ca mnoro emonnonannn n nxxon ornomennx
n neemonnonannn - n pyrn.
Hnrennrenrnocrra non nn o macrne?
Hnrennrenrnocrra ce nenn nncoxo n sananoro omecr-
no, samoro rx uecro ocnrypxna xnmua xm ycnexa n paorara,
marepnannnx npocnepnrer n nncoxnx connonxonomnuecxn cra-
ryc. Cneonarenno na nonpxnocrra uonex moxe a cn nomnc-
nn, ue xopara c nncoxa nnrennrenrnocr (cpeno) me ca no-
macrnnnn n cpannenne c resn c orpannuena nnrennrenrnocr.
Hesanncnmo or npenmcrnara, cnpsnann c nnrennrenrnocrra
oaue, mnosnncrnoro or oxasarencrnara couar, ue nnre-
nnrenrnocrra n macrnero ne ca cnpsann.
Bepoxrno ne ca npnunnnre sa rona. Enara e, ue xopara,
xonro ca nncoxonnrennrenrnn, onxnoneno nmar mnoro no-
ronemn crpemexn n ouaxnannx n cpannenne c resn, xonro ne
ca. T xaro macrnero sanncn or rona peannocrra a nann-
mana ouaxnannxra, nncoxnre ouaxnannx nepoxrno me ce oxas-
nar nsrounnx na neyonnernopenne. Ocnen rona cmecrnyna
n crapara npnxasxa: Camo xpannre ca ononnn", nnymana-
xn, ue enncrnennxr naunn a cn nancrnna macrnnn e a ne
ocsnanam nponemnre na cnera. a cn nnrennrenren no on-
peenenne - e a ocsnanam nponemnre na cnera, xoero -
ornono - e no-nepoxrno a noxpanna neononcrno, orxonxoro
macrne.
Bspacr n macrne
Hacnaxananero na xnnora necmneno n cnenano a e
cnpsano c nspacrra n c erana na xnnora, n xoro uonex ce
namnpa. Mnanre xopa n pasnnera na xnnora" onxnoneno
nmar no-manxo orronopnocrn, nmar npeme n nsmoxnocrn a
npomenxr onesn acnexrn na xnnora cn (cexcyanen naprntop,
paora, mecroxnneene), xonro ne orronapxr na rexnnre ouax-
nannx. Oparnoro, xopara n cpenara nspacr n resn n rpera-
ra onxnoneno uyncrnar, ue xnnorr nm e sarnopen n onpee-
nen xononos n ue e manxo nepoxrno emero a nm ocnrypn
nxxaxnn cmecrnenn nonn nsmoxnocrn.
Kaxnn oaue ca ]axrnre? Hesanncnmo or nnnmo no-ro-
nemnre nsmoxnocrn sa macrne, c xonro pasnonarar mnan-
re, nma cncem cxpomnn oxasarencrna n noxpena na crano-
nnmero, ue re ca no-macrnnnn or no-nspacrnnre. 3aononcr-
noro n yonnernopennero onxnoneno ce nonnmanar c nan-
penane na nspacrra. Tona, xoero cxxam napnpa c nspacrra,
e emonnonannara nsmenunnocr. Mnanre xopa npexnnxnar
mnoro noneue nonoxnrenen a]exr n mnoro noneue orpnnare-
nen a]exr n cpannenne c no-nspacrnnre. Tasn no-ronxma ns-
menunnocr ne e cnpsana c no-ronxmo macrne oaue, samoro
macrnero nponsrnua or xomnnannx na cnnen nonoxnrenen
n cna orpnnarenen a]exr.
Fpax n cemenn nnnxnnx
Pxsxoro ynennuenne na pasnonre npes nocnennre ron-
nn orpasxna omoro uyncrno, ue n mnoro ornomennx paxr e
orxnnxna npemero cn nncrnrynnx. C paxa ca cnpsann onpe-
enenn neyocrna, nanpnmep snaunrennnre emonnonannn n
npemenn nsncxnannx, xonro ro nanara, n saryara na cnoo-
a, a rona nnymana, ue ccroxnnero xenen/omxena n rpx-
nano a e penenra sa nemacrne.
B ecrnnrennocr cmecrnynar mnoro xcnn n yenrennn
oxasarencrna, ue paxr e nemo mnoro opo
36
. Cpeno nor-
nenaro, xenennre xopa ca mnoro no-macrnnnn or nexene-
nnre. B eno nscnenane e ycranoneno, ue manconere na xene-
nnx mx a e macrnnn ca oxono ner nrn no-ronemn, orxon-
xoro na ononennx nnn xnneemnx paseneno mx, n rpn nrn
no-ronemn or resn na pasneennx. Pasnnxnre ca manxo no-
manxn npn xennre, no ca n cmara nocoxa - omxennre xenn
npexnnxnar no-nonoxnrenen a]exr, orxonxoro neomxennre,
a ocnen rona npexnnxnar n no-manxn osn orpnnarenen a]exr.
36
Argyle, M. (1987). The Psychology of Happiness. London: Methuen.
3amo e raxa, ne e nannno xcno, no nepoxrno nma omo cc
connannara noxpena, xoxro ocnrypxna paunnxr naprntop.
Honxxora ce rnpn, ue mxere ca no-sarpnxenn or xennre
sa orpannuennxra n saryara na cnooa, nxnmuenn n paxa,
xoero nocxasna, ue paxr n cnenano a e no-narornopen
sa xennre. Bcmnocr, xaxro nnxxme, mxere nsnnnuar no-
ronxma nonsa or nero, orxonxoro xennre.
Ena or ocnonnnre npnunnn, nopan xonro xopara ce xe-
nxr, e, ue paxr canxnnonnpa paxanero na ena. Bcmnocr
moxe a ce rnpn, ue nmenno npnccrnnero na ena n paxa
e rona, xoero npann xenennre xopa no npnnnnn no-macrnnnn,
orxonxoro nexenennre. Bnpexn rona e ycranoneno, ue pax-
anero na ena ncmnocr ua+a.ea paunoro macrne. Tona e
nxpno xaxro sa mxere, raxa n sa xennre n ocnen rona e nxp-
no npaxrnuecxn sa ncxxa paca n pennrnosna rpyna, nscnena-
nn nxxora, no moxe n resn pesynrarn ne nna a ce npnemar
raxa, xaxro nsrnexar. Xenennre noxn es ena onxnone-
no ce pasenxr nnn pasnexar, axo paxr ne e macrnnn, o-
xaro nemacrnnre xenenn noxn c ena uecro pemanar a oc-
ranar saeno n nmero na enara". Tona oaue ne moxe a e
nxnara ncropnx, ]axrr, ue xenennre noxn onxnoneno ca
no-macrnnnn, cne xaro enara ca nsnerenn or cemenoro rnes-
o, e nneuarnxnamo nornpxenne, ue npnccrnnero na ena
nma onpeeneno npeen e]exr npxy paunoro macrne.
3amo, sa Fora, xenennre noxn paxar ena, axo e nepo-
xrno n pesynrar na rona macrnero nm a namanee n npon-
xenne na 20 nnn noneue ronnn? Ha-ouennnnxr orronop e,
ue n xnnora nma nemo noneue or macrne. a cn orronopen sa
rpnxnre n pasnnrnero na enara npnana cmncn na xnnora
n ce pasrnexa xaro saaua, crpynama cn ycnnnxra. Ocnen ro-
na paxanero na ena necmneno npensnnxna nxxon mnoro
noxn emonnonannn cnaone, no moxe a nopon n neo-
nxnonena emonnonanna ey]opnx.
3axnmuennx
Bacrnero oruacrn sanncn or npexnnxnannxra, xonro nma-
me, n or nosnnnxra nn n omecrnoro. Cmenpemenno poxr
npnxrnn npexnnxnannx, xonro nmame, nma camo cxpomno ns-
ecrnne npxy macrnero nn. Tona e raxa, samoro cme cxnonnn
a nmame - n nrocpouen nnan - npnnnsnrenno ronxona npn-
xrnn npexnnxnannx, xonxoro ouaxname, a macrnero sanncn
or rona peannocrra a e no-opa or onona, xoero ouaxname.
Tanara na macrnero ce xpne n nnunocrra. Crannnnre
excrpaneprn npnrexanar ]axropa macrne" - re ca macrnn-
nn, samoro ca cxnonnn a pasrnexar cnera npes posonn oun-
na. Henpornunnre nnrponeprn ne npnrexanar ]axropa mac-
rne - re ca nemacrnn, samoro npnemar no-mpauno cranonnme
sa nemara. Cneonarenno naunnr, no xoro pearnpame na
cnrnxra na xnnora, a ne camnre cnrnx, e rona, xoero e-
repmnnnpa ann xnnorr nn me e pa nnn a.
15
Henemn ce euonnn
Fesxpanoro ouaponanne or emonnnre csana nonsor-
nopna paora na noxonennx pomanncrn n noern. Ena or npn-
unnnre sa rona ouaponanne e nnncara na crnacne sa snaun-
mocrra na resn uyncrna, napeuenn emonnn". a pasrneame
npnmepa na nnrensnnnoro uyncrno nmon. 3a noera Benn rx
e ynnnepcannara xaxa sa nsanmnocr ne camo na pasyma,
no n na nxnara npnpoa", no sa xopx Fpnap Boy rx e
,cnnno npeynennuenne na pasnnxara mexy enn uonex n nce-
xn pyr".
Hxma a ce onnrname a craname apnrpn mexy nama-
ra. Be pasrneame oaue nnrepecnnx nnpoc - rouno xaxno
xapa xopara a nmar emonnonannn npexnnxnannx. C pyrn
ymn, orxe nnar emonnnre?
Knmuon excnepnmenr: nnrepnpernpane na
]nsnonornunara nsya
Knacnuecxoro nscnenane npxy emonnnre e ocmecrneno
npen oxono 30 ronnn or Crennn Baxrp
37
or Konymncxnx
ynnnepcnrer n xepm Cnnrp or Barcxnx ynnnepcnrer na
Hencnnnannx. Te sanounar c nnpoca - xaxnn ccranxn ca xns-
nenonaxnn, sa a npexnnee uonex nxxaxno emonnonanno cc-
37
Schachter, S. & Singer, J. (1962). Cognitive, social and physiological de-
terminants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379-399.
roxnne, n pemanar, ue nma na raxnna enemenra. Enara cc-
ranxa e ccroxnnero na ]nsnonornuecxa nsya, xoero mo-
xe a npensnnxa cpnenene, nsnorxnane, rpenepemn pne
n nnamrxmo, sauepneno nnne. Bropara ccranxa e naunnr,
no xoro uonexr nnrepnpernpa rona ccroxnne na ]nsnono-
rnuna nsya: ro rpxna a oxcnn nsyara n emonnonan-
nn repmnnn, sa a nouyncrna emonnonanno ccroxnne. Axo
oxcnn nsyara n neemonnonannn repmnnn, nxma a npe-
xnnee emonnx.
Pasnpa ce, onxnoneno nsyara ce nnrepnpernpa xaro
emonnonanno npexnnxnane. Mx, xoro ce nsyxa npn
rnexara na npnnnexarenna xena, onxnoneno npnnncna ns-
yara cn na uyncrnoro na cexcyanno npnnnnuane. Cmenpe-
menno cnope Baxrp n Cnnrp e nannno nsmoxno a ce
uyncrname nsyenn nnn pasnnnynann", es nsomo a npe-
xnnxname nxxaxna emonnx. Hscnenannx, npanenn or nexapx
Mapanon npes 20-re ronnn na XX nex, nocxasnar npnunna-
ra sa rona. To nnxexrnpa na 210 or neronnre nannenrn ape-
nannn (ennne]pnn) - nemecrno, unnro e]exrn nanooxnar
nourn cnpmeno ecrecrneno noxnxnamo ce ccroxnne na ns-
ya. Koraro nnra nsyennre cn nannenrn xax ce uyncrnar,
71% or rxx npocro cnoenxr ]nsnuecxnre cn cnmnromn, es
a nm npnanar nnxaxnn emonnonannn orrennn. Ocranannre
29% oaue pearnpar no ouennno emonnonanen naunn. Ha-
ncrnna nnrepecnoro ryx e, ue orpomnoro mnosnncrno nannen-
rn onncnar uyncrnara cn no naunn, xoro Mapanon onpeenx
xaro cryen", nnn xaro ue nn" emonnn.
3amo noneuero nannenrn na Mapanon ne npexnnxnar nn-
xaxna ncrnncxa emonnx - nesanncnmo or nsyenoro nm cc-
roxnne? Moxe a ce npenonoxn, ue rona e raxa, samoro nma
xcna n nenycmncnena npnunna - menxamenrr, xoro nm e
nnxexrnpan. T xaro re cncem nornuno morar a oxcnxr
nncoxoro nnno na ]nsnonornuecxara cn nsya n ne-emonno-
nannn repmnnn, ne nsnnrnar emonnonanno ccroxnne.
Baxrp n Cnnrp rnpxr, ue o ronxma crenen cmoro
ccroxnne na ]nsnonornuna nsya ce aconnnpa c ncxxaxnn
emonnonannn npexnnxnannx: Aconmrno eno n cmo cc-
roxnne na ]nsnonornuna nsya moxe a ce ernxernpa" pa-
ocr" nnn xc", nnn pennocr", nnn a nonyun nxxo or or-
pomnoro pasnoopasne or emonnonannn ernxern n sanncnmocr
or xornnrnnnnre acnexrn na cnryannxra" C pyrn ymn, or-
pomnoro mnoxecrno or emonnn, xonro nsnnrname, ca pesyn-
rar or npomennre n naunna, no xoro nnrepnpernpame ccro-
xnnero cn na ]nsnonornuna nsya.
Axo e nxpno, ue cmecrnyna ronxma rnxanocr n naunna,
no xoro nocranxme emonnonannnre ernxern na ccroxnnxra
na nsya, e nepoxrno a npannm rpemxn, c pyrn ymn, or
npeme na npeme a rn nocranxme nenpannnno. Hanpnmep mno-
ro xenn npexnnxnar ynennuanane na paspasnnrennocrra n
nanpexennero rouno npen meceunnx nm nnxn. Te uecro ar-
pnyrnpar (npnnncnar) rona na nnmnn npnunnn, na ]axra,
ue pyrnre xopa ca nenoxnarnn, a ne na mencrpyannxra cn.
,E]exrr na Pomeo n Xynnera" e pyr npnmep na nor-
pemno arpnyrnpane na emonnnre. Konxoro no-ronxma pon-
rencxa cnpornna cpemar mnanre nnmenn xopa, ronxona no-
cnnna e pomanrnunara nmon, xoxro nsnnrnar. Bsmoxno e
narnacnre na ponrennre a csanar ccroxnne na nenpnxrna
nsya, xoxro cne rona ce ernxernpa nanono xaro poman-
rnuno npnnnnuane. Hnn, xasano no pyr naunn, apenannnr
xapa cpnero a crana no-nexno.
Baxrp n Cnnrp ocmecrnxnar ocra cnoxen excnepn-
menr, sa a npoyuar nxxon or resn nen. Ocnonnara nm npor-
nosa e mnoro npocra n npexrna: sa a ce nsnnra ncrnncxa
emonnx, rpxna a nma ccroxnne na ]nsnonornuecxa nsy-
a - n ro rpxna a ce nnrepnpernpa n emonnonannn repmnnn.
Axo nxxo or resn na enemenra orccrna, nxma a ce npexn-
nee emonnx.
Te pemanar a nponepxr xnnoresara cn, xaro npomenxr
xaxro xonnuecrnoro nsya, xoxro ce nsnnrna, raxa n naun-
na, no xoro rx ce nnrepnpernpa. Ha ncnuxn yuacrnnnn ce
xasna, ue excnepnmenrr nma sa nen a ycranonn xax nnra-
mnnnara ccranxa cynpoxcnn nnnxe npxy spennero. Maxap
a nm ce xasna, ue nm e nna nnxexrnpana rasn nnramnnna
ccranxa, re ncmnocr nonyuanar nnn apenannn (xoro sa-
cnnna ]nsnonornunara nsya), nnn conen pasrnop xaro nna-
neo (xoro nxma e]exr npxy nsyara).
Pasnnunnre rpynn yuacrnnnn nonyuanar pasnnuna nn]op-
mannx sa crpannunnre e]exrn na menxamenra. Tesn, xonro
nonyunnn apenannn, ca nnn npannnno nn]opmnpann sa e]ex-
rnre or menxamenra, nnn ca sanyenn (Kpaxara nn me
nsrpnnar, me nmare cpex no pyrn uacrn na rxnoro n e
nsmoxno a nonyunre nexo rnanoonne"), nnn ca pxann
n neneenne n nm e xasano camo, ue nnxexnnxra e esonna
n nexa n nxma a nma crpannunn e]exrn. Honyunnnre nna-
neo cmo nayuanar, ue menxamenrr nxma a nma crpa-
nnunn e]exrn.
Cne nnxexnnxra ncnuxn yuacrnnnn nayuanar, ue spnren-
nnre recrone me sanounar cne 20 mnnyrn, sa a ce ae npe-
me na cynpoxcnna a nannese n xpnnnx norox. Hpes rona npe-
me ncexn e nocranen n cnryannx, unxro nen e a npensnnxa
nnn ey]opnx, nnn rnxn.
B cnryannxra c ey]opnxra yuacrnnxr n onepeno nnne
na excnepnmenraropa uaxar saeno. onepenoro nnne pacxa
n rerpaxa, xnpnx cmauxann nncrone xaprnx n xomue sa ox-
nyx, npecrpynaxn ce, ue nrpae na acxeron, npann nxxonxo
xnnxnn camoneruera n xaranynr or nacrnx, sa a nscrpenna
xaprnennre ronuera npxy xynunna xapronenn nanxn n cn nr-
pae c opu. Omara nex e, ue yuacrnnxr me pearnpa na
rosn eneprnuen enrycnasm na onepenoro nnne, xaro nsnnra
macrne nnn ey]opnx (orrorana nacam e nocounano, ue raxona
noneenne moxe a cyxa pyrn emonnn, nxnmunrenno nm-
onnrcrno, ornpamenne n xpano paspasnenne!).
B ycnonnero na rnena yuacrnnxr n onepenoro nnne npe-
xapnar 20 mnnyrn n nonnnane na nnpocnnnn, xonro cranar
nce no-nnunn n onnn, sanpmnaxn c nnpoca: C xonxo m-
xe (ocnen ama nn) maxa nn e nmana nsnnpaunn npsxn?
onepenoro nnne crana nce no-paspasneno n nsyeno n n
xpana cmerxa xca nnpocnnxa, xnpnx napuerara na noa n
xasna: Honeue nxma a cn ryx npemero c rona! Bsemam cn
nemara n cn rprnam!"
Konxo emonnn n rpxnano a ca emoncrpnpann pasnnu-
nnre rpynn n resn ycnonnx? Cnope Baxrp n Cnnrp nony-
unnnre apenannn, na xonro nno xasano sa neronnre crpa-
nnunn e]exrn, ne n cnenano a npexnnxnar emonnn: re n-
xa nnrepnpernpann nsyara, xoxro nsnnrnar, xaro npons-
rnuama or menxamenra, a ne or peaxnnxra nm na noneenn-
ero na onepenoro nnne (uyncrnam ce no rosn naunn, samoro
roxy-mo ca mn nnn nnxexnnx c apenannn").
Onesn, xonro nonyuanar esnpeno nnaneo, cmo ne n
cnenano a npexnnexr xo snae xaxna emonnx: re ne ca nn
nsyeno ccroxnne, samoro ne ca nonyunnn axrnnnpam me-
nxamenr. Oparnoro, onesn, xonro nonyuanar apenannn n
ca norpemno nn]opmnpann sa neronnre e]exrn, n cnenano
a ca cnnno nsyenn n e manxo nepoxrno a nnrepnpernpar
nsyara cn xaro nxama ce na menxamenra; re me ca
cxnonnn a npnnncnar nsyenoro cn ccroxnne (rnxn nnn
ey]opnx) na noneennero na onepenoro nnne. Hoona e npor-
nosara n sa nscnenannre nnna, xonro nonyuanar apenannn n
nayuanar, ue nnxexnnxra nxma a nma crpannunn e]exrn; re
n cnenano a ca nsyenn n a oxcnxnar nsyara cn c
emonnonannn repmnnn.
Hpenn ]axra, ue excnepnmenrr na Baxrp n Cnnrp
npecrannxna eno or na-snamennrnre nscnenannx na emonn-
nre, nsnenanamoro n rexnnre pesynrarn e, ue nxxon or rxx
ne cornercrnar nannno na rexnnre npornosn. Ocnonnnxr
nponem e, ue nonyunnnre nnaneoro n cneonarenno - reo-
pernuno - ornocnrenno nensyennre n neemonnonannnre,
ncmnocr npexnnxnar ocra cnnnn emonnn. Cne manxo me
pasrneame onnnnrenen excnepnmenr, nenxm connpanero
na rosn xonxperen nponem. Hma oaue ocra oxasarencrna,
ue ccroxnnx na cnnna nsya ce ernxernpar Ho pasnnuen
naunn n pasnnunn ocroxrencrna. Or xopara, nonyunnn nn-
xexnnn c apenannn, enncrneno onesn, na xonro e xasano
rouno xaxno me uyncrnar n samo, ocranar ornocnrenno nesa-
cernarn or npensnnxnamnre ey]opnx nnn rnxn cnryannn, ne-
poxrno samoro nxpnar, ue menxamenrr, a ne cnryannxra cs-
ana nsyara.
Bsmoxno e nonyunnnre nnaneo, a ne apenannn, n ecr-
nnrennocr a ca nnn nsyenn n pesynrar na cnpnxocnone-
nnero cn c onepenoro nnne n n rosn cnyua, pasnpa ce, onyc-
xanero, ue re ca nnn cpannnrenno nensyenn, ne e nxpno.
Baxrp n Cnnrp rnpxr, ue naunnr a ce nonpeun na xo-
para a ce nsyxr, e a nm ce ae menxamenr, xoro
ncmnocr ua+a.ea nsyara, a ne nnaneo. Menxamenrr,
xoro nsnpar sa rasn nen, e enpecanrr xnopnpomasnn. Ha
ncexn ce xasna, ue me nonyun cynpoxcnn - cnnno xonnenrpn-
pano nponsnono na nnramnn C es crpannunn e]exrn, no nc-
mnocr nm e nnxexrnpan nnn xnopnpomasnn, nnn nnaneo,
nnn nsyxamoro nemecrno apenannn. Cne rona rnear
15-mnnyren orxc or ]nnma na xax Kapcn The Good
Humour Man (uonexr n opo nacrpoenne"), nxnmunam ]ap-
cona cnena na npecnenane.
T xaro or ncexn ce ouaxna a npnnnme ncxxaxnn uyncr-
na na nsya na enn n cm nsrounnx - ]nnma, npornosara e,
ue xonnuecrnoro nsnnrann emonnn me sanncn npenmno or
xonnuecrnoro nsya, npnunnena or aennre menxamen-
rn. Cneonarenno nnnara, na xonro e nnxexrnpan apenannn,
n rpxnano a ca na-cnnno nsyenn n na-pasnecenenn, a
resn, na xonro e nnxexrnpan xnopnpomasnn - na-manxo ns-
yenn n nepasnecenenn.
Peaxnnnre na ]nnma ce onenxnar upes nnpoca xm ns-
cnenannre nnna: Konxo npnxren n saanen eme ]nnmr?"
n upes nanmanane na pox ycmnnxn, cmxx n xnxor no npeme
na orxca or ]nnma. Touno xaxro ce npornosnpa, nnxexrnpa-
nnre c apenannn cmxrar ]nnma sa na-cmemen n emoncrpn-
par na-mnoro npnsnann na pasnecenenocr, a nnxexrnpannre
c xnopnpomasnn ca na-manxo pasnecenenn or orxca. Vuacr-
nnnnre, na xonro e nnxexrnpano nnaneo, ca cxnonnn a pea-
rnpar na ]nnma cc cnoxona pasnecenenocr, oxaro nxxon-
xo or nscnenannre nnna, nnxexrnpann c apenannn, pearn-
par c ypen xnxor. Hnrepecnoro e, ue nxxon or nnxexrnpannre
c apenannn ocsnanar necornercrnnero mexy ecrnn-
rennoro nm noneenne n nneuarnennxra nm or ]nnma. Han-
pnmep enn yuacrnnx xasna: Hpocro ne mora a pasepa sa-
mo ce cmeex no npeme na ]nnma. Onxnoneno nenannxam
xax Kapcn n rosn rnn rnynocrn".
Ome nnpocn
Hpes 30-re ronnn or resn nnoornopnn excnepnmenrn
mnoro e xasano sa" n npornn" rnenara rouxa na Baxrp n
Cnnrp. Hxxon or na-cnnnnre xpnrnxn ca ornpanenn or Ia-
pn Mapman n unnnn 3nmapo
38
or Cren]opcxnx ynnnepcn-
rer, xonro nponexar onnnnrenno nscnenane npes 1979 r.
Te orenxsnar, ue nesanncnmo or ouennnoro snauenne na ns-
cnenanero na Baxrp n Cnnrp n nexcnara npnpoa na nx-
xon or rexnnre pesynrarn, nnxo ne ce e onnrnan a ro nonro-
pn npes nsmnnannre 20 ronnn. B nscnenanero cn Mapman n
3nmapo nsnonsnar camo cnryannxra c ey]opnxra, samoro
Komncnxra no ernxa n Mennnncxoro yunnnme xm Cren]op-
cxnx ynnnepcnrer rnpn, ue e neernuno a ce npensnnxna
rnxn y nnmo nenoosnpamn xopa.
Mapman n 3nmapo ycranonxnar, ue nnxexnnxra c ape-
nannn ne ycnxna a nanpann yuacrnnnnre no-macrnnnn nnn
ey]opnunn, orxonxoro onesn, xonro nonyuanar nnaneo. Te
ca pasouaponann or pesynrarnre n onnrnar c no-ronemn osn
apenannn. Xopara, nnxexrnpann c no-ronemn osn n cne
rona nsnoxenn na ey]opnuno onepeno nnne, ncmnocr cno-
enxr, ue ca no-nemacrnn or pyrnre rpynn, xoero e rounara
npornnononoxnocr na onona, xoero Baxrp n Cnnrp nxa
npornosnpann.
3amo nncoxoro pannnme na nsya, npensnnxano or a-
penannna, ne npann yuacrnnnnre no-noarnnnn na npnxrno
emonnonanno ccroxnne? Bsmoxno e neouaxnanara nsya
onxnoneno a ce pasrnexa xaro nenpnxrna. B xpana cmer-
xa snaunrennnre pannnma na ]nsnonornuna nsya mnoro
no-uecro ce aconnnpar c orpnnarennn emonnonannn npexn-
nxnannx, orxonxoro c nonoxnrennn, xaro ynnnepcannoro ns-
xnmuenne e cexcyannara nsya.
opn xoraro nnxexrnpannre c apenannn yuacrnnnn ce
pxar no nexo ey]opnuen naunn, rona nax npnnnua no-cxo-
38
Marshall, G. D. & Zimbardo, P. G. (1979). Affective consequences of
inadequately explained physiological arousal. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 37, 970-988.
po na npecrpynxa. Kaxro xasna enn yuacrnnx: Bce eno a
cn na naprn, xero ncexn xnno ope ce saannxna, a rn nmam
rnanoonne nnn ce uyncrnam enpecnpan no nxxaxna nensnec-
rna npnunna. He ncxam a pasnannm yononcrnnero na xopa-
ra. Moxe opn a ce cmeem n a ce onnram a ce npncen-
nnm, no ncmnocr ne ce uyncrnam macrnnn".
Baxrp n Cnnrp nsnrar xnnoresara, ue ncnuxn emonn-
onannn ccroxnnx nxnmunar eno n cmo ccroxnne na ]n-
snonornuna nsya. pyrn ncnxonosn oaue ne ca yeenn,
ue nemara nancrnna ca ronxona npocrn. Hanpnmep annen
]nxencren orxpnna nsnecrna noxpena sa nexra, ue rpe-
noxnocrra e cnpsana c nponsnocrnoro na apenannn n rx-
noro, a ocnooxananero na nopapenannn (nopennne]pnn)
ce aconnnpa c rnxn nnn arpecnx. Hsnecrna ocra uyara nox-
pena sa rasn nex nna or orxpnrnero, ue xnmnnnn xaro n-
nonere n rnrpnre nponsnexar noneue nopapenannn, orxon-
xoro nexnmnn nnone xaro enenn n onne. Ho xax rona e cnp-
sano c uonemxnre emonnonannn ccroxnnx?
Henapr Hnna nponepxna nexra na ]nxencren n exc-
nepnmenr, n xoro xopara rnear uernpn ]nnma, nenxmn a
npensnnxnar pasnnunn emonnonannn peaxnnn: Paths of Glory
(Hrnmara na cnanara") (panen ]nnm na Crennn Kypnx sa
ennso or Hpnara cneronna nona, n xoro nxxonxo ]penc-
xn nonnnn ca onnnenn n crpaxnnnocr, cenn ca or noenen
c n ca sacrpenxnn, sa a ce npnxpne necxonocanara paora
na nexomnerenren renepan), Charley's Aunt (Henxra na uap-
nn") (xomenx, n xoxro ocnonnnxr repo nyyna n xencxn pe-
xn, sa a nserne nocnecrnnxra or nxxaxno npenonaraemo
napymanane na cemenoro naronpnnnune), Mask of Satan
(Macxara na Caranara") (]nnm na yxacnre, n xoro nma nx-
xonxo ornparnrennn yncrna) n neyrpanen ]nnm cc cnenn
or npnpoara.
3pnrennre na ]nnmnre npexnnxnar rnxn, oxaro rnear
Paths of Glory, pasnecenenn ca no npeme na Charley's Aunt n
nsnnrnar crpax, oxaro rnear Mask of Satan - pasnnunn emo-
nnonannn peaxnnn nn ncexn cnyua. Vcranoneno e, ue ocno-
oxananero na apenannn ce ynennuana n noona crenen no
npeme na rpnre ]nnma, no ne n no npeme na neyrpannnx ]nnm.
Pasnpa ce, rona e n crnacne c nexra na Baxrp n Cnnrp,
ue ncnuxn emonnonannn npexnnxnannx nmar ena n cma ]n-
snonornuna ocnona. (3a nemacrne na cocrnenara reopnx na
]nxencren ocnooxananero na nopapenannn ne ce yne-
nnuana cmecrneno no npeme na Paths of Glory, no ro npann no
npeme na Mask of Satan.
Baxen naunn sa onenxnane na cronocrra na npnnoca na
Baxrp n Cnnrp xm nsyuananero na emonnnre e a ce oruere
emonnonannnxr xnnor na xopara c napannernx* n c nnna
napannsa, unnro yexennx na rpnaunnx crn ca ronxona
rexxn, ue re nour"n nnn nsomo ne nsnnrnar ]nsnonornuna
nsya. Axo reopnxra na Baxrp n Cnnrp e nxpna, resn
xopa n rpxnano a noxr ornocnrenno neemonnonanen xn-
nor n rona, nsrnexa, nancrnna e nxpno. Maxap ue nonxxora
ce pxar no nnnmo emonnonanen naunn, re ca cxnonnn a
ne ce uyncrnar mnoro emonnonannn: Honxxora ro pasanam
rnenno, xoraro nnx nxxaxna necnpanennnocr. Kpemx, npox-
nnnam n nnram npxna... no npocro nxmam xc xaro nxxora.
Tona e no-cxopo nxxaxn ymcrnen rnn rnxn".
Bsyara xapa
cpnero a crana no-nexno
Hsrnexa, pomanrnunara nmon e crpanna rema sa nsy-
uanane mexy uernpnre crenn na ncnxonornuecxara naopa-
ropnx. Cmenpemenno nxxon cmenn nscneonarenn ca nanpa-
nnnn rouno rona. Onuanara nex e, ue pomanrnunara nm-
on nnn none cexcyannoro npnnnnuane moxe a ce npens-
nnxna n naoparopnxra, crnra yuacrnnnnre n excnepnmenra
a ca nsyenn n cnryannxra a nm nosnonxna a nnrepnpe-
rnpar ccroxnnero cn cc cexcyannn repmnnn.
Crmapr Bannnc ornna xpauxa no-nanpe c rasn aprymen-
rannx. To ce nnra ann nancrnna e neoxonmo xopara a ca
]nsnonornuecxn nsyenn; moxe n axo re norpemno cmx-
Hnna napannsa na onnara uacr na rxnoro, onxnoneno nsnnxna-
ma or ynpexane na rpnaunnx crn. - Fen. npen.
rar, ue ca nsyenn, rona me e ocraruno a npexnnexr npn-
xrnn uyncrna cc cexcyanna npnpoa.
Bannnc xapa mnan mxe a rnear nanosnrnnn na no-
nyronn xenn, nsern or crpannnnre na cnncanne Playboy. o-
xaro re nsnnnxnar rasn munrenna" saaua, cnymar rona,
sa xoero nm ce xasna, ue e ycnnennxr nm cpeuen nync. B
ecrnnrennocr nyncr e nannno cnmynnpan: ro ocrana cra-
nnen npn nxxon or nanosnrnnnre, no ce ycxopxna nnn saanx
npn pyrn, nspann no cnyuaen naunn. Honyronnre cnnmxn,
cnpsann c npnnnno ynennuenne na cpeunara uecrora, ca
onenenn xaro no-npnnnexarennn n cexcannnnn, cnenann or
resn, cnpsann cc saanen nync, n naxpax onesn, npn xonro
cpeunara uecrora ocrana crannna. Koraro mxere rnear
nanosnrnn, xoro yx npnunnnn ycxopen nync, ca cxnonnn a
ro nscnenar no-nnnmarenno, ouennno n onnr a onpanaxr
ycxopennx cn nync, xaro sacnnnar n yronemxnar no-
noxnrennnre xapaxrepncrnxn na momnuero.
Bannnc ouennno emoncrpnpa, ue cexcyannoro npnnnn-
uane moxe a ce sacnnna upes nopaxaemo ynennuenne nnn
npomxna nn nsyara. Cne rona e ycranoneno, ue cnmynn-
pannre npomenn n cpeunara uecrora, oxaro ce rnear ronn
xencxn cnnmxn, saecrnar ncrnncxn npomenn n nynca, raxa
ue e nsmoxno a ca neoxonmn ecrnnrennn npomenn nn
nsyara, sa a ce sacnnn cexcyannoro npnnnnuane. Ocnen
rona e ycranoneno, ue mxere, rneamn nanosnrnnn na ronn
mxe, ne ca nonnnxnn emonnonanno or cnmynnpano ynennue-
nne na cpeunara uecrora. Te npocro nsnpnemar nennx ex-
cnepnmenr xaro onna npoxna na nom nxyc.
xoan Kanrop noxasna orxcn or epornunnx ]nnm Na-
ked Under Leather (Ionn no xoxara"), na mnan mxe nnn
nenocpecrneno cne, nnn ner mnnyrn cne xaro re ca nsnp-
mnann cnnono ]nsnuecxo ynpaxnenne (xapane na nenocnne).
Tx ycranonxna, ue rneannre ]nnma ner mnnyrn cne ]nsn-
uecxoro ynpaxnenne - a ne nenocpecrneno cne rona - ca no-
cexcyanno nsyenn or nero. Hesaanno cne ynpaxnennero
xopara ca ]nsnuecxn nsyenn, no npnnncnar nsyara na
nocnee]exrnre or ynpaxnennero. Hxxonxo mnnyrn no-xcno
oaue xopara nce ome ca nsyenn, no ne ocsnanar, ue e ra-
xa. B excnepnmenra na Kanrop ocrarunara nsya, xomn-
nnpana c nsyara or rneanero na ]nnma, non o sacnnena
epornuna peaxnnx na ]nnma. Cneonarenno, axo ce saemere c
xornnr, moxe n me ycranonnre, ue rneare naprntopa cn c
no-ronxm nsropr cne ynpaxnennxra sa enx!
Tona nscnenane noxasna, ue nsyara, npensnnxana or
enn acnexr na cpeara (n rosn cnyua ]nsnuecxnre ynpaxne-
nnx), nonxxora moxe a ce npnnncna na cnpmeno pasnnuen
acnexr na cpeara (ryx epornunnx ]nnm). Hexra, ue cexcy-
annoro npnnnnuane moxe a ce sacnnna or nsya or nepene-
nanren nsrounnx* nma nra ncropnx. B pennocrra pnmcxn
excnepr no nmonra npenopuna na yxaxopnre a noxr a-
mnre na cpnero cn na rnanaropcxn opn, nepoxrno ns oc-
nona na npnnnnna, ue amnre norpemno me npnnnmar nsy-
ara n nnnennero or ccresannero na apenara na xomnanto-
nnre cn n me ce nnmxr n rxx.
Mnoro anropnrern opn ca npenarann resara, ue nsy-
ara, npensnnxana or nenpnxrnn emonnn xaro crpax, rnxn n
]pycrpannx, uecro moxe a noxpanna nnamnnre na xena-
nnero. Ho ymnre na 3nrmyn upo: Hyxna e nxxaxna npeu-
xa, sa a sacnnn npnnnna na nnnoro (cexcyannara eneprnx)
o neronnx maxcnmym". Cmara mncn e nspasena ne ronxona
orxponeno or rpnxnx nncaren Bacnnnxoc: Hmano eno npe-
me manxa pnxa, xoxro nna nrnna or xpcra narope n nna
nyo nnmena n manxa nrnuxa, xoxro nna pna or xpcra
narope. H raxa, Pnara Hrnna nenpexcnaro nonrapxna na
Hrnnara Pna: O, samo cme csaenn raxa, ue nnxora a ne
moxem a xnneem saeno? Tn - nn nsyxa, a as - nn nnnn-
re. Konxo xanxo n sa nere nn". A Hrnnara Pna orronapxna:
,He, xaxn xcmer sa nere nn. Ho rosn naunn nne nnnarn me
cme nnmenn, samoro nnnarn me cme pasenenn".
onan rn n Aprp Apn or Vnnnepcnrera na Fpnran-
cxa Konymnx ce nnrar ann emonnxra crpax moxe a ce nsnon-
sna, sa a ce sacnnn cexcyannoro orxnnxnane. Km mxe ce
onnxana nnn npnnnexarenna xena, nnn mx. Hnrepnmro
ce ocmecrnxna nnn na span mocr, nsnrnar na 3 merpa or
semxra, nnn na nncxm mocr c mnpnna 1,5 m n nxnna 150 m,
xoro ce xnarn, nmnee n naxnanx rnpe npnrecnnrenno, cs-
anaxn nneuarnennero, ue uonex necno n morn a nane n
70-merponara nponacr npxy cxann n psen. Hpnema ce, c
nsnecrno ocnonanne, ue nncxmnxr mocr me npensnnxa none-
ue crpax n cpannenne c pyrnx. Hnrepnmnpamnxr ncxa or ncexn
mx a nsmncnn ncropnx, ocnonana na xaprnna, n ce ycrano-
nxna, ue na-ronxm po cexcyanno onnerenn orronopn ce anar
rorana, xoraro nnrepnmnpamnxr e xena, a nnrepnmro ce oc-
mecrnxna na npensnnxnamnx crpax nncxm mocr. Hnrepnmn-
pamara ocnen rona ana rene]onnnx cn nomep na ncexn yuacr-
nnx n mxere or nncxmnx mocr emoncrpnpar no-cnnen cexcy-
anen nnrepec xm nex, orxonxoro resn or connnnx mocr, sa-
moro no-ronxm po or rxx ce oaxar cne rona.
rn n Apn moxe n ycnxnar a noxaxar, ue nsya-
ra, cnpsana cc crpaxa, moxe a ce nsnpneme norpemno xa-
ro cexcyanno npnnnnuane, no nsrnexa rnpe npecnneno a
ce cmxra, ue mxere na nncxmnx mocr nancrnna nnrepnpern-
par nornnre cn nann n rpenepemnre cn xpaxa xaro npens-
nnxann or neycronmnx uap na nnrepnmnpamara. Ho-nepoxr-
no e rx a e nomornana sa namanxnane na crpaxa nm, xaro rn e
pascexna or onacnara cnryannx - n sarona re a ca pearnpa-
nn ronxona nonoxnrenno. Hnn oparnoro, nsmoxno e rx a
e nna nsnpnera xaro no-cmena nnn rpcema cnnnn ycema-
nnx n npensnnxnamara no-cnnen crpax cnryannx n mxere
nscnenann nnna a ca npnenn nnn a ca ce naxnann rona a e
nxpno n sa cexcyannoro noneenne.
Knnnnunn nocnecrnnx
Honeuero, axo ne ncnuxn ]opmn na ncnxnunn onecrn
nxnmunar snaunrenno xonnuecrno emonnonanno pascrpocrno.
Axo reopernunnxr noxo xm emonnnre, unnro nnonepn ca
Baxrp n Cnnrp, nma nxxaxna nannnocr, n cnenano a nma
n onpeenenn nocnecrnnx sa repannxra. Beue ca ocmecrnenn
nxxon nscnenannx n ca nonyuenn nnrpnrynamn pesynrarn.
Hpecranere cn, ue cre nsnpanenn npe nponema a ne-
xynare xopa, crpaamn or xponnuno escnne, xonro cnoe-
nxr, ue ncxxa neuep nm rpxna none uac, sa a sacnxr. Hmare
nnaneo no ]opmara na saxapnn ranerxn, xonro ca nann-
no esnpenn. Tpxna nn a xaxere na crpaamnre or esc-
nne, ue resn ranerxn me ynennuar nnnoro nm na nsya,
nnn ue me namanxr nsyara nm n me nm nomornar a ce
ornycnar? Hpnonauannara peaxnnx me e a nm ce xaxe, ue
,nexapcrnoro" me rn ornycne.
Cmenpemenno nexa npnemem, ue nponemr na crpaa-
mnx or escnne e, ue ro onxnoneno cn nxra nsyen n
cnpsna rasn nsya c emonnonanno onnerenn mncnn. Axo
cne rona npneme menxamenr", xoro yx me namann nsy-
ara, no ncmnocr e nnaneo, e nepoxrno uonexr a cn mnc-
nn: Axo ce uyncrna raxa, xoraro menxamenrr ecrna, sa
a namann nsyara mn, rorana rpxna nancrnna a cm mnoro
nsyen". Oparnoro, axo nseme nnaneo, sa xoero nxpna, ue
e cnocono a npensnnxna cnmnromn na nsya, moxe a
orae ronxma uacr or nsyara cn na menxamenra n camo
manxa uacr - na npnrecnennxra n nponemnre cn.
Hapaoxcannoro e, ue crpaamnre or escnne morar a
ce npnrecnxnar noneue n a nm e neoxonmo noneue npeme,
sa a sacnxr, xoraro nonyuar penaxcnpam" menxamenr, or-
xonxoro xoraro nm ce ana nsyxamo" nexapcrno n nscne-
onarennre orxpnnar rouno rona. Crpaamnre or escnne,
nonyunnn nsyxamoro" nnaneo, sacnnnar 20% no-pso
ornpen, oxaro nsennre penaxcnpamo" nnaneo nmar nyx-
a or 40% noneue or onuanoro npeme, sa a sacnxr.
3amo pesynrarnre ca rounara npornnononoxnocr na re-
sn, onxnoneno nocrnrann c nnaneo? uacr or orronopa mo-
xe a e, ue crpaamnre or escnne ca ope sanosnarn cc
cocrnennre cn cnmnromn n cneonarenno snaxr, ue nxnocr-
noro nm ccroxnne na nsya no npeme na nxrane ne e nnro
mnoro no-nncoxo, nnro mnoro no-nncxo or onuanoro. Axo
nxpnar, ue nexapcrnoro" namanxna nnn nonnmana nnnoro na
nsya, morar camo a npenonarar, ue xonnuecrnoro rene-
pnpana or emonnxra nsya rpxna a e no-ronxmo - nnn no-
manxo - or onuanoro, sa a nocrnrnar cmnx pesynrar.
Cmara rexnnxa e npnnoxena n xm rpnnmocrra na on-
xa. Xopa, xonro ca naxapann a nxpnar, ue npexnnxnanero na
onxa ce nxn na nnaneo (samoro nm ce xasna, ue ro me
npensnnxa cpnenene, yuecreno nmane n rpemop na pne-
re), ca cnoconn a rpnxr enexrpomox or 1450 mnxpoamne-
pa, oxaro resn, xonro nxmar npnunnn a npnnncnar onxara
na nnaneoro, morar a rpnxr camo 350 mnxpoamnepa. Hp-
nara rpyna ocnen rona cnoenx n no-cnao npexnnxnane na
onxa. Konxoro n a nsrnexa crpanno, nocemennero na s-
onexapx moxe a e no-manxo nenpnxrno, axo ro nn ae
,nexapcrno", sa xoero cmxrare, ue me npnunnn nsnorxnane,
cnnnane na mmpynnre n uyncrno na ncrnncxa nannxa! Be o-
nnnnre nexapcrnoro", a ne neronoro neuenne.
Bmecro a ce nosnonxna na xopara a ce nsyxar n cne
rona a ce onnrname a rn yexaname a nocranxr neemonn-
onanen ernxer na cnoxra ]nsnonornuna nsya, moxe n me
e no-necno a npeornparxname nsyara n rx nome a ne
ce noxnxna. Pnuap Hasapc or Kann]opnncxnx ynnnepcn-
rer npnema nropnx noxo. Crnmynnre, xonro ro nsnonsna,
ca npensnnxnamn rpenoxnocr ]nnmn. B enn ]nnm mnomn
nopxsnar noxo nenncnre cn n pnryan or xamennara enoxa.
B pyr cxa e ynonena or nnpxynxp n ypx c orpomna cnna
paornnx, xoro ymnpa, rpuexn ce na noa.
Honeuero xopa pearnpar na resn ]nnmn cc snaunrenna
]nsnonornuna nsya n rpenoxnocr. Cmenpemenno, axo ca
nomonenn a pasrnear pnryana or xamennara enoxa or rne-
nara rouxa na anrpononor, nanmanam crpannn pnryann, n
a nomnxr, ue xopara, noxasann n nnnnenra nn ]apnxara,
ca axrtopn, ce nanmana nnnmo namanxnane na nsyara
n rpenoxnocrra. Ho cmnx naunn uonex moxe a e ynnamen
or crpannn snynn n nomra, oxaro ne orxpne, ue nnnonnnxr
e xorxara na ccenre. Bnnarn xoraro e nsmoxno, nne, nsr-
nexa, ce onnrname a ce cnpannm c nenpnxrnnre cnryannn,
xaro nm aem neemonnonanna nnrepnperannx.
3axnmuennx
Ionopexn omo, Baxrp n Cnnrp ca npann, xoraro
rnpxr, ue na-naxnnre ccranxn n npensnnxnanero na emo-
nnonanno npexnnxnane, ca ccroxnnero na ]nsnonornuecxa
nsya n emonnonannara nnrepnperannx na npnunnnre sa
noxnara . Ocnen rona re ca npann, xoraro xasnar, ue noo-
B13HPHBTHE H PELABAHE HA HPOBHEMH 243
no ccroxnne na ]nsnonornuna nsya, nsrnexa, e nxnmue-
no n nxxonxo cncem pasnnunn cyexrnnnn ccroxnnx.
Teopnxra npnema, ue xopara uecro norpemno oxcnxnar
npnunnara sa nsyenoro cn ]nsnuecxo ccroxnne n rona
moxe a nomara n neuennero na nxxon nannenrn. Ocnen rona
rx npenara oxcnennx sa nxxon or osaauanamnre acnexrn
na pomanrnunara nmon n ocoeno naunna, no xoro nenpn-
xrnnre emonnn xaro crpax n rnxn morar a ycnnnar poman-
rnunara crpacr.
Cmenpemenno cnpanennno e a ce xaxe, ue Baxrp n
Cnnrp npnemar npexaneno onpocrenuecxo cranonnme - rne-
nme, xoero nsncxna onpeenenn mon]nxannn n pasmnpe-
nne. Te ce ]oxycnpar npxy nexra, ue ccroxnnero na ]nsn-
onornuna nsya saecrna nnrepnperannxra my. Enaxno
nxpno e oaue a ce xaxe - xaxro npann Hasapc - ue naun-
nr, no xoro ce nnrepnpernpa cnryannxra, nnnxe npxy nn-
noro na nsya.
u peuaeaue
ua npoGjie/ uu
Hcnxonosnre, xonro ce onnrnar a pasepar xax xopara
npepaornar nn]opmannx n ce cnpanxr cc cnryannnre, uecro
npnxrnar o nsnonsnanero na ananornn. Hxxon or reopnnre
na 3nrmyn upo nanpnmep nnymanar, ue uonemxnre naro-
nn", nxnmunrenno cexcyannnxr, ecrnar ns ocnona na npocr
xnpannnuen npnnnnn. Hsnonsnaxn ananornxra na nonnx
pesepnoap, axo ce namann nnnoro na noara, nanxranero np-
xy crpannre na pesepnoapa namanxna; no cmnx naunn upes
anraxnpane n cexcyanna enocr (nnn nxxaxna pyra ocno-
oxanama eneprnxra enocr) nnrensnnnocrra na cexcyan-
nnre cnnn (nnn pyrn narpynann cnnn na To) moxe a ce na-
mann o nonocnmo pannnme.
pyra nmnma ananornx npes nocnennre ronnn e rasn
mexy uonemxnx mosx n npepaornamara annn cncrema na
xomnmrpnre. Komnmrpnre morar a cxpanxnar nn]opmannx
sa nrn nepnon or npeme - cnoconocr, xoxro orpasxna xaro
orneano nronpemennara namer. Komnmrpnre nonxxora
sapxar nn]opmannxra sa xparxo, oxaro nsnnnxnar pas-
nnunn onepannn npxy nex - cnoconocr, nanooxnama xpar-
xonpemennara nn namer. Komnmrpnre ocnen rona nmar npor-
pamn, xonro nacounar nocneonarennocrra or npepaornamn
onepannn, n ce rnpn, ue n uonemxnre csannx nnnmannero
cnyxn na cmara ]ynxnnx.
Hoxor, xoro nne npenarame, e ocra pasnnuen. Oc-
nonnoro nn npenonoxenne e, ue na-opnxr naunn a ce
onnrame a pasepem namara rnxana, npepaornama nn]op-
mannxra cncrema e a pasrneame nxxon or ocnonnnre cnrya-
nnn, n xonro cncremara nsrnexa necnocona a ce cnpann c
nsncxnannxra, nocranenn npe nex.
Hpn nopmannn ocroxrencrna opmame ronxmo nnnma-
nne na naxnara nn]opmannx n cpeara n npenepername rpn-
nnannoro n necmecrnenoro. Tona oaue nennnarn e raxa. Axo
nnesanno n neouaxnano ce cnyun nxxaxno mnoro naxno cn-
rne, nennnarn ycnxname a saenexnm xnsnenonaxnnre my
noponocrn. Taxnna neycnexn na nanmennero ca ocoeno
snomacrnn, xoraro cranar no npeme na nsnpmnane na npec-
rnnenne. Becrnaecera rnana e sa cnnerencxnre noxasannx
n ce sannmana c rpynocrra, xoxro nmar cnnerennre npn pe-
xoncrpynpane na noponocrnre na npecrnnennxra. Herou-
nocrnre na cnnerencxnre noxasannx ca ope oxymenrnpa-
nn n mennre; ryx nne pasrnexame nnpoca samo ce noxnx-
nar resn rpemxn n xaxno moxe a ce nanpann, sa a ce npeor-
nparxr.
Kaxro ope ocsnanar nperonapennre omaxnnn n nsrop-
mosennre nsnec pxononrenn, uecro e nensmoxno a ce
npanxr ne nnn noneue nema enonpemenno. B ceemnaecera
rnana noxasname, ue rona ce nxn na ]axra, ue xanannrerr
na nnnmannero nn e orpannuen. Hma oaue naunnn, upes xon-
ro moxem a npeooneem orpannuenocrra na nnnmannero n
nxxon or rxx ca ocenn n ocemnaecera rnana.
Ena or na-ouennnnre cnaocrn na namara cncrema sa
npepaorxa na nn]opmannxra e necnoconocrra nn a nom-
nnm nxxon or nemara, xonro ncxame a sanomnnm. Cryenrn,
nonaramn nsnnrn, omaxnnn, nasapynamn n cynepmapxern, n
npo]ecopn, onnrnamn ce a npocnexr yxrnamn nm nsrou-
nnnn, nxa ncxann a ca narocnonenn c no-opa namerona
cncrema. Hennxr nnpoc sa sapanxnero (n xaxno a ce nanpa-
nn n rona ornomenne) e pasrnean n ocemnaecera rnana. Mo-
xe n me ce ycnoxonre, xoraro nayunre, ue a cn narocnonen
cc cnpmena n aconmrno rouna namer nsomo ne e na-
rocnonnx!
Honeuero xopa onuar a ce pxar no naunn, xoro c-
ornercrna na rexnnre narnacn n yexennx. Cmenpemenno
uecro ce nanmana cnnen xon]nnxr mexy onona, xoero xo-
para npanxr, n rona, xoero cn mncnxr - nanpnmep nymaunre
nponxanar a nymar, maxap a snaxr, ue rmrmnonymenero
moxe a nm oxapa pax na ennre poone. Taxnna xon]nnx-
rn nepxxo ca pascrponamn n rpynn sa paspemanane n cs-
anar rona, xoero amepnxancxnxr ncnxonor Hnn ]ecrnnrp
napnua xornnrnnen nconanc". To mnoro xcno noxasna, ue
xopara n ccroxnne na xornnrnnen nconanc uecro npexnnx-
nar crpannn n nenpennnmn npomenn na narnacnre. Hscne-
nannxra my n rasn onacr ce ocxar n enernaecera rnana.
Hocnannero nn ncnuxn rnann na rasn uacr e, ue maxap no
npnnnnn a nmame ycnex n cnpanxnero cc cpeara cn, rpe-
mnm n npn nxxon ocroxrencrna orxpnname, ue e nsxnmun-
renno rpyno a ocmncnxme cnera cn. Cmenpemenno nocrn-
ranero na pasnpane sa xornnrnnnnre nn orpannuennx e np-
nara crnxa xm npeoonxnanero nm.
16
Cnne1encxn noxasannn
Enn or na-pannnre onnrn a ce nsnese nsnn recnnre
orpannuennx na naoparopnxra n npecnenanero na ncnxono-
rnuecxo nosnanne e ocmecrnen manxo npen nauanoro na XX
nex or noemnx nemcxn ncnxonor Xmro Mmncrepepr. To ce
nnrepecyna or nnpoca oxonxo ncnxonornxra nma ornome-
nne xm npecranxnero na oxasarencrna n ca, n neronnre
nscnenannx npnn pasxpnnar, ue cnnerencxnre noxasannx
uecro ca mnoro nenaexnn. Mmncrepepr e npnrecnen, ue
nennnnn xopa morar a nnxsar n sarnopa camo na asara na
ymnre na enn nnn noneue cnnerenn sa onona, xoero cn cnom-
nxr, maxap ue e nsmoxno ro a e norpemno.
B neorannamnara pnrancxa renennsnonna nopenna
Rough Justice (Ipyo npanocne") ce pasrnexar nxxonxo
cnyuax na ouennno cpxana nenrnunocr. B nxxon or rxx ce
emoncrpnpa orn ncxxaxno cmnenne, ue nennnnn nnna ca
nnn nxapann n sarnopa sapan nerounn cnnerencxn noxa-
sannx.
onxxe nsnenanamo - npenn nennara paora, xoxro
e cnpmena ocera, nnoonere na ycnnnxra na ncnxonosnre sa
pasxpnnane na cnoxnnre acnexrn na cnnerencxnre noxasannx
n rxxnara naexnocr ne ca oxasann ocoeno nnnxnne npxy
onycrnmocrra na oxasarencrnara. Hne cme yeenn, ue
ncnxonosnre morar a nanpanxr nenen npnnoc. Bnpexn rona
oxnar ennnn or 1976 r. npxy oxasarencrna sa nen-
rn]nxannx n naxasarennn ena", xoro pasrnexa nnpoca
ann ncnxonornuecxnre nscnenannx xnpnxr nxxaxna cner-

nnna npxy noonn nponemn, rnacn: Hpe nac ce npecra-
nnxa cnnerencrna sa cmecrnynanero na nponacr mexy axa-
emnunnre nscnenannx npxy cnnara na uonemxnx ym n npax-
rnuecxnre nsncxnannx na cnnnmara n nsrnexa, ue nce ome
ne e ocrnrnar eranr, na xoro saxnmuennxra or ncnxono-
rnuecxnre nscnenannx me ca ocraruno mnpoxo npnern nnn
npncnocoenn xm nyxnre na npanopasanarennnx nponec,
sa a cranar ocnona sa npomxna na nponeypnre". opn n nec
npannara cncrema nponxana a npnema yexennxra, ns-
pasenn n oxnaa ennnn.
Axrnnnara namer
Hexa pasrneame npnpoara na nponecnre na nsnpnxrn-
ero n namerra, xonro ca n ocnonara na cnnerencxnre noxasa-
nnx. Onxnoneno ce cmxra, ue nsnpnxrnero n namerra ca npo-
necn na xonnpane, c pyrn ymn, uonemxnxr mosx ce cnpanx
c orarcrnoro or cernnna nn]opmannx, ocrnramo o nero or
nnmnnx cnxr, no cmnx naunn xaro xacero]onnre n xnnoxa-
mepnre, ocnrypxnamn nourn neunn sanncn na snynnre n spn-
rennnre cnrnx. Cneonarenno neycnexr na cnnerenx a
cn cnomnn xaxno e cranano moxe a ce cnee o nnnca na ycn-
nne nnn nexenanne. Bepoxrno ne e npeynennuenne a ce xa-
xe, ue n rona nxpnar mnosnna, axo ne n ncnuxn mpncrn.
Cmenpemenno noneuero ncnxonosn cmxrar, ue e mnoro
nonexamo nsnpnxrnero n namerra a ce pasrnexar xaro
rounn xonnx na nnmnnx cnxr. Te npenounrar a pasrnex-
ar nsnpnxrnero xaro axrnnen n xoncrpyxrnnen nponec, sa-
nncem ne camo or rona nn]opmannxra a nocrnn or nnm-
nnx cnxr, no n or nnunnre narnacn, yexennx n mornnn.
Ha-ouennnoro nocnecrnne or rasn reopnx e, ue uecro
me ce nanmanar cncremnn, maxap n necsnanann nsxpnnx-
nannx nn nsnpnxrnero. Ha nnno nn]opmannx nexra, ue xo-
para nnxar rona, xoero ncxar a nnxr, a ne onona, xoero
ecrnnrenno ce cnyuna, moxe a ce nornpn ncexn coren
cneoe no npeme na ]yronen mau. Hpncxanero na naxa-
sanne na ennnx orop ce pasrnexa xaro cnpanennno n pa-
symno or nopxnnnnre na pyrnx orop, no xaro nsmyrn-
renno - or ]enonere na naxasannx rnm. Pe]epr ce pasrnex-
a nnn xaro ornnuen cnx na maua, nnn xaro uonex cc cm-
nnrenen nponsxo, xoro cnemno rpxna a e cnaen c
xn acryn!
Knmuon excnepnmenr: nsxpnnxnane na
cnnerencxnre noxasannx
Ennsaer Ho]rc n xon Hanmp
39
or Bamnnrroncxnx
ynnnepcnrer ce nnrar ann namerra na cnnerennre moxe a
e noarnnna na nsxpnnxnannx or nn]opmannx, nonyuena cne
nnnnenra nnn npecrnnennero. 3a a nponepxr ann rona
nancrnna e raxa, re nponexar na excnepnmenra. B npnnx
yuacrnnnnre rnear nxxonxo pasnnunn ]nnma, ncexn noxas-
nam nrnorpancnoprno nponsmecrnne, n cne rona ca nomo-
nenn a orronopxr na nopenna or nnpocn sa ncexn nnnn-
enr. Tesn, xonro ca nonnrann Hpnnnsnrenno c xaxna cxo-
pocr ce nnxexa xonnre, xoraro ce npemasaxa?", nenpexcna-
ro anar no-nncoxn onenxn na cxopocrra, orxonxoro xopara,
nonnrann cmoro, camo ue npemasaxa" e sameneno c yapn-
xa", cncxaxa", uyxnaxa", nnxsoxa n xonraxr". B ecrnn-
rennocr cpenara onenena cxopocr e nourn 16 xm no-nncoxa,
xoraro ce nsnonsna npemasaxa", orxonxoro xoraro rnaronr
e uyxnaxa". ecmeume.uama cxopocr, c xoxro ca ce nnxe-
nn xonnre, e nourn nepenenanrna na onenxnre na cxopocrra.
Cpenara onenxa e 60 xm n uac, xoraro xonnre ce cncxnar
npn 64 xm/u, n e 60 xm/u, xoraro ce cncxnar npn 32 xm/u!
Tesn pesynrarn xcno nocxasnar, ue namerra nn sa cn-
rnx e ornocnrenno xpexxa n rnpe noarnnna na nsxpnnxna-
nnx. Ome no-cnnnn oxasarencrna ca nonyuenn nn nropnx
excnepnmenr, n xoro yuacrnnnnre nanmanar xparx ]nnm
c nepnxna xaracrpo]a. B nero npnara xona npann ecen sa-
no, sa a nannese n ocnonnnx norox na nnxennero, xapaxn
39
Loftus, E. F. & Palmer, J. C. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile de-
struction: An example of the interaction between language and memory.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-589.
xonnre n rnannara nenra a cnpar nnesanno, n pesynrarr e,
ue ner xonn ce nannsnar ena n pyra. B xpax na ]nnma yuac-
rnnnnre orronapxr na nopenna or nnpocn sa nnnnenra.
Enn or nnpocnre e nnn: Hpnnnsnrenno xonxo pso ce
nnxexa xonnre, xoraro ce npemasaxa?", nnn Hpnnnsnren-
no xonxo pso ce nnxexa xonnre, xoraro ce yapnxa?". Kax-
ro n n npenmnnx excnepnmenr, cpenara onenxa na cxopocrra
e no-ronxma npn xopara, na xonro e saaen nnpocr c
,npemasaxa", orxonxoro npn nnnara, nonnrann c yapnxa".
Ena cemnna no-xcno ncnuxn yuacrnnnn ce npmar n
orronapxr na nopenna or nnpocn sa cmnx nnnnenr, no
es ornono a rnear ]nnma. Enn or nnpocnre e: Bnxxre
nn cuynenn crxna?" Or resn, xonro orronopnnn na nnpoca
sa npemasnanero" na xonnre npen ena cemnna, 32% xas-
nar, ue ca nnenn cuynenn crxna, no camo 14% or orronopn-
nnre na nnpoca sa ypxnero" na xonnre orronapxr, ue ca
nnenn cuynenn crxna. B ecrnnrennocr n nnnnenra nxma
cuynenn crxna n sarona nsrnexa, ue rnpe cnnnara ]op-
mynnponxa na nnpocnre moxe a xapa cnnerennre a cn
cnomnxr" erann, xonro ncmnocr ne ca ce cnyunnn.
Hn]opmannonno nacnoxnane
Kax oxcnxnar pesynrarnre cn Ho]rc n Hanmp? Ho c-
mecrno re rnpxr, ue xoraro nanmaname cnoxno cnrne
xaro nnnnenr nnn npecrnnenne, n namerra nn nannnsar na
rnna nn]opmannx. Hpnnxr e nn]opmannxra, nonyuena or ns-
npnemanero na opnrnnannoro cnrne, a nropnxr e nnmna-
ra nn]opmannx, ocnrypena cne rona. C reuenne na npemero
nn]opmannxra or resn na nsrounnxa ce nnrerpnpa no raxn
naunn, ue e nensmoxno a xaxem or xo nsrounnx ce nsn-
ponsnexa nxxo xonxperen eran. Bcnuxo, c xoero pasno-
narame, e enn xomorenen cnomen".
Pasnpa ce, nxnmuennre n npannnx nponec ocsnanar nx-
xon or rpynocrnre, npncmn na naunna, no xoro ce ]opmy-
nnpar nnpocnre xm cnnerennre. Bnpocn, xonro nnn no
]opma, nnn no cpxanne nocxasnar nnn nnymanar na cnn-
erenx xaxn orronop ce ncxa, nnn ro noxr" xm rosn xe-
nan orronop, n cenara sana ce napnuar nonexamn nn-
pocn". Honeuero crpann nmar npannna, xonro nenxr a nsx-
nmuar raxnna nnpocn. B CAB nanpnmep re ca cxpanenn n
pemenne na Bpxonnnx c or 1973 r.
Hesanncnmo or raxnna npenasnn mepxn oaue nce ome
cmecrnyna ouennnara onacnocr xpexxnre cnomenn na cnn-
erenx sa aeno cnrne cncremno a ce nsxpnnxnar nnn or
pasronopnre c pyrnre cnnerenn, nnn or nonnnecxnre pas-
nnrn mnoro npen nauanoro na cenoro eno. Bnnmo rpn-
nnannn npomenn nn ]opmynnpanero na nnpocnre morar a
ynpaxnxnar snaunrenno nnnxnne. a nsemem nanpnmep pyr
excnepnmenr npxy namerra, nponeen or Ennsaer Ho]rc n
Ino 3ann. Tosn nr ]nnmr noxasna nex cncx mexy
mx, xoro nsnnsa na saen xo or rxcno napxnnr mxcro npe
cynepmapxer, n nemexoxa, nocema ronxma ropa c noxynxn.
Hanmarennre ca nnrann sa nema, xonro rn nxma nn ]nn-
ma. Honeue or rpn nrn no-nepoxrno e resn, na xonro ce saa-
nar nnpocn, nxnmunamn onpeenena nem (Bnxxre nn y-
rnnxara?") a xasnar, ue ca nnenn aprnxyna, n cpannenne c
resn, na xonro ce saanar nnpocn c neonpeennrenen unen
(Bnxxre nn yrnnxa?").
Hpexnpnxne na enn cnomen xm pyr
B onnnnrennn nscnenannx Ennsaer Ho]rc nsyuana
rona, xoero e nsnecrno xaro escsnarenen npenoc". To ce
cnyuna, xoraro uonex, nnxn a nsnpmna enn axr, ce pxa c
pyro nnne, nsnpmnamo pyr axr. Hanpnmep npoanau na n-
nern na xenesonrna rapa e opan c nacouen xm nero nncro-
ner. Cne rona ro nenrn]nnnpa mopxx na onamxara xaro
npecrnnnxa, no mopxxr nma xenxsno annn. Ho-xcno ce
oxasna, ue mopxxr e xynnn nnern or npoanaua na rpn nrn
npen onpa. C pyrn ymn, nneronpoanaur norpemno e
npnen, ue mopxxr e cnpsan c onpa, nonexe neue e nosnanan
nnnero my, samoro rpn nrn e xynnn nnern or nero.
B enn excnepnmenr npxy escsnarennnx npenoc Ho]-
rc npecranx na yuacrnnnnre sanncan na xacero]on pasxas
sa mecrnma xonexann, ncexn or xonro ce npecranx c nano-
snrnn n noxoxmnx momenr or ncropnxra. Pasxasr e nemo
noono: Crnn Kenr nnrna rexxo npecnanne n ro xnpnn
xm ]nmp, ypxxn ro no rnna; enn or crpannunnre na-
nmarenn eme Popr pxc". pxc e noxasan c manxa xa-
]xna manxa. Hpnnnsnrenno enn uac no-xcno yuacrnnnnre
n excnepnmenra ca nonnrann nnn Cne xaro xnpnn npecna-
nnero xm ]nmp, mxr c manxara nsxra nn?", nnn c-
mnx nnpoc, no es ymnre c manxara".
Tpn nn no-xcno yuacrnnnnre ce onnrnar a nocouar
nnnonnnxa cpe nanosnrnnnre na mecrnmara cryenrn. Her-
ecer n ocem nponenra or onesn, na xonro e nn saaen no-
nexamnxr nnpoc (nnymanaxn, ue uonexr c manxara e
nsnpmnn axra), nsnpar ncrnncxnx nnnonnnx (Crnn Kenr);
no 24% nsnpar uonexa c manxara. Ocemecer nponenra or
onesn, na xonro e nn saaen npexrnnxr nnpoc, nenrn-
]nnnpar npannnno nnnonnnxa n camo 6% nsnpar uonexa c
manxara. Hocnecrnnxra or rosn excnepnmenr yxr rpeno-
ra: nocxasnamnre nnpocn mnoro necno morar a naxapar
cnnerenx a onnnn nennnen uonex n nemo, xoero ro ne e
nanpannn.
Ha mecronpecrnnennero
]axrr, ue nsnpnemanero na cnoxno cnrne xaro npec-
rnnenne moxe a e nonnnxn or mnnanoro nosnanne n onnra
na cnnerennre, xaxro n or rexnnre narnacn, norpenocrn,
yexennx n ouaxnannx, e xcno emoncrpnpan npes 20-re ro-
nnn na XX nex or Iopn Onnopr or Xapnapcxnx ynnnep-
cnrer. Bcnuxo, xoero ro npann, e a nomonn nscnenannre
nnna a nornenar sa xparxo pncynxa na nxxonxo ymn n mer-
poro. Pncynxara nxnmuna uepnoxox n xn, xonro croxr nnso
enn o pyr. Hesanncnmo or ]axra, ue ennxr pxn pc-
naua, nourn 50% or nanmarennre na Onnopr xasnar, ue ca
nnenn uepnoxoxnx a pxn pcnaua. Ho onona npeme pc-
naur ce e pasrnexan or mnosnna enn amepnxannn xaro cre-
peornnen cnmnon na nacnnnero cpe uepnoxoxnre. Moxe a
ce npenonoxn, ue nmenno rosn uecro cpeman npepascx
e npnunnnn nsxpnnennre cnomenn sa cnrnero.
B13HPHBTHE H PELABAME HA HPOBHEMH 255
cnoro nocnanne or nscnenanero na Onnopr e, ue xopara
ca cxnonnn a nnxar onona, xoero ouaxnar a nnxr. Tona
neue e mnoroxparno emoncrpnpano. nama nnnn amepnxan-
cxn nscneonarenn - xepm C. Fpynp n Hno Hoycrman or
Xapnapcxnx ynnnepcnrer - noxasnar sa cexynn na nanm-
arennre nxxonxo xaprn sa nrpa n cne rona rn nnrar sa pox
na acara nnxa, xonro ca nnenn. Honeuero xasnar, ue ca nne-
nn rpn aca nnxa. B ecrnnrennocr re ca ner, no ne or rxx ca
onnerenn n uepneno. Ome nenx: mnnannxr onnr e onnernn
nponeca na nsnpnxrnero.
ncrannnpaxn ce or nsxpnnxnamnre e]exrn na mnnano-
ro nosnanne n npepascnnre, nma nn pyrn npnunnn a
cmxrame, ue cnnerennre uecro nsnpnemar norpemno cn-
rnxra? Ha npn norne ne. B xpana cmerxa n naoparopnnre
nscnenannx uecro ce orxpnnar xopa c nsymnrenno opn cno-
menn sa spnrenna nn]opmannx. B eno amepnxancxo nscne-
nane ce ycranonxna, ue nanmarennre ca cnoconn a pas-
nosnaxr 90% or orpomen naop or 2500 ]ororpa]nn na ne-
nosnarn xaprnnn, cnenn n cnrnx, xonro nm ce noxasnar ca-
mo sa nxxonxo cexynn. opn xoraro ce npecranxr 10 000
cnnmxn, nax ce nanmana npannnna nenrn]nxannx n 86%
or npemero.
Hpornnno na resn naoparopnn nscnenannx oaue, nsn-
ponsnexanero na nocranenn cnrnx, n xonro axrtopn ce
npecrpynar, ue xpaar noprmonera, araxynar ce enn pyr n
r.n., nonxxora e nsxnmunrenno cnao. 3amo nma ronxona ro-
nxma pasnnxa n nere rpynn pesynrarn? Orronopr e, ue oc-
roxrencrnara ca cnpmeno pasnnunn. Hanmarennre n na-
oparopnxra snaxr xaxno a rnear, snaxr, ue me nm e npe-
cranena spnrenna nn]opmannx n snaxr xora me nm e
noxasana. Cnnerennre na npecrnnenne ca nsnenaann, na-
nmarenn ca na cnoxna nopenna or cnrnx n uecro cncem
ecrecrneno ca no-sarpnxenn sa cocrnenara cn esonacnocr,
orxonxoro sa sanamerxnanero na perncrpannonnnx nomep na
xonara na onpxnnre.
Enn momenr, xoro uecro ce npeneperna, e, ue xopara
ca cxnonnn a opmar noneue nnnmanne na onesn acnexrn
na cnrne nnn na pyr uonex, xonro ca nm nnrepecnn. Bn
ncexnnennero xennre nnnarn saenxsnar ann pyra xena
nocn pexn, xonro ne ornnar, nnn ann nocn nsxycrnenn mnr-
nn, oxaro mxere saenxsnar, ue r-n Cmnr or xmara no-
ony na ynnnara cn e xynnn nona xona nnn xocauxa sa nnnaa-
ra. Hnrp Haypc or Bamnnrroncxnx ynnnepcnrer nscnena
rona xnnenne. Hanmarenn rnear nanosnrnnn, noxasnamn
mx n xena, xonro npnxr npes napxnnr n saenxsnar nama
mxe, xonro ouennno ce xapar. Mxr ce nrypna, sa a npex-
parn xanrara, oxaro xenara ornna o rene]ona, sa a nonn-
xa nomom. Xennre nanmarenn ca no-rounn or mxere, xo-
raro cn cnomnxr onncannero n ecrnnxra na reponnxra, o-
xaro mxere ca no-rounn n cnomennre cn sa repox n nnsxara
xona.
E]exrr na crpaxa npxy namerra e nscnenan upes nsy-
uanane na cnnerencxn noxasannx, cnern or nonnnan mnnyrn
cne npncrnranero nm na mecronpecrnnennero. Tnnnunnre
noxasannx npeanar omn nneuarnennx sa nanaarenx, no ne
cpxar xonxpernn xapaxrepncrnxn xaro nnxr na xocara nnn
ounre. Omo xasano, no-nennnn onncannx ce nonyuanar nn
npsxa c npensnnxnamn no-cnnen crpax npecrnnennx (ns-
nacnnnane, nanaenne), orxonxoro npn pyrn npecrnnennx
(onp). Hesanncnmo or rnna npecrnnenne nenapanennre xep-
rnn anar no-nnnn onncannx na rexnnre nanaarenn, orxon-
xoro panennre xeprnn.
uecro ce xasna, ue unenonere na pasnnuna paca nsrnex-
ar enaxnn" n rona rnpenne nma uacrnuna noxpena. Fe-
nnre cnnerenn emoncrpnpar mnoro no-ronxma rounocr npn
nenrn]nnnpanero na enn nnna, orxonxoro na uepnoxoxn.
Cmenpemenno uepnoxoxnre emoncrpnpar enaxna rounocr,
nesanncnmo ann nenrn]nnnpar enn nnn uepnoxoxn nnna.
Bxpno e, pasnpa ce, ue nxxon pacn ca no-necnn sa sanomnxne,
samoro ca mnoro xapaxrepnn. Bcmnocr nmenno neonua-
nnre xapaxrepncrnxn na nnnero ce nomnxr na-ope.
Ocnen rona e npanonoono a ce onycne, ue cnnerenn-
re me opmar no-manxo nnnmanne na rpnnnannn npecrn-
nennx, orxonxoro na no-cepnosnn. B enn excnepnmenr cnn-
erennre nanmanar xpaxara na ena nem: nxxon nxpnar,
ue rx crpyna 1 nnpa, a pyrn - ue nenara e oxono 25 nnpn.
Herecer n mecr nponenra or cnnerennre, xonro nxpnar, ue
nemra crpyna 25 nnpn, nsnpar npannnno uonexa or ]ororpa-
]nn na mecrnma ymn, cpannenn camo c 19% or onesn, xonro
nxpnar, ue crana yma sa ornocnrenno enrnna nem. Cmenpe-
menno cnnerennre, xonro nnxar xpaxara na cxnara nem,
cn cnomnxr no-sne pasnnunnre ]nsnuecxn xapaxrepncrnxn na
xpaena, orxonxoro xopara, xonro cmxrar, ue ca nanmana-
nn xpaxara na enrnna nem. Koraro cnnerennre nxpnar, ue
ce nsnpmna cepnosno npecrnnenne, opmar nnnmanne ca-
mo na enn xpnrnuno naxen spnrenen acnexr na cnenara (r.e.
nnnennre xapaxrepncrnxn na npecrnnnxa). Cneonarenno
onnrnre a ce oesnenxr ncnuxn cnnerencxn noxasannx no
npeme na xpcrocannre pasnnrn, xaro ce emoncrpnpa rpem-
xara n nxxon or cnomennre, moxe a ca necnpanennnn.
Honnnecxn cnnmxn
n pennn sa pasnosnanane
Kpnrnunnxr recr sa cnnerencxnre noxasannx e, xoraro
cnnerenxr e nsnpanen npe sanoospennx nnn na xnno" n
,napa sa nenrn]nxannx", nnn npe nopenna or nonnnec-
xn cnnmxn. Baxno e pyrnre xopa, nxnmuenn n pennara sa
pasnosnanane nnn n rpynara or ]ororpa]nn a ca, na-omo
xasano, cxonn na nnmen nn cc sanoospennx. Axo omo-
ro crnacne e, ue uonexr, nsnpmnn npecrnnennero, e mno-
ro nncox n xn, nxma cmncn a ce ccranx penna sa pasnos-
nanane or orpomen xn mx n nxxonxo nncxn uepnoxoxn.
3a raxana npeyeenocr nma nxxon npnmepn or peannnx
xnnor. a pasrneame enoro na noncrnamara uepnoxoxa
axrnnncrxa Anxena ennc or 60-re ronnn na XX nex.
Haop or ener ]ororpa]nn, nsnonsnan sa nponepxa na nen-
rn]nxannxra, nxnmunann rpn cnnmxn na onnnxemara, sac-
nern na mnrnnr na orxpnro, ne nonnnecxn cnnmxn na pyrn
xenn c nocouenn nmena, cnnmxa na 55-ronmna xena n r.n.
Bcexn cnneren nesaanno n morn a orxnpnn noneuero or
enerre cnnmxn xaro cmexornopen nsop. Cneonarenno man-
conere a ce nsepe ena or cnnmxnre na Anxena ennc e
none 75%!
Popr Fxxayr rnpn, ue enn rnn npeyeenocr n ns-
nonsnanero na nonnnecxn cnnmxn e nmnnnnnrnoro npeno-
noxenne, ue cnnerenxr rpxna a e n ccroxnne a nsepe
sanoospennx. C pyrn ymn, cmecrnyna narncxr a ce cr-
pynnun" na nonnnnxra. Fxxayr oprannsnpa nanaenne na
repnropnxra na Kann]opnncxnx marcxn ynnnepcnrer, n xo-
ero oesymxn cryenr nanaa" npo]ecop npe 141 cnnere-
nn. pyr uonex na cmara nspacr xaro nanaarenx" npn-
ccrna nannso xaro nanmaren. Cne nnnnenra cnnere-
nnre ca nomonenn a nocouar nanaarenx or naop or mecr
cnnmxn; nenpeyeenara rpyna or cnnmxn nxnmuna exnnna-
nenrnn ]ororpa]nn na ncnuxn sanoospenn, oxaro n npey-
eenara rpyna cnnmxara na nanaarenx e nanpanena no rn
n c pasnnuno nspaxenne. Hncrpyxnnnre na cnnerennre ca
nnn nenpeyeenn (Pasnosnanare nn nxxo or resn xopa na
cnnmxnre?"), nnn npeyeenn (3anoospennxr e n rasn rpy-
na or ]ororpa]nn").
Henrn]nxannxra e nonnnxna n or nara rnna npeye-
enocr. Honeue cnnerenn nocounar sanoospennx n npeye-
enoro ycnonne n cpannenne c nenpeyeenoro n ocnen rona
ca no-ynepenn, ue ca nocounnn rosn, xoro rpxna. Komnna-
nnxra or npeyeena rpyna or cnnmxn n npeyeenn nncr-
pyxnnn non o rona, na 60% or cnnerennre a nsepar ns-
npmnrenx. Camo 40% ca npann n nenrn]nxannxra npn nen-
peyeenn ycnonnx.
Ouennno yn npnrecnennx ]axrr, ue naunnr, no xo-
ro ce ocmecrnxna nenrn]nxannxra na sanoospennre, mo-
xe a npensnnxa raxnna ronemn e]exrn npxy nnnmara rou-
nocr, c xoxro cnnerennre cn cnomnxr cnrnxra. Ocnen rona
e npnrecnxnamo n ue 25% or ncnuxn cnnerenn (nxnmunren-
no nananarnxr npo]ecop) norpemno nenrn]nnnpar xaro na-
naarenx nennnnnx crpannuen nanmaren, unxro cnnmxa c-
mo e nxnmuena n rpynara or ]ororpa]nn sa pasnosnanane (3a-
noospxn N 2).
B onnnnrennn nscnenannx Fxxayr mnoro xcno noxas-
na, ue cnnerennre onxnoneno ca norornenn a nenrn]nnn-
par uroeo - moxe n samoro uyncrnar, ue me saryxr npeme-
ro na xopara, ocnen axo ne ro nanpanxr. Herecer n nama
cryenrn nanmanar na xnno sanrane na noprmone n xnacna
crax n cne rona ca nm npecranenn ne pasnnunn pennn sa
pasnosnanane or no nernma ymn. B enara e ecrnnrennnxr
nsnpmnren, a pyrara nxnmuna uonex, xoro npnnnua na nero.
Ocemecer nponenra or cnnerennre nocounar nsnpmnren,
maxap ue noneuero or rxx rpemar. uernpnnaecer cnnerenn
npannnno nenrn]nnnpar nnnonnnxa n enara penna, no
nononnnara or rxx pasnanxr nneuarnennero, xaro cne rona
nenrn]nnnpar uonexa, xoro npocro npnnnua na sanoospe-
nnx n pyrara penna. Ome ceem cnnerenn nocounar camo
npnnnuamnx, 18 nsnpar nennnen uonex, xoro opn ne npnnn-
ua na sanoospennx, a rpnma crnrar oram, ue nocounar ne
nennnnn, no nnmo nenpnnnuamn na sanoospennx nnna.
Ena or rpynocrnre npn nenrn]nxannxra no nonn-
necxn cnnmxn e, ue cme cxnonnn a nomnnm nxxon rnnone
nn]opmannx no-ope or pyrn. Hanpnmep ncnuxn snaem xax-
no e a pasnosnanam nxxoro, no a ne moxem a ro nocra-
nnm" na npannnnoro mxcro. Tona onxnoneno crana, xoraro
nosnaname nxxoro camo n ena cpea, a cne rona ro nnxame
n pasnnuna cpea. Tenennsnonnara snesa, xoxro cn xynyna
xpannrennn croxn, nnn npecearenxr na xomnannxra, xpc-
rocnam ns paona na uepnennre ]enepn n rpaa, ca npnmepn
na rona xnnenne. B enn excnepnmenr cryenrn nanmanar
25 cnnmxn na nnna n ena crax, a saeno c ome 25 ]ororpa]nn
na uaca no-xcno rn nnxar n pyra crax, nannno pasnnuna
or npnara. B nocnenannx recr nnnara ca npannnno pasnos-
narn n 96% or npemero, no noneuero nanmarenn ne morar
a cn cnomnxr c no-opa or cnyuanara nepoxrnocr n xox
crax ca nnenn nnnara. Tasn necnoconocr a ce sanomnxr o-
croxrencrnara, npn xonro e nnxno nnnero, moxe a e ocoe-
no rpenoxna, axo cnnerennre na npecrnnennero ca cpema-
nn nxxoro or sanoospennre npn pyrn ocroxrencrna
40
.
Tounocrra na nenrn]nxannxra no nonnnecxn cnnmxn e
nonnnxna n or rona ann sanoospennre nsrnexar no cmnx
naunn xaro no npeme na npecrnnennero. B eno pnrancxo
40
Clifford, B. & Bull, R. (1978). The Psychology of Person Identification.
London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
nscnenane 91% or nnnara ca npannnno pasnosnarn, xoraro
nxma npomxna mexy npnonauannoro nnxane n nenrn]n-
xannxra. Cmenpemenno npannnnoro pasnosnanane cnaa na
82%, xoraro nosara n nnnenoro nspaxenne ca npomenenn, a
pacrnuno namanenne o camo 45% npannnna nenrn]nxa-
nnx ce nanmana, xoraro nnnara ca ernsnpann c oanxne
nnn orcrpanxnane na pan, ounna nnn ]pnsypa. Tesn npec-
rnnnnn, xonro npnxrnar o ]anmnnn pan n rmnn oun-
na, ouennno nnrynrnnno pasnpar nxxon or npnnnnnnre na
ncnxonornxra.
Honnnnxra uecro nsnonsna pennnre sa pasnosnanane n
onnnenne na nonnnecxnre cnnmxn, sa a ce onnra a cn
ocnrypn nenrn]nxannx. Koraro rona ce npann, morar a ce
cnyuar mnoro opxnamn nema. B eno nscnenane cne nn-
cnennpano npecrnnenne na cnnerennre ce noxasnar nxxonxo
nonnnecxn cnnmxn, a cne rona n penna cc sanoospenn
,na xnno". Knmuonnxr pesynrar e, ue ncexn, xoro e nn nn-
xn na cnnmxnre, e no-nepoxrno a e nocouen n pennara
xaro nnnonnnxa! Hpecrnnnnnre" ce nsnpar n 65% or npeme-
ro or cnnerennre, xoraro ca nnenn na cnnmxnre, no camo n
51% or npemero, xoraro ca nnenn camo n pennara sa pasnos-
nanane. Hennnnn xopa, nnenn npen rona na cnnmxnre, ca
nerouno nocouenn n 20% or npemero n pennara, cpanneno c
8% or npemero, xoraro ne ca nnn nnenn npen rona na cnnm-
xnre. Ouennno e, ue 20% norpemna nenrn]nxannx e mnoro
no-ronxma, orxonxoro moxe a ce nosnonn or ncxxa naropa-
symna cncrema na naxasarenno npano.
Enn nocneen norennnanen nponem e rosn na nenpena-
mepenara (nnn opn npenamepenara) npeyeenocr, npnun-
nena or ecrnnxra na nonnnecxnx cnyxnren, oprannsnpam
pennara sa pasnosnanane nnn nponeypara sa nenrn]nxannx
no nonnnecxn cnnmxn. Axo nonnnaxr snae xo e ocnonnnxr
sanoospxn, moxe a npeae rona nosnanne upes ]nnn npome-
nn n nnnenoro nspaxenne, xoraro cnnerenxr rnea uonexa.
3a rosn rnn npeyeenocr opn e noxasano, ue nnnxe npxy
noneennero na nnxone. Cryenrn, na xonro e xasano, ue ca
nonyunnn ymnn nnxone, nsnpnemar nnxonere cn xaro no-
pso rnuamn npes nanpnnrn n cpannenne cc cryenrn, xon-
ro nayuanar, ue ca nonyunnn rnynann nnxone, maxap ue xnnor-
nnre ca pasnpeenxnn no cnpmeno cnyuana nponeypa. Bs-
moxno e xopara a ca ome no-uyncrnnrennn or nnxonere xm
nacoxnre, ocnrypxnann or excnepnmenraropa.
Cnnerencxn noxasannx: xpexxn,
no xpano neoxonmn
Mnoro ncnxonosn, xonro ca nscnenann cnnerencxnre no-
xasannx n ca orxpnnn rexnnre cnaocrn, ca saxnxnann xonxo
onacno e cnnnmara a pasunrar rnpe cnnno na cnomenn-
re na cnnerennre. Cmenpemenno, axo orxnpnnm ncnuxn cnn-
erencxn noxasannx, me e nensmoxno nennnnnre onnnxe-
mn a cn ocnrypxr annn.
Hcnxonosnre ocnen rona ca cxnonnn a mncnxr - es a ca
ocnrypnnn ocoenn oxasarencrna - ue cnnre n cennre
sacearenn nxpnar, ue cnnerennre ca no-naexnn, orxonxo-
ro ca n ecrnnrennocr. Ha npaxrnxa oaue nma ocnonannx
a ce onycne, ue cnnerennre rpemar no-manxo, orxonxoro
nxpnar ncnxonosnre. B penna ornomennx nncnennpannre
npecrnnennx ce pasnnuanar cmecrneno or npecrnnennxra
n peannnx xnnor. Vuacrnnnnre n excnepnmenrnre nourn nn-
narn snaxr, ue npecrnnennero" e nncnennpano no npemero,
xoraro rpxna a npanxr nenrn]nxannxra - n cneonarenno
e nsmoxno a ne ce npnrecnxnar ronxona cnnno, ue me naco-
uar noospennxra xm nennnen uonex. B peannnx xnnor npec-
rnnnnnre uecro nmar oruernnnn xapaxrepncrnxn, no n exc-
nepnmenrannnre nscnenannx nscneonarennre uecro npanxr
n nensmoxnoro, sa a cn rapanrnpar, ue npecrnnnxr" nx-
ma nsnxnamn ueprn. H naxpax, maxap ue nonnnnxra onxno-
neno ]oxycnpa nnnmannero cn npxy onesn cnnerenn, xonro
couar, ue nxa mornn a nanpanxr nonoxnrenna nenrn]nxa-
nnx, nscneonarennre nourn nnnarn ncxar or ecu:ru cnnere-
nn a ce onnrar a nanpanxr nenrn]nxannx. Bcnuxn resn
pasnnunx morar a osnauanar, ue cnnerennre n peannnx xn-
nor ne ca ronxona cxnonnn a npanxr rpemxn, xaxro ce cmxra
nonxxora.
Maxap ue nepoxrno nxma naunn cnnerennre a ce naxapar
a opmar noneue nnnmanne na naxnnre erann no npe-
mero na npecrnnennero, moxe n e nsmoxno a ce noopn
rxxnara cnoconocr a cn cnomnxr xnsnenonaxna nn]opma-
nnx upes xnnnosa. B enn cnyua Kann]opnncxoro nonnnec-
xo ynpannenne nsnonsna xnnnosa c 55-ronmen mo]top na yun-
nnmen anroyc c 26 ena, xoro e ornneuen. Pasnnrnan or no-
nnnnxra manxo cne npecrnnennero, ro cn cnomnx mnoro
manxo sa mnxpoyca, xoro rpnmara npecrnnnnn nsnonsna-
nn, sa a rpancnoprnpar enara or peca o nosemno cxpnna-
nnme. Ho xnnnosa oaue ro ycnxn a ocnrypn xnsnenonax-
na nacoxa no ]opmara na nocnennre ner yxnn n nn]pn or
perncrpannonnnx nomep na mnxpoyca, nsnonsnan sa ornnn-
uanero.
Xnnnosara ce nsnonsna ocra mnpoxo or nspaencxara no-
nnnnx. Ena ronna re npanxr 17 apecra ns ocnona na oxa-
sarencrna, nonyuenn no xnnnosa. Bce ome ne e nannno xcno
samo xnnnosara nma raxn ycnex. Cmenpemenno npn nop-
mannn ocroxrencrna nne nnnarn nocnemaname nsnecrno nnn-
manne (nsnecrno xaro cnooen npepaornam xanannrer")
na cneene na cpeara sa nsmoxnn nsrounnnn na naxna nn-
]opmannx. Oparnoro, no xnnnosa xopara cnnpar a cnexr
cpeara n rona ocranx nnnmannero nm nannno cnoono, sa
a ce xonnenrpnpa npxy saauara (nsnponsnexane na npec-
rnnennero).
Ocnonnnxr ]oxyc na onnrnre a ce nonnmn cronocrra
na cnnerencxnre noxasannx n cnenano a e nocneren na
npeornparxnanero na cncremnoro sampcxnane na cnomenn-
re sa noponocrnre na npecrnnennero or cnenamnre c-
nrnx. Honnnecxnre pasnnrn rpxna a ca nannno neyrpan-
nn n a ne nocxasnar - npexrno nnn nnnpexrno, ue onpee-
nenn cnrnx nancrnna ca ce cnyunnn. Koraro ce npanxr onn-
rn sa nenrn]nxannx, nno upes nonnnecxn cnnmxn nnn upes
pennn sa pasnosnanane, uonexr, pxonoem nponeypara,
ne nna a snae nnmo sa cnyuax; rona me nomorne a ce enn-
mnnnpa ncxxaxna npeyeenocr. Hpe cnnerennre eeno
rpxna a ce noueprae, ue or rxx ce ouaxna a nenrn]nnn-
par nxxoro camo xoraro ca aconmrno ynepenn, ue ca nocoun-
nn npannnnnx uonex; neycnexr a ce nenrn]nnnpa sanoos-
pennxr e nannno npnemnnn. H naxpax, nneosanncr na pe-
nnara sa pasnosnanane nnn naopr or cnnmxn rpxna a ce
ocnrypxr na anoxarnre na samnrara, raxa ue a moxe a ce
nanpann nponepxa sa npeyeenocr.
3axnmuennx
Ocnonnara npnunna sa ncnxonornuecxo nscnenane na cnn-
erencxnre noxasannx e a ce nsxcnxr ycnonnxra, npn xonro
na raxnna noxasannx moxe a ce pasunra. Maxap ue mnoro
ncnxonosn ca cxnonnn nsomo a orxnpnxr cronocrra na
cnnerencxnre cnomenn, re moxe n npecnnnar nemara. Cnn-
erencxnre noxasannx +oeam a ocnrypxnar nsxnmunrenno
nonesna nn]opmannx, no e xnsnenonaxno a ce npnsnae xpex-
xara npnpoa na namerra sa npecrnnennero. Enn onxno-
nen pasnnr na cnnerenx - ocnen axo ne ce ocmecrnn c nsx-
nmunrennn rpnxn - moxe a csae noxn nsxpnnxnannx
n namerra n raxa a nnmn noxasannxra or ncxxaxna cronocr.
Ho cmnx naunn nponeypnre sa nenrn]nxannx rpxna a
ce nponexar no nenpeyeen naunn, axo ne ncxame a ns-
nnxnar onnnnrennn nsxpnnxnannx na cnomennre. Axo cnc-
remara na npanopasananero cnyma ncnxonosnre n axo ce npa-
nxr cmncnenn onnrn sa npeornparxnane na nsxpnnxnannxra
na namerra, cnnerencxnre noxasannx morar a cranar mnoro
no-naexen nsrounnx na oxasarencrna n ca.
17
,ne nnn no ena unmnnna"
Bcexnnennnre npexnnxnannx nn xasnar, ue uecro cme
nsnenanamo opn nn npmenero na ne nema nanenx.
Hanpnmep noneuero xopa morar a noxr pasronop, oxaro
mo]npar, nnn a cn cnnpxar, oxaro paorxr. Or pyra crpa-
na, nma nxxon npocrn nema, xonro nn e rpyno a npannm
enonpemenno, nanpnmep a ce nouyxname no rnanara, oxa-
ro macaxnpame xopema cn. Ocnen axo uonex nancrnna ne ce
xonnenrpnpa, cmecrnyna renennnxra nnn a sanoune a
macaxnpa rnanara cn, nnn a nouyxna no xopema cn, nnn a
npann n nere. Onnrare ce a nomonnre npnxren a ymno-
xn 24 no 17, oxaro npnnre saeno. Ocnen axo ne e marema-
rnuecxn renn, ro nepoxrno me rpxna a cnpe a npnn,
raxa ue a moxe a nocnern nxnoro cn nnnmanne na ymcrne-
nara apnrmernxa.
Mexy xopara nma ronemn pasnnunx n crenenra, o xoxro
ca cnoconn a nsnpmnar nxxonxo nema enonpemenno. B
pesynrar na nra npaxrnxa uonex moxe a crane uonexr
opxecrp" nnn cnmynranen npenoau, xoro cnyma come-
nne na enn esnx, xaro cmenpemenno npenexa cmncna n
ronopn na rnac na pyr esnx. Omo xasano, nxme ouaxnann
nncoxonnrennrenrnnre xopa a ca na-ymenn nn npmenero
na nxxonxo nema enonpemenno. Bepoxrno rouno rona e nman
npenn nnmnxr npesnenr na CAB Hnnn F. xoncn,
xoraro e xasan sa xepan uop, ue ne moxen a npn n a
nue nxa enonpemenno. Tosn xomenrap uecro e nn cmex-
uanan npn npepasxasnre, xaro npenero" e samenxno c np-
nene", no nn ncexn cnyua e rnpe nenacxarenno pascxe-
nne npxy nnrennrenrnocrra na uop.
Enn or npnnre cncremnn onnrn sa onenxa na uonemxnx
oem na nnnmannero e nanpanen npen nnso 40 ronnn or
anrnncxnx nscneonaren Konnn uepn. Heronara nnonepcxa
paora cnyxn xaro ocnona na ronxm nocnenan nnrepec n ns-
cnenannx.
Knmuon excnepnmenr: nponemr na
xoxrennoro naprn"
B nauanoro na 50-re ronnn na XX nex Konnn uepn pao-
rn n amepnxancxa naoparopnx n Macauysercxnx rexnonornuen
nncrnryr. Hesanncnmo or ]axra, ue e anraxnpan n ncnxonorn-
uecxn nscnenannx, ro paorn n excnepnmenranna naoparo-
pnx no enexrponnxa n nxnonxnamnre my orxpnrnx no-xcno
ca nynnxynann n cnncanne no ]nsnxa, nnmcrpnpaxn mnoro-
ncnnnnnnapnara npnpoa na cnpemennara ncnxonornx.
uepn ce nnrepecyna or rona, xoero napnua nponem na
xoxrennoro naprn". Koxrennre morar a nn nsnpanxr npe
penna nponemn, no rosn, xoro sannmana uepn, e xax xopa-
ra ycnxnar a cnexr camo enn pasronop, xoraro nxxonxo py-
rn ce noxr enonpemenno n nnsocr o rxx
41
.
Ena ouennna nsmoxnocr e, ue nsnonsname ]axra, ue
ncexn pasronop ce xonnenrpnpa npxy pasnnuna rema n npoc-
ro ce nacrponame" xm ena or rxx. Pasnpa ce, na ecrnn-
renen xoxren pasnnunnre pasronopn nnar or pasnnunn no-
coxn n rnaconere na xopara onxnoneno ca oruernnnn, raxa ue
nma n pyrn nsmoxnn npnunnn sa cnoconocrra a opma-
me cenexrnnno nnnmanne na onona, xoero ronopn enn uonex.
uepn ennmnnnpa resn pyrn ]axropn, xaro nycxa na nscne-
nannre nnna aynosannc na ne pasnnunn comennx na ena
n cma nenra, nsronopenn or enn n cm uonex.
41
Cherry, E. C. (1953). Some experiments on the recognition of speech
with one and with two ears. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,
25, 975-979.
Heronnre nscnenann nnna xasnar, ue e nsxnmunrenno
rpyno a cnexr camo enoro comenne, xaro npenepernar
pyroro n npes nsnecrna uacr or npemero sarnapxr oun, sa a
cn nomornar a ce xonnenrpnpar. Maxap ue n xpana cmerxa
re nnnarn ce opnenrnpar xaxno e nno comennero, nxxon
or ]pasnre rpxna a ce nycxar no 20 nrn. C pyrn ymn,
]oxycnpanero npxy cmncna ue e naunnr, no xoro xopara
na xoxrennre ce cnpanxr c nn]opmannonnoro nperonapnane,
na xoero ca nsnoxenn.
Axo ne nsnonsnar cmncna, sa a ce nacrponar xm npa-
nnnnnx pasronop, xaxno nsnonsnar? uepn rnpn, ue nocoxa-
ra, or xoxro nna rpcennxr pasronop, nepoxrno e xnsneno-
naxna. To nponepxna rasn nex, xaro cnaxna nscnenann-
re cn nnna cc cnymanxn n noana eno comenne n nxnoro
nm yxo n pasnnuno comenne n xcnoro. Maxap ue nere c-
omennx ca nsronopenn c enn n cm rnac, xopara nxmar rpy-
nocrn a cnymar enoro nnn pyroro comenne n sanncn-
mocr or npenounrannxra cn, xaro cmenpemenno ce nsx-
nmunar" sa pyroro. Cneonarenno ]axrr, ue pasnnunnre ro-
nopnrenn na xoxrennnre naprnra ca n pasnnunn npocrpanc-
rnenn nosnnnn, moxe a e nsxnmunrenno naxen sa paspema-
nane na nponema na xoxrennoro naprn.
Cne xaro nn ncxxo yxo nocrnnar pasnnunn comennx,
cnymarennre ca nncrpyxrnpann a nonrapxr enoro or co-
mennxra, oxaro cnymar (rona e nsnecrno xaro sarnymana-
ne" na comennero). 3arnymananero e nexo saaneno cne
comennero n re ronopxr c monoronen rnac, maxap a ne ro
csnanar.
Ha-naxnnre pesynrarn na uepn ca nonyuenn c rasn rex-
nnxa na sarnymananero. Hanpnmep ro orxpnna, ue cnymare-
nnre emoncrpnpar nsymnrenna crenen na nenexecrno no or-
nomenne na comennero, xoero ne e nno sarnymanano. Ko-
raro rona comenne e na nemcxn n re ca nonnrann na xaxn
esnx e nno nspeueno comennero, nocrnnamo n nesarny-
menoro yxo, re npocro xasnar, ue nxmar nnxaxna npecrana,
no rnpxr, ue e na anrnncxn esnx. Koraro nesarnymanano-
ro comenne ce ccron or opnara na oparno peu, nxxon-
xo cnymarenn xasnar, ue nma nemo crpanno n nero", no none-
uero rnpxr, ue e nno cncem nopmanna anrnncxa peu. o-
pn xoraro nesarnymenoro comenne e na anrnncxn, cnyma-
rennre ne morar a cn cnomnxr uuuo or ymnre nnn ]pasnre
n nero nesaanno cne xpax na comennero. Koraro oaue
nma npomxna or mxxn na xencxn rnac n nesarnymenoro c-
omenne nnn nscnnpnane na uncr ron, resn npomenn ca ocra-
runo ouennnn, sa a ar perncrpnpann.
B no-xcnn nscnenannx e ycranoneno, ue cnymarennre,
sarnymanamn enoro comenne, ne emoncrpnpar nnxaxno
sapxane n namerra na anrnncxn ymn, npecranenn 35 nrn
n pasnnuno, nsnnunano enonpemenno comenne. Tona e
nxpno opn axo na cnymarennre ce xaxe a ce onnrar a sa-
nomnxr xonxoro e nsmoxno noneue or nesarnymenoro co-
menne.
Paseneno nnnmanne
Orxpnrnxra na uepn ce pasrnexar xaro emoncrpnpa-
mn, ue moxem a opmame nnnmanne camo na eno nemo n
aen momenr, r xaro nsxnmunrenno manxa uacr or nn]op-
mannxra, nycnara na nesarnymenoro yxo, ocranx nxxaxno nne-
uarnenne. Cmenpemenno nxma a e nxpno a ce xaxe, ue yxo-
ro, nonyuanamo nesarnymenoro comenne, ne uyna nnmo. To-
na ce noxasna ocra ocrpoymno or 3ennnxep. To nsnonsna
nsnecrnoro xaro saanena cnyxona oparna npsxa", npn xo-
xro uonex uyna xaxno xasna cc saanxne sa uacrnna or cexyn-
ara. Mnoro xacero]onn anar nsmoxnocr camn a nscne-
nare e]exrnre na saanenara cnyxona oparna npsxa. Hpocro
nycnere xacero]ona na sannc n ronopere n mnxpo]ona, oxaro
cre cc cnymanxn. Tona, xoero crana onxnoneno, e, ue peura
e naxcana n uonex sanouna a saexna.
oxaro cnymarennre nonrapxr comennero, uynano or
enoro yxo, 3ennnxep sanncna rnaconere nm n rn nycxa c nexo
saanxne na pyroro yxo. Axo rona yxo ne npaneme nnmo, ne
n rpxnano a nma pascrponane na sarnymananero. Cmen
pemenno neronnre cnymarenn sanounar a nenreuar - ocra
runo, sa a ce nnn, ue nsnecrno nnnmanne ce opma na
nesarnymenoro comenne. ,
Honeuero ncnxonosn rnpxr, ue pesynrarnre na uepn mo-
rar na-ope a ce oxcnxr, xaro ce npneme, ue uonemxnre
cmecrna nmar orpannuen oem na nnnmannero n ue saauara
sa sarnymanane e ronxona rpyna, ue nsnonsna npaxrnuecxn
nennx xanannrer. Maxap rona necmneno a oxcnxna samo
ce perncrpnpa ronxona manxo or nesarnymenoro comenne,
nemara ncmnocr ca no-cnoxnn, orxonxoro nnymana rasn
npocra reopnx.
Baxen onnnnrenen ]axrop, xoro rpxna a ce nseme
npenn, moxe a ce emoncrpnpa cncem npexrno. Onnrare
ce a cn ]opmnpare cnyxon opas (nanpnmep snyxa na nnaxa
nnn na mysnxanen nncrpymenr) n cne rona spnrenen opas
(nanpnmep nnne na uonex, nmnma xaprnna). Banconere ca,
ue me nn e no-necno a sarnopnre ounre cn, oxaro cn ]op-
mnpare spnrennnx opas, no rona cncem ne e neoxonmo,
oxaro cn ]opmnpare cnyxonnx. 3amo e necno a nponxa-
name a rneame nenocpecrnenara cn cpea, oxaro cn npe-
cranxme snyx, no e rpyno a xomnnnpame spennero cc spn-
rennnre npecrann? Orronopr, nsrnexa, e, ue xonxoro no-
pasnnunn ca ne enocrn, ronxona no-necno e a nm opma-
me nnnmanne enonpemenno, samoro e no-nepoxrno a yuacr-
nar pasnnunn uacrn na mosxa.
Moxe n rona, xoero uepn ncmnocr e emoncrpnpan, e,
ue ne moxem a opmame nnnmanne na ne nsxnmunrenno
cxonn enocrn n enn n cm momenr. Kaxno crana, axo sar-
nymananero na cnyxono npecraneno comenne ce xomnnn-
pa c pyra pasnnuna enocr - rneane na nopenna or xaprn-
nn? uepn nscnena n rona n ycranonxna, ue nscnenannre nn-
na morar a cn cnomnxr oxono 90% or xaprnnnre. C pyrn
ymn, es+oruo e a opmame nnnmanne na ne enocrn
enonpemenno opn xoraro enara or rxx e cnoxna saaua sa
sarnymanane na comenne. Hxxonxo or yuacrnnnnre n rosn
excnepnmenr ca nsnenaann xonxo necno e a xomnnnpar ne-
re enocrn, maxap ue npnonauanno nsnnrnann cnnno xena-
nne a ornpnar norne nnn a sarnopxr oun, oxaro sarny-
manar, sa a ne ce pascenar or nopennara sa xaprnnn.
Cmo ronxona rpyno nsrnexa a ce opma nnnmanne
na ne spnrennn cnenn enonpemenno, xonxoro n na ne cny-
xonn comennx. Hon Konpc or Vnnnepcnrera na Toponro
csana n nocn manxa c nonynocpepeno orneano, xoero npe-
cranx n spnrennoro my none xaxro rnexara npe nero, raxa n
rasn sa nero. To nnme, ue nno mnoro necno a ce xonnenr-
pnpa npxy rnexara ornpe nnn npxy rasn orsa - pyrara
npocro nsuesnana. Moxere a nocrnrnere cmnx e]exr, xaro
npnneuep rneare npes nposopena or ocnerena crax. Axo nn-
rensnnnocrra na cnernnnara ce npncnocon xaxro rpxna, mo-
xere a nsepere ann a rneare nnmnara cnena, nnn orpa-
xennero na craxra, no me orxpnere, ue e npaxrnuecxn nens-
moxno a rneare n nere enonpemenno.
Vnpnx Hacp n Popr Fexnn xnpnxr no-cncremen nor-
ne npxy rosn ]enomen. Te nsnonsnar na nneosannca n nnn
npecranxr ennnx, nanoxen npxy pyrnx na nere oun na
nscnenannre nm nnna, nnn npecranxr no enn nneosannc
na ncxxo oxo. H n nara cnyuax e mnoro necno a ce cnena
ennnxr nnn pyrnxr sannc. Ho-necno e, xoraro na ncxxo oxo
ce npecranx pasnnuen nneosannc - nexenannxr npocro ns-
uesna. Koraro nara nneosannca ca npecranenn na nere oun,
spnrennre nnnarn ocsnanar, ue crana n nemo pyro". Kora-
ro spnrennre ce onnrar a cnenar nara nneosannca enon-
pemenno oaue, orxpnnar, ue rona e npaxrnuecxn nensmox-
no. Cmenpemenno na rxx nm e manxo no-necno a ce cnpanxr,
xoraro nneosanncnre ce npecranxr na nere oun.
Hpaxrnxynane na enonpemenno
npmene na ne nema
Or oxasarencrnara, ocenn oryx, n nsrnexano man-
xo nepoxrno nxxo a moxe a uere rexcr n a ro pasnpa,
oxaro cmenpemenno pasnpa ymnre, xonnpann no nx-
ronxa (axo ce cmnxnare c rpynocrra, npocro onnrare). Vn-
pnx Hacp n neronnre crpynnnn Ennsaer Cnenxe n Vnnxm
Xpcr oaue pemanar a oyuar nama cryenrn - xon n
axn - a nsnnnxnar enonpemenno resn ne enocrn.
Koraro xon n axn sa npn nr onnrnar a uerar xpar-
xn pasxasn or amepnxancxn, anrnncxn n npeneenn enponec-
xn nncarenn, oxaro nnmar no nxronxa, cxopocrra nm na
uerene naa pamarnuno n xauecrnoro na nouepxa nm no npe-
me na nxronxara e mnoro no-nomo, orxonxoro onxnoneno.
Cmenpemenno cne oxono 30 uaca npaxrnxa re morar a xom-
nnnpar mnoro e]nxacno uerenero n nncanero no nxronxa.
Ha rosn eran re cxxam nnmar ymnre, es a mncnxr, samoro
uecro xonnpar cnncx or cnpsann ymn (nanpnmep rpone,
xnxn, xamnon, xon, camoner, rpaxrop, xona"), es a ocsna-
nar, ue ncnuxn npnnanexar na ena n cma xareropnx.
Cne ome nxxonxo uaca oyuenne xon n axn ce nayua-
nar a nenrn]nnnpar rpynn or cnpsann ymn n cnncxa sa
nxronxa n opn morar a sanncnar xareropnnre, na xonro
npnnanexar ymnre, nmecro camnre ymn - xaro npes nxno-
ro npeme uerar rexcr ronxona pso n cc cmara crenen na
pasnpane, xaxro nxa ro nanpannnn, axo camo uerxxa.
Ocnonnoro nocnanne or rona nscnenane e, ue cnoconocr-
ra a ce opma nnnmanne na ne enocrn enonpemenno
moxe a ce noopn pamarnuno n pesynrar na ronxma npax-
rnxa. xon n axn nonyuanar na 80 uaca rpennnr, npen a
ocrnrnar oxonuarennoro cn nnno na npecranxne. Tona ce
noxpenx or nosnarnx npnmep na mo]topnre, xonro ronopxr,
oxaro mo]npar - nonnr, xoro moxe esonacno a ce ns-
npmna camo or onesn cc snaunrenen onnr!
Hpaxrnxara nma orpomen e]exr npxy saauara sa sarny-
manane na eno or ne comennx, npecranenn saeno, xax-
ro e n excnepnmenra na Konnn uepn. Haunnaemnre ycnxnar
a nenrn]nnnpar camo 4% or xnmuonnre nema, npecrane-
nn n nesarnymenoro comenne. Hennn Mopn oaue, xoro
npexapna crornnn, axo ne n xnnxn uacone n yuacrne n excne-
pnmenrn cc sarnymanane, ycnxna a nenrn]nnnpa nenn 83%
or rxx.
Hponxnrennara npaxrnxa nrpae ocnonna ponx n n ne
no-nonn nneuarnxnamn emoncrpannn na cnoconocrra a ce
nsnnnxnar ne enocrn enonpemenno. Hsxnmunrenno
ymenn nnanncrn morar a cnnpxr nenosnara mysnxa na npnma
nncra, oxaro sarnymanar nacaxn, xonro nm ce uerar na rnac
or xnnra, xaro cnnpenero na nnanoro n sarnymananero ce npa-
nxr ronxona ope, xonxoro nxa ce npannnn noorenno. Bn
nroporo nscnenane onnrna mamnnonncxa e n ccroxnne a
neuara oxono 100 ymn na mnnyra, oxaro sarnymana cnyxono
npecranen nacax nnn nenpexcnaro pennrnpa ercxn crn-
xornopennx.
Hpnunnara samo npaxrnxynanero na enara enocr (na-
npnmep nncanero na mamnna nnn cnnpenero na nnano) nn nos-
nonxna a x xomnnnpame c nexora c pyra enocr e, ue e
nyxno no-manxo nnnmanne sa nsnnnennero na ope ycnoe-
no ymenne. Bcmnocr onnrnnre mamnnonncxn uecro ne ocs-
nanar pea na yxnnre na xnannarypara: cxxam npcrnre sna-
xr xaxno a npanxr" camo c mnnnmanno nacounane.
Cnoono nnnmanne
n nsnnnenne na paorara
a npenonoxnm, ue rpxna a rnuare 10 mnnn c onnm-
nncxn mamnnon na nrn pascroxnnx n ue ro e ocraruno
nmesen, sa a saann remnoro o namero, raxa ue n na nama
nn a e nyxno eno n cmo npeme, sa a ]nnnmnpare. Be
osnauana nn rona, ue namara cre enaxno opn eraun? Oue-
nnno ne, samoro naxpax nne me cre xaro pax n nnnero, me ce
nornre onnno n me nexnre na semxra, crenexn, oxaro ro
me e ornocnrenno nenonnnxn or npoera. C pyrn ymn, ma-
xap ue n namara cre xrann c ena n cma cxopocr, nne e
rpxnano a nsnonsnare noneue or cnonre pecypcn. Axo pemn-
re a nonropnre onnra, xaro n namara nocnre rexxn apmec-
xn orymn, mamnnonr me e saanen, no nne moxe nsomo a
ne cre n ccroxnne a rnuare.
Or rona cnena, ue moxe a e mnoro nonexamo a ce
npnema, ue nama ymn, xonro nsnpmnar ena saaua enax-
no ope, ca nocrnrnann rona nnno na nsnnnenne na ena n
cma nena"
42
. B cnyuax na enocrnre, xonro nsncxnar nnn-
manne, nxxon xopa rpxna a nsnonsnar mnoro no-ronxma uacr
or xanannrera na nnnmannero cn n cpannenne c pyrn, sa a rn
nsnnnxnar aexnarno.
42
Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and Effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-
Hall.
Anp Fpayn or Hscneonarencxara cexnnx no npnnoxna
ncnxonornx n Kempnx, Anrnnx, npnnara resn nen xm
enn mnoro npaxrnuecxn nponem. Ionxm po mxe nocema-
nann xypc sa mo]topn na anroyc, samoro ncxann a nspxar
nsnnra n a cranar mo]topn n omecrnennx rpancnopr. Hpo-
nemr nn, ue nxxonxo or rxx ce nponannnn na recra, npaxoc-
naxn cocrnenoro npeme n napn, xaxro n resn na xomnannx-
ra. He nno nsmoxno a ce nsnonsna mo]npanero no npeme
na oyuennero xaro ocnona sa orcrpanxnane na norennnannn-
re nponann, samoro n npecranxnero nxmano ouennnn pasnn-
xn mexy resn, xonro cne rona ce nponannnn nnn nspxann
recra sa noaun na omecrnenn rpancnoprnn cpecrna.
Ocrpoymnoro pemenne na Fpayn na nponema e a uere
naop or ocem nn]pn na ncexn nxxonxo cexynn, oxaro m-
xere mo]npar. Bcexn naop or nn]pn e cmo xaro npexo-
nnx, c nsxnmuenne na ena nn]pa, n saauara e a ce nenrn-
]nnnpa rasn nn]pa. Kypcncrnre, xonro no-xcno nspxar
nsnnra, ce cnpanxr cc saauara nourn na nrn no-pso n
cpannenne c onesn, xonro ce nponanxr na mo]topcxnx nsnnr.
C pyrn ymn, neycnemnnre xypcncrn rpxna a nnarar mnoro
noneue ycnnnx n nnnmanne n mo]npanero, orxonxoro nma-
mnre ycnex n cneonarenno ne ca cnoconn a ce cnpanxr c
onnnnrennnre nsncxnannx xm rxx.
Cmara ocnonna nex e npnnoxena xm cpannennero na
ne cncremn na expannre na camonernn ncnnen. Bnpocr
nn ann e sa npenounrane a ce nocrann rpannnonen na-
nen c nncrpymenrn, nnn xaprnnxon ncnne, renepnpan npxy
xarono-nuena rpa. Fnno rpyno a ce pemn, samoro nn-
nornre na rpenaxopnre ce cnpanxr enaxno ope n c nere
cncremn sa npecranxne na nn]opmannxra. Cmenpemenno,
xoraro nnn naxapann a uerar na rnac nn]pn, noxnxnamn ce
na orenen ncnne, nsnnnennero npn xaprnnxonnx ncn-
ne ocranano nncoxo, oxaro npn rpannnonnnx rpemxnre ce
ynennunnn. Cne xaro or rnena rouxa na nnnmannero nno
no-necno a ce pasunra xaprnnxonnxr ncnne, nna nspana
rasn cncrema.
pyr nnrepecen npnmep na nsnonsnane na nropa saaua,
sa a ce onenxr nsncxnannxra xm nnnmannero na npnara, e
B13HPHBTHE H PELABAHE HA HPOBHEMH H1
no npeme na recrona cnmynannx na X.15 paxera. Hnnorr ce
cnpannn saononnrenno c ncnuxn ]asn na cnmynnpannx no-
ner, no ce rnpxno, ue ena no-anromarnsnpana cncrema me
e no-manxo ymopnrenna. Tona nno nponepeno, xaro ce ncxa-
no or nnnora a nsxnmuna nepnonuno noxnxnama ce cnernn-
na, xaxro n a nsnnnxna cnmynannxra na nonera. Hsnnne-
nnero na rasn onnnnrenna saaua coueno, ue no-anromarn-
snpanara cncrema nanarana no-manxo nsncxnannx npxy nnn-
mannero na nnnora, ocoeno no npeme na nsxnmunrenno xpn-
rnunoro orenxne or nocnrenx cne nsrapxnero na nnrarenx
n npn nonropnoro nannnsane n armoc]epara. Hoonn pesyn-
rarn noxr o penna noopennx n npoexrnpanero na X.15.
Opmanero na nnnmanne na ne enocrn enonpemen-
no moxe a npensnnxna nponemn, xonro nce ome ne ca na-
nnno ocsnarn. Enn npnmep e ynennuanamnxr ce po na
panorene]onnre n anromonnnre nnn rpaxancxnre pan-
onpeanarenn, xonro ca uecro cpemann n CAB. Anp Fpayn
ce nnra ann npenenxara na mo]topa nxma a e orpnnarenno
nonnnxna or enonpemennoro nsnonsnane na rene]ona. B cn-
mynnpann mo]topcxn recrone ro ycrpona cepnx or npoxo-
n, xonro ca nnn ocraruno mnpoxn, sa a mnne xona, nnn
rnpe recnn, n orxpnna, ue mo]topnre, xonro ronopxr no
rene]ona, ca mnoro no-roronn a onnrar a mnnar npes npo-
xonre, xonro ca no-recnn or xonara nm. Bcmnocr 47% or
npemero re ce onnrnar a mnnar npes npoxo, xoro e c 8 cm
no-recen or mnpnnara na xonara nm!
Ouennno e opa nexra a ce pxnre na pascroxnne or
ncexn mo]top, xororo nnnre a ronopn no panorene]on n
xonara. Hsrnexa rnpe crpanno, ue - none nn Bennxopn-
rannx - na mo]topa e nosnoneno a nsnonsna rene]ona cn, no
ro pncxyna ceno npecnenane, axo nsnnnxna mnoro no-
nensncxarennara xm nnnmannero saaua a ce pcne c enex-
rpnuecxara cn camopcnauxa.
Ha eno no-uecro cpemano pannnme: ann e sa npenopuna-
ne a cnymare panoro n xonara, oxaro mo]npare? Honeue-
ro mo]topn cmxrar, ue cnymanero na pano nma narornopen
e]exr npxy mo]npanero, samoro onexuana monoronnocrra
n cnnnnocrra. Vcranoneno e oaue, ue narncxanero na nea-
na na cnnpauxnre n cmxnara na npeanxara or npeme na npeme
ce saanxr, xoraro nma nemo ocoeno nnrepecno no panoro.
Hpnunnara samo resn ne enocrn onxnoneno morar a ce
nsnnnxnar saeno, e, ue mo]npanero n cnymanero nxnmunar
pasnnunn cernna (spenne n cnyx). Cmenpemenno, axo cnymare
]yronen mau no panoro n xonara n ce onnrnare a
nrpaere, xaro cn ]opmnpare spnrennn npecrann, nsmoxno
e cxopo a orxpnere, ue cre n xananxara.
Tpenoxnocr n nnnmanne
Bcnuxn snaem, ue rpenoxnocrra uecro pascrpona npec-
ranxnero, ocoeno n ycnonnx na crpec. Tona yenrenno e no-
xasano or Maxn Fpxn or Hscneonarencxara cexnnx np-
xy nnepcrnoro xm Amepnxancxara apmnx. Honopannn ca
xauenn na camoner n ca naxapann a nxpnar, ue me nma ana-
pnno xanane. Camonerr ce naxnanx, enn or moropnre cnn-
pa n nonopannnre morar a nnxr orpynannre noxapnn xonn
n nnnexn na nernmero. Hnnorr oxnxna, ue mexannsmr sa
xanane ne paorn n me rpxna a xannar npnnynrenno n oxe-
ana. He e nsnenanamo, ue osernre or yxac nrnnnn ne e-
moncrpnpar ocoena cnoconocr a cnenar erannre na npo-
neypara npn cnemnn cnyuan. Hamerra nm ce oxasna nanono-
nnna ycnyxnnna n cpannenne c nonopannnre, xonro ne ca ns-
noxenn na rosn crpec.
Hscnenannxra na Fpxn ca nponexann npen oxono
30 ronnn n nnro enn nemen xomnrer no ernxa nxma a
nosnonn na nxxo excnepnmenrarop a nponee nooen exc-
nepnmenr. Cmenpemenno ncexnnennara rpenoxnocr onx-
noneno ne e ronxona cnnna n moxem a nscnename e]exrnre
npxy nnnmannero n nsnnnennero. T xaro xopara, crpa-
amn or rpenoxnocr, onxnoneno ocsnanar no-cnnno ccro-
xnnero cn n sanounar a ce xonnenrpnpar npxy npnrecnenn-
xra cn, ouennnara npornosa e, ue rpenoxnocrra n rpxnano
a nnomana nsnnnennero. ecrnnrennnre e]exrn oaue ca
xaxro no-nnrepecnn, raxa n no-cnoxnn.
Iepmon Venrman or Kann]opnncxnx ynnnepcnrer sax-
nmuna cryenrn opononnn n apoxamepa n rn xapa a no-
nxpnar, ue xamepara e nycnara nn noa na nounna 18 m
- c manxo nsoperarennocr (nnmnn ccxamn snynn, nsxyc-
rneno mannnynnpan ype sa nsmepnane na nanxranero) ne e
rpyno rona a ce nanpann mnoro yenrenno. To npens-
nnxna onpeenena rpenoxnocr ncnecrnne na xnaycrpo]o-
nxra or orpannuenoro npocrpancrno n or crpaxonere or
anapnn n cncremara sa nopxane na xnnora. Ho npeme-
ro, xoraro ca yx na 18 m, opononnnre nonyuanar saaua-
ra a orxpnnar manxn npasnnnn n npcrenn. Ocnen rona
onnnnrennara nm saaua e a nenrn]nnnpar nsrounnx
na cnernnna, xoraro ce nxnmun.
Venrman ycranonxna, ue rpenoxnocrra nxma nnxaxn
e]exr npxy rounocrra, c xoxro ce nsnnnxna ocnonnara sa-
aua. Tona e neouaxnano. Bepoxrnnxr orronop e, ue maxap rpe-
noxnocrra a nma ecrecrnenara cxnonnocr a nnomana nsnn-
nennero, opononnnre xomnencnpar, xaro nsnonsnar no-ro-
nxma uacr or xanannrera na nnnmannero cn, orxonxoro xora-
ro ne ca rpenoxnn. -p Cammn xoncn* moxe n e nman
nemo noono npenn, xoraro orenxsna: Moxere a pas-
unrare na rona, cp: xoraro uonex snae, ue me e oecen
cne ne cemnnn, npexpacno xonnenrpnpa yma cn".
T xaro resn rpenoxnn xopa nopxar npnnnuno ns-
nnnenne no ocnonnara saaua, xaro nsnonsnar noneuero or
pecypcnre cn, n rpxnano a ca n nensrona nosnnnx no o-
nnnnrennara saaua sa nenrn]nnnpanero na cnernnnara.
Tona ce oxasna rouno raxa: onnnnrennara saaua ce npmn
nerecer nponenra no-sne npn npensnnxnamnre rpenoxnocr
ycnonnx.
Kaxno moxe a ce nanpann, sa a ce npeornparn nsmox-
nocrra rpenoxnocrra a oxasna nexenann e]exrn npxy nnn-
mannero n a pascrpona nsnnnennero? Hma nnrpnrynamn
oxasarencrna, ue rxnoro moxe a ce nayun a pasnnna onpe-
* Cammn xoncn (1709 -1784), c ncenonnm -p xoncn, anrnncxn
xpnrnx, norpa], ecencr, noer n nexcnxorpa], pasrnexan xaro ena
or na-nennxnre ]nrypn na xnnora n nnreparypara or XVIII nex n
Anrnnx. - Fen. npen.
enenn mexannsmn sa cnpanxne. Honannre napamyrncrn ns-
nnrnar na-cnnno nexenanne a cxouar n ca na-paspxa-
nn" ]nsnonornuno rouno npen a cxouar. Tona osnauana, ue
ca nsxnmunrenno rpenoxnn no npeme na xpnrnunnre ]asn or
napamyrnnx cxox. Onnrnnre napamyrncrn ca rpenoxnn o-
nxxe cyrpnnra npen cxoxa n npn xanane, no ocranar orno-
cnrenno cnoxonn n momenra na cxauane. B pesynrar na npax-
rnxara xopara ouennno morar nnn a norncxar rpenoxnocr-
ra, nnn a x nsmecrnar npen n cne ocnonnara uacr na saa-
uara, sa a nonpeuar a pascrpona nsnnnennero nm.
3axnmuennx
Bnpocr ann moxem a nnnmaname n ne nema enon-
pemenno nxma npocr orronop. Axo nere enocrn ne cn npn-
nnuar n ca npaxrnxynann oranna, uecro e nsnenanamo nec-
no a ce xomnnnpar e]exrnnno. Axo ca cxonn n ne ca nnn
npaxrnxynann, onxnoneno e nensmoxno a ce opma nyx-
noro nnnmanne n na nere enonpemenno.
Hennnarn e necno a ce xaxe xaxno xonnuecrno nnnmanne
opma uonex na aena saaua. Cmenpemenno moxem a
nonyunm nsnecrna npecrana sa rona, xaro my saaem nropa
saaua, sa a x npmn enonpemenno: xonxoro no-sne ce np-
mn nropara saaua, ronxona noneue or nannunoro nnnmanne
n pecypcn ce nnarar n npnara. Tosn noxo e nsnonsnan c
nsnecren ycnex, sa a ce orronopn na penna npaxrnuecxn npo-
nemn n sa a ce xnpnn cnernnna npxy e]exrnre na rpenox-
nocrra npxy nsnnnennero.
18
Bssnponsneaane n sapannne
Hnxo ne moxe a orpeue snauennero na namerra. Fes
nex ncnuxo me nn nsrnexa nono n nsnenanamo no cmnx
naunn, xaxro nsrnexa na nonopoenoro
42
. Koraro ca nonnra-
nn sa namerra nm, noneuero xopa npnsnanar, ue npnrexanar
rnpe cnaa namer. Hnrepecen ryx e xonrpacrr c rona, xoe-
ro crana, xoraro nnrare xopara sa nnrennrenrnocrra nnn sa
uyncrnoro nm sa xymop - mnoro manx nponenr npnsnanar, ue
npnrexanar nnrennrenrnocr no cpenara nnn ue nxmar uyn-
crno sa xymop!
Bxpno nn e, ue uonemxara namer e cncem nee]exrnnna?
Tpyen nnpoc. Hamerra cc cnrypnocr moxe a nsnpmna
nxxon nancrnna nneuarnxnamn nonnsn, xonro cme cxnonnn
a npnemame sa aenocr. Hanpnmep, axo nxxo nn nnra ann
sextant (cexcranr) e yma n anrnncxnx esnx, me nn rpxna no-
manxo or cexyna, sa a pemnre, ue e, n nepoxrno cmo ronxo-
na pso me pemnre, ue mantiness ne e.
Cmenpemenno sapanxnero na ronmnnnn or cnarn,
poxenn nn, nmena na xopa, sarnannx na xnnrn n ]nnmn,
rene]onnn nomepa n xnmuonn pennnxn nn nnnone e uecro
cpeman neocrarx. Onxnoneno rona nmame npenn, xora-
ro xasname, ue namerra nn e cnaa. T xaro ]ynxnnonnpane-
ro na namerra e nsxnmunrenno cnoxno, ne nna a nn nsne-
42
Eysenck, M. W. (1977). Human Memory: Theory, Research and Individual
Differences. Oxford: Pergamon.
278 XAHCn MAHKTHAH3EHK HABHPEHHE HA HCHXHKA TA
nana, xoraro orxpnere, ue sapanxnero moxe a ce noxnxna
no nxxonxo pasnnunn naunna. Tasn rnana e nocnerena na o-
cxane na nxxon or npnunnnre, nopan xonro namerra nn
nsnenepxna.
Knmuon excnepnmenr: nameronn nacoxn
Enen Tnnnnr - poennxr n Ecronnx ncnxonor, xoro cera
paorn n Kanaa - moxe n e xnpnnn noneue cnernnna npxy
sapanxnero n cpannenne c ncexn pyr
43
. To nocouna, ue nn
ncexn momenr nne mncnnm sa nnn cn cnomnxme camo eno
cnrne, xoero osnauana, ue namerra rpxna a paorn no mno-
ro cenexrnnen naunn. Kax ce nsnpa rona eno-enncrneno
cnrne? ]pencxnxr ]nnoco] Anpn Feprcon* ocnrypxna or-
ronop, c xoro Tnnnnr e crnacen: Bnaunm cne cee cn -
necsnarenno - nxnoro cn mnnano, no namara namer nsnnna n
nacroxmero camo uyarnx cnomen nnn onona, xoero no nxxa-
xn naunn sanpmna nacroxmara nn cnryannx".
Cnope Tnnnnr rona osnauana, ue nsnponsnexanero
na aeno cnrne sanncn or ne nema, xonro ca enaxno c-
mecrnenn: namerona cnea, cpxama nn]opmannx sa cn-
rnero, n nemo n nenocpecrnenara cnryannx, xoero nn nanom-
nx sa cnrnero (ro napnua rona nacoxa sa nsnnnuane").
Tnnnnr nonxxora onpnnnuana naunna, no xoro resn ne ne-
ma ce xomnnnpar, sa a ]opmnpar cnomen, c naunna, no xo-
ro cnepmarosonr n xnexnerxara ce xomnnnpar n momen-
ra na sauarnero.
43
Tulving, E. (1974). Cue-dependent forgetting. American Scientist, 62,
74-82; Tulving, E. & Psotka, J. (1971). Retroactive inhibition in free re-
call: Inaccessibility of information available in the memory store. Journal
of Experimental Psychology, 87, 1-8.
* Anpn-Hync Feprcon (1859-1941), ]pencxn ]nnoco], npnnxr, xoro
paspaorna crananoro nsnecrno xaro ]nnoco]nx na nponeca, orxnp-
nxma crarnunnre nennocrn n nonsa na nennocrra na nnxennero,
npomxnara n enonmnnxra. Ocnen rona e macrop na nnreparypnara
crnnncrnxa n nonyuana Hoenona narpaa sa nnreparypa npes 1927 r. -
Fen. npen.
Cneonarenno nsmoxno e a nma ne ocnonnn npnunnn
sa sapanxnero: nnn nameronara cnea ce e nnomnna, nnn e
sarnxnana, nnn nxma snaunma nacoxa sa nsnnnuane, sa a sa-
ecrna cnomena. Hsrnexa ecrecrneno a ce rnpn, ue sa-
panxme nemara, samoro nameronara cnea n mosxa e nsne-
nxna. Cmenpemenno rona uecro ne e raxa. Hanpnmep none-
uero xopa orxpnnar, ue cnomennre nm or ercrnoro cranar
nce no-nen c reuenne na npemero. ann rona ce nxn na
nsnenenn nameronn cnen? Koraro oaue ce npnar na ynn-
nnre n nonxra, xero ca nrpann xaro ena, nnn nocerxr cra-
poro cn yunnnme,uecro ca nsymenn or pox ercxn npexnnx-
nannx, xonro naxnynar n csnannero nm. ]axrr, ue noxox-
mara cpea moxe a saecrna resn cnomenn, oxasna, ue mno-
ro or nameronnre cnen, sanoxenn npes ercrnoro, ne ca nnn
nsrpnrn. Te cmecrnynar, no uaxar a ar axrnnnpann or
noxoxmara nacoxa.
Enen Tnnnnr n neronnxr xonera or Vnnnepcnrera na
Toponro xoyse] Hcorxa ce nnrepecynar, ann sapanxnero
ce nxn na nsnenxnane na nameronnre cnen, nnn na nnn-
cara na noxoxmn cnycnn", nnn nacoxn sa nsnnnuane.
Vuacrnnnnre n rxxnoro nscnenane rpxna a nayuar cnnc-
nn or no 24 ymn - no uernpn ymn n mecr xareropnn. Hpnme-
pen cnncx e cnennxr: xnxa, xonna, nanarxa, xoren; cxana,
pexa, xnm, nynxan; xannran, e]perop, cepxanr, nonxonnnx;
mpanxa, oca, pmap, xomap; nnnx, me, anymnnn, pons;
cnpeen, rpnon, nero, nnpon. ymnre ce npecranxr upes sar-
nopena renennsnonna cncrema.
Hxxon rpynn yuacrnnnn nonyuanar enn cnncx, pyrn -
na cnncxa, a rpern - rpn, uernpn, ner nnn mecr. Henocpe-
crneno cne xaro ncexn cnncx e nn npecranen, yuacrnnnn-
re sanncnar xonxoro moxe noneue ymn or nero. Bcnuxn rpy-
nn ce npecranxr enaxno ope na rosn recr.
Cne xaro ca nayunnn noxoxmnx po cnncnn, yuacr-
nnnnre ca nomonenn a sannmar xonxoro moxe noneue ymn
or ncnuxn cnncnn, xonro ca nonyunnn. Tnnnnr n Hcorxa ce
nnrepecynar na-neue a nnxr oxonxo ope pasnnunnre rpy-
nn ycnxnar a cn cnomnxr npnnx cnncx. Te ouaxnar, ue resn,
xonro ca yunnn nxxonxo cnncxa cne npnnx, me ca onxx-
e opxann or ncnuxn ymn, xonro ca nnenn, n cneonarenno
me sapanxr noneue ymn - xnnenne, nsnecrno xaro perpoax-
rnnna nnrep]epennnx"
44
. Hemo noneue: npemennxr nnrepnan
mexy nayuananero na npnnx cnncx n nsnponsnexanero
e no-ronxm sa resn, xonro ca yunnn nxxonxo cnncxa - n rona
cmo n morno a non o no-cnnna renennnx a ce sapanx.
Touno rona n crana. Konxoro noneue cnncnn yuar xopara
cne npnnx, ronxona noneue sapanxr ymnre n nero. Bcm-
nocr nsnponsnexanero naa or oxono 70%, xoraro ce yun
camo enn cnncx, na no 30%, xoraro ca nnn yuenn ner o-
nnnnrennn cnncxa. Osnauana nn rona, ue nameronnre cne-
n sa ymnre n npnnx cnncx ca nsnenenn noneue npn xo-
para, yunnn mnoxecrno cnncnn, orxonxoro npn resn, yunnn
camo enn nnn na cnncxa?
Tnnnnr n Hcorxa ce onnrnar a noxaxar, ue rona ne e
raxa. Excnepnmenrr nponxana, xaro yuacrnnnnre npexap-
nar ecer mnnyrn n nonnnane na xonxoro moxe noneue are-
mn or recr sa nnrennrenrnocr, n cne rona ornono ce onnrnar
a cn cnomnxr ymnre; rona ana mnoro cxonn pesynrarn c
npenmnoro nsnponsnexane. H naxpax, yuacrnnnnre nony-
uanar nmenara na ncnuxn xareropnn ymn, xonro ca yunnn (sa
npnmepnnx cnncx rona ca rnnone crpan, semnn ]opmannn,
noennn unnone, nacexomn, merann n pnoencxn nncrpymen-
rn), n ca nomonenn a rn nsnonsnar, sa a cn nomornar npn
nsnponsnexanero na ncnuxn ymn.
Tona nacounano nsnponsnexane non o pamarnuna
npomxna n pox ymn, xonro ce nsnponsnexar or npnnx
cnncx. Cpeno ce nsnponsnexar oxono 40% noneue ymn,
orxonxoro npen n rona noxasna, ue ronxma uacr or npenm-
noro sapanxne ne ce nxn na nsnenxnane na nameronnre
cnen. Bcmnocr nacoxnre sa nsnnnuanero or namerra ca ron-
xona nnnxrennn, ue nosnonxnar na yuacrnnnnre a cn cnom-
nxr npaxrnuecxn ncnuxn ymn, xonro ca yunnn npnonauan-
no. Hnaue xasano, sapanxnero na npnonauanno nayuennre
44
Tulving, E. & Psotka, J. (1971). Retroactive inhibition in free recall: In-
accessibility of information available in the memory store. Journal of Ex-
perimental Psychology, 87, 1-8.
ymn na npaxrnxa e ennmnnnpano or nacoxnre sa nsnnnuane-
ro or namerra. Hsnonsnanero na nacoxn cnnno peynnpa pas-
nnxnre nn nsnponsnexanero mexy yuacrnnnnre, xonro
ca ronxona cnnno nspasenn npen rona. Ouennno e, ue perpo-
axrnnnara nnrep]epennnx e nnpoc noneue na nnnca na no-
xoxmn nacoxn sa nsnnnuane or namerra, orxonxoro na ns-
nenxnane na nameronnre cnen.
Mnemonnunn cpecrna
Ionxma uacr Or ncexnnennoro sapanxne ce ocmecrnx-
na, samoro cpeara ne ocnrypxna noxoxmoro nocxasnane
na namerra. Axo rpxna a cn cnomnnre, ue rpxna a
nanpannre nemo neonuano, nanpnmep a xynnre xnnra sa
npnxren nnn nnerx sa uonex, xoro e n onnnna, e mnoro nepo-
xrno a sapannre a ro nanpannre. Kaxno moxe a ce nanpa-
nn, sa a nsernere raxnna nocranxmn nn n neyono nonoxe-
nne nponycxn? Pasxasnre or peannnx xnnor nocxasnar, ue
nenperennnosnara, npsana na nsen nocna xpna uecro me
cnpmn paora. Tona e raxa, samoro rx ecrna xaro nacoxa
sa nsnnnuane.
Hma penna pyrn excnepnmenrn ocnen nponeennre or
Tnnnnr n Hcorxa, xonro noxasnar, ue sapanxnero moxe a
ce npeopne", xoraro ce nsnonsnar no-cnnnn nnn noxox-
mn nacoxn sa nsnnnuane or namerra. 3arona e nsxymanamo a
ce rnpn, ue ncnuxo, xoero nxxora cme nayunnn, nponxana
a ce cxpanxna n mosxa, maxap ue ronxma uacr or nero e,
pasnpa ce, neocrnno. Touno rona e saxnmuennero, o xoe-
ro ocrnra amepnxancxnxr nenpoxnpypr Vnnp Hen]nn n
pesynrar na paorara cn c nannenrn c ennnencnx. Hen]nn
nsnpmna na 1000 xpannoromnn, nxnmunamn enocrpanno
orcrpanxnane na uacr or remnopannnx xn n ccennre o-
nacrn n onnr a ce onexun ]oxannara ennnencnx. Hannenrnre
ca n csnanne no npeme na onepannxra n n 520 cnyuax Hen-
]nn nsnonsna nexa enexrpnuecxa crnmynannx, sa a nsc-
nena ennnx nnn pyrnx remnopanen xn.
Oxono ocem nponenra or nannenrnre cnoenxr sa cno-
menn cnerxannna" no npeme na crnmynannxra, n xonro nne-
sanno ocsnanar npexnnxnannx or mnnanoro. Ha-nnrepec-
noro orxpnrne na Hen]nn e, ue enexrpnuecxara crnmyna-
nnx na remnopannnre xnone nonxxora csana noponn mno-
roxparnn nonropennx na eno n cmo npexnnxnane, xoero e
nno neocrnno sa onxnoneno nsnponsnexane n npon-
xenne na nrn ronnn. Mnoro or nannenrnre cnonranno or-
enxsnar nsxnmunrenno xnnara npnpoa na resn cnomenn. Te-
sn pesynrarn nocxasnar, ue ce cxpanxna mnoro noneue nn-
]opmannx sa cnrnxra n npexnnxnannxra, orxonxoro mo-
xem a cn cnomnnm npn nopmannn ocroxrencrna. Cmenpe-
menno Hen]nn nnrepnpernpa annnre cn no mnoro no-pa-
marnuen naunn, rnpexn, ue e emoncrpnpan, ue cxpanx-
nanero na nn]opmannxra e sannnarn.
annnre na Hen]nn nmar nxxon cnaocrn. Hsrnexa,
ue nxxonxo or cnomennre, npensnnxann or enexrpnuecxara
crnmynannx, nxa mornn mnoro necno a ce nsnponsnear n
es nex. Hanpnmep nannenrr x. T. morn a uye nere my
paronuexn Fecn n An a ce cmexr, xoraro nn enexrpnuec-
xn crnmynnpan. Ho-ronxm nponem e, ue manxnxr nponenr na-
nnenrn c ennnencnx, xonro cnoenxr raxnna xnnn nsnomn-
nannx, moxe npocro a ca nnn cnnno cyrecrnpyemn. Ocnen
rona - sa cxanenne - Hen]nn ne e n ccroxnne a nponepn
rounocrra na noonn cnomenn.
Enn npaxrnuen naunn a ce nsnonsnar nxxon or nenre
na Tnnnnr sa namanxnane na sapanxnero e a cn nocnre co-
crnennre nacoxn sa nsnnnuane or namerra. Honynxpen naunn
sa rona nxn nponsxoa cn na enn rparnuen nnnnenr n
Ipnnx npen 2500 ronnn. Fapr Cnmonn neen nnpnuna
noema na enn anxer, xoraro nn nsnnxan nann or necrono-
cen. Ho npeme na orccrnnero my noxpnnr na anxernara
sana nanan, npemasan n oesopasnn rocrnre o raxana cre-
nen, ue renara nm ne moxenn a ce pasnosnaxr. Cnmonn sa-
nomnnn mecrara, na xonro re ceenn, n sarona ycnxn a noco-
un mprnnre na cxpxmnre nm ponnnn.
Tona naxapano Cnmonn a npenoxn mnemonnuna rexnn-
xa, n xoxro nouepranan snauennero na nopeenocrra xaro
nomomno cpecrno sa namerra. To noxasan xax moxe a ce
nocrnrne rona, xaro cnpsnan opasnre na mecra nnn na ]axrn
c oexrn. Tona ce pasnnno xaro rexnnxara mero na noxycn-
re", xoxro nxnmuna sanounanero c nemo mnoro nosnaro, nan-
pnmep nmnmara anex sa pasxoxn na uonexa. Cne rona nxxon-
xo mecra no anexra ce aconnnpar - upes nsnonsnanero na npe-
crann - c ]axrn, xonro ro ncxa a sanomnn. Koraro e nyxno
resn ]axrn a ce nsnponsnear, ro npocro nsnonsna mecra-
ra no anexra xaro camorenepnpann nacoxn sa nsnnnuane, xon-
ro my nomarar a pasuere" nyxnnre ]axrn n npannnnnx pe.
Hoona rexnnxa e npenoxena npes 30-re ronnn na XX nex
or en Kapnern, anropa na Kax a neuennm npnxrenn n a
nnnxem na xopara"
45
. Hpnara saaua e a ce nayun pnmynana
cxema sa sanamerxnanero na 20 nema, nanpnmep eno-xone-no,
ne-nnere, rpn-cecrpn n r.n. Cnenamara crnxa e a ce
nayuar opasnre, xonro cornercrnar na xpnrnunnre ymn
(nanpnmep xoneno" moxe a nocxasna nprennno nnxenne).
Haxpax nopenna or o 20 oexra nnn nen ce npecranxr o-
pasno n neonuana aconnannx c xpnrnunnre ymn. 3apanxne-
ro e mnoro pxxo c rasn cncrema, xaro ocnonnara npnunna e,
ue uonexr ce e cnann c mormn nacoxn sa nsnnnuane or
namerra.
Hxxon npnnoxennx na
nenre na Tnnnnr
Omnxr noxo, npenoxen or Tnnnnr, e npnnaran c ns-
necren ycnex xm xnnnnunnx nponem a ce pasepar namero-
nnre e]nnnrn npn nannenrn c rexxa amnesnx, mnoro or xon-
ro ca xponnunn anxoxonnnn, pasnnnn ncnxosa na Kopcaxon.
Ho noneuero nameronn saaun rxxnoro npecranxne e ronxona
no-nomo or nopmannnre nspacrnn, ue e nsxymanamo a ce
saxnmun, ue rpxna a nma nxxaxna necnoconocr sa yuene
nnn cmecrnen pasna na nameronnre cnen.
Ennsaer Vopnnrrn n Hapn Vecxpann or Hannonanna-
ra onnnna n Honon cpannxnar namerra na nannenrn c amne-
45
en Kapnern (2002). Kax a neuennm npnxrenn n a nnnxem na xo-
para. Co]nx: HK Knea.
snx n na nopmannn xopa. B excnepnmenr, n xoro ce nsncxna
nsnponsnexane na cnncx or ymn, nopmannnre nnna cn
cnomnxr rpn n nononnna nrn noneue ymn n cpannenne c na-
nnenrnre c amnesnx. Hooen pesynrar e nonyuen nn nropn
excnepnmenr. Koraro oaue ]parmenrn or ymnre nnn rexnn-
re npnn yxnn ce npecranxr xaro nacoxn sa nsnnnuanero or
namerra, nxma pasnnunx nn nsnponsnexanero mexy nop-
mannnre nnna n nannenrnre c amnesnx. Moxe n e nsnena-
namo, no none uacr or cxnonnocrra na crpaamnre or amne-
snx a sapanxr ce nxn npocro na neonxnonena rpynocr
n nonyuananero na ocrn o cxpanenara nn]opmannx.
pyrn oxasarencrna couar, ue n cpannenne c nopmannnre
xopa nannenrnre c amnesnx ca cnoconn a nanmenynar camo
oxono ena mecra or ]ororpa]nnre na npouyrn nnna, sacnern
n pasnnunn npemenn nepnon. Axo oaue nm ce ocnrypxr ena
nnn ne yxnn or ]amnnnnre nm xaro nacoxn, npecranxnero
nm nanooxna rona na nnnara es amnesnx, xonro ne nonyua-
nar nacoxn. Onrnmncrnunoro nocnecrnne or cnpemennnre
nscnenannx npxy cnnpoma na amnesnxra e, ue xponnunnre
nnna na sapanxne, emoncrpnpann onxnoneno or nannenrnre
c amnesnx, morar uacrnuno a ce onexuar.
3anncnma or ccroxnnero namer
Bnpoc, xoro cnnno nnrepecyna Tnnnnr n pyrn nsc-
neonarenn, e a ce onpeenn xon nacoxn sa nsnnnuane or
namerra ca na-nonesnn sa namanxnane na sapanxnero. O-
mo xasano, orronopr, nsrnexa, e, ue e]exrnnnnre nacoxn
sa nsnnnuane or namerra ca resn, xonro nomarar a ce npe-
csae opnrnnannoro cnrne nnn npexnnxnane, nnn xon-
rexcrr, n xoro ro ce e cnyunno. Tona o nsnecrna crenen
ce ornacx n o nrpemnoro ccroxnne na uonexa. Hpexn-
nxnoro n anxoxonna mrna ce nsnponsnexa na-ope n
anxoxonna mrna. Tepmnnr sanncema or ccroxnnero na-
mer" e csaen, sa a oosnaun orxpnrnero, ue nsnpons-
nexanero e na-opo, axo yuenero n nsnnnuanero or na-
merra ce noxnxnar, xoraro uonexr e n eno n cmo nr-
pemno ccroxnne.
Tona xnnenne e saanno nnmcrpnpano nn ]nnma Cner-
nnnnre na rpaa", n xoro uapnn uannnn cnacxna nnxn mnnn-
onep or camoyncrno n ro ce cnpnxrenxna c nero. Koraro
mnnnonepr nnxa ornono uapnn, e rpesnen n ne cn ro cnom-
nx. Koraro oaue ornono ce nannna, spna uapnn, ornacx ce
xm nero xaro xm oranna saryen npnxren n ro non y oma
cn. Ha cnenamara cyrpnn, xoraro mnnnonepr ornono e rpes-
nen, sapanx, ue uapnn e noxanen or nero, n xapa nxonoma cn
a ro nsxnpnn.
B naoparopna cpea Xppr Venraprnp yexana nx-
xonxo ymn a nsnnxr oxono 133 ml noxa, cmecena cc 177 ml
nnoon cox. Kaxro ce ouaxna, noernxr anxoxon cmecrneno
saanx yuenero. Tesn, xonro ce onnrnar a cn cnomnxr uernpn
uaca no-xcno n onnxneno ccroxnne, nsnponsnexar none-
ue n cpannenne c xopara, xonro no rona npeme ca rpesnn, nepo-
xrno samoro anxoxonnara ey]opnx e nomornana sa npecsa-
nanero na yuenoro npexnnxnane. Axo orxpnere, ue oruaxno
ce onnrnare a cn cnomnnre nemo naxno, xoero nn e nno
xasano, oxaro cre nnn nnxnn, xnnennero sanncema or cc-
roxnnero namer" nn ocnrypxna neannoro nsnnnenne nax a
nnnere nemo.
Xopara, xonro nymar mapnxyana, onxnoneno cnoenxr,
ue ne morar a cn cnomnxr cnrnxra, npexnnenn no npeme
na nnroxcnxannxra c porara, oxaro ornono ne sanymar. H
ryx nscnenannxra noxasnar, ue nn]opmannxra, nayuena n po-
rnpano ccroxnne, ce nsnponsnexa no-ope ornono n po-
rnpano ccroxnne.
3anncemara or ccroxnnero namer e emoncrpnpana ne
camo n xpann cnyuan, csaenn upes nnrne nnn pora. Iop-
n Fayp or Cren]opcxnx ynnnepcnrer nsnonsna xnnnosa,
sa a nanpann xopara macrnnnn nnn rxnn, ncxaxn or rxx
a cn npecranxr cnena, n xoxro ca nnn nsxnmunrenno macr-
nnnn nnn rxnn. Cne rona re yuar cnncnn or ymn, oxaro
ca macrnnnn nnn rxnn, n no-xcno nsnponsnexar ymnre
n eno or resn ne emonnonannn ccroxnnx. B enn or excne-
pnmenrnre 78% or ymnre ce nsnponsnexar, xoraro nacr-
poennero no npeme na yuenero n na nsnponsnexanero e e-
naxno, cpanneno camo c 47%, xoraro nacrpoennero e pasnnuno.
Hpaxrnuecxoro npnnoxenne na rosn pesynrar e, ue moxe n
me ycneere a namannre sapanxnero, axo cre n ccroxnne a
npecsaere emonnonannoro ccroxnne, n xoero cre nnn,
xoraro ce e cnyunno cnrnero, axo, pasnpa ce, moxere a cn
cnomnnre n xaxno emonnonanno ccroxnne cre nnn rorana!
Cneene na namerra
Hmaxn npenn cxnonnocrra na nameronara nn cncrema
a rpemn, nma nn npocr naunn, no xoro rx moxe a e
naxapana a ]ynxnnonnpa no-e]nxacno? Ouennnnxr orro-
nop e: axo pasnonarame c nxxaxn rnn cncrema sa cneene na
namerra, sa a nn xasna xonxo nepoxrno e nn]opmannxra, xo-
xro ce onnrname a cn cnomnnm, nancrnna a e cxpanena n
namerra. cno e, ue ne nxme rynnn npeme n ycnnnx a ce
onnrname a nsnponsnexame nn]opmannx, xoxro ne e cx-
panena n namerra. Oparnoro, me e nonesno a snaem, ue rp-
cenara nn]opmannx nepoxrno moxe a ce orxpne nxxe n
namerra, axo ce onnrame ocraruno ynopnro.
Moxe a nsrnexa napaoxcanno a snaem, ue nn]opma^-
nnxra e nna cxpanena, maxap a ne moxem a x noxannsnpa-
me, no oxasarencrnara nocxasnar, ue n ecrnnrennocr cme
cnoconn a ro nanpannm. Hancrnna npnrexaname cncrema
sa cneene na namerra. Ha-pamarnunnxr npnmep sa rona e
ccroxnnero na npxa na esnxa", npn xoero snaere, ue cno-
menr axa-axa me ce noxnn. Cncremara oaue ne ce emoncr-
pnpa enncrneno or rona ccroxnne; rx ecrna no mnoro no-
om n ynnnepcanen naunn.
Hnrepecen onnr sa onenxa na rounocrra, c xoxro cnenm
nameronnx cn cxna", e nanpanen or x. T. Xapr or Cren]op-
cxnx ynnnepcnrer. To saana na xopara nnpocn or onacrra
na omara xynrypa, nanpnmep Kox nnanera e na-ronxmara
n namara Cnnuena cncrema?". Axo ne morar a cn cnomnxr
npannnnnx orronop, ca nomonenn a nocouar no 6-crenenna
cxana crenenra, o xoxro cmxrar, ue snaxr orronopa, maxap
ue ne morar a cn ro cnomnxr rouno n rosn momenr. Tounocrra
na rona uyncrno sa snaene ce onenxna, xaro nm ce anar uern-
pn nsmoxnn orronopa sa ncexn nnpoc - n re rpxna a orrar-
nar xo e npannnnnxr. 3a npnmepnnx nnpoc uernpnre orro-
nopa ca: (1) Hnyron, (2) Benepa, (3) 3emx n (4) Rnnrep.
Koraro uonex uyncrna mnoro cnnno, ue snae npannnnnxr
orronop na nnpoca, ce oxasna npan n 75% or npemero. To
oaue e npan camo n 30% or npemero, axo e cnrypen, ue ne snae
orronopa. Tpnecer nponenra, pasnpa ce, e mnoro nnso o
cnyuanara nepoxrnocr a ce orrarne - 25%. Cneonarenno e
xcno, ue nne cme n ccroxnne a cnenm cocrnenara cn name-
rona cncrema n npn rona ro npannm cc snaunrenna rounocr.
Ha-nnrensnnnara n opn emonnonanna ]opma na uyncr-
noro, ue snaere nemo, no ne moxere a cn ro cnomnnre, e cc-
roxnnero na npxa na esnxa". Ha-ronemnxr nponem sa ncn-
xonosnre, nsyuanamn rona ccroxnne, e a nsmncnxr naunn a
csanar rona ccroxnne. Poxp Fpayn n enn Maxnnn
or Xapnapcxnx ynnnepcnrer sacrnnar ocrpoymnara nex a
ce uerar e]nnnnnnre na pexn ymn n a ce nnrar xopara
xox yma e nna e]nnnpana. Ha nscnenannre nnna ce xasna:
,Axo ne moxere a ce cernre sa ymara, no cre cnrypnn, ue x
snaere n ue rx axa-axa me nsnnyna or namerra nn, nepoxrno
cre n ccroxnne na npxa na esnxa". Tasn rexnnxa nma ycnex
n csananero my.
Tona ccroxnne oaue coun nn, ue nancrnna cme nnso o
nsnponsnexanero na onona, xoero rpcnm? Fpayn n
Maxnnn rnpxr, ue e raxa. Hpnara yxna na nnncnamara
yma e orrarnara npannnno n 57% or npemero, xoraro nxxo
nsnnrna ccroxnnero na npxa na esnxa". Fpoxr cpnuxn n
nnncnamara yma cmo moxe a ce orrarne. Axo ymara n
ecrnnrennocr nma camo ena cpnuxa, cpenara oraxa e
1,5 cpnuxn, a xoraro nma ner, cpennxr orronop e 3,5 cpnuxn.
Hemo noneue: nanmana ce nsnecrna cnoconocr uonexr a
ce cern sa ymn, xonro ce pnmynar c nnncnamara, n resn ymn
onxnoneno ca c yapenne npxy cmara cpnuxa xaro nex.
Hape c pyrnre nema Fpayn n Maxnnn nn ocnrypxnar
npanonooen orronop na napaoxca xax moxem a ce uync-
rname cnrypnn, ue snaem nemo, nesanncnmo ue ne cme cnoco-
nn a ro nsnneuem or namerra. Texnnre nscnenannx nn noxas-
nar, ue npocrara nex, ue nnn moxem a cn cnomnnm nxnara
yma, nnn nsomo ne moxem a cn x cnomnnm, ne e nxpna.
Hannno nsmoxno e a cn cnomnnm nsnecrna uacr or nn-
]opmannxra sa ymara (nanpnmep npnara yxna) n nmenno
rona uacrnuno nsnnnuane na nn]opmannx nn nosnonxna a cme
ronxona ynepenn, ue snaem xaxno rpcnm. Tona npnnnua na
modus operandi* na Bepnox Xonmc, xoro e aconmrno cnry-
pen, ue e na npan nr n nsnpnannxra cn ns ocnona na enn-
enncrnen xocm nnn cuynena xnonxa.
Or npaxrnuecxa rnena rouxa: me orxpnere, ue cn cnomnxre
noneue, axo opmare nnnmanne na ncxxaxnn ]parmenrn or
nn]opmannx, ocnrypxnann or nameronara nn cncrema. Axo nn
xpymne yxnara ", xoraro ce onnrnare a cn cnomnnre
neune nme, ne npnemare, ue rasn nn]opmannx e norpemna.
3annmere x n ce ]oxycnpare npxy onnra a nsnneuere ome
]parmenrn or nn]opmannxra. H naxpax, npnemere cnera na
cncremara sa cneene na namerra - xoraro rx ne ycnee a
npensnnxa nxxaxno uyncrno, ue snaere nyxnara nn]opmannx,
orxaxere ce or onnrnre a x nsnneuere or namerra cn.
Kax nnnxe rpenoxnocrra npxy namerra
B pesynrar na cnox orar xnnnnuen onnr 3nrmyn upo
rnpn, ue no-ronxmara uacr or sapanxnero ce nxn na ns-
rnacxnane. Ho nsrnacxnane ro nma npenn sapanxne,
mornnnpano or xenannero a ce npeornparn nsmoxnocrra
onnerenn c rpenoxnocr nen n ennson a naxnyxr n csnann-
ero nn. Pasnpa ce, xnnnnunnre nneuarnennx ca mnoro no-
nenaexnn xaro nsrounnx na nn]opmannx, orxonxoro pe-
synrarnre or crporo nayuno nnannpann excnepnmenrn, n sa-
rona sa nsyuanane na nsrnacxnanero ca nponeenn nxxonxo
excnepnmenra.
3a macrne manxo nepoxrno e a ce nosnonn na ncnxonosn
n naoparopna cpea a npensnnxnar ocaxarxnamn xnnora
rpanmn, sa xonro ce rnpn, ue csanar xnnnnuno nanma-
nano nsrnacxnane, n sarona ce e oxasano nensmoxno reopnx-
Or narnncxn - naunn na ecrnne, nensmenen nnn onuaen mero
nnn nponeypa. - Fen. npen.
ra na upo sa nsrnacxnanero a ce nponepn no saononnre-
nen naunn. Bnpexn rona nma ocraruno ne]opmannn nnn-
xannn, ue rpenoxnocrra nn xapa a sapanxme. Cryenrnre ca
cxnonnn a oxcnxnar nomnre cn pesynrarn na nsnnrnre, xa-
ro xasnar, ue rpenoxnocrra rn e naxapana a sapanxr mnoro
nn]opmannx, xoxro ronxona ycnneno ca yunnn.
B nauanoro na 70-re ronnn na XX nex Tpynn Capacn ce
onnrna a pemn ann raxnna rnpennx nmar nxxaxna nann-
nocr, nnn nsnnrnannre npocro ce onnrnar a pannonannsnpar
nnn onpanaxr nomnre cn pesynrarn, xaro onnnxnar sa rxx
rpenoxnocrra. Cne xaro npma nsnnrnn ecera na cryenrn-
re cn n ocxa c rxx xonxo necno e a ce sapann penenanr-
nnxr marepnan n uonex a ce opxa no npeme na nanpernara
nsnnrna cnryannx, ro rn nnra: Hancrnna nn cmxrare, ue mxx-
re a ce npecrannre no-ope npn no-cnoxonn ocroxrencr-
na?" Hourn ncnuxn cryenrn orronapxr c a".
B pesynrar Capacn sanouna a ana na cryenrnre no na
recra nmecro enn. Vronopxara e, ue axo cryenrr nonyun
no-nncoxa onenxa na nropnx recr, orxonxoro na npnnx, rona
me e onenxara, xoxro me ce nnnme n xnnxxara my. Axo pesyn-
rarr na nropnx recr e no-nncx, nxma a nma naxasanne. To
ycranonxna, ue npecranxnero nancrnna e no-opo npn ne ron-
xona nanpernarnre ycnonnx na nropnx recr. Ocnen rona orx-
pnna, ue cryenrnre, xonro nonyuanar nncoxn pesynrarn na
recr sa rpenoxnocr, emoncrpnpar uernpn nrn no-ronxmo
noopenne na nropnx recr n cpannenne cc cryenrnre, xon-
ro nonyuanar nncxn pesynrarn no rpenoxnocr.
3amo rpenoxnocrra nma raxnna e]exrn? oxasarencrna-
ra ncmnocr ne noxpenxr reopnxra na upo sa nsrnacxna-
nero. Ho-cxopo nsrnexa, ue rpenoxnocrra nxnmuna pasp-
xano" ccroxnne na ]nsnonornuna nsya saeno c npnrec-
nennx sa cee cn n sa cocrnenoro nnno na npecranxne (As
cm rnynan", He mora a nanpanx rona"). Karo ue nn nnnon-
nnxr ca npnrecnennxra. Axo mncnnre sa cocrnennre cn npo-
nemn, ouennno ne moxere a ce ]oxycnpare xaxro rpxna
npxy saauara, xoxro rpxna a nsnnnnre.
Cnpmena namer n ]ororpa]cxa namer
Ha noneuero or nac, xonro nmar cxnonna xm rpemxn na-
mer, n enn nnn pyr momenr cnrypno nm ce e ncxano a xxa
narocnonenn c ]ororpa]cxa namer". Tosn rnn namer (nnn
,eernunn npecrann", xaxro onxnoneno ce napnuar or ncn-
xonosnre) e mnoro no-pxxa, orxonxoro ce npenonara, n ne-
poxrno ce noxnxna npn 1% or nspacrnnre na 3ana, maxap ue
nma nynnxannn, cnope xonro ce cpema no-uecro y enara n
cpe npnmnrnnnnre rpynn. Bsmoxno e npnunnara sa rasn
pasnnxa a e ]axrr, ue mnosnncrnoro or nspacrnnre n sa-
nannre omecrna pasunrar no-cnnno na esnxa, orxonxoro na
spnrennnre npecrann.
Ha-nneuarnxnamnre emoncrpannn na eernunn npe-
crann ca nynnxynann npen oxono naecer ronnn or uapns
Crpomap or naoparopnnre Fen Tene]on", xoro paorn
c mnaa n nnrennrenrna npenoanarenxa n Xapnap na nme
Ennsaer. Vmena xyoxnnuxa, Ennsaer c nexora e n ccrox-
nne a npoexrnpa rounnx opas na xaprnna nnn cnena npxy
nnarnoro.
B excnepnmenrnre na Crpomap onuanara nponeypa
e npecranxnero na ne xomnmrpno renepnpann crepeorpamn,
ncxxa ccroxma ce or nsopaxenne or 10 000 rouxn. Axo rne-
are moennre es nomomra na crepeocxon, re nsrnexar c-
npmeno escmncnenn. Koraro oaue ce rnear npes crepeoc-
xon, xoro npecranx enn moen na xcnoro oxo, a pyrnx -
na nxnoro, nnxare rpnnsmepna ]nrypa.
B panen excnepnmenr Ennsaer nanmana moen or
10 000 rouxn n nponxenne na mnnyra c xcnoro cn oxo. Cne
xparxa nounnxa or 10 cexynn rx nornexa pyrnx moen c
nxnoro cn oxo. Koraro Crpomap x monn a nanoxn saname-
rennx opas na npnnx moen npxy nnnmnx moen, rx es a
ce noymn xasna, ue e nnxna yxnara T", xoxro nna xm
nex. Hsymnrennoro e, ue e cxpannna eranen opas na mo-
en, ccroxm ce or 20 000 rouxn!
B no-xcen excnepnmenr, nsnonsnam cmara rexnnxa,
Ennsaer ycnxna a cxpann rounnx opas na moen or 10 000
rouxn n nponxenne na 24 uaca. B pyr cnyua rx cn ]opmn-
pa opasn sa uernpn moena or no 10 000 rouxn, npecranenn
na xcnoro oxo. Ha cnenamnx en Ennsaer rnea enn-
enncrnen moen c nxnoro oxo n cn cnomnx uernpnre ee-
rnunn opasa, nanmanann c xcnoro oxo npennx en. Bce-
xn or resn opasn e nanaran npxy moena, npecranxn na nx-
noro oxo, n ncexn csana pasnnuna ]nrypa, nnxana n n-
ounna.
Fn nno nonexamo a ce xaxe, ue Ennsaer npnrexana
]ororpa]cxa namer. Hpno, nennre eernunn opasn ca n-
namnunn n ]nyxrynpamn n rouno xaro no-onxnonennre o-
pasn morar a ce pomenxr n mannnynnpar csnarenno. Te ne
ce ]opmnpar no cmnx ps naunn, no xoro ]oroanaparr
npann cnnmxara. Bmecro rona na Ennsaer nonxxora ca neo-
xonmn nxxonxo mnnyrn, sa a cn ]opmnpa eernuen opas
na cnoxen moen, mecrexn ounre cn xm pasnnunn neronn
uacrn. Tx rnpn, ue eernunara namer e no-manxo nones-
na, orxonxoro nxxo n morn a cn nomncnn. Tx onxxe
e nomarana, xoraro ce xnxnana na nsnnrn n yunnnme n n ynn-
nepcnrera, no nna no-manxo nonesna n paorara cne rona.
Ha-yenrennoro oxasarencrno, ue ]enomenannara na-
mer moxe a e ne ronxona narocnonnx, xonxoro naxasanne, e
nonyueno or pycxnx nenponor A. P. Hypnx n cpeara na 20-re
ronnn. Enn en uonex, xororo ro napnua C, ce noxnxna n
neronara naoparopnx. C. e penoprep nn necrnnx n e nsnpa-
ren npn Hypnx or peaxropa, xoro saenxsan nsxnmunrennara
my namer. Maxap ue noneuero xopa nonxxora xomnnnpar npe-
xnnxnannx n pasnnunn cernnnn moannocrn (nanpnmep nnco-
xnre snynn morar a ce nnxar" xaro xpxn nnerone), rasn
renennnx e cnnno nspasena npn C. Benx ro xomenrnpa
npe xonera na Hypnx: Ama n nne nmare enn mpcnoxnr
rnac!"
Hpecrannre na C. ca ronxona cnnnn, ue camo cne rpnmn-
nyrno yuene ro moxe a nsnponsnee rannna c 50 nn]pn,
xaro rn nonrapx neprnxanno, xopnsonranno nnn naronanno
c nncoxa cxopocr. Tnpn, ue moxe a nnxa rannnara, ra-
xa ue npocro rpxna a x npouere na rnac". Benx nsnpo-
nsnexa rouno nopenna or ymn, xonro e yunn npen 16
ronnn.
Tesn neonxnoneno cnnnn npecrann csanar penna ne-
yocrna na C. Harpannnnara my cxnonnocr a npenpma ncnu-
xo n spnrennn npecrann uecro ro sarpynxna a mncnn e]ex-
rnnno na acrpaxrno pannnme. Hpecrannre my onxnoneno
ca naronapenn c xnnn, no nepenenanrnn erann, xoero ro
xapa a orenexn, xoraro ce onnrna a pasepe xaxno my xas-
na nxxo: Bcxxa yma nsnnxna opasn; re ce cncxnar enn
c pyr n pesynrarr e xaoc. He mora a pasepa rona. A n rna-
cr rn - ome ena mrna - cne rona ncnuxo e pasmreno". C
pyrn ymn, nponemr c npensxonnre, no nexonrponnpye-
mn npecrann e, ue ne moxere a nnnre ropara or pnerara.
3axnmuennx
Ocnonnara npnunna, nopan xoxro sapanxme, e, ue cpe-
ara nn nennnarn ocnrypxna noxoxmnre nacoxn, sa a sa-
ecrnar nsnponsnexane na nnncnamara nn]opmannx. Ko-
raro ce onnrnare a cn cnomnnre nemo, uecro e nonesno a
cre n cmoro nrpemno ccroxnne, n xoero cre nnn, xoraro
ro e nannxsno n nameronara nn cncrema. Cmenpemenno nou-
rn cnrypno e, ue sarnxnanero nnn nsnenxnanero na name-
ronnre cnen cmo nrpae ponx.
Hesanncnmo or cxnonnocrra xm rpemxn na uonemxara
namer nmame xcmer, ue pasnonarame cc cncrema sa cneene
na namerra, xoxro nn ana ocra rouna npecrana ann me
ycneem a cn cnomnnm sapanena nn]opmannx, axo npon-
xaname a onnrname. H naxpax, nsomo ne e cnrypno, ue ena
esnorpemna namerona cncrema e nemo nancrnna xenarenno:
cmecrnyna onacnocrra csnannero na uonexa a ce sapcrn
or orpomno xonnuecrno necmnnaema" nn]opmannx.
19
Paspemanane na
ns1pemnnn xonqnnx1
Bnpoc na ncexnnennn nanmennx e, ue cne xaro nsemar
pemenne, xopara uecro ce npnrecnxnar a ne n a ca nsenn
norpemnoro pemenne. Bcexn, xoro e xynynan xona na crapo,
nosnana uyncrnoro - ncnuxn snaem - mnoro noxo n cee cn,
ue nonyuaname camo rona, sa xoero cme nnarnnn. Taxa ue or
camoro nauano spannxr nn pasym e n npornnopeune c ouaxna-
nnxra nn. Enn or naunnnre sa paspemanane na rosn xon]nnxr
e a ce norpcn ynepenne or npnxrenn n xonern: He e noma,
xaro ce-oruere, ue e nsmnnana 130 xnnxn xnnomerpa!" Xopara
ca nsymnrenno nspxamn ce or nsxasnane n raxnna cnry-
annn. Bmecro a aar onesneno, no uecrno mnenne: Kynnn
cn ena raparaxa, xoxro nxma a nsxapa n ner mnnyrn", re
anar enncrnennx connanno npnemnnn orronop: a, rona e
opa cenxa". C pyrn ymn, copasxnar ce c namara no-
rpenocr a ce uyncrname xom]oprno c ecrnnxra n pemenn-
xra cn.
Henpexcnarara nyxa a onpananame pemennxra cn, a
csaname nocneonarennocr n mnennxra n noneennero nn,
nxnonxna ena or na-nsnecrnnre acnn na Eson - sa nncn-
nara n rposero. Hsxnmunrenno rnana nncnna ce nanpra
oxono cnaxo rpose, xoero oaue nncn na noneue or merp
na nex. H na-ronemnre ycnnnx a cxoun n a orxcne rpos-
ero ca nanpasnn n rona csana xon]nnxr mexy eneprnu-
nnre onnrn na nncnnara a ocrnrne nenra cn n neycnexa a
ro nanpann. Torana rx ycnxna a namann xon]nnxra, xaro ce
camoyexana, ue nenra raxa nnn nnaue ne cn crpyna ycnnnx-
ra - nncnnara pemana, ue rposero nepoxrno e xnceno. Pasn-
pa ce, rasn pannonannsannx n nna no-nenoxoxma, axo nn-
cnnara eme npexapana nennx cneoe n ycnnnx a ocrnrne
rposero, r xaro, axo rposero eme xnceno, nxma ocoen
cmncn a nocxauam nenpexcnaro n onnrn a ro ocrnr-
nem. Axo oaue nncnnara uaucmuua ce e onnrnana nxn cneo-
e - es ycnex - n morna a ce yen, ue ]nsnuecxnre ynpax-
nennx ca opn sa nex n nosnonxnar no-nprano a xra or
]epmepnre, xoraro x saenexar, ue xpae xoxomxnre nm.
Enn or na-snoonennnre npnmepn na cmecrnen xon-
]nnxr mexy yexennx n noneenne e rosn na nymaua, xo-
ro ocsnana, ue rmrmnonymenero moxe a npnunnn pax n
pyrn saonxnannx, no nnpexn rona nponxana a nymn.
Kax ce cnpanxr xopara c raxn xon]nnxr? na ouennnn na-
unna sa namanxnanero my ca: a ce npomenn noneennero (r.e.
a ce orxaxar nnrapnre) nnn a ce orxasna a ce nonxpna, ue
rmrmnonymenero e npeno. Kaysannara npsxa mexy rm-
rmnonymenero n paxa sa npn nr nanncna na omecrneno-
ro csnanne n Amepnxa npes 1964 r. cne oxna na mnnncr-
pa na spaneonasnanero na CAB. Manxo cne rona e nanpane-
no npoyunane, sa a ce nscnenar e]exrnre my npxy nymaun-
re. Camo 9% or nnrepnmnpannre nymaun ca onnrann a cnpar
nnrapnre. uernpnecer n enn nponenra or cepnosnnre nyma-
un (cpannenn c 11% or nenymaunre) orxasnar a npnemar nps-
xara mexy rmrmnonymenero n paxa. Cneonarenno nsrnex-
a, ue xopara me ce onnrnar a namanxnar pascrponamnre
xon]nnxrn no ncexn nsmoxen naunn.
Knmuon excnepnmenr: nrane no narncx
Hnn ]ecrnnrp n xemc Kapncmnr or Cren]opcxnx
ynnnepcnrer cnnno ce nnrepecynar or naunnnre, no xonro xo-
para ce cnpanxr c xon]nnxrn or onncannx no-rope rnn
46
. B
46
Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced
compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210.
uacrnocr re ce nnrar xax me ar nonnnxnn mnennxra na
xopara or nenpnxrnoro ocsnanane, ue ca nnn npenamepeno
neuecrnn xm nxxoro.
B rexnnx excnepnmenr ncxxo nscnenano nnne rpxna a
nsnnnxna ne sarnxnamn n xpano escmncnenn saaun, ncx-
xa nponxanama 30 mnnyrn. Hpnara saaua nxnmuna nocra-
nxne na 12 maxapn na nonoc, nsnpasnane na nonoca, noc-
ranxnero ornono na maxapnre n r.n. Ha nscnenannre nnna ce
ana cxa c 48 xnaparnn xonuera sa nropara saaua n or rxx
ce ncxa a nprxr ncxxo xonue na ena uernpr oopor no
uaconnnxonara crpenxa, cne rona ome ena uernpr oopor
n r.n.
Cne rosn uac na esmepna ocaa excnepnmenraropr
oxcnxna, ue ce nnrepecyna or e]exrnre na npenapnrennnre
ouaxnannx npxy nsnnnennero na saaunre. Hxxon nscne-
nann nnna nnn naxapann a nxpnar, ue excnepnmenrr e mno-
ro npnxren, saanen, nnrepecen n nnrpnrynam - nponxana
excnepnmenraropr. To an saauara sa esnn]opmnpane na
nscnenannre nnna na cryenr, xoro nn naer cnennanno sa
nenra. 3a cxanenne, nponxana excnepnmenraropr onx-
xe opxano n sacpameno, rosn cryenr neue ne e na pasno-
noxenne. Be ce crnacn nn nxxo or yuacrnnnnre a nsnn-
nxna ponxra na orccrnamnx cryenr? B nxxon cnyuan na ns-
cnenannre nnna ce npenara 1 onap, a n pyrn - 20 onapa,
sa rona, ue ce crnacxnar a nsnnnxr rasn neuecrna ycnyra n
a ar na pasnonoxenne n eme, axo ce noxnn raxn cne-
men cnyua.
Hourn ncnuxn nscnenann nnna ce crnacxnar a nanpa-
nxr rona, xoero npenara excnepnmenraropr, n ca npecra-
nenn na cnenamoro nscnenano nnne, xoero e momnue. Kora-
ro nscnenanoro/nocranenoro nnne sanouna a ronopn npn-
nonnrnaro sa excnepnmenra, momnuero orronapx, ue e nsne-
naano, samoro nena npnxrenxa e yuacrnana n excnepnmenra
cemnna no-pano n e xasana, ue e cxyuen n ue rx rpxna a ce
onnra a ce orpne or nero. Honeuero or nscnenannre nnna
ce cnpanxr c rosn nponem, xaro ce onnrnar a yexr mo-
mnuero, xasnaxn: O, ne, nancrnna e nnrepecen. Cnrypen cm,
ue me nn xapeca".
H naxpax excnepnmenraropr non ncxxo nscnenano nn-
ne npn nnrepnmnpam", xoro xasna, ue paorara my e a one-
nn excnepnmenra, raxa ue a moxe a e noopen n e-
me. Hape c pyrnre nnpocn nnrepnmnpamnxr ncxa or ncxxo
nscnenano nnne a onenn xonxo nnrepecnn n npnxrnn ca n-
nn saaunre.
Cnope nac xax e nno nonnnxno mnennero na nscnena-
nnre nnna sa rosn cxyuen excnepnmenr or cymara napn, npe-
noxena xaro crnmyn uonexr a e neuecren n a rnpn, ue
excnepnmenrr nn mnoro npnxren? Fn nno ecrecrneno a
ce npneme, ue narnacnre na xopara xm excnepnmenra me cra-
nar no-nonoxnrennn npn ronxmara cyma (20 onapa), orxon-
xoro npn manxara cyma (1 onap) - npocro samoro e no-npn-
xrno n narpaxanamo a nonyunm noneue napn, orxonxoro
no-manxo. B ecrnnrennocr oaue pesynrarnre ca rouno npo-
rnnononoxnnre. Hapaoxcanno: nscnenannre nnna, na xon-
ro nn npenoxen camo enn onap, onennnn excnepnmenra
xaro mnoro no-npumeu n nnrepecen, orxonxoro resn, na xon-
ro ca npenoxenn 20 onapa! Hspnuanero na ena nxa (npec-
rpynxara, ue excnepnmenrr e mnoro no-nnrepecen, orxonxoro
e n ecrnnrennocr) csana ccroxnne na xon]nnxr, r
xaro noneuero xopa pasrnexar cee cn xaro uecrnn no npn-
poa. Tesn, na xonro ca npenoxenn 20 onapa, nxa mornn a
onpanaxr noneennero cn c ronxmara cyma, xoxro nm e ae-
na: Bcexn n nspexn ena nxa, axo cn crpyna ycnnnxra".
Tesn, na xonro e npenoxen camo enn onap oaue, ne nxa
mornn a npncnxr cnecrra cn ronxona necno. Pemennero na
rexnnx xon]nnxr e a ce yexr, ue ncmnocr ne ca nnn ne-
uecrnn, r xaro excnepnmenrr nancrnna e nn nnrepecen.
C pyrn ymn, xonxoro no-+a.ro napn nm ce npenarar, ron-
xona no-cu.eu xon]nnxr ce csana.
Kaxro crana nonxxora n connannara ncnxonornx, nscne-
nannre nnna ca nannno sanyenn sa nxxon acnexrn na exc-
nepnmenra. Orccrnamnxr cryenr, xoro nn naer, sa a xas-
na na nscnenannre nnna, ue excnepnmenrr e mnoro nnrepe-
cen, ne cmecrnyna, momnuero - nscnenano nnne, ncmnocr
e onepeno nnne na excnepnmenraropa, nnrepnmnpamnxr e
naer or excnepnmenraropa n - na-nomoro or ncnuxo - or
nscnenannre nnna ce ncxa n xpax na excnepnmenra a npnar
ennnx nnn naecerre onapa!
Kornnrnnen nconanc
Kaxnnro n a ca nnmconere n mnnycnre na rosn excnepn-
menr, pesynrarnre na ]ecrnnrp my anar nsmoxnocr a
npenoxn resara, ue npnara xpnrnuna crnxa n yexana-
nero na xopara a npomenxr mnennxra cn, e a ce npensnnxa
ccroxnne na xornnrnnen nconanc". Tona e nenpnxrno cc-
roxnne, xoero cmecrnyna nnnarn, xoraro uonexr enonpe-
menno nopxa ne nen nnn mnennx, xonro nsanmno cn npo-
rnnopeuar. Hanpnmep n excnepnmenra na ]ecrnnrp n Kapn-
cmnr e nsmoxno yuacrnnnnre a ca cn xasann, nourn enon-
pemenno: Toxy-mo ne xx uecren" n As no npnnnnn cm uec-
ren uonex". T xaro no npnnnnn uecrnnre xopa" ne pcxr
nacam-naram nxn, cnnaennero na resn ne mncnn csana
xornnrnnen nconanc.
Cne rona ]ecrnnrp nponxana c rnpennero, ue r
xaro noxnara na nconanc e ornocnrenno nenpnxrna, xopara
ca mornnnpann a ro peynnpar c ncnuxn nsmoxnn cpecrna.
Enn or naunnnre a ce nanpann rona e a ce oanxr cmexua-
namn nen nnn mncnn. Taxa resn, na xonro ca npenoxenn 20
onapa, sa a nsnxar, morar a cn nomncnxr sa snaunrennara
cyma napn n a ce camoyexr, ue npn xonxpernnre ocrox-
rencrna nranero e onpanano. Oparnoro, nconancr moxe
a ce peynnpa, xaro ce npomenn enara nnn n nere nconan-
cnn nen nnn yexennx, raxa ue a cn cornercrnar no-o-
pe. Tesn, na xonro e npenoxen camo enn onap, sa a nsn-
xar, ne nxa mornn necno a onpanaxr noneennero cn c na-
pnre n e manxo nepoxrno a npomenxr mnennero cn sa nsna-
uannara cn uecrnocr. Taxa enncrnennxr naunn, upes xoro c
nexora nxa mornn a peynnpar nconanca cn, e a npomenxr
mncnra Toxy-mo xx neuecren", xaro ce camoyexr, ue ex-
cnepnmenrr e ocra nnrepecen n n cnyuax re ne ca xasann
nxxaxna ronxma nxa.
]ecrnnrp ocnen rona nocouna, ue xonnuecrnoro npens-
nnxan nconanc me e na-nncoxo, xoraro nconancnnre nen
ca or nsxnmunrenna naxnocr sa uonexa. Ena or npnunnnre
sa xonnuecrnoro npomxna na mnennxra, nanmanana or ]ec-
rnnrp n Kapncmnr, nepoxrno e, ue As-xonnennnxra na none-
uero xopa nxnmuna yexennero, ue ca nsnauanno uecrnn. H
naxpax, ]ecrnnrp nsnra resara, ue xonnuecrnoro nsnnran
nconanc sanncn or pox nen, xonro ca xonconancnn nnn n-
conancnn c ecrnnero nnn pemennero.
Teopnxra na ]ecrnnrp sa xornnrnnnnx nconanc oue-
nnno ocnrypxna npanonoono oxcnenne na pesynrarnre,
xonro nonyuanar namara c Kapncmnr. Hcnxonosnre oaue ca
cxenrnunn no npnpoa ocoeno xoraro ca nsnpanenn npe pe-
synrarn, xonro npornnopeuar na nnrynnnxra, n enn nynxr,
xoro npnrecnxna mnoro or rxx, e cymara napn, npenoxena
na yuacrnnnnre. Hxxon cmxrar, ue nnnara, na xonro ca npe-
noxenn 20 onapa, nepoxrno ne ca npomennnn mnennero cn sa
excnepnmenra camo sapan napnre - n xpana cmerxa 20 o-
napa ne ca xo snae xaxno. pyrn ca yeenn, ue nxxon or
yuacrnnnnre ca ronxona opxann or cymara 20 onapa, ue
npenenxara nm e cnnno nsxpnnena.
3a nnro ena xpnrnxa oaue ne ce e oxasano, ue npnrexana
ocoena nannnocr. Aprp Koen yexana cryenrn n Hen a
nnmar ecera n nonsa na penpecnnnnre ecrnnx na no-
nnnecxoro ynpannenne n Hm Xenn npn norymanane na cry-
enrcxn ynr, xaro nm npenara 1 onap nnn 50 nenra. Tesn,
na xonro e npenoxena no-nncxara cyma, sanounar a nxpnar
n ncrnnara na roxy-mo nanncanoro or camnre rxx n no-ronx-
ma crenen, orxonxoro xopara, na xonro e npenoxena no-ro-
nxma cyma.
Bnnarn nn e na-nepoxrno xopara a npomenxr mnennxra
cn, xoraro ca nomonenn a nanpanxr nemo nenpnxrno, sa no-
manx, a ne sa no-ronxm noxyn? Ocnonnara nex na ]ecrnn-
rp, ue xopara me onpananar cocrnennre cn ecrnnx no nce-
xn nsmoxen naunn, nnymana, ue rasn renennnx moxe a nma
nsxnmuennx. Hanpnmep axo yuacrnnnnre morar a ar ye-
enn a pasnpanxr nxn sa rona xonxo nnrepecen e enn exc-
nepnmenr, mncnra: Fxx npnnyen a ronopx nxn" moxe a
ocnrypxna rouno onona onpananne, or xoero re ce nyxaxr
sa cnoxra neuecrnocr. Ornono pesynrarr me e namanxnane
na nconanca. Hpn raxnna ocroxrencrna, xaxro orxpnna ]ec-
rnnrp, ce nanmana npeopmane na onuanara xaprnna.
Tesn, na xonro e nn aen 1 onap, xasnar, ue ca nsnpnenn
excnepnmenra xaro no-npnxren n narpaxanama, orxonxoro
xopara, xonro ca nonyunnn 50 nenra - nnn nononnnara or ra-
sn cyma.
nconancr moxe a ce peynnpa n axo onepenoro nnne,
na xoero ce xasna, ue excnepnmenrr e mnoro nnrepecen, or-
xasna a ce yen (E, nne nmare npano na cnoe mnenne, no as
nnxora ne cm ce nacnaxanana na nnxaxnn excnepnmenrn n
ne cmxram, ue rosn me e mnoro saanen"). Koraro rona crane,
yuacrnnxr moxe a onpanae neuecrnocrra cn (T xaro
nxmame e]exr, ncmnocr nxma snauenne, ue cm nsnran") n
nneuarnennxra my sa excnepnmenra ocranar nenonnnxnn or
pasmepa na narpaara.
Mexannsmnre na camoonpanannero
Bcnuxn cmecrnynamn oxasarencrna couar cnenoro oc-
nonno npannno, no xoero a ce npornosnpa xaxno me crane,
xoraro xopara ecrnar no naunn, necornercrnam na cocr-
nennre nm mnennx: axo noneennero moxe mnoro necno a ce
onpanae c nxxaxna nnmna npnunna (sannamane, nnnca na
nsop, nnnca na nomn nocnecrnnx), mnennxra me ce npome-
nxr mnoro manxo; axo noneennero ne moxe a ce onpanae,
me nma nsmecrnane na mnennero, sa a sanoune a cornercr-
na na noneennero.
Henre na ]ecrnnrp ca cnpsann c orpomno pasnoopa-
sne or cnryannn. Hanpnmep ]nnnn 3nmapo (neue cnome-
nar n nera rnana) ce nnra xax cnnno nexapecnana xpana, nan-
pnmep npxenn cxaxannn, moxe a ce rpanc]opmnpa nn nn-
coxo nenen ennxarec. To rnpn, ue axo or xopara ce nonc-
xa a xar npxenn cxaxannn or npnxren n pyxenmen uo-
nex, e nsmoxno re a ro nanpanxr n a onpanaxr noneenn-
ero cn c ymnre: Hanpannx ro, samoro ro e npnxren uonex".
Or pyra crpana, axo uonexr, xoro ce crpemn a yexana,
e cno, neraxrnuen, naxanen, cryen n npaxeen, re ne nxa
mornn a nsnonsnar onpanannero c npnxrnnx uonex" sa ns-
npasnanero na unnnxra c npxenn cxaxannn, raxa ue me ce
csae nconanc. Cne rona na-necnnxr naunn a ce nama-
nn nconancr e a ce camoyexr, ue ncmnocr mnoro ca xa-
pecann cxaxannnre. 3nmapo ncmnocr nonara resn nen
na nponepxa n ycranonxna, ue npnnnsnrenno nononnnara or
neronnre nscnenann nnna ce crnacxnar a nsxar none enn
npxen cxaxanen, no enncrneno onesn, xonro nnn yeenn
a ro nanpanxr or nenpnxren uonex, sanounar a xapecnar ne-
xra sa xannane na cxaxannn (nanpnmep Te nmar nxyc na cxa-
pnn"). Onesn, xonro ne ca xnn cxaxannn, ce oraneunnn ome
noneue, nspasxnaxn sacnneno ornpamenne or cxaxannnre.
B noxoa na ]ecrnnrp nma enn naxen acnexr, xoro
e nonyunn no-manxo nnnmanne, orxonxoro sacnyxana, n ro-
na e nexra, ue nconancr ce nsnnrna xaro ccroxnne na
ncxom]opr n nanpexenne. B eno nscnenane noneuero or
cryenrnre, xonro ce crnacxnar a nnmar ecera n nonsa na
sanxnrennara noenna cnyxa, npexnnxnar nconanc n npo-
menxr mnennero cn n nocoxa na noncxannre or rxx narnacn.
Hpanxr ro, sa a namanxr uyncrnara na nanpexenne, npens-
nnxann or nconanca. Kaxno me crane, axo na pyrn cryen-
rn ce ae esnpeno nexapcrno npen nncanero na ecero, no
nm ce xaxe, ue ro me npensnnxa uyncrno na nanpexenne?
Be morar nn a npnnnmar ncxxaxno nanpexenne, xoero ns-
nnrnar, na npemennnre e]exrn na menxamenra n cneona-
renno nxma a nsnnrar nnxaxna nyxa a npomenxr mnenn-
ero cn? Touno rona ce cnyuna. Vcranoneno e, ue onuannxr
e]exr na nconanca npxy npomxnara na mnennero ne ce no-
xnxna cne npnemanero na nexapcrno, xoero yx nopaxa nan-
pexenne.
Connannn nocnecrnnx
Bnxxme, ue mnennxra ce npomenxr mnoro noneue, xoraro
nma neocraruno onpananne sa ecrnnxra nn, orxonxoro
xoraro nma npnunnn a ce pxnm no onpeenen naunn. Hx-
xon axe sacrnnar resara, ue nourn nxnara ncropnx na me-
nnnnara moxe a ce oxcnn or rnena rouxa na xornnrnnnnx
nconanc!
Honeuero ]opmn na mennnncxo neuenne ca nnn aco-
nmrno nenpnxrnn, npocrnpaxn ce or noranxnero na nannen-
rn c xonepa n nsrapxma npxna noa o xpnonycxanero c nnx-
nnnn. Axo mennnncxoro neuenne e nenpnxrno, npemeemxo
nnn nocranxmo n nenonxa cnryannx, rorana cmecrnyna noren-
nnanen nconanc mexy nere mncnn: Crnacnx ce c orncx-
nam mero na neuenne" n As cm cmo ronxona onen, xonxo-
ro n npen". nconancr moxe a ce ennmnnnpa, a neuennero -
a ce onpanae camo axo nannenrr moxe a ce camoyen, ue
ncmnocr ccroxnnero my ce noopxna. Koraro xopara xasnar:
,Hma ronxona yxacen nxyc, ue cc cnrypnocr rpxna a e opo
sa men", ca no-nposopnnnn, orxonxoro ocsnanar. (Pasnpa
ce, mnoro onecrn ne nosnonxnar rosn rnn camosanyn.)
Hooen ananns moxe a ce npnnoxn xm nenara na me-
nnnncxoro neuenne. Kaxro oranna ca orxpnnn nexapnre, no-
nnmananero na nenara na neuennero moxe snaunrenno a sa-
cnnn nennrennnre my cnnn. Hannenrr cn xasna: Hnamam
mnoro napn, raxa ue rpxna a nonyuanam na-oporo ns-
moxno neuenne, a cneonarenno rpxna a ce noopxnam".
Teopnxra sa nconanca e npnnarana n xm naxnnx nn-
poc sa o]opmxnero na noneennero na enara, raxa ue a c-
ornercrna na npancrnennre nennocrn na omecrnoro, n xoero
xnnexr. Ornocnrenno necno e a cnpem erero a ce pxn
no nenoxoxm naunn, axo ro sannamnm c naxasanne. Axo
oaue nponecr na connannsannx e ycnemen, erero rpxna
a ce nayun a ce pxn npnnnuno n n orccrnnero na npxx
narncx nnn canxnnn, a rona e mnoro no-rpyna saaua.
Hpnnaraxn reopnxra sa nconanca, e no-ope a cnpere
erero or nsnpmnanero na anrnconnanen axr, xaro nsnons-
nare nexa, a ne cnnna sannaxa sa naxasanne. Axo erero cnpe
a npann nemo, xoero ncxa, nanpnmep a xnpnx xamnn, sapa-
n cnnna sannaxa or naxasanne, rorana onpanannero e As
xx npuuvoeu a cnpa, no ncxam a nponxa a xnpnxm xa-
mnn". Axo cnpe a xnpnx xamnn n orronop na nexa sanna-
xa oaue, e nepoxrno a ce camoonpanae, xaro xaxe: Bcm-
nocr raxa nnn nnaue ne mn ce ncxame a xnpnxm xamnn".
Ocsnananero, ue cnnnnxr narncx moxe a e xonrpanpo-
yxrnnen, e xpymnano na noxonennx ponrenn. Tnpe uecro
xonxoro noneue narncx nsnonsnar ponrennre npxy mnomn-
re a ne omynar c ncxpenrnpann npecrannrenn na pyrnx
non, nepoxrno ronxona no-nnmenn me cranar re (Axo nc-
xam a nponxanam a ro nnxam nesanncnmo or neoope-
nnero na ponrennre mn, snaun ro rpxna a e naxen sa men").
Hoxpena sa nexra, ue nexnre sannaxn morar a ca mnoro
no-e]exrnnnn or cnnnnre, e nonyuena or Ennr Apncn n
xemc Kapncmnr. Te xasnar na uernpnronmnn ena a ne
cn nrpaxr c npenounrana nrpauxa, nanpnmep sannxnana c
arepnn noxapna xona, nsnonsnaxn nnn nexa sannaxa (Axo
cn nrpaem c nex, me cm paspasnen"), nnn cepnosna sannaxa
(Mnoro me ce xocam. Be nsema ncnuxn nrpauxn, me cn na
y oma n nnxora noneue nxma a ce npna... pxnm ce xaro
ee".). Maxap ue n nere sannaxn ca e]exrnnnn npn cnnpane-
ro na enara a ne cn nrpaxr c nrpauxara, oxaro nspacrnnxr
e nsnn craxra, nexara sannaxa rn xapa no-manxo a xapecnar
sapanenara nrpauxa, no cepnosnara sannaxa ne ro npann.
Hpnnnnnr na xornnrnnnnx nconanc e npnnaran n xm
nnpoca ann xopara nmar no-nncoxo mnenne sa xny nnn op-
rannsannx, xoxro nsnpa nocranxmo n nenonxo nonoxenne nnn
cypono nocnemanane, orxonxoro sa raxana, xoxro nsnonsna
mnoro nexn nponeypn no nocnemananero. T xaro noneue-
ro xopa ne xapecnar a nsnaar n nenonxo nonoxenne, uonex
moxe a cn nomncnn, ue oprannsannx, xoxro ocnrypxna nen-
pnxrnn npexnnxnannx, nxma a e xapecnana. Cnope reo-
pnxra sa nconanca oaue nere nen: Crnacnx ce a ce npn-
cennx xm rasn oprannsannx" n Hosnonnx a a nocra-
nen n nenonxo nonoxenne n nmero na unencrnoro" npens-
nnxnar nconanc n ro moxe a e peynnpan upes npeyne-
nnuanane na nonoxnrennnre acnexrn na npnnanexnocrra
xm oprannsannxra.
Ennr Apncn n xcn Mnnc or Cren]opcxnx ynn-
nepcnrer nponepxnar resn nen, xaro ncxar or cryenrxn a
npemnnar npes nocnemanane, sa a cranar unenone na rpyna,
ocxama ncnxonornxra na cexca. Hexoro nocnemanane
nxnmuna uerene na rnac cnpsann cc cexca ymn, xonro ne ca
nenensypnn (npocrnryrxa, encrnennna, nernnr), oxaro cy-
ponoro nocnemanane nxnmuna uerene na nenensypnn ymn (uy-
xam, mnam, narxa) n cne rona uerene na rnac ne xnnn onn-
cannx na cexcyannn cnenn or cnpemennn pomann. Cne rona
nocnemanane re cnymar mnoro cxyuna n ananna rpynona nc-
xycnx na nropnunoro nonono noneenne npn nncmnre xnnor-
nn. Momnuerara, xonro ca nsrpnenn cyponoro nocnemanane,
onenxnar ocanara ncxycnx mnoro no-naronpnxrno, orxon-
xoro resn, xonro ca nperpnenn nexoro nocnemanane.
Tpxna oaue a ce nma npenn, ue sa nocouennre no-
rope pesynrarn ca nnn npenarann n pyrn oxcnennx. Mo-
xe n momnuerara, xonro ca npemnnann npes cyponoro noc-
nemanane, ca ce Bsynnn cexcyanno, a ne ca ce uyncrnann
nenonxo, n rona e csano yononcrnne n e sacnnnno npnnne-
xarennocrra na ncxycnonnara rpyna. Hanmennxra oaue
noxasnar, ue momnuerara nancrnna ca ce uyncrnann nenonxo
(noymenne, nsuepnxnane, rneane n semxra). pyra nsmox-
nocr e a ca nouyncrnann onexuenne or cexcyannara rpe-
noxnocr, xoraro ca orxpnnn, ue rpynonara ncxycnx e esn-
pena", a ne nenonxa n rona e sacnnnno nonoxnrennara nm
onenxa sa nex.
Oxcnennxra or rnena rouxa na cexcyanna nsya nnn
cexcyanna rpenoxnocr oaue ne ca npnnoxnmn xm eno no-
xcno nscnenane, n xoero xopara, npemnnann npes nopenna
or cnnnn enexrpomoxone, sa a ar onycnarn o cxyuna
ncxycnonna rpyna, onenxnar rpynara no-naronpnxrno, or-
xonxoro resn, npexnnenn camo nexn enexrpomoxone.
Pennrnosnoro nsmepenne
E]exrnre or xornnrnnnnx nconanc ca nnn nanmana-
nn n n pasnnunn pennrnosnn cexrn. B nscnenane na ]ecrnn-
rp n neronnre xonern nxxonxo ncnxonosn ycnxnar a ce nn-
]nnrpnpar n cexra, napeuena Hex Cnrn Ipyn". Xena or cex-
rara nonyunna nncmenn nocnannx or nxxonxo nasnrenn", xo-
nro xnneenn n orxpnrnx Kocmoc, n resn nsnnsemnn cmecr-
na x nn]opmnpann, ue na aena ara, rouno npen sasopxna-
ne, xaraxnnsmeno nanonenne me sanee no-ronxmara uacr or
Cenepnoamepnxancxnx xonrnnenr. enocrnre na rpynara no-
nyunnn snaunrenna rnacnocr, xoraro enn or unenonere nn
nomonen a nanycne paorara cn xaro nexap n cryenrcxn spa-
nen nenrp sapan yexennxra cn.
Hpe nnnero na snaunrennn nonrpanxn n capxasm or
nenxpnamnre unenonere na cexrara ce onnrann a orxrnar
mymorennnara, oxaro ce norornxr sa enaxyannx npen na-
nonennero. uernpn nn npen arara na nanonennero, xax-
ro nm nno xasano, nerxma unnnx me ce npnsemn n sannx
nop na ena or xmnre nm n 16 uaca, sa a rn nseme. Maxap
ue re uaxann c ronxma naexa n c nanra n pne, unnnxra ne
omna. Cne rona nnn nn]opmnpann, ue nerxmara unnnx me
oe n nonynom, n re uaxann nanpasno nrn uacone n crye-
nara, cnexna nom. B xpana cmerxa, cne ome nxxonxo ]an-
mnnn anapmn n cne orxasa na nanonennero a ce noxnn, om-
no nocnanne or For, xoro xasan, ue To e cnacnn cnera n e
cnpxn nanonennero n nmero na rasn manxa rpynnuxa n cner-
nnnara n cnnara, xonro rx pasnpocrpanxnana no nennx cnxr.
Kax ca ce cnpannnn resn xopa c xon]nnxra, nopoen or
nponana na rexnnre npornosn? Maxap ue nsocranxnero na rex-
nnre yexennx n morno a e nsmoxno, axo oraenocrra
na xaysara nm e nna no-cxopo xnaxa", mnoro unenone na
cexrara ce orxasann or paorara cn n or npnrexannxra cn, sa
a ce norornxr a ce enaxynpar or rasn nnanera. Enncrnenn-
xr naunn a namanxr nconanca e a npnnnexar xonxoro moxe
noneue pyrn xopa, sa a cn ocnrypxr no-cnnna connanna no-
xpena. Te rona n npanxr - enrycnasnpano - samecrnaxn npe-
nmnara cn noranocr c nnamenno xenanne sa rnacnocr.
Pasnnunn peaxnnn oaue ce ycranonxnar cpe unenonere
na Hpxnara na ncrnncxoro cnono - rpyna, xoxro npnema
nocnannero na Fnnnxra n yxnannnx cmncn. Or Orxponenn-
ero na cn. Hoan re nsuncnxnar, ue ena rpera or cneronnoro
nacenenne me e nsnnueno n xpena nona n ouaxnar a
nrpaxr oxecrneno nxnonena ponx n nsnenxnanero n cneuen-
nanero na onenennre. Ha cro unenone na rpynara ce norornxr
sa rosn xaraxnnsm, xaro ce mecrxr n oraneuena uacr na mro-
sanannre CAB, xero ce saemar a crpoxr omoyexnma.
Hpn nonyuananero na npopouecxoro nocnanne Ernnrxnn-
re nar" 103 or nxpnamnre npexapnar 42 nn no semxra, ua-
xaxn xpena araxa, xoxro raxa n ne nna. Koraro nsnnsar na
nonpxnocrra, namanxnar nconanca, xaro rnpxr, ue For rn
e nsnonsnan, sa a npeynpen sacnannx cnxr n e nonoxnn na
nponepxa nxpara nm. Bcnuxn pemnnn, ue ca nspxann nponep-
xara n ca ocoeno ocronn n ounre na Fora. Cmenpemenno
oaue re ne ce onnrnar ronxona ycpno a npnnnnuar pyrn
nocneonarenn xaro Hex Cnrn Ipyn". Bepoxrno pasnnxara
mexy noneennero na nere rpynn ce nxn na ]axra, ue
rpynara na Hcrnncxoro cnono" e no-ronxma n no-cnnorena,
orxonxoro Hex Cnrn Ipyn", n cneonarenno e ocnrypxnana
no-cnnna connanna noxpena n momenra na onponeprananero
na nxpara nm. Hocneonarennre na Hcrnncxoro cnono" ce
panann na ocra narocxnonnoro ornomenne na saonxanx-
mara rn omnocr n rona cnococrnano sa pascenane na nco-
nanca n xon]nnxra.
Cmnennx n nconanca
oryx ncnuxn npnmepn na nconanc, xonro ocnxme, ca
ornocnrenno nenycmncnenn - nxma cmnenne, ue npornno-
peunnn nen csanar cnnnn xon]nnxrn. Cmenpemenno ne-
nnnarn e ronxona necno uonex a e cnrypen ann ce csana
nconanc. a npenonoxnm, ue cre xasann na ncnuxn cnon
npnxrenn, ue onpeenen cnpemenen xyoxnnx nn e nmnm, n
cne rona ce pasuye, ue ro e xponnuen anxoxonnx. Tona moxe
n a ne npensnnxa nconanc, samoro nnnarn moxere a rnp-
nre, ue xyoxnnnnre ca rpnnaecera sonx". Or pyra crpa-
na, nepoxrno me nsnnrare nsnecren nconanc, axo orxpnere,
ue mnoro nnen n ynaxanan npecrannren na namara npxna
or nrn ronnn e anxoxonnx n nenpexcnaro ce ornacx sne c
xena cn.
Kaxno onpeenx ann me ce nsnnra nconanc? Omo xa-
sano, nconancr e nepoxrno a ce noxnn camo xoraro ce na-
pymana aeno ouaxnane. Hmame onpeeneno ouaxnane, ue y-
xonnnnnre me nsxrnar pncxonere na nnenero, no ronepnpa-
me snaunrenen nnepannsm no ornomenne na xyoxnnnnre.
pyra rpynocr, xoxro noxonana noxoa na nconanca,
e, ue ncnuxn nne nmame pasnnunn mnennx sa cee cn. Hxara,
xaxro e n nscnenanero na ]ecrnnrp n Kapncmnr, csana
nconanc camo axo nxenr pasrnexa cee cn xaro nsnauan-
no uecren. Axo nxenr pasrnexa cee cn xaro saxopanxn
ncnxonar, ncmnocr moxe a nsnnnua yonnernopenne or mn-
cnra a mamn pyrnre n nsomo nxma a nsnnrna nnna nnn
nconanc.
Hocnecrnnero e, ue reopernnnre na nconanca rpxna a
opmar noneue nnnmanne na As-opasa na uonexa. Hanpn-
mep ycnemnoro nsnnnenne na saaua onxnoneno ne ce ns-
npnema xaro npensnnxnamo nconanc. Cmenpemenno ycra-
noneno e, ue xopara, xonro ouaxnar a ce nponanxr, cranar
rnpe rpenoxnn, xoraro n ecrnnrennocr ycnexr n nemo.
H naxpax, n nno norennnanno xaracrpo]anno, axo nn-
narn npannm ncnuxo nsmoxno, sa a namannm nconanca -
rona me e xaro nsrxananero na nocroxnen namxyn oxono ce-
e cn. Henpexcnaro me onpananame ecrnnxra cn, nnxora
nxma a npnsnaname, ue onycxame rpemxn, npn rona o cre-
nen a ne cme cnoconn a nsnnnuame nonsa or rpemxnre cn
47
.
3axnmuennx
Teopnxra sa nconanca npnema, ue nne cme pannonannsn-
pamn, a ne pannonannn cmecrna. Onnrname ce a onpanaem
noneennero cn n a nsrnexame pannonannn xaxro na cee
cn, raxa n na pyrnre. Tasn nyxa or onpananane na cee cn
e cnnna n moxe a ce nnn n onacrra na mennnnara, n ycno-
xnanero na npancrnenn nennocrn, n noneennero na pennrn-
osnnre cexrn n n esponn pyrn acnexrn na xnnora.
T xaro cme ronxona nerpnennnn a ce onpananame,
nonxxora ce pxnm no crpanen n nnnmo nenpennnm na-
unn. Cmenpemenno o ronxma crenen n pesynrar na nnonep-
cxnre nscnenannx na Hnn ]ecrnnrtp n neronnre xonern ncn-
xonosnre sanounar a pasnpar xax xopara ce cnpanxr c nr-
pemnnx xon]nnxr.
47
Wicklund, R. A. & Brehm, J. W. (1976). Perspectives on Cognitive Disso-
nance. London: Halstead.
om nmxojiomjima
Hcnxonosnre uecro ca araxynann, ue xnnexr n xynn or cno-
nona xocr, ue nsyuanar rpnnnannn nponemn, xonro ne ca pe-
nenanrnn na no-mnpoxnre connannn nnpocn. B rona onnne-
nne nma enemenr na ncrnna, ocoeno no ornomenne na e-
nocrra na nxxon amepnxancxn ncnxonosn, unero moro, nsr-
nexa, e: Hynnxyna nnn ympn". Cmenpemenno n nno
ronxma rpemxa a cn npecranxme, ue ncnxonornuecxnre nsc-
nenannx ca, omo xasano, nepenenanrnn. Hapacrnam po
npo]ecnonannn ncnxonosn npanxr cmecrnen npnnoc sa o-
mecrnoro n npo]ecnonannara, xnnnnunara n opasonarenna-
ra c]epa.
3pannxr pasym nocxasna, ue ncnxonornxra n rpxnano
a e or orpomna nonsa sa omecrnoro xaro nxno. B xpana
cmerxa rx ce sannmana c pasnpanero n npornosnpanero na
uonemxoro noneenne, a nxnoro ]ynxnnonnpane na omecr-
noro sanncn or naunna, no xoro xopara ce pxar n nsanmo-
ecrnar.
Orrnexanero n nsnnrannero na enara e rpyno n n na-
opnre momenrn, no ponrennre nec rpxna a ce cnpanxr n
c mnoxecrno npornnopeuamn cn excneprnn" cnern. Tpxna
nn a nsepar nnepannnx noxo, nnn no-crapomonnx" nc-
nnnnnnapen noxo? ocroncrnara na resn na noxoa ce
ocxar n naecera rnana, no naxnn nonn nscnenannx co-
uar, ue n nere xpann nosnnnn rpemar. Cmecrnyna, xaxro
nsrnexa, no-spanomncnem cpeen nr.
Hponnunoro e, ue oyuennero, sa xoero ncnxonornuecxn-
re npnnnnnn n pesynrarn ca ocoeno penenanrnn, ne ce e o-
naroerencrnano n maxcnmanna crenen or ncnxonornuecxnre
npospennx. Ocnonnara npnunna sa rona e, ue ronemnre npo-
menn n opasonarennara npaxrnxa onxnoneno ce npanxr or
xopa, xonro ce nnnxxr noneue or neonornxra, orxonxoro or
cmecrnynamnre oxasarencrna. Kaxro nocouname n nae-
cer n npna rnana, ocoeno snomacrno e, ue noneuero nearo-
sn nopxar norpemnoro cranonnme, ue ncnuxn ena nepo-
xrno me pearnpar no enn n cm naunn na ncexn mero na
oyuenne. B ecrnnrennocr nxxon ena yuar no-ope, xora-
ro nm ce npenoana upes enn mero, a ne upes pyr. cno e,
ue saononnrennara opasonarenna cncrema me e rasn, n xox-
ro ca nsern npenn nnnnnyannnre pasnnunx.
B naecer n nropa rnana ocxame nxxon or nxnonx-
namnre nsmoxnocrn na nonornunara oparna npsxa". To-
na e ncnxonornuecxn asnpan mero sa neuenne na onpeene-
nn comarnunn pascrpocrna, xoro e npnnnxxn orpomno nnn-
manne npes nocnennre ronnn. Ocnonnara nex e, ue npo-
nemn, xonro nmar xcno e]nnnpana ]nsnonornuna ocnona, mo-
rar a ce nsnexynar, axo ce xopnrnpar ]nsnonornunnre ano-
mannn. Hannenrnre morar a cn nomornar, axo nm ce ocnrypn
nn]opmannx sa ycnexa nm (nnn oparnoro) npn npomxnara na
]nsnonornunoro nm ccroxnne. Fnonornunara oparna npsxa
moxe a cnococrna sa nsnexynanero - nnn none xonrpo-
nnpanero - na penna nponemn, nxnmunrenno xnnepronnx,
mnrpena, saonxnane na nepn]epnoro xpnoopamenne, ns-
necrno xaro onecr na Peno, n onpeenenn cexcyannn pascr-
pocrna.
nara na-ronemn ynnn n cnpemennoro sanano o-
mecrno ca paxr n cpeunoconara onecr. 3apan rona or-
pomnn cymn ce xapuar sa mennnncxn nscnenannx, no ycne-
xr e cpannnrenno cxpomen. Ena no-onrnmncrnuna norxa ce
npoxpana n naecer n rpera rnana, n xoxro ocxame nx-
nonxnamn nonn ncnxonornuecxn noxon xm npeornparx-
nanero na paxa n cpeunoconnre onecrn.
Hponenrr na npecrnnennxra n ocoeno na resn c nacn-
nne ce ynennuana npaxrnuecxn nn ncnuxn sanann crpann.
Moxem nn a nanpannm nemo n rona ornomenne? B naecer
n uernpra rnana ce rnpn, ue npnara crnxa e a ce pase-
HOH3ATA OT HCHXOHOIHBTA 309
par ]axropnre, xonro xapar nxxon xopa a cranar npecrn-
nnnn, a pyrn - a ocranar cpannnrenno opoerennn. Hma
nsnecrnn oxasarencrna, ue nr nepno na oycnanxne, oc-
nonano na naxasanne, moxe a non o pasnnrnero na c-
necr". Cneonarenno nnepannsmr na cnpemennoro omec-
rno moxe a e nnnpexren onpnnacxm ]axrop sa ynennue-
nnx nponenr npecrnnennx, samoro namanxna pox na raxnna
npexnnxnannx na oycnanxne. Hanmanar ce nacpunrennn
npnsnann, ue ncnxonornuecxnre meron sa nnrepnennnx mo-
rar a ce oxaxar e]exrnnnn n npensnnrannero na nxxon -
axo ne na ncnuxn - npecrnnnnn. Pasnnunn rexnnxn sa oyc-
nanxne ca nnn nsnonsnann, sa a ce naxapar manonernn nnna
c orxnonxnamo ce noneenne n nspacrnn npanonapymnrenn
a npnemar connanno no-xenarennn narnacn.
Kaxro me nnnm n naecer n nera rnana, ncnxonornxra
nma naxnn npnnoxennx n sa nonnrnuecxara n connannara mn-
cn - or xomynnsma o ]amnsma. Hpes nexonere mnoro xopa
ca pasrpannuanann nennre" or ecnnre" narnacn; cera ncn-
xonosnre ca nenrn]nnnpann nsmepennero panxanno-xon-
cepnarnnno", xoero cornercrna na rona pasrpannuenne. C-
menpemenno nxxon panxann (r.e. nennuapn) ca nenpexnon-
nn, pyrn - no-mexn, a cmoro naxn n sa xoncepnaropnre. To-
na e oneno o nnexanero na nsmepennero nenpexnon-
nocr-mexora n mnpoxnre neonornuecxn xareropnn.
3amo orennnre xopa nmar pasnnunn connannn n nonnrn-
uecxn narnacn? 3pannxr pasym nocxasna, ue raxnna narna-
cn ce onpeenxr or cpeara - or cemecrnoro, npnxrennre n
pyrnre connannn xonraxrn. Harpynann ca oaue nxnonx-
namn nonn cnnerencrna, ue nacnecrnenocrra nrpae cmecr-
nena ponx.
Haxparxo, ncnxonornxra nenpexcnaro sacnnna snauenn-
ero cn sa omecrnoro. Mnoro manxo ca c]epnre n xnnora, n
xonro rx a ne moxe a nanpann nxxaxn npnnoc.
20
Kax a ne ce orrnexar ena?
Honeuero ponrenn ce npnrecnxnar xax na-ope a or-
rnear enara cn. B rpenoxnocrra cn nxxon or rxx ce opmar
xm ncnxonosn nnn ncnxnarpn, a opn n xm ncnxoanannrnnn.
Bsmoxno e rona a ne e mpa crnxa. Hpo]ecnonanncrnre
n r.nap. excneprn nxmar ocoenn nocrnxennx n cnernanero
na npnrecnenn ponrenn. x. F. Vorcn - amara na nxenn-
opncrnunoro nnxenne, e npnnxr, nanncan ecrcenp sa or-
rnexanero na enara. Heronara nnnxrenna Psychological Care
of the Infant and Child (Hcnxonornuecxn rpnxn sa eero n
erero") ce npoana n noneue or 100 000 exsemnnxpa camo sa
nxxonxo mecena cne nsnnsanero or neuar. Feprpan Pcen -
uonex, xoro ne moxe necno a e nsmamen, crana oraen
nopxnnx na yexennxra na Vorcn. Hpo]ecnonannnre
ncnxonosn oaue ca pemnrenno xpnrnunn. Hxxon cmxrar, ue
xnnrara e nanecna mern na craryca my na cepnosen yuen. Hoc-
nannero na Vorcn e npocro: enara rpxna a ce orrnexar
na nayuna, a ne na emonnonanna nnn rpannnonna ocnona. To
samnrana resara, ue uonex ne nna a rnesn enara cn, a nm
emoncrpnpa rnpe ronxma npnnpsanocr nnn opn a rn ne-
nyna n rymxa, samoro rona nacpuana sanncnm manrannrer.
Xpanenero rpxna a e no rpa]nx, a ne xoraro erero noncxa.
Vorcn nsnpona rosn pexnm c namara cn cnnone. Ennnxr
ce camoynna, a pyrnxr - sa nenmonepno paspasnenne na Vor-
cn - crana ncnxoanannrnx. Haxpax Vorcn cxanxna, ue e
nanncan rasn xnnra, no ymnre my ne sapan cxemarnunara
]opma, a samoro ne snaex ocraruno, sa a nannma xnnrara,
xoxro ncxax".
Cne cyponnx, nacrpoen npornn nmneonnnocrra n cnns-
xonrennocrra Vorcn maxanoro ornna n pyrara nocoxa -
xaxno npanxr maxanara - xm ncnxoanannrnunnx -p Cnox c
neronnre xpano cnnsxonrennn npenncannx sa xpanene rora-
na, xoraro erero noncxa, sa nperpxn n nenynxn. Tnpaxr
na neronara Baby and Child Care (Ipnxn sa eero n manxoro
ere") e namnnar camo or Fnnnxra. Maxnre nancxxe no
cnera c naroapnocr ce npmar xm no-emonnonanno nsanmo-
ornomenne c enara cn - nemo, cpemy xoero Vorcn excnnn-
nnrno npeynpexana. Cnnsxonrennnxr n nayunnxr moen
sa orrnexane na enara oaue ce ocnonanar na eno rnpe
rxcno cranonnme. Ha-naxpax Cnox npnsnana, ue npenopxnre
my ca norpemnn. Orrnexanero na enara no neronnx naunn
ne ycnxna a onee o pesynrarnre, sa xonro ro ce naxnan.
H Vorcn, n Cnox no cno naunn nnmcrpnpar neymecr-
nocrra na ananero na cnern, yx nayunn no npnpoa, na a-
sara na npenapnrennn mnennx, nmecro na connno ycranone-
nn nayunn reopnn, nounnamn na ]axrn. Hcrnnara e, ue ncn-
xonosnre npocro ne snaxr ocraruno sa orrnexanero na e-
nara, sa a npnemar ponxra na ncesnaemn cnernnnn.
Vorcn pasunra na rxcnara ocnona na ]ynamenranncr-
xnx nxennopnsm, a Cnox - na rxcnara n neoocnonana ocno-
na na ]poonoro xpeo. H nere cncremn ne ca noxpenenn
c nayunn ]axrn, sa a nonecar pemero na crpyxrypnre, xon-
ro re n pyrn anropn nsnrar npxy rxx. 3naem mnoro manxo
sa orrnexanero na enara, no nec snaem ocraruno, sa a
ocsnaem, ue Vorcn n Cnox anar cnern, xonro ca norpem-
nn sa noneuero ena - ennnxr e rnpe cypon, anropnrapen n
neemonnonanen, a pyrnxr - npexaneno mex, cnnsxonrenen n
nexen. Honeuero maxn nxa orrneann enara cn no-ycnem-
no, axo ne xxa npouenn nnro ennnx, nnro pyrnx. Hasere ce
or ncnxonosn, xonro anar cnern - rona e noapen xon, n
unxro ycra ponrennre me nanpanxr ope a nornenar oco-
eno nnnmarenno!
3naun nn rona, ue ne moxem a npenoxnm nnmo na po-
nrennre, xonro rpcxr cnera nn? Bcmnocr moxem... no
manxo. Hpes nocnennre ronnn ca nponexann nnrepecnn n
naxnn nscnenannx, xonro nancrnna anar nxxon nacoxn. Hp-
noro - n na-ouennnoro, r xaro manxo maxn nmar nyxa
or cnennanno nanomnxne - e, ue enara ca pasnnunn n ue nx-
ma enn-enncrnen naunn sa orrnexanero nm. Bcxxo ere n
rpxnano a ce rpernpa xaro nnnnn. Bropo, nacnecrnenocr-
ra e mnoro naxna xaxro sa nnrennrenrnocrra, raxa n sa nnu-
nocrra. Ho npeme na paxanero ponrennre ne nonyuanar -
xaxro rnpn Vorcn - es]opmena maca or maxyn, xoxro
a morar a o]opmxr, xaxro noxenaxr.
Tpynocrnre na nscnenannxra c ena
Mnoro napn n eneprnx ca nnoxenn n nscnenannx npxy
ena, no samo snaem ronxona manxo ocera? Hma ne nsanm-
no npennerenn npnunnn. Hpnara e, ue nscnenannxra n rasn
onacr ca mnoro rpynn. Onxnoneno ce cmxra sa neernuno
enara a ce nsnarar na pexnmn, xonro morar a nn ocnrypxr
xonrponnn annn. Bropara rpynocr e, ue ncnxonosnre nmar
npenapnrennn nen, xonro uecro ne xenaxr a nonoxar na
excnepnmenranno nscnenane, sa a ne ce oxaxar norpemnn.
Hcnxonosnre (n ncnxnarpnre n ncnxoanannrnnnre) ca npocro
xopa n ca oexr na ncnuxn onuann uonemxn cnaocrn - re
morar a ca cmo ronxona rnpornann, nnarn, arpecnnnn n,
nanpano xasano, nepnepsnn xaro ncexn ocranan, a orrnexa-
nero na enara e rema, xoxro, nsrnexa, y ncnuxn rxx nsnaxa
na nonpxnocrra na-nomoro.
Ero enn rnnnuen npnmep. Hpecranere cn ncnxonor (nnn
moxe n connonor, ncnxnarp nnn ncnxoanannrnx), xoro nc-
xa a nscnena xnnoresara, ue oxr xaro naxasanne na enara
ne noopxna rxxnoro noneenne, a camo rn npann no-nomn.
Hpecranere cn, ue ro nnannpa excnepnmenr, n xoro a nsy-
uana excnepnmenranna rpyna ena, unnro ponrenn nsomo
ne rn nxr, nnn camo or npeme na npeme, n rn cpannxna c pyra
rpyna - xonrponna, or ena, unnro ponrenn rn nxr uecro n
esmnnocrno. Cne rona ro nscnena ponrennre na resn ne
rpynn n ycranonxna, ue nrnre onxnoneno nspacrnar xaro ar-
pecnnnn, npaxenn, uecro snn nspacrnn (xopenannxra ne e
mnoro cnnna n nscnenannxra, no renennnxra e esnorpem-
na). Cne rona ro me rnpn, ue e oxasan resara cn - ue
nenero na enara e nomo. Bxpno nn e oaue rona?
Ouennno e, ue ro moxe a e npan. annnre ne npornno-
peuar na raxana xnnoresa, no nx n ne x nornpxanar. Hma
anrepnarnnnn xnnoresn, xonro enaxno ope oxcnxnar ]ax-
rnre, es a nnnnuar ponrencxoro naxasanne. Hanpnmep ns-
moxno e renernunnxr crpoex na ponrennre, xoro rn xapa
a ce pxar no pyranen naunn c enara cn, a ce nacnexna
oruacrn or enara n a rn xapa cmo a ce pxar pyranno,
xoraro nopacnar, nesanncnmo or naxasannxra, xonro ca ns-
rpnenn. B ecrnnrennocr moxe n es naxasannxra re mx-
xa a cranar ome no-arpecnnnn n pyrannn! Harpynann ca sna-
unrennn oxasarencrna sa snauennero na nacnecrnenocrra n
arpecnnnoro n npaxenoro noneenne, raxa ue rasn anrep-
narnnna xnnoresa nancrnna e nsmoxna.
Tpera nsmoxnocr e nxxon ena no npnpoa a ca ronxo-
na nexonrponnpyemn n c nomo noneenne, ue a morar a ce
ypxar n nxxaxnn pencn enncrneno upes rexxn noon, no
xoraro nopacnar, npnonauannoro nm noneenne - cne xaro
neue ne e oysanano c ]nsnuecxn mepxn - ornono ce npoxnx-
na n snonamepeno n yno noneenne. Hma n mnoxecrno o-
xasarencrna, xonro noxasnar, ue noneennero na ponrennre
uecro e nponoxnpano or noneennero na enara nm. C pyrn
ymn, ponrennre pearnpar na onona, xoero npanxr enara nm,
a ne oparnoro. Cneonarenno nmame ome eno oxcnenne sa
npnonauannnre pesynrarn na xnnorernunnx nn ncnxonor.
Tosn npnmep nnmcrpnpa xcno ena ]ynamenranna rpem-
xa n ronxma uacr or cnpemennnre connonornuecxn n ncnxono-
rnuecxn nscnenannx npxy orrnexanero na enara - rpemxa-
ra na nnrepnpernpanero na nanmanannre xopenannn xaro
npnunnn n cnecrnnx. oxaro pacrar, ynoro noneenne na
enara uaucmuua xopennpa c pyranno ornomenne or ponre-
nnre, raxa ue nscneonarennre npnemar, ue npnoro e pesynrar
or nroporo, no ne ca ro oxasann. B Konenxaren ce nanmana
nenpexcnar cna na pox na paxannxra npes nocnennre
rpnecer ronnn; no nooen naunn nma cna n pox na mpxe-
nnre, xonro cnnnar rnesa n rpaa. Tona oaue ne oxasna, ue
HOH3ATA OT HCHXOHOIHBTA______________________________315
mpxennre nocxr eerara! Tasn connonornuecxa rpemxa",
xaxro nna napeuena, samoro connonosnre ca ocoeno cxnonnn
a x onycxar, sampcxna ronxm po nscnenannx n rasn o-
nacr n npann mnoro rpyno a ce ocrnrne o nxxaxnn norn-
uecxn saxnmuennx sa ncrnncxnre npnunnn n cnecrnnx.
Hma na naunna rasn rpynocr moxe a ce saonxonn. En-
nnxr e a ce nponee renernuno nscnenane, xoero n]epen-
nnpa renernunnre e]exrn or resn na cpeara. Fnxme mornn
a nsyuaname enoxunn n pasnoxunn nnsnann, rexnnre
paunn naprntopn n ena, sa a nonyunm nn]opmannx sa pas-
nnunnre renernunn n exonornunn" nsanmoornomennx, xon-
ro ce noanar na ncrnncxn crarncrnuecxn ananns. Heocra-
rxr na raxnna nscnenannx e, ue re nsncxnar ronxm po
nnsnann n ca rpynn n cxnn. C manxo nsxnmuennx ncnxo-
nosnre ca nsxrnann excnepnmenrn or rosn nn n nmecro rona
ca ce xonnenrpnpann npxy nanmanane na e]exrnre or a-
enn ]opmn na nnrepnennnn n cnyuano nspann excnepnmen-
rannn n xonrponnn rpynn ena.
op npnmep na nropnx noxo xm nscnenannxra np-
xy ena e excnepnmenr, nponeen or Mepn Ipnnn
48
. Tx ce nn-
repecyna or e]exrnre na nnepannoro" (cnnsxonrenno) n
,crapomonoro" orrnexane na ena n npeyunnnmna nspacr.
Knmuon excnepnmenr: nrponn rpynn
or npeyunnnmna nspacr
B cnox excnepnmenr Mepn Ipnnn rpcn pasnnunx n nr-
ponnre moenn mexy ena, xonro nocemanar ne npeyun-
nnmnn rpynn - enara or ]opmannnx, crapomoen rnn, a py-
rara - pxonoena or nonn, cnnsxonrennn npnnnnnn. H ne-
re rpynn ce ccroxr or momuera n momnuera na nspacr or
ne o uernpn ronnn. Tona, xoero ocoeno cnnno nnrepecyna
Ipnnn, e aronncrnunoro* noneenne", nnn moenn na arpe-
48
Gribbin, Mary (1979). "Granny knows best." New Scientist, 84, 350-351.
* Cnpsan cc cnoprnnre ccresannx n penna Ipnnx; crpemex sa
naenxnane. - Fen. npen.
cnnna nrpa mexy enara. H nere rpynn nmar cxoen conna-
nen nponsxo, raxa ue e manxo nepoxrno ncxxaxnn pasnnunx
mexy rxx a ce nxar na connonxonomnuecxn nnn pyrn
]axropn. Kaxro xasna Ipnnn: ... pasnnunxra mexy nxnocr-
noro noneenne na rpynnre rpxna a ca npenmno pesynrar
or pasnnunara cpea sa nrpa".
B rpynara na nonnx crnn" na enara e sapaneno a no-
cxr xaxnnro n a nno nymxn n nncronern, xaxro n nrpauxn,
cnpsann c nacnnne - sapana, xoxro ouennno ce ocnonana na
xnnoresara, ue nrpara c nymxn non o anrnconnanno n na-
cnnnnuecxo noneenne. B rpynara na crapnx crnn" na enara
e nosnoneno a nocxr ncxxaxnn nrpauxn n re no-uecro nsn-
par nymxn, ranxone n noonn opxnx.
Bropara pasnnxa e, ue n rpynara or nonnx crnn" ce ocnry-
pxna orar nsop or pamxn sa xarepene, rnopuecxn nrpauxn n
nrpnme na orxpnro. Ocnen rona nrpara ne ce nanmana nar-
pannnno. B rpynara or crapnx crnn" oaue, xoxro e orpann-
uena o ena sana c no-manxo nsmoxnocrn sa nrpa, nonee-
nnero na enara ce nanmana no-ornnso. Hanmennero
nxnmuna crporn npannna sa npnemnnno noneenne n nponn-
nnnnre ce" ce sarnapxr n nomemennero na rpexa" sa cepnos-
nn napymennx (nanpnmep yxannane na pyro ere). Anrnco-
nnannoro noneenne n rpynara or nonnx crnn ce pasrnexa or
nasnparenx xaro npnsnax, ue nananoro ere nma nyxa or
nmon n pasnpane, xonro n nonyuana, uecro sa cmerxa na
xeprnara, xoxro na npaxrnxa e npenepernara, oxaro nasn-
parenxr ce cnpanx cc connannnre nponemn na arpecopa.
nere rpynn ocnrypxnar mnoro xpx xonrpacr mexy nn-
epannara n pecrpnxrnnnara oprannsannx na omecrnoro xa-
ro nxno. Ho-xcno me nnnm ann yponnre, nayuenn or rosn
rnpe orpannuen no maman excnepnmenr, nancrnna morar
a ce pasmnpxr o omecrnoro xaro nxno. unrarennre morar
a ce onnrar a orrarnar xaxnn ca e]exrnre or resn na crnna
na ornomenne npxy enara, npen a npemnnar xm cnena-
mnx asan.
Ipnnn e]nnnpa aronncrnunoro nsanmoecrnne" (ar-
pecnnnara nrpa) or rnena rouxa na pasnnunn noneennx, npoc-
rnpamn ce n ennnx xpax or nexo manrpernpane, npnpyxeno
or nepannn n nenepannn sannaxn, o ecrnnrenno ]nsn-
uecxo nacnnne n pyrnx xpa. Momuerara n crapomonara
rpyna" emoncrpnpar ner npnmepa na arpecnx, no n nporpe-
cnnnara" rpyna npnmepnre ca 89! Momnuerara ne emoncrpn-
par npnmepn na arpecnx n crapomonara rpyna, no re ca 42 n
,nporpecnnnara" rpyna. Omo sa nara nona nma 5 npnmepa
na aronncrnuno noneenne n crapomonara rpyna n 131 - n
,nporpecnnnara". Herre nnnnenra n crapomonara nrpona
rpyna ca nce npocrn nepannn nnunn onn. B nporpecnnna-
ra" nrpona rpyna oxono 65% or nnnnenrnre noxr o pasmx-
na na yapn, uecro c pacxane n xanane. Cneonarenno mexy
nere rpynn nma orpomna pasnnxa, xaro n nnepannara rpyna
,es opxnx" enara emoncrpnpar mnoro no-aronncrnuno no-
neenne, orxonxoro n crapomonara rpyna.
Ipnnn xomenrnpa: enara, xonro nxmar nrpauxn, nny-
manamn nacnnne, pasnonarar c ronemn osn nsnnneno cc
cuyncrnne pasnpane, manxo orpannuennx npxy nrpara n rpy-
nara n manxo no-oxonno" omecrno or rnena rouxa na na-
nnunnre nrpauxn, no-cnoconn nn ca a ce cnpanxr cc conn-
annnre nsanmoecrnnx n crpynnuemoro noneenne? Tona
cncem ne e raxa". Kaxro nocouna rx, ena or na-nnrepecnn-
re xapaxrepncrnxn n nscnenanero e, ue enara n rpynara
,es opxnx" ca rnpe saern n nspaornanero na opxnx,
ranxone n meuone or esonnnre xomnnexrn Hero". 3apa-
nennxr nno ouennno e no-cnax, ocoeno xoraro pesynra-
rnre nacpuanar nspacrnnx a orronopn nemo xaro: O, Ha-
xn, rona, xoero npannm, ne e nymxa, nann?" n crapomonara
rpyna, oparnoro, opn nrpauxnre, nnymanamn nacnnne, ce
nsnonsnar or enara npocro xaro yremanamo nanomnxne sa
oma n pxxo - sa nxxaxnn nacnnnnuecxn" nnn opn cnmynn-
pano-nacnnnnuecxn nenn.
Mexy nere rpynn nma mnoro pyrn pasnnunx. enara n
crapomonoro ycnonne nrpaxr n no-ronemn rpynn (rpn nnn ue-
rnpn ena), orxonxoro resn n nporpecnnnara", xero cn nrpa-
xr na-neue no noxn. Tona nensexno osnauana, ue n crapo-
monara rpyna nma noneue momuera n momnuera, xonro cn
nrpaxr saeno, n cpannenne c nnepannara rpyna. Tesn n mno-
ro pyrn pasnnunx ce ocxar or Mepn Ipnnn n pasxasa
sa excnepnmenra
49
, no rx ocranx na-naxnara pasnnxa sa nax-
pax: Ocnen rona cn ]opmnpaxme oruernnnoro nneuarnenne
(rpxna a ce npnsnae, ue e cyexrnnno, no nce nax ce ocnona-
na na uacone nanmennx na ncxxa rpyna), ue enara n crapo-
monara rpyna ca npocro no-macrnnnn or resn n nporpecnn-
nara rpyna". Tona noxpenx nanmennero, npaneno uecro or
ncnxonosnre, ue enara ncmnocr npenounrar crpyxrypnpa-
na cpea n ce uyncrnar saryenn n nemacrnn, xoraro raxana
crpyxrypa ne ce ocnrypxna or nspacrnnre nnn no-ronemnre
ena. Xaocr, opn n axo ce napnua nnepanen, ne onpnnacx
sa macrnero.
Tosn excnepnmenr nenycmncneno coun snauennero na cpe-
ara sa noneennero na enara. Pasnnunoro ornomenne xm
nere rpynn noxonana opn n na-ocnonnoro nonornuno pas-
nnune - rona mexy nononere. H n nere rpynn momuerara ca
no-arpecnnnn or momnuerara, no rona nonono pasnnune ns-
nenxna o nesnaunmocr, xoraro ce cpannxna c mnoro no-ro-
nxmoro - mexy crapomonnre" n nporpecnnnnre" rnnone
noneenne.
Ena nn rona e pesynrar, xoro n morn a ce npennn
or samnrnnnnre na nporpecnnnoro npenoanane, xonro n cpe-
ara na 80-re ronnn na XX nex npenpnaxa namnre npeyun-
nnmnn rpynn, ercxn rpannn n ocnonnn yunnnma n nne-
pannn" mecra, n xonro ne ce paorn, a camo ce nrpae, n n xon-
ro ca sapanenn ncnuxn connannsnpamn n orpannuanamn nnn-
xnnx. Mornnnre ca opn, no e]exrnre ne ca raxnna. uaxano-
ro nonnmenne n macrnero n ncnxnunoro spane na enara ne
ce nonyuana. Hporpecnnnnre meron ne nm nomarar a nspac-
rar n ope npncnocoenn, connannsnpann uonemxn cmecr-
na. Excnepnmenrr na Ipnnn ne e enncrnennxr, xoro e-
moncrpnpa nerarnnnnre e]exrn na cnnsxonrennocrra, no no-
xasna xax cnoxnnre connannn nsanmoecrnnx morar a ce
nsyuanar excnepnmenranno.
49
Rutter, M., Maughan, Barbara, Mortimer, P., & Ouston, Janet (1979).
Fifteen Thousand Hours. London: Open Books.
Axaemnunn nocrnxennx
Hexa ce opnem xm pyro, no-ronxmo nscnenane, npe-
npnero sa nsyuanane na nnnxnnero na cpenoro yunnnme np-
xy nocrnxennxra n noneennero na enara. H ryx ce nanm-
ana ocra nenexa ncxycnx, n xoxro nnepannnxr xnnmar na
mnennxra n norpemnnre cranonnma na excneprnre" ca nsnr-
pann onycromnrenna ponx npxy opasonarennara nn cncre-
ma. Crpyna cn a ce npepasxaxe nsnecrna uacr or ]ona na
rasn npensnnxnama npnrecnennx ncropnx.
Hpes 1966 r.*xemc Koynman nynnxyna mnoro nnnx-
renen oxna n CAB, osarnanen The Equality of Educational
Opportunity (Panencrnoro na opasonarennnre nsmoxnoc-
rn"). To nponexa mnpoxomamano npoyunane na nocrnxe-
nnxra na oxono 645 000 yuennnn n 4 000 cpenn n ocnonnn yun-
nnma. Veen e, ue pesynrarnre my noxasnar, ue opasonaren-
nnre nocrnxennx o ronxma crenen ca nesanncnmn or oyue-
nnero, xoero erero nonyuana, n rona saxnmuenne ce noxpe-
nx or Kpncro]p xenxc n Inequality: A Reassessment of the
Effect of Family and Schooling in America (Hepanencrnoro: npe-
onenxa na e]exra na cemecrnoro n oyuennero n yunnnme n
Amepnxa") npes 1972 r. xenxc saxnmuana cnoxnnx cn cra-
rncrnuecxn ananns, xaro saxnxna, ue nspannxnanero na xa-
uecrnoro na cpennre yunnnma me namann xornnrnnnoro ne-
panencrno c 1% nnn no-manxo" n ue e manxo nepoxrno o-
nnnnrennnre pasxon sa yunnnmara a ynennuar nocrnxe-
nnxra, a npepasnpeenennero na pecypcnre nxma a namann
nepanencrnoro".
Bn Bennxopnrannx oxnar Hnayn or 1967 r., xo-
ro n mnoro ornomennx e cpannnm c nscnenanero na Koyn-
man, crnra o saxnmuennero, ue nnnxnnero na oma e mnoro
no-cnnno n cpannenne c rona na yunnnmero. Karo nxno nma
mnpoxo pasnpocrpanen necnmnsm sa crenenra, o xoxro yun-
nnmara morar a ynpaxnxnar nxxaxno nnnxnne npxy pasnn-
rnero na enara. Tona cranonnme e nspaseno or Fasnn Fpn-
cren, xoraro xasna: Oyuennero ne moxe a xomnencnpa
omecrnoro" (nmaxn npenn, ue ram, xero oyuennero ce
e nponannno, penonmnnxra rpxna a saeme mxcroro cn).
Tesn saxnmuennx, ronxona cnnno npornnopeuamn na spa-
nnx pasym, o ronxma crenen ce ocnonanar na crarncrnuecxn
n reopernunn rpemxn (excneprnre n onacrra na oyuennero
no npnnnnn ca cmo ronxona rpemamn, xonxoro n excneprn-
re no orrnexanero na enara). Hanpnmep Koynman cpannx-
na na ]axropa, xonro yx nonomarar nocrnxennxra n yun-
nnme: cpeara, ocnrypena or ponrennre, n rasn - or yunnn-
mero. Taxona cpannenne oaue e escmncneno, samoro ne nse-
ma npenn renernunnre pasnnunx n nnrennrenrnocrra na e-
nara. Kaxnaro n rouna nn]pa a ce nsnonsna sa nnexcnpane
na npnnoca na renernxara, nnxo cepnosen nscneonaren ne e
nynnxynan nn]pa no 50%, a mnosnncrnoro x onpeenxr xa-
ro mnoro no-nncoxa: 70-75% nepoxrno e na-rounara onenxa,
c xoxro pasnonarame nec.
Ocranxxn nacrpana rosn nsxnmunrenno naxen ]axrop,
Koynman n ecrnnrennocr ro cmecna c nnnxnnero na cpe-
ara, ynpaxnxnano or cemenara cpea, connonxonomnuec-
xnx craryc n r.n., ynennuanaxn nsnn ncxxaxnn nponop-
nnn xnnorernunoro snauenne na resn ]axropn. Axo nero-
nnre anannsn ce nonropxr c npannnnoro nnexane n ypan-
nennero na renernunnre ]axropn, xaprnnara nannno ce
nsmenx, n sa yunnnmara moxe a ce noxaxe, ue nancrnna
ca mnoro naxnn n npensnnxnanero na pasnnunxra n nocrn-
xennxra. Kax ronxona mnoro excneprn" ca mornn a npe-
nepernar rpemxara na Koynman n a ce crnacxr c neronn-
re saxnmuennx, e saraxa.
Vunnnmero nma snauenne
Hpes 1979 r. Maxn Prp n neronnre xonern or Honon-
cxnx ynnnepcnrer nnmar xnnra, osarnanena Fifteen Thousand
Hours (Hernaecer xnnxn uaca")
50
, anannsnpaxn manxa
rpyna or cpenn yunnnma n nsecrnnero nm npxy enara.
B cpannenne cc cnomenarnre no-rope nscnenannx mamar
50
na nscnenanero na Prp e mnoro manx, no rona no nnxa-
xn naunn ne namanxna neronara cronocr, a rouno oparno-
ro. Bnpoxomamann nscnenannx onxnoneno ce nponexar
or rnpe ronxma ncrannnx or ecrnnrennnre noponoc-
rn sa ercxoro noneenne n enocr. Fnnsxnxr xonraxr e mo-
rm xopexrnn n xnnrara na Prp e mnoro no-opa nn ]ax-
ronornuno ornomenne, orxonxoro xoero n a e or mnpoxo-
mamannre npoyunannx. Tyx nma mxcro camo sa ocxane
na saxnmuennxra na Prp, no nnrepecynamnre ce unrarenn
rpxna a npouerar xnnrara my - rona ne e rpyna saaua,
samoro rx e xparxa, nnna c nscnenann, xaxro rpxna, ]axrn
n nanncana na xcen, nponnnarenen anrnncxn (Prp ce ns-
pxa or ornparnrennnx xapron, xoro onxnoneno nsmu-
na nearosnre).
To ycranonxna, ue cpennre yunnnma n nenrpanen Hon-
on ce pasnnuanar snaunmo no noneennero n nocrnxennxra,
emoncrpnpann or rexnnre yuennnn. Tona ce nnxa or erc-
xoro noneenne no npeme na uaconere (xaxro e nanmanano
or nscneonarennre, yunrennre n camnre yuennnn), or peon-
noro nm nocemenne na yunnnme, or nponenra na resn, xonro
nponxanar oyuennero cn n cne sanxnrennara mnnn-
manna nspacr, or ycnexa nm na nsnnrnre n or nponenra orx-
nonxnamo ce noneenne.
Bropnxr my pesynrar e, ue maxap yunnnmara a ce pas-
nnuanar no nponopnnxra npnern noneenuecxn rpynn e-
na nnn raxnna c nncxn nocrnxennx, pasnnunxra ne oxc-
nxnar nsnxno napnannnre mexy yunnnmara n no-xcnoro
noneenne n nocrnxennx na yuennnnre. Ho-nepoxrno e e-
nara a emoncrpnpar opo noneenne n opn axaemnu-
nn nocrnxennx, axo nocemanar onpeenenn, a ne pyrn yun-
nnma. Hsnor ryx e, ue npexnnxnannxra n yunnnme ua-
ucmuua nnnxxr npxy nanpexa na erero. Vcranonxna ce
cmo, ue napnannnre mexy yunnnmara or rnena rouxa
na ycnexa nnn nponana cne sanpmnane na opasonannero
ca ornocnrenno nocroxnnn sa nepno or none uernpn-ner
ronnn.
Tperoro saxnmuenne na Prp e, ue orennnre yunnn-
ma ce npecranxr ocra nocneonarenno no pasnnunn mep-
xn sa pesynrara", r.e. yunnnmara, xonro ce npecranxr no-
ope or cpenoro or rnena rouxa na noneennero n yun-
nnme na rexnnre yuennnn, ce npecranxr no-ope or cpe-
noro n or rnena rouxa na ycnexa na nsnnrnre, ycnexa cne
yunnnme n r.n.
uernprnxr n ocoeno naxen pesynrar e, ue resn pasnn-
unx n pesynrara mexy yunnnmara ne ce nxar na raxnna
]nsnuecxn ]axropn xaro ronemnnara na yunnnmero, nspacrra
na crpanre nnn xonnuecrnoro nannuno npocrpancrno. Pas-
nnunxra n amnnncrparnnnnx craryc nnn oprannsannxra c-
mo ca nepenenanrnn.
Heroro saxnmuenne e: Pasnnunxra mexy yunnnmara n
pesynrara ca cncremno cnpsann c rexnnre xapaxrepncrnxn
xaro connannn nncrnrynnn, ]axropn, xonro ca ronxona pas-
noopasnn xaro crenen na axaemnuen axnenr, ecrnnx na
yunrennre no npeme na yponnre, nannune na crnmynn n nar-
pan, opn ycnonnx sa yuennnnre n crenen, o xoxro ena-
ra morar a noemar orronopnocr, ca snaunmo cnpsann c
pasnnunxra n pesynrara mexy yunnnmara. Bcnuxn resn
]axropn ca orxpnrn sa mon]nnnpane or crpana na nepco-
nana.
Becroro saxnmuenne e, ue pesynrarnre ca nonnnxnn n
or ]axropn nsnn nenocpecrnennx xonrpon na yunrennre,
nanpnmep axaemnuen ananc n npnema na yuennnn. Vcne-
xr na nsnnrnre onxnoneno e no-op n yunnnma cc sna-
unmo xpo or yuennnn, xonro ca none cc cpena nnrenn-
renrnocr, a nponenrr orxnonxnamo ce noneenne e no-nn-
cox n onesn, n xonro npeonaanar na-manxo cnoconnre,
]axropr npnem e na-nnnm no ornomenne na orxnonx-
namoro ce noneenne n na-manxo nsxnen nn npsxa c na-
nmananoro noneenne n xnacnara crax n n crpaara na yun-
nnmero.
H naxpax, Prp orenxsna: Bpsxara mexy ro+ouuu-
pauama mxpxa sa nxnocren yunnnmen nponec n ncxxa or mep-
xnre sa pesynrara e mnoro no-cnnna, orxonxoro npsxnre c
orennnre npomennnnn na nponeca. Tona nocxasna, ue rv+v-
.amueuum e]exr or resn pasnnunn connannn ]axropn e sna-
unrenno no-ronxm, orxonxoro nsecrnnero na xoro n a e
or orennnre ]axropn. Hocnecrnnero e, ue orennnre ec-
rnnx nnn mepxn morar a ce xomnnnpar, sa a csaar oco-
en emoc, nnn naop or nennocrn, narnacn n noneennx, xon-
ro cranar xapaxrepnn sa yunnnmero xaro nxno". B saxnmue-
nne ro nnme: B snaunrenna crenen ercxoro noneenne n
narnacn ca o]opmenn n nonnnxnn or npexnnxnannxra na e-
nara n yunnnme n n uacrnocr or xauecrnara na yunnnmero
xaro connanna nncrnrynnx".
Tesn saxnmuennx - yeenn cme nne - nponsrnuar cn-
cem npexrno or ]axrnre, orpasenn n xnnrara, n ca nsxnm-
unrenno naxnn sa yunrennre, amnnncrparopnre, nonnrn-
nnre n ocoeno sa ponrennre. Te morar a nsrnexar oue-
nnnn na noneuero xopa c nsnecren onnr n onacrra, no xax-
ro Prp n xonernre my xomenrnpar: Enn or uecro cpema-
nnre orronopn na npaxrnxynamnre na ncxxo nscnenane e,
ue cxxam e nyxno orpomno xonnuecrno ycnnena paora camo
sa a ce emoncrpnpa onona, xoero neue snaem ns ocnona na
onnra nnn spannx pasym... B xpana cmerxa ena nn e nsne-
nanamo, ue enara ce onaroerencrnar or nocemananero
na yunnnme, xoero nocranx opn cranaprn, xero yunre-
nnre ocnrypxnar opn moenn na noneenne, xero enara
ca xnanenn n nonyuanar nsmoxnocr a nocxr orronopnocr,
xero omnre ycnonnx ca opn, a yponnre ce nponexar
xauecrneno". Moxe n e raxa, no re nponxanar: Bepoxr-
no meme a e enaxno ouennno, axo xxme ycranonnnn, ue
na-naxnnre ]axropn ca nocemananero na manxo yunnnme
n cnpemenna, nocrpoena sa nenra crpaa, c ocoeno naron-
pnxrno cornomenne mexy yunrenn n yuennnn, nenoronm-
na cncrema sa nacropcxn rpnxn, npnemcrnenocr na orennn-
re yunrenn n spana ncnnnnnna, npn xoxro nenpnemnnnoro
noneenne e cypono naxasnano. B ecrnnrennocr uumo eno
or resn nema ne e snaunmo cnpsano c opnre pesynrarn,
xaxro n a ce orunrar". Tosn nynxr cn sacnyxana a e
orenxsan n cc cnrypnocr onpanana npemero n ycnnenara
paora, nocnerenn na narpynnanero, sanncnanero n anann-
snpanero na annnre. Knnrara e npnmep na rona xonxo nsc-
nenannx rpxna a ce npanxr n sacpamna mnoro no-amnnn-
osnnre ycnnnx na Koynman, Hnayn n pyrn noonn.
Hon peannsm
Moxem nn a ce naxname, ue nnacrnmamnre me op-
nar nsnecrno nnnmanne na pesynrarnre, me nsxnpnxr yun-
rennre, xonro saanar nom moen, n me nsnrnar resn, xo-
nro nnnxxr nonoxnrenno npxy enara? Hpes nocnennre
30 ronnn cme cnnerenn na neonornuecxa cnpxanraxn-
panocr c nepeanncrnunn reopnn, sne nponeenn nscnena-
nnx, nenannnn saxnmuennx, cnaa crarncrnxa n neymonn-
mo xenanne sa orxnonxnane or peannocrra n nonsa na yro-
nnunn neann c rnpe orpannuena npnnnexarennocr sa po-
nrennre, xonro ce npnrecnxnar sa emero na cnonre e-
na. 3a macrne rosn nepno xaro ue nn e xm xpax cn n pean-
nocrra ornono sanouna a npnn pxa sa pxa c nponeca na
oyuenne.
Hxxon unrarenn moxe n cmxrar, ue samnraname npmane
xm nnxropnancxnre npannna sa ncnnnnnna n oprannsannx
na xnacnara crax. Tona ne e nxpno. Kaxro nocounar Prp n
xonernre my. ... spanara ncnnnnnna, n xoxro nenpnemnnno-
ro noneenne ce naxasna cypono", ne e cnpsana c nxxaxnn
ocoeno naronpnxrnn pesynrarn. Hanaranero na rnpe cy-
pona ncnnnnnna c rnpe cyponn naxasannx e cmo ronxona
norpemno pxonoeno, xonxoro n rnpe ronxmara cnnsxo-
nrennocr n nnepannsm. H nere xpanocrn cn nmar cnon-
re samnrnnnn, pasnpa ce, no oxasarencrnara nenycmncne-
no nm npornnopeuar. 3aananero na op npnmep, nop-
xanero na ncnnnnnna c mnnnmym naxasannx n onnrnre a ce
nocrnrne eroc, xoro non o nourn neocsnanana connann-
sannx na enara, nsrnexa, ca na-opnxr naunn sa nocrnra-
ne na nenn, no xonro noneuero ponrenn n yunrenn me noc-
rnrnar crnacne.
B saxnmuenne: cnpemennnre emnnpnunn nscnenannx
nancrnna npenarar nonesnn cnern na ponrennre xax a
orrnexar enara cn. Orronopr, nsrnexa, e a ce nsxr-
nar xpanocrnre na neonornnre n crnna na Vorcn n Cnox
n a ce csana eroc y oma, xoro noxpenx crpynnue-
moro n connannsnpano noneenne. Anrnconnannoro n aro-
nncrnunoro noneenne rpxna a ce oescpuana, a ne a
nonyuana nnno nero. 3aauara na ponrennre n yunrennre
ne e necna, no oxasarencrnara noxasnar, ue moxem a orr-
nexame ena, xonro ca ocra macrnnnn n ope npncnoco-
enn, crnra a orxnpnnm npannonannnre npepascnn,
npenara neonornx n cnernre na excneprn", xonro ne
ycnxnar a noxpenxr npononenre cn c esyxopnn nscne-
nannx.
21
Bnpnrane na
opasona1ennnn no1ennnan
Beue nnxxme (n rpnnaecera rnana), ue uonemxnre c-
mecrna ca mnoro pasnnunn n ue resn pasnnunx ca mnoro no-
]ynamenrannn, orxonxoro ocsnanar noneuero xopa. Hemo
noneue: re ce ocnonanar na connnn renernunn npepasnono-
xennx, xonro - maxap ue morar a ar mon]nnnpann or
nnnxnnero na cpeara - erepmnnnpar noneennero na uone-
xa. Cneonarenno nsrnexa mnoro nepoxrno onpeenenn me-
ron na npenoanane a ce oxaxar nonesnn n nonsornopnn sa
excrpaneprnre nanpnmep, no a ca rounara npornnononox-
nocr sa nnrponeprnre
51
. Cneonarenno, axo cpannnm non me-
ro sa npenoanane c neue ycranonen n orxpnem, ue nonnxr ne
e nnro no-op, nnro no-nom or crapnx, rona nancrnna mo-
xe a osnauana, ue nxma pasnnunx mexy nara meroa. Mo-
xe oaue a osnauana - n rona e mnoro no-nepoxrno - ue nonn-
xr mero e no-ooop sa urou xopa n e no-.ou sa opveu. Honn-
xr mero camo nsrnexa ne no-op n ne no-nom or crapnx,
samoro nara e]exra - ennnxr nonoxnrenen, a pyrnxr or-
pnnarenen - cxxam nsanmno ce anynnpar.
a nsemem nsanmoornomennero mexy nnunocrra n axa-
emnunnre nocrnxennx. uecro ce ycranonxna, ue excrpanep-
51
Eysenck, H. J. (1978). The development of personality and its relation to
learning. In Murray-Smith, S. (Ed.). Melbourne Studies in Education.
Melbourne University Press, pp. 134-181.
rnpannre ena ce cnpanxr no-ope or nnrponeprnpannre n
nauannoro yunnnme n n npnnre ronnn na rnmnasnxra. B
no-xcnnre ronnn n rnmnasnxra n n ynnnepcnrera oaue nn-
rponeprnre ce npecranxr snaunrenno no-ope or excrpanep-
rnre. Tona xaro ue nn n ronxma crenen ce nxn na ]axra, ue
ornocnrenno cnoonnre n nenpnnyenn meron na npenoa-
nane, nsnpnern n noneuero nauannn yunnnma, ycrponar ex-
crpaneprnpannre ena, xonro npon]rxnar n ne]opmanna o-
cranonxa n ca cxnonnn pso a npennrar or rema na rema.
Hnrponeprnre npenounrar ]opmannara armoc]epa na npe-
noanane n no-xcnnre ronnn na rnmnasnxra. Te onuar a
ce saxnanar c aena rema n a ynopcrnar, xaro no npnnnnn ce
cnpanxr no-ope n nocnennre ronnn na cpenoro cn opa-
sonanne n n ynnnepcnrera, xero yapennero e npxy cnenn-
annsannxra.
C pyrn ymn, uonex npocro ne moxe a xaxe, ue enn
mero e no-op" or pyr. Bcnuxo, xoero moxem a xaxem,
e, ue enn mero ycrpona excrpanepra, pyr - nnrponepra.
Moxe n nnrponeprnpannre ena me ce cnpanxr no-ope n
nauannoro yunnnme, axo ce npneme no-]opmanna cncrema. Ho
cmnx naunn excrpaneprnre nxa mornn a ce npecranxr no-
ope n no-xcnnre ronnn na cpenoro opasonanne n n ynn-
nepcnrera, axo xypconere ne ca ronxona cnennannsnpann n ce
ae nsmoxnocr rexnnre nnrepecn a ce npocrnpar no-na-
mnpoxo.
Hacnnno cpemy axrnnno yuene
Eno or rpannnonnnre ronemn pasenennx n reopnxra
sa npenoananero e mexy meroa na orxpnnanero" n rosn
na npexrnoro npenoanane. Cmnocrra na yuenero upes or-
xpnnane e, ue na yuennxa ce xasna saxona nnn npnnnnna, ne-
xam n ocnonara na xnnennero, no ro rpxna a ro orxpne
cam upes excnepnmenr (pasnpa ce, ro nonyuana neoxon-
mnre cpecrna sa nponexanero na excnepnmenrn). Tona e mno-
ro no-pasnnuno or onuanoro npenoanane or rnna nonyua-
nane", npn xoero na yuennxa ce npecranxr ]axrnre n ro npoc-
ro rpxna a rn nayun. Vuenero upes nonyuanane e nno xpn-
328 < XAHC H MAHKTH AH3EHK HABHPEHHE HA HCHXHKATA
rnxynano, samoro nma renennnxra a npenpma yuennxa n
nacnnen nonyuaren na mpocr. Vuenero upes orxpnnane e
nno nsxnanxnano, samoro nomara na yuennxa a orxpnna
cam. Or pyra crpana, xpnrnnnre ca nocounann, ue noneuero
yuennnn ca rnpe manxn n nespenn, sa a orxpnnar camn cnox-
nn saxonn, n ue re ncmnocr moxe n npenounrar a np-
mar paorara cn n a nponexar excnepnmenrnre n xonrexc-
ra na nosnanne, npeanano nm or yunrenx. Ko e npan?
Knmuon excnepnmenr: nnunocr n
cnoconocr sa yuene
Cpannennxra, xonro ce npanxr sa nsyuanane ornocnrenno-
ro npensxocrno na yuenero upes orxpnnane - na yuenero
upes nonyuanane, nnn oparnoro, onxnoneno ce nponanxr.
Hpo]ecop x. O. Hnr
52
nscnena nsmoxnocrra no-ronxmara
cxnonnocr na excrpaneprnre a ce oreruanar or pyrnnara, no
a pearnpar na napnannx na crnmynnre, a na nnrponeprnre -a
ca pascrpoenn or npomenn n ycranonxara, no a ca cnoconn
a nopxar nnnmannero cn xm cnnno crpyxrypnpana
saaua, a non o nsanmoecrnne na meroa n nnunocrra".
Hnr ypexa yuennre marepnann sa xypc no renernxa a
ce norornxr nnnmarenno, sa a anar nsmoxnocr n enaxna
crenen sa yuene upes orxpnnane n sa nacnnno" yuene n cny-
uano nspann rpynn or yuemn. Marepnannre xxa nspann
raxa, ue a orpasxnar nxn cnexrp or nnuno orxpnnane, rp-
nnmocr xm necnrypnocrra n onycxane na rpemxn, xaxro n
or pasnnunx, xonro morar a ce onnmar xaro cxox n noxnx
xpa nnn orcrnnane xm nnnrxnx xpa na acena." B exc-
nepnmenra yuacrnar necra cryenrn, xonro ca recrnpann e-
na cemnna cne xypca n ornono cne ner cemnnn. Ocnen ro-
na ca recrnpann sa nnrponepcnx/excrpanepcnx.
52
Leith, G. O. (1974). Individual differences in learning: interactions of
personality and teaching methods. In Personality and Academic Progress,
Conference Proceedings. London: Association of Educational Psycholo-
gists, pp. 14-25.
Ocnonnnxr pesynrar e cnnno snaunmo nsanmoecrnne
mexy nnunocrra n meroa. Hpn nere recrnpannx nnrponep-
rnre n excrpaneprnre ramo cpeouo yuar enaxno ope. C py-
rn ymn, nxma nxnocrno npensxocrno na ennnx mero na
pyrnx. Excrpaneprnre oaue yuar mnoro no-ope c meroa
na orxpnnanero, orxonxoro nnrponeprnre, oxaro nnrponep-
rnre yuar no-ope c meroa na npexrnoro npenoanane.
B nocnena cmerxa nnrponeprnre nmar cpeen pesynrar
17, nsnonsnaxn meroa na orxpnnanero, no cpeen pesynrar
26 npn rpannnonnnx mero na npenoanane. Excrpaneprnre
nmar pesynrar 24,* nsnonsnaxn meroa na yuenero upes no-
nyuanane", n 30 - npn meroa na yuenero upes orxpnnane. Ex-
cnepnmenrr na Hnr nnmcrpnpa mnoro xcno onacnocrra or
cpannxnane na pasnnunn meron na npenoanane, es cmen-
pemenno a ce mepn nnunocrra n a ce rpcxr pasnnunnre pe-
axnnn na orennnre nnunocrnn rnnone na nsyuanannre mero-
n na npenoanane.
Vuene no noxn
pyra nnrepecna onacr na oyuennero, n xoxro nsanmo-
ecrnnero c nnunocrra e ocoeno noueprano, e yuenero no
noxn", npn xoero yuemnre paorxr no noxn. B eno raxona
nscnenane cuerananero n noxa e ypeeno na asara na
cnoconocrn n na nenpornsm/crannnocr. C pyrn ymn, no-
xnre, xonro cn cornercrnar nnn ne cn cornercrnar no cno-
conocrn, ro npanxr nnn ne ro npanxr no nenpornsm/crann-
nocr, n rona ana omo ecer xareropnn noxn. 3acnnnanero
na cnoconocrra na yuene nancrnna e mnoro pasnnuno n sann-
cn ne or cnoconocrra na yuacrnamnre yuennnn, a or rxxnara
nnunocr. noxnre, n xonro ennnxr e nenpornx, a pyrnxr -
crannen, emoncrpnpar nourn cronponenrono npensxocr-
no na noxnre, n xonro n namara ca nenpornnn nnn cra-
nnnn, nesanncnmo or pasnnunxra nnn cxocrnara no cnoco-
nocrn. Cneonarenno, axo ncxame a nonnmanane axaemnu-
nnre nocrnxennx na enara nn, rpxna a nocranxme yuenn-
nnre c nncoxn pesynrarn no nenpornsm saeno cc cyuenn-
nn, xonro nmar nncxn pesynrarn no rona nsmepenne!
Cncem pasnnuna xaprnna ce o]opmx, xoraro ocnonara na
cuerananero n noxa ca excrpanepcnxra/nnrponepcnxra n
cnoconocrnre. B rasn cnryannx noxnre, n xonro n namara
ca cc cxonn cnoconocrn, ce npecranxr no-ope, orxonxo-
ro noxnre c pasnnunn cnoconocrn, nesanncnmo ann no-
xara ce ccron or nama excrpaneprn, nama nnrponeprn nnn
or excrpanepr n nnrponepr. Haxparxo, yuamnre c nncoxn pe-
synrarn no nenpornsm c ncxxaxno nnno na cnoconocrn mo-
rar a ce nsnonsnar na-mnoro or cuerananero n noxa c
ena cc crannen xapaxrep, unnro cnoconocrn ca cxonn.
Kaxro nnxxme n ceemnaecera rnana, rpenoxnocrra nornc-
xa ncnuxn nnone nsnnnenne, raxa ue nocranxnero na cnnno
rpenoxnn yuennnn n noxa cc cnao rpenoxnn cyuennnn e
enn or naunnnre a ce npornnoecrna na e]exrnre na rpe-
noxnocrra npxy yuenero.
Hoxpenxmn n nscneonarencxn
crnnone na npenoanane
pyr naunn sa npornnoecrnne na e]exrnre na rpenox-
nocrra npxy axaemnunoro npecranxne e npenoxen or ex-
cnepnmenr, nponeen or Tpoyn n Hnr
53
, n xoro yuacrnar
nourn 500 momuera n momnuera. Excnepnmenrr e nnannpan,
sa a cpannn e]exrnre na noxpenxmnre" n nscneonarenc-
xnre" crparernn n npenoananero na maremarnxa n uernpn
yunnnma (cpenara nspacr na yuacrnamnre ena e 10,5 ron-
nn). Kaxro nnmar Tpoyn n Hnr: B cnyuax na noxpenxmara
crparernx nocneonarennocrra, nsnonsnana nn ncxxa or na-
naecerre uacrn yueen marepnan, nxnmuname ocnrypenn or
yunrenx onpeenennx na oprannsnpam npnnnnn, cnenann or
enocr na yuennnnre, cnpsana c maremarnuecxn moenn n
nocnenamo nonropno ]opmynnpane na npnnnnna or yunre-
nx. Taxnna ]opmynnponxn xxa nsxasnann na rnac n cmenpe-
menno sanncnann na uepnara cxa.
53
Trown, E. A. & Leith, G. O. (1975). Decision rules for teaching strategies
in primary schools: Personality-treatment interactions. British Journal of
Educational Psychology, 45, pp. 130-140.
Cmnre enocrn c moenn xxa nsnonsnann npn nscneo-
narencxara crparernx, no rosn nr n nauanoro na ncxxa uacr
or yuenara nocneonarennocr. Bcxxo ]opmynnpane na npnn-
nnn or yunrenx cera ce saanxme, oxaro yuennnnre ne nony-
uar nsmoxnocr camn a nsnpnemar nsanmoornomennero
n a ca crnmynnpann a onnrar a aar noxoxmoro oo-
menne".
Pasnnunxra n nenpornsma (nnnoro na rpenoxnocr) nopax-
ar xcnn pasnnunx n nsnnnennero n nenrpnpana npxy yue-
mnx nscneonarencxa cnryannx: nxxon ena ce nsnonsnar or
nex, a pyrn ca ^nnarn". Cpennre pesynrarn no recra sa
sanamerxnane na nayuenoro ca nourn na nrn no-nncoxn npn
nerpenoxnnre yuennnn n cpannenne cc cnnno rpenoxnnre.
Cmenpemenno, xoraro re yuar n noxpenxma cnryannx, nx-
ma pasnnunx mexy nerpenoxnnre n cnnno rpenoxnnre ena.
Ornono: nxnocrnnre pasnnunx mexy nere crparernn sa npe-
noanane ca mnnnmannn, xoraro ce npenepernar nnunocrnre
na enara.
Hoyxara e xcna: axo excnepnmenraropnre ne xxa ycnenn
a nsemar npenn nnunocrra na enara, mxxa a ocrnrnar
o cncem norpemnoro saxnmuenne, ue nere crparernn ca
nenrnunn nn nsecrnnero cn. Excrpanepcnxra n nenpo-
rnsmr nrpaxr ponx n peaxnnxra na erero na resn pasnnunn
meron na npenoanane. Hnro enn mero ne e op nnn nom
cam no cee cn - neronara nonsa nnn npea sanncn mnoro or
nnunocrra na erero, xm xoero ce npnnara. Crannnnxr exc-
rpanepr npon]rxna n cnryannnre na orxpnnane n nscnena-
ne, oxaro nnrponeprnpannxr my npcrnnx, ocoeno xoraro e
rpenoxen, e naxasnan xecroxo n raxana cnryannx. Tpenoxnn-
xr nnrponepr ce npecranx mnoro no-ope npn noxpenxmn
crparernn n yuene upes nonyuanane".
Cueranane na meronre na
npenoanane c nnunocrra
Hnr oomana saxnmuennxra, xonro cnope nero morar
a ce nanpanxr or mnoroponnre my nscnenannx: oxasa-
rencrnara... ne noxr o xareropnunn saxnmuennx, xonro ne-
nara morar ynepeno a ce npnnoxar n xnacnnre cran. Moxe a
ce rnpn oaue, ue mnoroxparnoro orxpnnane na nsanmoec-
rnnx mexy nnunocrra (mepena cc cxannre nenpornsm n exc-
rpanepcnx) n meronre na npenoanane (e]nnnpann n rep-
mnnnre na rnoannn pasnnunx n excnepnmenranno mannny-
nnpyemn npomennnnn) nsncxna or nearosnre a opmar ce-
pnosno nnnmanne na nyxara or aanrnpane na yuennre cn-
ryannn xm yuemnre".
Hscnenanero na nsanmoecrnnero mexy nnunocrra n
meronre na npenoanane noxasna, ue no npnpoa excrpanep-
rnre ne ca no-nomn yuennnn. Te npocro ca nocranenn n no-
nensrona cnryannx or meron, xonro ca no-noxoxmn sa npe-
noanane na nnrponeprn. B enoxa na opasonarenna nennn-
nocr rona moxe n a e nno rpnnmo, no nec sanouna a npn-
nnua noneue na ncxpnmnnannx. Tpxna a ce npenpnemar
mnoro noneue nscnenannx.
Axo emnre npoyunannx noxpenxr pesynrarnre na
Hnr n pyrn anropn, xaxno rpxna a ce nanpann? Cc cn-
rypnocr n nno norpemno a ce npanxr yuenn noronn na
asara na nnunocrra n/nnn cnoconocrnre. Tnnr cncrema
sa npenoanane, xoxro rpernpa xnaconere xaro ornocnrenno
xomorennn rpynn or ena, e amnnncrparnnno yona, no ne
n nearornuecxn npocnerena. Cncrema sa npenoanane, xox-
ro nannno npnsnana nnunocrnnre pasnnunx, e no-nepoxrno
a ce ocnonana na meronre, nsnonsnann n penna ercxn rpa-
nnn, c pyrn ymn, rx me ocnrypxna pasnnunn noxon n me
rn npncnocoxna xm orennnre ena, xaro cnen ornnso
rexnnx nanpex. Hscnenannxra na crpynnuemoro yuene
ca crnxa xm orxpnnanero na naunnn sa ocnrypxnane na
nnnnnyanno oyuenne n omoopasonarennn xnacone, n xo-
nro ca npemaxnarn noronnre. Crpynnuemoro yuene me ocn-
rypxna ne camo nenrpnpann npxy yuemnx enocrn, no n
nenpexcnara oparna npsxa, nponepxn na nanpexa n
cpecrna sa nsnnnuane na maxcnmannoro or connannara cpe-
a na yunnnmero.
Oyuenne na yunrenn
Femnre (n npaxrnxynamnre!) yunrenn rpxna a ar
oyuenn na ]axrnre sa crpyxrypara na nnunocrra n nsanmo-
ecrnnero mexy nnunocrra n crparernnre n cncremnre na
npenoanane. B momenra rnnr ncnxonornx, npenoanan na
yunrennre, e nourn nannno esnonesen, mo ce ornacx o cnpa-
nxnero c enara n xnacnara crax. Tx ce ccron or nepenenanr-
nn ]poncrxn oxrpnnn n noonn nrone norpemna nn]op-
mannx, xonro xapar yunrennre a mncnxr, ue pasnpar ncnxo-
nornxra na oyuennero, no ncmnocr ca esnonesnn na npax-
rnxa. Axo nm ce aar nosnannx sa noneenuecxnre moenn
na excrpaneprnpannre n nnrponeprnpannre, crannnnre n nec-
rannnnre ena, n axo nm ce ocnrypxr nnpocnnnn, sa a rec-
rnpar yuennnnre cn c nen nenrn]nnnpane na xpannre cny-
uan, yunrennre me morar a orxpnxr na-opnre meron sa
mornnnpane n npenoanane na ena c pasnnunn cnoconocrn
n nnunocrn. a nponxaname a ce npecrpyname, ue ncnuxn
ena cn npnnnuar, e nepeanncrnuno n noneuero yunrenn ro
snaxr. B momenra oaue ne nm ce ocnrypxna nourn nnxaxna
nomom n npo]ecnonannara nororonxa, maxap ue neue ce snae
ocraruno, sa a crane nsmoxno no-oporo npenoanane,
n cmecrnynar erannn nncrpyxnnn sa rona xax na-ope
a ce npnnara cmecrnynamoro nosnanne. Hexropnre n nea-
rornuecxnre xonexn nxmar nsnnnenne sa nsxrnanero na ro-
na, xoero n rpxnano a e nenrpanna saaua n nororonxara
na yunrennre sa paorara nm. Bpeme e ]axrnre a cranar no-
mnpoxo nsnecrnn n a ce npnnarar sa no-oporo n no-ycnem-
noro oyuenne na namnre ena.
Kasano ryx nn npsxa c oyuennero e enaxno nxpno n no
ornomenne na pyrnre acnexrn na ncnxonornxra - excnepnmen-
ranna, connanna, xnnnnuna, nnycrpnanna n r.n. Bn ncnuxn
resn onacrn npaxrnxynamnre n nscneonarennre n enaxna
crenen orxasnar a ce nsnpanxr nnne n nnne npe ]axra, ue
xopara cnnno ce pasnnuanar no peaxnnxra cn na ncxxaxn rnn
excnepnmenranna nnn connanna cnryannx n ue peaxnnxra na
uonexa e cnnno erepmnnnpana or neronara nnunocr, ]nsnxr
ne ouaxna xnnaxr a ce pxn xaro snaro nnn anymnnnxr -
xaro xenxso, n no cmara nornxa e cnpmeno npannonanno
a ouaxname nnrponeprr a ce pxn xaro excrpanepr, nesa-
nncnmo ann crana yma sa naoparopnxra nnn n connannnre
cnryannn. Ho cmnx naunn enn emonnonanno necrannen
uonex pearnpa cnpmeno pasnnuno or emonnonanno crann-
nnx n npnsnananero na rosn ]axr e aconmrno neoxonmo n
ncnxonornxra no npnnnnn n n nenoro npnnoxenne.
ocera ce sannmanaxme camo c axaemnunoro, acrpaxr-
noro yuene, no, pasnpa ce, saauara na yunrenx aneu nac-
xaua axaemnunnre nocrnxennx. Hma rpannnx, ocoeno n
anrnncxnre yunnnma, sa nsrpaxane na xapaxrepa", xoxro
nacroxna, ue enara rpxna a npnrexanar ne camo nosnannx
sa rpnre R"*, no n a ar nsnnrann a cranar nnrerpnpa-
nn, uecrnn unenone na omecrnoro. Beue nnrnpaxme excnepn-
menrn (ocma rnana), sa a noxaxem, ue rona moxe a ce noc-
rnrne upes nponec na oycnanxne n ue ronemnre npoenn pas-
nnunx n noarnnnocrra na oycnanxne nopaxar ronemn pas-
nnunx n connannsnpanoro nnn anrnconnannoro noneenne.
Hma oaue n pyrn naunnn nnunocrra ]nno a nsanmoecr-
na c oyuennero n nsnnrannero.
Tpenoxnocr or nsnnrn n yunnnmna ]onx
Honeuero xopa ca uynann sa rpenoxnocr or nsnnrn n no-
neuero or nac - n nsnecrna crenen - ca nsnnrnann nnuno xon-
xo nnnannnsnpama moxe a e rx. uyncrname ce rnpe nepn-
nn, sa a ce npecrannm n na-opara cnernnna n nsnnrnara
sana. Tpenoxnocrra or nsnnrn e mnpoxo pasnpocrpanena. Ta-
xana e n yunnnmnara ]onx, nnn crpaxr or xoene na yunnn-
me, xoro e ronxona cnnen, ue erero xareropnuno orxasna a
orne, xra or yunnnme n moxe a crane ncrnncxn nponem
sa ponrennre, yunrennre n sa cee cn.
Tpenoxnocrra or nsnnrn n yunnnmnara ]onx onxnone-
no ce noxnxnar npn ena, xonro nmar nncoxa crenen na emo-
nnonannocr nnn nenpornsm, r.e. xonro nmar npoeno npe-
* Or anrnncxn - uerene, nncane n cmxrane. - Fen. npen.
pasnonoxenne a nsnnrnar cnnen crpax n cnryannn, xonro ns-
npnemar xaro sannamnrennn. 3a macrne resn cpannnrenno
penn nenposn ca necnn sa cnpanxne upes repanenrnuen me-
ro, napeuen ecencnrnsannx". Hpn nero nannenrr e oyua-
nan na meronre sa ]nsnuecxa penaxcannx, xoxro e necnmec-
rnma c rpenoxnocrra rouno xaxro nanpernarocrra e necn-
mecrnma c ey]opnxra.
Ho npeme na ecrnnrenna repanenrnuna cecnx uonexr
npno penaxcnpa n cne rona or nero ce ncxa a cn npecrann
cnena, xoxro onxnoneno ro xapa a nsnnrna cnnna rpenox-
nocr (nanpnmep cranane cyrpnn n norornxne sa yunnnme).
Tona csana nsnecrna rpenoxnocr, no neocraruna, sa a
naenee na anrnrpenoxnnre cnocrna na penaxcannxra. Taxa
uonexr ce nayuana a nonacx nexa crenen na rpenoxnocr.
To e oycnonen a pearnpa c ne-rpenoxnocr" na cnryannx,
xoxro npen e nna sannamnrenna.
Hocrenenno repanenrr narpaxa cnryannn, xonro onx-
noneno npensnnxnar nce no-cnnna rpenoxnocr, xaro nnnarn
nnnmana a ne npexpaun rpannnara, o xoxro penaxcannxra e
ocraruna npornnoecrnama cnna cpemy nponoxnpanara
rpenoxnocr. Hannenrr e pxonoen npes penna nopaxa-
emn cnenn c nce no-sannamnrenna npnpoa (cranane cyrpnn,
norornxne sa yunnnme, nsnnsane or oma, npnene no ynnnara
n xaunane na anroyca, nnxane oraneue na yunnnmero,
nnxane na pyrnre yuennnn a ce npnnnxanar o yunnnm-
nara crpaa, nnnsane...). Koraro ncnuxo rona moxe a ce nan-
pann nn nopaxennero, es a npensnnxna npexomepna rpe-
noxnocr, repanenrr monn uonexa - ornono n ccroxnne na
nnna penaxcannx - a npemnne npes resn erann na xnno, npn-
pyxanaxn ro npes nxnoro npeme. Hocrenenno uonexr ce e-
cencnrnsnpa" n ycnxna a orne na yunnnme, a ocmecrnn
nrynanero o cynepmapxera, a nseme n pxa naxx, a ce xa-
un n acanctop... Vcnexr na ecencnrnsannxra e nourn cron-
ponenron n repannxra ne ornema nro npeme.
Tpenoxnocrra or nsnnrn cmo moxe a ce nexyna no ro-
sn naunn, ornono na npaxrnxa c nourn cronponenron ycnex.
Vuemnxr e yuen a penaxcnpa, a cne rona a cn ce npecra-
nn n nsnnrna cnryannx, nanpenaxn or cnryannn, npens-
nnxnamn cnaa rpenoxnocr, xm ecrnnrennn nsnnrnn yc-
nonnx.
ecencnrnsannxra nec mnpoxo ce nsnonsna sa neuenne
na ena, xonro crpaar or yunnnmna ]onx n nannxa or nsnn-
rn. Vunrennre onxnoneno ne ca oyuenn n resn meron, no
ne n rpxnano a e ocoeno rpyno a ar norornenn. Tec-
ronara rpenoxnocr n yunnnmnara ]onx ca ronxona uecrn
nponemn, ue cn crpyna repanenrnunnre meron a ce nne-
ar n yuenara nporpama na emnre yunrenn.
Hpo]nnaxrnxara - npeornparxnanero na nponemnre -
e ome no-cronocrna nen. 3a a ce nanpann rona, e neoxon-
mo a ce nenrn]nnnpar onesn ena, xonro na-nepoxrno crpa-
ar or recrona rpenoxnocr nnn yunnnmna ]onx. Tona e or-
nocnrenno necno - morar a ce anar nnpocnnnn sa nenporn-
sm n nnrponepcnx n enara, xonro nonyuanar nncoxn pesyn-
rarn n no nara, a ar onpeenenn xaro na-nepoxrnnre
xannarn sa resn pascrpocrna. Vunrenxr (nnn repanenrr)
moxe a naxcnnnpa" raxnna ena upes meroa na ecencnrn-
sannxra - rouno xaxro eme onncan, npeou re a emoncrpn-
par npnsnann na ]onx nnn rpenoxnocr. B amepnxancxnre
yunnnma ce naemar cnennannn yunnnmnn ncnxonosn, xonro
npmar rasn enocr, n moxe n e opa nex pnrancxnre
yunnnma a nocnenar rexnnx npnmep. 3a cxanenne nnxora
nxma ocraruno napn sa npo]nnaxrnunn nporpamn. Hpann-
rencrnara ca cxnonnn a uaxar, oxaro nemara ce opxar, n
cne rona a nnarar napn sa xopnrnpanero na nponemnre,
maxap ue me crpyna mnoro no-manxo, axo noxnara na resn npo-
nemn ce npeornparxna.
3axnmuennx
B yunnnme n n ynnnepcnrera yuemnre c nncoxn pesynrarn
no nenpornsm/necrannnocr/emonnonannocr onxnoneno ce
cnpanxr no-sne or rexnnre no-crannnn npcrnnnn. Mnoro mo-
xe a ce nanpann, sa a nm ce nomorne a nsnnexar maxcnman-
noro or cnoconocrnre cn. Bncoxnre axaemnunn nocrnxe-
nnx oaue ne ca ncnuxo, xoero nma snauenne. Cmo ronxona
nenno e uonex a ce nayun xax a ynpannxna rnpe cnnnnre
cn n necrannnn emonnn, xonro npeuar na yuenero n npnno-
xennero na snannxra n ymennxra. Vunrennre n npenoanare-
nnre rpxna a nosnanar resn ]axrn, a nmar nsnecrnn npos-
pennx sa nnunocrnara nnamnxa - ocoeno mo ce ornacx o
nenpornsma n excrpanepcnxra, n a ca n ccroxnne a noma-
rar npexrno nnn a nacounar yuennnnre cn xm ncnxonor,
cnocoen a ce cnpann c rexnnre nponemn. Henyxna xecro-
xocr e a ce nosnonxna na emonnonanno necrannnnre xopa a
cranar xeprnn na nepnnn cpnnone, nponann n rpenoxnocr, xo-
raro nexapcrno" nma n ro onxnoneno npmn paora. O-
mecrnoro ce npenenxna no ycnnnxra, xonro nonara sa xopara
n nepannocrono nonoxenne, nemacrnnre n nxmamnre xc-
mer. Hamero omecrno cc cnrypnocr moxe a ce npecrann
no-ope, orxonxoro n mnnanoro.
22
Bnonornuna opa1na npssxa:
cssnanne1o naennna
na ua1epnn1a
Axo nn nomonxr a npnnre, xaro cnmynnpare naxynnane, noc-
ranxxn no-ronxma rexecr npxy ennnx xpax, moxe a nomncnn-
re, ue e crpanno, no nxma a ce cmnxnare n cnoconocrra cn a ro
nanpannre. Or pyra crpana, axo nn nomonxr a sacnnnre xpn-
nnx norox npes enoro cn yxo, me cn nomncnnre, ue rona e ome no-
crpanno, no cnrypno me cmernere, ue e ]nsnuecxn nensmoxno.
Hne npnrexaname nonenn xonrpon na mnoxecrno enoc-
rn, nanpnmep xoene, mncnene n ronopene, no ]ynxnnonnpanero
na nrpemnnre nn oprann (cpne, uepen po, cromax, penn
n r.n.) e nsnn csnarennnx nn xonrpon - ]nsnonosnre
napnuar resn nrpemnn oprann nncnepannn". Hma ocnonaren-
nn npnunnn nxmame nyxa a ynpaxnxname nonenn xonrpon
na rxx. Fn nno ymopnrenno nanpnmep, axo rpxname a
cnpem a npmnm ncnuxo pyro, cne xaro xannem, sa a
cnenm xpanocmnnarennnx nponec. Maxap ue ouennno e mno-
ro yono nrpemnnre nn oprann camn a ce rpnxar sa cee
cn, nma momenrn, xoraro cnoconocrra re a ar xonrponn-
pann n nna nsxnmunrenno nonesna. uonex c maxmypnyx nnn
nrnnx, crpaam or mopcxa onecr, nnamenno nxa ncxann
a morar a ncnnnnnnnpar nporecrnpamnre cn nrpemnocrn.
Hexra, ue renecnnre enocrn morar a ce pasenxr na
nonenn n nenonenn, nma nra ncropnx. Hpen ne xnnxn ro-
nnn Hnaron oueprana pasrpannuennero mexy nncma pann-
onanna yma, onranama rnanara, n no-nncmn ymn, xnnee-
mn n rxnoro. Hanocnex ce rnpn, ue nonenoro noneenne e
nsmoxno camo sa cxenernn peaxnnn, npensnnxnann or nen-
rpannara nepnna cncrema, oxaro nenonenoro noneenne xa-
paxrepnsnpa nncnepannnre n emonnonannnre peaxnnn na no-
npnmnrnnnara anronomna nepnna cncrema.
Tona npocro pasenenne omnnnpa n mncnenero n npon-
xenne na mnoro nr nepno or npeme cpe ]nnoco]n, ncnxo-
nosn n ]nsnonosn. Cmenpemenno nma nxxonxo nnrpnrynamn
npnmepa na nonenn xonrpon na nnnmo nenonenn" peaxnnn,
xonro nnymanar, ue rona cranonnme moxe a e cnpxonpocre-
no. Hpouyrara namer na uonexa c nnnnnan G, cnomenar nax-
parxo n nernaecera rnana, xoro npnrexanan nsxnmunrenna-
ra cnoconocr a cn npecranx xnnn opasn, ymeen a xonrpo-
nnpa cpeunara cn uecrora n remneparypara cn. Hpocro xaro
cn ce npecranxn sacnan nnn eneprnuno axrnnen, C. moxen pxsxo
a npomenn cpeunara cn uecrora c na 40 yapa n mnnyra (n
noxo cpenara uecrora e 70 yapa). Ome no-pamarnunoro e,
ue C. moxen a nonnmana remneparypara na xoxara na xcna-
ra cn pxa, xaro cn npecranx, ue rx e nocranena na ropema
neuxa, xaro cmenpemenno namanxna remneparypara na nxna-
ra cn pxa, npecranxxn cn, ue c nex pxn neeno xyue.
Hnmsnonncrr n excneprr no xrcrnara Xapn Xynnn c-
mo e nman nsxnmunrenen xonrpon npxy nenonennre" peax-
nnn. Hesanncnmo or nnnmarennnre nponepxn, na xonro e no-
noxen - nnnarn xoraro nsnnnxna eno or npouyrnre cn xrcr-
na, pexnre n rxnoro my ca nperpcnann npenapnrenno or cxen-
rnunn spnrenn - ro ncexn nr ce ocnooxanan or nepnrnre,
enesnnnnre n xarnnapnre. Meror, xoro nsnonsnan, nn a
pxn xnmu, oxauen n rpnoro my, a cne rona ro nsnaxan,
xoraro nnxo ne ro nanmana. T xaro ecrecrnenara nesay-
uena peaxnnx, xoraro nxxaxn oexr e sacenan n rpnoro, e
raenero, ne e nsnenanamo, ue na nnxoro ne my xpymnano, ue
rpnoro my e cxpnnannmero sa xnmuone. Hcrnncxnxr rpnx na
Xynnn nn, ue ce nayunn a xonrponnpa pe]nexca na raene-
ro. Tona ro nocrnrnan, xaro npaxrnxynan uacone n uacone na-
pe c manxo napue xapro], sanpsano na npn.
Hsymnrennn rnpennx ca nancnpann sa cnoconocrnre
na nnncxnre ornnn, nxnmunrenno cnoconocrra a cnnpar
nenero na cpnero cn. Honeuero or resn rnpennx rpyno
morar a ce onenxr n necmneno nxxon ornnn nnn mornnn-
pann or xenannero a nnmar nexonepnnre or napnre nm. C-
menpemenno cepnosen onnr sa nayuno nscnenane na ornnn-
re e ocmecrnen or -p Fan K. Anan or Karepara no ]nsno-
nornx xm Bcennncxnx nncrnryr no mennnncxn nayxn n
Hm enxn. To recrnpa na 400 ornnn npn nnnmarenno xonr-
ponnpann naoparopnn ycnonnx. Maxap ue noneuero or rxx ce
oxasann pasouaponamn, nexonnnna emoncrpnpann neonxno-
nenn cnoconocrn. Enn nn cnocoen a namann cpeunara
cn uecrora nanononnna or nopmannara, xaro noxnpa ecr-
nnero na r.nap. cpeuen necmexp, a pyr moxen a nanpa-
nn raxa, ue uenoro my a norne n nor, es a mpne n enn
mycxyn. nama pyrn ornnn ycnxnar a saanxr meraonnsma
cn, oxaro naxpax ne ]ynxnnonnpar na no-manxo or nononnnara
or nopmannara nm meraonnrna cxopocr n yno ccroxnne -
npnnnsnrenno nem nmu no-ronxm cna n meraonnrna-ra
cxopocr, orxonxoro ce noxnxna npn mnoro nox cn!
Hpnnxr nxnocren onnr a ce ycranonn ann nrpemnn-
re, nnn nncnepannnre, oprann morar a yuar no cmnx naunn,
xaxro nnxonere - a narncxar puxa, sa a nonyuanar xpana,
e nanpanen or nnnnx amepnxancxn ncnxonor Hnn Mnnp
npes 60-re ronnn na XX nex. Heronnre craparennn nscnena-
nnx cnococrnar sa nocranxnero na nauanoro na nemnnx na-
yuen nnrepec xm nonornunara oparna npsxa".
Knmuon excnepnmenr: morar nn
nrpemnnre oprann a yuar?
oxaro Hnn Mnnp ccpeoroueno ce rnean n ornea-
noro n anxra nn nnnara cn n Inn]op, Knexrnxr, nnxn
xx, eneprnuen mx, nnemnn, c nsxnmuenne na enn xnuypn
sa ymnre, cc spana uenmcr, mnpox noc n noxn senenn
oun. Cmenpemenno ]oxycr na nornea my nnn ymnre, sa-
moro ce onnrnan a ce nayun a mpa xcnoro cn yxo, es a
mpa nxnoro. To nxpnan, ue nxnoro yuene nsncxna noxox-
mara ynorpea na narpaa nnn noxpennenne. Cornerno nnn-
marenno cnexn n sa na-cnaara nnnxannx, ue sanouna a
onnaxna nomepa na mpanero camo na enoro yxo, raxa ue
a moxe a narpan rona yxrnamo mpnane c nsnnx or nos-
pannennx xm cee cn.
Onnrnan pasnnunn rexnnxn, nxnmunrenno a cn npecra-
nx, ue nxnara uacr na nnnero my e cryena nnn nsrpnnana,
raxa ue yxoro n rasn uacr a ne moxe a mpne; ncnuxn onnrn
ce nponannnn. Ha-naxpax orxpnn, ue croenero npe orneano-
ro n noxoxanero xm saauara nocrenenno e na-opara
crparernx. To oxcnnn rexnnxara cn no cnennx naunn na xe-
pan xonac or cn. New Yorker: ,3anounam, xaro ce onnrnam a
csam na-penoro nesanncnmo nnxenne c xcnoro cn yxo.
Cne rona ce onnrnam a ro ynennuanam no mnnuxo ncexn en.
Axo nxnoro mn yxo sanouna a ce nnxn n nxxaxn momenr,
cnnpam, oxaro ne ce ynepx, ue camo xcnoro ce nnxn. Cne
rona sanounam ornono a ynennuanam nnxennero, manxo no
manxo. B xpana cmerxa..." Ha rosn eran n pasronopa c xonac
Mnnp cnpxn n nsrnexan noxo xonnenrpnpan. xcnoro
my yxo sanounano a mpa, oxaro nxnoro ocranano samps-
nano na mxcroro cn. Cne nsnecrno npeme ce ornycnan n mnpo-
xo ce yxnnnn, couexn, ue cam no cee cn ycnexr e narpaa.
Tasn ncropnx nnmcrpnpa naunna, no xoro xopara morar
a ce nayuar a npanxr crpannn n neonuann nema, axo ce
camonarpaxanar no noxoxm naunn n axo nonyuanar npxxa
nn]opmannx, nnn oparna npsxa, sa ycnexa nnn neycnexa na
ycnnnxra cn. Moxe nn cpeunara uecrora noneno a e no-
nnxena nnn nonnmena, axo cmecrnyna nenpexcnara nn]op-
mannx sa cxopocrra na ]ynxnnonnpane na cpnero? Mnnp cmx-
ran, ue rona n rpxnano a e nsmoxno n rnpn, ue ro moxe
a crane no na mnoro pasnnunn naunna: npexrno upes ecr-
nnrenno nncnepanno yuene, n nnnpexrno upes nonenn xonr-
pon npxy cxenernnre (nonennre) enocrn xaro ]nsnuecxn yn-
paxnennx nnn nmane (nanpnmep axo npannre nrn, annn
nnmnannx, cpeunara nn uecrora onxnoneno me ce saanx).
Mnnp pasrnexa npomxnara na cpeunara uecrora upes
nnnpexrnn, nenncnepannn cpecrna xaro mamene" n nocou-
na, ue nneuarnxnama emoncrpannx na ncrnncxo yuene or crpa-
na na nrpemnnre oprann nsncxna ennmnnnpanero na nsmox-
nocrra sa cxenernn (nonennre) enocrn. Texnnxara, xoxro
ro nsnpa, e a nsnonsna nnxexnnn c xypape - pora, xoxro
npnunnxna nourn nnna napannsa na cxenernnre mycxynn,
nxnmunrenno, cnpsannre c nmanero, no nosnonxna na nr-
pemnnre oprann a ]ynxnnonnpar nourn nopmanno.
Kypapero npnonauanno ce nsnnnua or mxnoamepnxanc-
xnre nnnannn or xopennre, crnara n xopara na pacrennx
or xynrnara n e nsnonsnano sa namasnane na crpennre, xon-
ro nsnonsnar sa non, xaro sa nxxonxo mnnyrn orponara npn-
unnxna cmpr nopan nxarenna neocrarunocr. Ho-xcno
xypapero ce nsnonsna xaro ananrernx no npeme na xnpyprnu-
nn onepannn. T xaro nannenrnre ocranar aconmrno oes-
nnxenn, no npnnnnn ce npnemano, ue re ne uyncrnar nnmo
no npeme na onepannxra. Hncnnre nm, cne xaro ecrnnero
ormnne, n enn momenr ca nnn orxnpnxnn xaro xanmnnna-
nnn. Cne rona ce ycranonxna, ue nannenrnre ca crpaann or
xecroxn onxn no npeme na ncxxa mannnynannx na xnpypra.
Ocnonnara resa na Mnnp n neronnre xonern or ynnnepcn-
rera Pox]enep" n Hm Hopx e, ue axo nncnepannnre peaxnnn
na nonoxennre na nsecrnnero na xypape xnnornn morar
a ce mannnynnpar upes narpan nnn noxpennenne, rona me
noxaxe yenrenno, ue nrpemnnre oprann ca cnoconn a
yuar. T xaro nma ouennnn onacnocrn or nsnonsnanero na
cnnna pora xaro xypapero npxy xopa n samoro nepoxrno me
e rpyno a ce namepxr xopa, roronn a ce nonoxar na npe-
menna napannsa, Mnnp pemana a nsnonsna nnxone n none-
uero or cnonre excnepnmenrn. T xaro nonoxennre na ns-
ecrnnero na xypapero nnxone ne morar a nmar camocro-
xrenno, nmanero nm rpxna a ce nopxa nsxycrneno.
Mnnp pemana, ue ocnonnara npnunna nrpemnnre opra-
nn onxnoneno a ne emoncrpnpar ocoeno yuene e, ue nne n
noneuero cnyuan ne ocsnaname rxxnara enocr. 3a a no-
nomorne yuenero na npomenn n cpeunara uecrora npn nn-
xonere, Mnnp nsnonsna cnoxna cncrema, sa a nm ocnrypn
nn]opmannx sa cpeunara uecrora. Bcexn nnx npnonauan-
no e nonoxen na onepannx, n xoxro no xoxara my ca nmn-
HOH3ATA OT HCHXOHOIHBTA _____________________________ 343
nanrnpann enexrpon no raxn naunn, ue a morar a ce npnx-
penxr xm enexrpoxapnorpa] - mamnna, xoxro sanncna n
cnen cpeunara uecrora. Anaparr e nacrpoen raxa, ue man-
xo cnonranno ynennuenne na cpeunara uecrora (onxnone-
no nonnmenne c 2%) ce cnena or narpaa. C reuenne na npe-
mero nnxr rpxna a ynennuana cpeunara cn uecrora c
nce no-ronxmo xonnuecrno, sa a nonyuana narpaara.
Kax, sa Fora, nxre narpaxanann nnx, xoro e nannno
napannsnpan? Mnnp saonxanx rosn rpyen nponem, xaro sa
xparxo crnmynnpa onasn uacr or mosxa na nnxa, xoxro ecr-
na xaro nenrp na narpaara". To ycranonxna, ue xaro nar-
paxana nce no-ronemn ynennuennx na cpeunara uecrora c mo-
suna crnmynannx, moxe a ynennun cpeunara uecrora na nn-
xone, rpernpann c xypape, c 80 yapa na mnnyra camo c 1,5 uaca
oyuenne! Cneonarenno, nsrnexa, ue nrpemnnre oprann +o-
eam a yuar upes meroa na narpaara nesanncnmo or mnpoxo
pasnpocrpanenoro rorana yexenne, ue rona e nensmoxno
54
.
Morar nn nnxonere a ce nayuar a npomenxr ]ynxnno-
nnpanero na pyrn nrpemnn oprann? Mnnp ycranonxna, ue
nonoxennre na nsecrnnero na xypape nnxone morar a
ce nayuar a ynennuanar nnn a namanxnar xonrpaxnnnre na
uepnara, a npomenxr xonnuecrnoro xpn n cromamnara crena
n opn a xonrponnpar cxopocrra na ]opmnpanero na ypnna!
Mnnp nax ne e yonnernopen n ne cmxra, ue e noxasan,
ue nncnepannoro yuene e cmoro xaro yuenero na cxenernn
peaxnnn, nanpnmep narncxanero na puxn, sa a ce nonyun
xpana. Hanpnmep nopmannoro" yuene onxnoneno ce nomnn
ocra ope. 3a a oxaxe resara, ue nncnepannoro yuene c-
mo ce nomnn, Mnnp recrnpa nnxone, xonro ca npexapann
1,5 uaca n yuene xax a ynennuanar nnn a namanxnar cpeu-
nara cn uecrora rpn mecena no-pano, n ycranonxna, ue re na-
ncrnna cn cnomnxr xax a x xonrponnpar.
54
Miller, N. E. (1969). Learning of visceral and glandular responses. Sci-
ence, 163, pp. 434-445; Miller, N. E. & DiCara, L. (1967). Instrumental
learning of heart rate changes in curarized rats: Shaping and specificity to
discriminative stimulus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychol-
ogy, 63, pp. 12-19.
H naxpax Mnnp rnpn, ue nopmannoro" yuene na ncxxo
]nsnuecxo ymenne emoncrpnpa nporpecnnno noopenne n npe-
nnsnocrra, c xoxro ce nsnpmnar nnxennxra. Bncnepannoro
yuene emoncrpnpa nn cmara npennsnocr? Ouennno a, sa-
moro nonoxennre na nsecrnnero na xypape nnxone ca cno-
conn a nanpanxr raxa, ue noneue xpn a reue npes enoro
yxo, a ne npes pyroro, xoraro ca narpaxanann sa rona!
H samo, sa Fora, npnpoara nn e naapnna cc cnoconocr-
ra sa nncnepanno yuene, axo ro ce nsnonsna ronxona manxo, n
noneuero xopa nxpnar, ue opn ne x npnrexaname? Kaxro nocou-
na camnxr Mnnp, n nno mnoro crpanno, axo enonmnnxra e
csana mexannsm, xoro nxma pyra nopmanna ]ynxnnx, oc-
nen a ocnrypxna na monre cryenrn npemer sa nynnxannn".
Orronopr na rasn saraxa moxe n e cnpsan c ]axra, ue
noneuero ]ynxnnn na namara nrpemna cpea rpxna a ce
nopxar mnoro crannnn npes nxnoro npeme: rona e nsnec-
rno xaro xomeocrasa". Bpoennre cncremn sa xonrpon onx-
noneno ca ocrarunn sa nopxane na xomeocrasara, no nnc-
nepannoro yuene n morno a e onnnnrenen mexannsm, axo
nrpemnara cpea e cepnosno sannamena.
Hponnuna enexxa no nnnnx xm nscnenannxra na Mn-
np e, ue npes 30-re ronnn ro n neronnxr yunren Knapx Xn
eneprnuno samnranar nexra, ue ncnuxn ]opmn na yuene - nesa-
nncnmo ann ca cxenernn nnn nncnepannn - sanncxr or narpa-
ara nnn noxpennennero. B perpocnexnnx Mnnp e nsymen,
ue nnro enn or crpynnnnre na Xn ne e nscnenan cepnosno
nncnepannoro yuene npes ncnuxnre resn ronnn: Hpn ronxona
mnoro pyrn xopa, xonro nacroxnaxa, ue ne moxe a ce nanpa-
nn, opn n na-manxnxr nonoxnrenen pesynrar meme a e crpa-
xoren yap cpemy reopnxra... As moxe n mxx a ce orxnonx or
rona xonxperno npnnoxenne na reopnxra na Xn, samoro cmx-
rax, ue rx moxe a e oopena... n necsnarenno ne xenaex
a ce nsnpanx npe rosn nsmoxen pesynrar". Moxe n na-
ronxmara nponnx oaue e, ue nesanncnmo or sacnyxenara my
penyrannx na neanrnuno rouen excnepnmenrarop, ce e oxasa-
no rnpe rpyno a ce nonropxr pesynrarnre na Mnnp. Hsc-
neonarenn n pyrn nncrnrynnn ca nmann nsnecren ycnex, no
camnxr Mnnp saeno c Fapn yopxnn ne e ycnxn.
Kaxnaro n a e xpanara nayuna cronocr na nscnenannx-
ra na Mnnp, nxma nnxaxno cmnenne sa orpomnoro nnnxnne
na neronara paora. B uacrnocr nxnoro pasnnrne na nonornu-
nara oparna npsxa xaro mennnncxn nncrpymenr n neuenne-
ro na pasnnunn uonemxn nponemn moxe n nnxora nxmame
a ce ocmecrnn es rnopuecxnre nscnenannx na Mnnp.
Mennnncxa ynorpea
na nonornunara oparna npsxa
Ha nnno nenIpaorara na Mnnp ouennno e noxasana,
ue pasnnxara mexy uonemxnx pasym n uonemxnre emonnn
moxe a ne e ronxona xpana, xonxoro ce e cmxrano npen,
r xaro n nere morar a ce xonrponnpar no enn n cm
naunn. Ha no-npaxrnuecxo nnno nexra, ue moxem a xonr-
ponnpame nrpemnnre cn oprann, orxpnna nonn nrnma sa
neuennero na mnpox cnexrp or onnaxnannx, npocrnpam ce
or mnrpennoro ranoonne o cpeunnre apnrmnn. Pasnpa
ce, Mnnp nponexa noneuero or nscnenannxra cn c nnxo-
ne, no r xaro xopara ca no-nnrennrenrnn or nnxonere, n
rpxnano a morar a rpennpar nrpemnnre cn oprann none
na cmoro pannnme.
Hsnecrna noxpena sa rasn oma nosnnnx e nonyuena or
Hn Fpx or Xapnapcxoro mennnncxo yunnnme, xoro ce
crnacxna a e nnxexrnpan c xypape. Cne nnxexnnxra
ne moxen a nnrne rnanara cn nnn xpannnnre cn or crona,
ne moxen a ornapx ounre cn, a npernma nnn a nsana cmnc-
nenn snynn. opn n rona ccroxnne ro nponxnn a emon-
crpnpa oxasarencrna sa nsnnnuane or namerra na nncnepan-
nara peaxnnx, sayuena, npen a e nonoxen na nsecr-
nnero na xypapero.
Mennre nocnemanar ronxmo nnnmanne na nonornunara
oparna npsxa". Tepmnnr osnauana npocro rexnnxa, npn
xoxro no]nsnonornunn nncrpymenrn ocnrypxnar na nannenra
nn]opmannx sa npomennre n renecnoro ]ynxnnonnpane, xon-
ro ro onxnoneno ne ocsnana. Harpaara" sa nannenra e
a nanmana ynennuanamnx ce xonrpon npxy ]ynxnnonnpa-
nero na uacr or cocrnenoro my rxno, a anaparr e narnacen
raxa, ue nocrenenno a o]opmx" nncnepannara peaxnnx n xe-
nanara nocoxa.
Hcropnn na cnyuan
Enn or na-e]exrnnre ycnexn na noxoa na nonornu-
nara oparna npsxa e nynnxynan or Hnrp Hanr n Fapapa
Mename or Vnnnepcnrera na Vncxoncnn. Te nexynar ener-
meceuno momue - A. T. Heronoro rerno npn paxanero e 4,121
xr, a na mecr mecena ro neue e 7,71 xr. Feero oaue nnesanno
sanouna a nonpma no-ronxmara uacr or xpanara o ecer
mnnyrn cne ncxxo xpanene, raxa ue na ener mecena rernoro
my naa na no-manxo or 5,44 xr. erero e n nanpenan cran
na exnparannx n neoxpannane n ce xpann upes cromamna
nomna. Ouaxnannxra ca sa neranen nsxo.
Hcnxoanannrnnnre rnpxr, ue raxnna cnmnromn npn e-
nara ce nxar na pascrpocrno na nsanmoornomennero mex-
y maxara n eero, npn xoero necnoconocrra na maxara
a nsnnnxna cnoxra spxna ncnxocexcyanna ponx npeun a
ocnrypxna ronnn n nmemn rpnxn na erero. Honopoenoro
pearnpa, xaro rpcn cocrneno yonnernopenne ornrpe - non-
pma xpanara n x sapxa n ycrara. 3a orpomno cxanenne
na rasn nex npenncanoro nexapcrno or mnoro ronnn n nn-
rensnnnn rpnxn nxma nnxaxn e]exr npxy nonpmanero.
Hanr n Mename nsmepnar mycxynnnre norennnann no xpa-
nonponoa na A. T. n orxpnnar, ue npnara nnna or oparna
nepncranrnxa npexoxa nonpmanero. Te ypexar eero
a nonyuana nenpnxren enexrpomox, xoro sanouna nnnarn,
xoraro xpanonponor sanouna a npma, n nponxana, o-
xaro nonpmanero cnpe. Camo cne nxxonxo xpanennx ee-
ro npecrana a nonpma. Enn mecen cne nsnncnanero my or
onnnnara rernoro my ce ynoxna n ocrnra 9,52 xr. A. T. ce e
npenpnan n spano, npoxoxamo ere.
Fnonornunara oparna npsxa nna npnnarana n xm neue-
nnero na mxxn cexcyannn nponemn. Hesanncnmo or rnpe-
nnero na nsnecrnnre cexconosn Macrtpc n xoncn, ue epex-
nnxra ce pasnnna cmo ronxona nenoneno n cmo c ronxona mn-
nnmannn ycnnnx xaro nmanero", rx +ore a e rpennpana n
xonrponnpana. B eno panno nscnenane Pemn Poysn ycra-
nonxna, ue epexnnxra npn mxa moxe cmecrneno a ce sacnnn,
xoraro nma nn]opmannx sa nanpexa n xoraro ce npenarar
]nnanconn crnmynn. To oaue ocrana cxenrnuen no ornome-
nne na npenonaraemara cnoconocr na nxxon onnrnn ornnn
a sapxar exxynannxra na cnepma no npeme na oprasma.
Poysn npnnara cnoxra rexnnxa na nonornuna oparna
npsxa n neuennero na r-n V., 45-ronmen yunnnmen noprn-
ep, xoro e xenen or 22 ronnn. I-n V. e apecrynan na nap-
xnnra na cynepmapxer sapan pasronnane, oxaro e oneuen
xaro xena. Hpnara crnxa na Poysn e a sannme na nneo
30-mnnyrna nocneonarennocr, n xoxro r-n V. macrypnpa n
onuanoro cn xencxo onexno. B repanenrnunnre cecnn na
r-n V. ce nocranx xnnauno-rymen nsmepnarenen nncrpymenr,
xoro mepn opn momenrnnre npomenn n xpnnnx norox n
nennca. Hpnonauanno, xoraro r-n V. rnea nneosannca cn,
emoncrpnpa xoncncrenrnn n nponxnrennn epexnnn, me-
penn c ypea. 3a a ce npeornparn rona, ce nycxa ycnnen sa-
nnc na ynnnnxa na r-n V. nnnarn, xoraro epexnnxra my na-
cxaua onpeeneno nnno n nnnoro na sannca ce perynnpa cno-
pe crenenra na epexnnx. Ha r-n V. e xasano a ce onnra a
npeornparn nycxanero na sannca (n a npeornparn epexnn-
xra) n xm nanaecerara cecnx ce nanmana nnno nornc-
xane na peaxnnxra na nennca na nneosannca.
Or no-nonoxnrenna rnena rouxa: r-n V. npoxnxna cnnna
epexnnx na rnnnuno xerepocexcyanno opnenrnpan nopnorpa]-
cxn ]nnm n rasn peaxnnx e nacpuena. Cyxnxr xomenrap na
Poysn e: I-n V. e ornocnrenno norncnar, nannen nmonnnx,
unro nmonen peneproap nonacroxmem ce pasmnpxna". V o-
ma ncnuxo e ope sa nsnecrno npeme. Cexcyannnre ornomennx
c xena my ce noopxnar n r-xa V. nonyuana oprasmn. Tx c-
mo ce crnacxna - n nsnecrna crenen neoxorno - a ce onnua
no-epornuno no npeme na cexcyannnre nm xonraxrn. 3a cxa-
nenne r-n V. nsononxna rpanecrnrnnre cn enocrn n e apec-
rynan n xnpnen n sarnopa sapan nonropen excxnnnnonn-
sm n xencxn pexn. Taxa ycnexr na neronoro neuenne upes
nonornuna oparna npsxa ce oxasna camo npemenen.
Bsmoxno nn e nonornunara oparna npsxa a csana
cexcyanna nsya npocro samoro uonexr cn mncnn sa mpc-
nn nema"? B eno nscnenane ce nsyuana narnnannoro xp-
nocnaxnane na ne cexcyanno onnrnn neomxenn xenn n
20-re cn ronnn, oxaro re cn npecranxr na-epornunnre ]an-
rasnn ns ocnona nnn na cocrnennre nm npexnnxnannx, nnn
na enocrn, sa xonro cn npecranxr, ue ca epornunn. Hnre-
pecnoro e, ue camo no-onnrnara or nere xenn emoncrpnpa
ynennuenne na narnnannoro xpnocnaxnane, oxaro cn ]an-
rasnpa. Oparnoro, nere xenn noxasnar snaunrenno ynenn-
uenne na narnnannoro xpnocnaxnane, xoraro ]anrasnxra
e xomnnnpana c nonornuna oparna npsxa, couema
ynennuenne nnn namanenne na xpnocnaxnanero. Cneona-
renno n rosn cnyua nonornunara oparna npsxa nma e]exr,
nacxauam rosn na cexcyanno opnenrnpanoro mncnene.
Bonenn xonrpon
na xpnnoro nanxrane
Eno or na-naxnnre npnnoxennx na nonornunara
oparna npsxa e n neuennero na xnnepronnxra (nncoxoro
xpnno nanxrane). B xomnnexcnnre n sapsann omecrna na
3anaa ce nanmana pamarnuno ynennuanane na erenepa-
rnnnnre pascrpocrna, nanpnmep xoponapna onecr n xnnep-
ronnx. Onenxnre na onnnre or xnnepronnx napnpar or 10%
o 30% or omoro nacenenne n spxna nspacr n sanncnmocr
or e]nnnnnxra na nncoxo xpnno nanxrane". Honeue or 90%
or ncnuxn cnyuan ca c nensnecrna npnunna n sarona nonaar n
xareropnxra npnnuna" nnn ecennnanna" xnnepronnx. Xn-
nepronnnnre ca nonoxenn na no-ronxm pncx or ocranannre
or raxnna pascrpocrna xaro cpeuen nn]apxr, xonrecrnn-
na cpeuna neocrarunocr, mosuen nncynr n ynpexane
na pennre, ounre n pyrn oprann.
Xnnepronnxra onxnoneno ce nexyna c pasnnunn nexap-
crna, nxnmunrenno rpanxnnnanrn. Mnoro or rxx oaue nmar
nexenann crpannunn e]exrn n nonornunara oparna nps-
xa moxe a e npenounran mero na neuenne. Heuennero na
ecennnannara xnnepronnx na-uecro nsnonsna meroa na nen-
pexcnarnx manmon", xoro nosnonxna nenpexcnara, yap
no yap, oparna npsxa sa xpnnoro nanxrane. Kpncranen
mnxpo]on ce nncrannpa n cranapren manmon sa nsmepnane
na xpnnoro nanxrane n ce nocranx na paxnannara aprepnx
nn nrpemnara uacr na naxrx. Manmonr ce nanomnna o
nocroxnno nanxrane, nnsxo o cpenoro cncronnuno nnn n-
acronnuno xpnno nanxrane na nannenra. ana ce nonornu-
na oparna npsxa no ]opmara na cnernnnen n/nnn snyxon
cnrnan, axo nannenrr ycnee a nocrnrne nexo namanenne na
xpnnoro nanxrane.
Tpennnrr n nonornuna oparna npsxa npn xnnepronn-
nn uecro nma ycnex n nocrnranero na namanenne or 10-15% n
cncronnunoro xpnno nanxrane n manxo no-manxo npn nac-
ronnunoro. Tona snyun nneuarnxnamo, no ce oxasna, ue axo
uonex npocro nomonn xnnepronnnn a ce onnrar a namanxr
xpnnoro cn nanxrane, es a nm xasna xax a ro nanpanxr n
es a nsnonsna cnoxnara anaparypa na nonornunara opar-
na npsxa, moxe a nonyun namanenne, xoero e nourn ronxo-
na ronxmo, xonxoro n nocrnranoro c nomomra na nonornu-
nara oparna npsxa! Bsmoxno e nonornunara oparna
npsxa a paorn npocro samoro nannenrr e orpnxnan n
uyncrna, ue nemo ce npann.
Ha-cepnosnoro cmnenne n e]nxacnocrra na nonornu-
nara oparna npsxa sa namanxnanero na xpnnoro nanxrane
e, ue naronpnxrnnre e]exrn onxnoneno ce emoncrpnpar
camo n naoparopnxra. Hnxo nxma xcna npecrana ann na-
manennero na xpnnoro nanxrane moxe a ce nopxa npn
no-crpecnpamnre ycnonnx na ncexnnennnx xnnor. 3acera nx-
mame yenrennn oxasarencrna, ue ecennnannnre xnnepro-
nnnn morar a nocrnrnar xnnnnuno penenanrno n ycrounno
namanxnane na xpnnoro nanxrane upes rpennnr n nonornu-
na oparna npsxa
55
.
55
Seer, P. (1979). Psychological control of essential hypertension: Review
of the literature and methodological critique. Psychological Bulletin, 86,
pp. 1015-1043.
pyrn npnnoxennx
na nonornunara oparna npsxa
3nae ce, ue xopara, crpaamn or mnrpena, onxnoneno nmar
cryenn xpannnn, n ce nsnra resara, ue axo xpnocnaxna-
nero na nepn]epnnre sonn ce sacnnn, rona me namann xp-
nocnaxnanero na rnanara n raxa me onexun mnrpennoro
rnanoonne. Koraro e nsnonsnana nonornuna oparna nps-
xa sa ynennuanane na remneparypara na npcra, onxnoneno
ce nanmana ymepeno namanxnane na mnrpennoro rnanoo-
nne, no ne e xcno ann rona ce npnunnxna or sacnnennx xp-
nen norox xm nepn]epnxra, nnn ne.
Fnonornunara oparna npsxa ce npnnara n xm pascr-
pocrno na nepn]epnoro xpnoopamenne, nsnecrno xaro o-
necr na Peno. Tasn onecr nonxxora ce nexyna upes xnpyprnu-
na nameca n cnmnarnxonara nepnna cncrema, no e]exrnre ca
neoparnmn n nocroxnnn, a rona nennnarn e xenarenno. Fno-
nornunara oparna npsxa e cnocona a csae ynennuenne
or oxono 9F* n remneparypara na pxara n ana naexn xaro
mero sa neuenne na pascrpocrnara na xpnoopamennero.
Eno no-ncnxonornuecxo npnnoxenne na nonornunara
oparna npsxa e nsnonsnanero sa ynennuanane na an]a nn-
nnre na mosxa, sa a ce csae an]a npexnnxnane" - cc-
roxnne na csnannero, xoero onxnoneno ce onncna xaro npn-
xrno, penaxcnpano n cnoxono, xapaxrepnsnpamo ce cc sary-
a na csnannero sa rxnoro n npemero, xaxro n orccrnne nnn
namanxnane na mncnonnara enocr. Hpnxrnocrra na an]a
ccroxnnero ouennno e ronxona ronxma, ue mnoro xopa e-
moncrpnpar orpomen enrycnasm no ornomenne na xapuene-
ro na ronemn cymn napn sa nyxnara anaparypa sa nonornuna
oparna npsxa. oxasarencrnara oaue couar yenrenno, ue
resn xopa npaxocnar napnre cn. uyncrnoro (nesanncnmo ann
e onpanano, nnn ne), ue uonex moxe a xonrponnpa cocrne-
nnre cn mosunn nnnn, xomnnnpano cc cnnara na nnyme-
Ho remneparypnara cxana na ]apenxar rouxara na sampsnane na
noara e 32 rpayca, a rouxara na xnnene na noara e 212 rpayca. -
Fen. npen.
nnero, csana an]a npexnnxnane. Axo xopara ca sanyenn
a mncnxr, ue an]a ce ynennuana opn rorana, xoraro rona ne
e nxpno, re cnoenxr onuanoro cnnno an]a npexnnxnane!
3acera sa nonornunara oparna npsxa e cnrypno, ue ne e
mennnncxara nananex, oemanana or anropnre na ecrcen-
pn. 3amo oaue nnxonere nmar no-ronxma cnoconocr sa nnc-
nepanno yuene, orxonxoro xopara? Enn or pesynrarnre na
Mnnp npenara nsnecrna nacoxa. To orxpnna, ue nonoxe-
nnre na nsecrnnero na xypape nnxone emoncrpnpar mnoro
no-cnnno nncnepanno yuene, orxonxoro nepornpannre nn-
xone, n nsnra xnnoresara, ue xypapero cnococrna ennmnnn-
panero na pasnnunnre nsrounnnn na pascenane, xonro npe-
uar na yuenero. C pyrn ymn, xopara moxe n cmo rpxna
a ar napannsnpann, sa a moxe nonornunara oparna
npsxa a ecrna xaxro rpxna!
3axnmuennx
Hesanncnmo or npeonaanamoro yexenne, ue nrpem-
nnre oprann ca necnoconn a ce yuar, nec cmecrnynar ye-
nrennn oxasarencrna, ue re morar n - nemo noneue - ue ca n
ccroxnne a npnonnar mnoro cnenn]nunn rnnone ymennx.
Tona nocxasna, ue npeocmncnxnero na craporo pasenenne
mexy ncnxnxara n rxnoro, nnn pasyma n emonnnre, nepoxrno
e na nenen pe.
Tesn nxnonxnamn nonn orxpnrnx ca renepnpann nnre-
pec xm neuennero upes nonornuna oparna npsxa. Cmen-
pemenno mennnncxara ynorpea na nonornunara oparna
npsxa, maxap n mnpoxo pasrpxnana, ocera ce e oxasana
pasouaponama. Texnnxnre sa nonornuna oparna npsxa oc-
nen rona ca npnnarann xm neuennero na mnrpenno rnanoo-
nne. Mnrpenara onxnoneno nxnmuna sacnnen xpnen norox
xm rnanara, noem o onesneno pasmnpenne n nyncnpane
na xpannannnre aprepnn. Cmecrnynar nxxonxo nemecrna,
nanpnmep ensepnn, xo]enn n e]epnn, xonro nexynar mnr-
penara upes cnnnanero na xpnonocnnre cone. Tesn men-
xamenrn oaue morar a nmar snomacrnn crpannunn e]exrn.
23
Hcnxonornn1a cpemy paxa n
cspeunocsonn1e onec1n
Hpen oxono 4 000 ronnn enn nnncxn mpen saxnxna:
,Hma na xnaca onecrn - renecnn n ncnxnunn. Bcexn nsnnxna
or pyrnx. Hnro enn or rxx ne moxe a cmecrnyna es pyrnx.
Hcnxnunnre pascrpocrna nsnnxnar or comarnunnre n no c-
mnx naunn comarnunnre - or ncnxnunnre". Tona e n npxxo npo-
rnnopeune c nexra na ]pencxnx ]nnoco] or XVII nex Pene e-
xapr, ue rxnoro n ncnxnxara ca cnpmeno pasnnunn cycran-
nnn, xonro ne morar a cn nnnxxr nsanmno. Bnpexn rona, xaxro
me nnnm, nnncxnxr mpen e npan, a exapr e crpemnn.
earr mexy yannocrra n enncrnoro reue or nrn ro-
nnn. Honeuero npaxrnxynamn oprooxcanna mennnna ce crpe-
mxr xm nexynane na onecrnnre cnmnromn nnn onnnre opra-
nnsmn, no pyrn, ome or npemero na Xnnoxpar, saxnxnar, ue rxx-
nara nen e a nexynar uonexa, a ne onecrra. Te cmxrar, ue raxn-
na ]axropn xaro crpec, nnunocr, connanna noxpena, nronn yc-
nonnx, xpanene n mnoro pyrn npomennnnn nrpaxr ponx n pasnn-
rnero na onecrra. Tona nocxasna, pasnpa ce, ue npo]nnaxrn-
xara (npeornparxnanero) n neuennero rpxna a ce nnrepecy-
nar or mannnynnpanero na resn ]axropn n cmara crenen, xaxro
n or ynnanero na axrepnnre, nnpycnre n pyrnre oprannsmn,
xonro nn araxynar, xoraro nmynnrerr nn e cna.
Hanpnmep nma nra rpannnx, cnpsnama paxa c nnunocr-
ra. Teopnxra arnpa ornpen 2000 ronnn n mnosnna nanm-
arennn nexapn ca onpnnecnn sa nenoro pasnnrne. Cxnon-
nnre xm pax nnna n xopara, xonro ecrnnrenno crpaar or
onxonornunn saonxnannx, nsrnexa, ca npexaneno crpynn-
uemn, yraxamn n xon]opmnn na anropnrernnre ]nrypn, ne
yrnpxanar cee cn, npexaneno rpnennnn n cxnonnn a na-
sxr nrpe n cee cn orpnnarennnre emonnn - ocoeno rnena,
nmecro a rn nspasxnar n a pncxynar nsnnxnanero na xon]-
nnxr. Cxopomnn nscnenannx
56
nornpxanar, ue nancrnna nma
npsxa mexy paxa n nnunocrra n ue cne xaro pasnnxr pax,
xopara c rnna nnunocrnn ueprn, nspoenn no-rope, ce noanar
no-pso na onecrra, orxonxoro nannenrnre, xonro ne ca ron-
xona cnnno nounnxnamn ce, ceeyrnpxanar ce n no-ronxma
crenen, onnaxnar ce noneue n ca roronn a nspasxnar rnena cn.
Hpes nocnennre ronnn pacre yexennero, ue nnunocrra n
cpeunoconnre saonxnannx (CCF) cmo n nsnecrno
ornomenne ca cnpsann
57
. Tasn xonnennnx sa npn nr e ns-
nrnara or nama amepnxancxn nexapn - P. X. Poysnman n
M. ]pnman, xonro saxnxnar, ue Tnn A noneenne
58
e ocra
op npennxam ]axrop na cnpsannre cc crpeca cpeu-
nn onecrn. Tnnnunnxr uonex c Tnn A noneenne ce pasrnexa
xaro nourn nsnxno opnenrnpan xm paorara, arpecnnen,
mornnnpan, nsxnmunrenno cpennonarenno nacrpoen n nerp-
nennn; ro nma uyncrno sa cnemnocr nn ncnuxo, xoero npa-
nn, n excnnosnnnn peuenn moenn, xonro orpasxnar ]nsnuec-
xoro my nanpexenne. uonexr c noneenne or Tnn B e rounara
npornnononoxnocr - cnoxoen, nopmanen, span. Ocnen rona
nma n cxnonen xm pasnnrne na pax rnn, napeuen nnocne-
56
Eysenck, H. J. (1985). Personality, cancer and cardiovascular disease: A
causal analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, pp. 535-553;
Eysenck, H. J. (1988). The respective importance of personality,'cigarette
smoking and intervention effects for the genesis of cancer and coronary
heart disease. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, pp. 453-464.
57
Steptoe, A. (1981). Psychological Factors in Cardiovascular Disorders. New
York: Academic Press; Chincey, M. A. & Rosenman, R. D. (1985). (Eds.).
Anger and Hostility in Cardiovascular and Behavioral Disorders. Washing
ton, DC: Hemisphere; Booth-Kewley, S. & Friedman, H. (1987). Psycho
logical predictors of heart disease: A quantitative review. Psychological
Bulletin, 101, pp. 343-362.
58
Price, V. A. (1982). Type A Behavior Pattern. New York: Academic Press.
crnne Tnn C, xoro ce pasnnuana n mnoro ornomennx or Tnn
A. Cneonarenno ouennno nmame paora c rpn pasnnunn nnu-
nocrnn rnna, mo ce ornacx o noarnnnocrra na onecrn: spa-
nnx rnn B, cxnonnnx xm pasnnrne na pax Tnn C n cxnonnnx
xm cpeunoconn onecrn Tnn A.
Cmecrnyna orara nnreparypa npxy nsanmoornomenn-
xra mexy resn rnnone n onecrnre, na xonro re ca noarnn-
nn, n xaro nxno rx e no-narocxnonna xm Tnn C, orxonxoro
xm Tnn A. Cmenpemenno npornocrnunnre nscnenannx, nn-
repnmra n nnpocnnnn ce oxasann ne ocoeno xareropnunn n
npornosnpanero na cpeunoconn onecrn ns ocnona na
Tnn A noneenne n nec ce npnema, ue mpexara e nna xnp-
nena rnpe namnpoxo. Camo nxxon ueprn or Tnn A - npax-
enocr, arpecnx n rnxn - nsrnexa, ca penenanrnn na CCF.
Bnpexn rona rpn nscnenannx, nponexann npes nocne-
nnre naecer ronnn or -p Ipocapr-Marnuex - ncnxonor or
nnma Rrocnannx, xoro nec xnnee n Xaenepr, Iepma-
nnx, noxasnar, ue cmecrnyna cnnno nsanmoornomenne mex-
y onecrra n nnunocrnnx rnn
59
.
Knmuon excnepnmenr: xax cn
nsanmoecrnar crpecr n nnunocrra?
Bcnuxn xopa, yuacrnann n resn nscnenannx, ca pasnpee-
nenn n enn or uernpnre nnunocrnn rnna na asara na nn-
pocnnx, xoro - nape c pyrnre nema - noxasna ann re ca
nonoxenn na nsecrnnero na nxxaxn mexynnunocren
crpec" - cxp no nounnan nnsx, cemenn xanrn n r.n. - n
xax pearnpar na crpeca. Bnpocnnxr e aen or nnrepnmn-
pam, oxcnxnam ncnuxn nexcnn nnpocn, n ncxa xonxpernn
npnmepn sa penenanrnoro noneenne.
Hnunocrnnre xareropnn, n xonro ca pasnpeenenn nscne-
nannre nnna na Ipocapr-Marnuex, ca Tnn I (cxnonnn xm pax),
Tnn II (cxnonnn xm CCF), Tnn III (ncnxonarna nnunocr, nnaue
59
Grossarth-Maticek, R., Eysenck, H. J. & Vetter, H. (1988). Personality
type, smoking habits and their interaction as predictor of cancer and coro-
nary heart disease. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 479-495.
ocra spann) nnn Tnn IV (spann). Tnn I cornercrna na Tnn C,
Tnn II - na Tnn A (mnnyc onesn acnexrn na Tnn A, sa xonro ce
cmxra, ue ca nepenenanrnn na CCF) n Tnn IV - na Tnn B.
B npnoro nscnenane e nspan manx mrocnancxn rpa n
nscneonarennre ce cnpsnar c na-nspacrnnx uonex nn ncx-
xo omaxnncrno, sa a ro nomonxr a yuacrna. Hxxon cnnno
crpecnpann nnna, xonro ne ca na-nspacrnnre n omaxnncr-
noro, cmo ca nomonenn a yuacrnar. Bn nroporo nscnena-
ne, nponeeno n Xaenepr, e nspana cnyuana nsnaxa or
xopa cnope npenapnrenno onpeenenn nspacronn n nononn
nopmn. B rperorcmscnenane, nponeeno cmo n Xaenepr,
yuacrnnnnre ca cnnno crpecnpann xopa, xonro ca nnn unenone
na cemecrnoro, nnn npnxrenn, nocouenn or yuacrnnnnre nn
nroporo npoyunane.
Mnnanar ecer ronnn. Torana Ipocapr-Marnuex n nero-
nnre xonern nonropno ce cnpsnar c ncexn, xoro e xnn, n
yocronepxnar spanocnonnoro my ccroxnne. 3a nounnannre
ce orenxsna npnunnara sa cmprra, ]nrypn 1,2 n 3 noxasnar
pesynrarnre or rpnre nscnenannx.
B mrocnancxara rpyna ymnpar noneue xopa, orxonxoro n
xaeneprcxara nopmanna rpyna, xoero moxe a ce ouaxna,
r xaro cnyuanre na pax n cpeunoconn onecrn ce yne-
nnuanar c nspacrra. Cmenpemenno xaeneprcxara crpe-
cnpana rpyna emoncrpnpa mnoro noneue cnyuan na cmpr or
pax n cpeunoconn onecrn n rona nocxasna, ue cnnnnxr
crpec c mexynnunocrna npnpoa nancrnna moxe a e ynen.
Pasnnunxra n rmrmnonymenero n pyrnre npomennnnn ne ca
orronopnn sa rasn pasnnxa.
Bn ncnuxnre rpn rpynn sa nnnara or Tnn I e no-nepoxrno
a ympar or pax, orxonxoro or cpeunoconn onecrn, a resn
or Tnn II - or CCF, a ne or pax. 3a cpannenne: mnoro manxo or
xopara or Tnn III n Tnn IV cranar xeprnn na nxxox or resn
onecrn, maxap ue, axo ce nseme npenn npemero, nxa mornn
a nounnar or enara nnn or pyrara rpyna onecrn. opn na-
spanara" nnunocr ne moxe a ornara cmprra o esxpanocr.
Haxparxo, resn rpn nscnenannx emoncrpnpar ocra ye-
nrenno, ue npsxara mexy nnunocrra n onecrra e peanna n
ue crpecr uaucmuua onpnnacx sa cmprnocrra or pax n cp-
eunoconn onecrn.
queypa 1. B npeomo om usc-
.eoeauuma ua Ipocapm- Ma-
mu:er v:acmeam 1341 ovuu -
ua-espacmuume ee ecro
emopo oo+aruucmeo e +a.r
meoc.aecru epao. Te ca pasnpe-
oe.euu e eoua om :emupume
.u:uocmuu epvnu es ocuoea
ua oema.eu enpocuur u ca
npoc.eoeuu oecem eoouuu no-
rcuo. Karmo norasea masu
ouaepa+a, .u:uocmuum mun
e ooop npoeuocmu:eu qarmop
sa nooam.ueocmma ua par u
cpoe:uocooeu oo.ecmu. Ho:-
mu no.oeuuama, pasnpeoe.euu
r+ Tun I, paseueam par u
no:mu mpu+a om oecem om
pasnpeoe.euume r+ Tun II
paseueam cpoe:uocooeu npo-
o.e+u, eooeuu oo uuqaprm
(c+pm ua cpoe:uu +vcrv.
sapaou o.orupaua ropouapua
apmepu) u.u uucv.m (+os:-
uo veperoaue sapaou uapvueuo
rpeocuaooeaue ua +osra).
0ueypu 2 u 3. B oeeme oon.-
uume.uu usc.eoeauu, npoee-
oeuu e Xaoe.oepe, Ipocapm-
Mamu:er npoc.eoea uop-
+a.uu" u cmpecupauu" .ua
c.eo oecem eoouuu, sa oa npo-
eepu rareu ca eqermume ua
cmpeca epxv cr.ouuume r+
oo.ecm u sopaeume epvnu. Kar-
mo +ore oa ce euou om epaqu-
rama, pesv.mamume ca mep-
oe opa+amu:uu. Hse.eroa, :e
cmpecm +ore oa voeou uau-
coeeme sapaseumue ua par u.u
CCB, aro :oeer u+a comeem-
uama .u:uocm.
Honeenuecxa repannx:
npeornparxnane nnn ornarane?
Hscnenannxra, xonro xxa onncann roxy-mo, nanarar na
mnoro naxnn nnpoca. Axo crpecr n naunnr, no xoro my
pearnpame, moxe a nnnxe npxy rona ann pasnnname pax nnn
cpeunoconn onecrn, nsmoxno nn e - upes nxxaxna ]op-
ma na ncnxonornuecxa repannx - a npomennm noneennero
cn raxa, ue a rn nsernem? Ocnen rona, axo uonexr neue
crpaa or pax nnn or CCF, moxe nn ncnxonornuecxoro neue-
nne a ynxn xnora my? nec nma oxasarencrna, ue orro^
nopr n na nara nnpoca e nonoxnrenen.
Kaxro cxnonnnre xm pax, raxa n cxnonnnre xm CCF nn-
na, nsrnexa, nmar rpynocrn n cnpanxnero cc crpeca. Bmecro
a orxpnnar naunnn a ne ce noanar nnn a nsxrnar crpeca n
a ce pxar raxa, xaro ue nn re, a ne nnmnnre cnrnx p-
xar xonrpona, pasnnnar uyncrna na esnomomnocr n esnaex-
nocr, orpnnar ce n cee cn, enpecnpar ce nnn emoncrpnpar
pyrn anopmannn emonnonannn peaxnnn, nnn ce nnycxar n rnen-
no, npaxeno noneenne or connanno nenpnemnnn nn. Bs-
moxno e oaue re a ar nayuenn na noxoxmn crparernn sa
cnpanxne, xonro a nm nomornar a nsxrar or rna, n xoro
camn ca ce nxapann. Moxe a nm ce noxaxe xax a noemar xon-
rpona npxy xnnora cn, xax a npensmornar enpecnxra, xax
a nspasxnar rnena n npaxenocrra cn no connanno npnemnnn
naunn n a ce pxar no-pasymno n ceenarpaxanamo.
Ipocapr-Marnuex paspaorna mero na noneenuecxa re-
pannx, nenxm a nanpann rouno rona, nsnonsnaxn rexnnxn,
xonro nxnmunar nnymenne n xnnnosa. Henra na raxana repa-
nnx e a ce naxapa yxsnnmnxr na onecr uonex a ocsnae ne-
narpaxanamara npnpoa na cnonre peaxnnn na crpeca n a
rn samenn c no-spano noneenne.
unrypa 4 noxasna pesynrarnre or nscnenane, xoero rec-
rnpa e]exrnnnocrra na noneenuecxnre rexnnxn sa namanx-
nane na noarnnnocrra na pax n CCF. B rona npoyunane yuac-
rnar 100 ymn, cxnonnn xm pasnnrne na pax, n 92 - xm CCF.
Te ca pasenenn na xonrponna n repanenrnuna rpyna (50 n
nere cxnonnn xm pax rpynn n 46 n nere cxnonnn xm CCF
quevpa 4. Hpu no.oreuue :e no.v:am nooxoouama ncuxo.oeu-
:ecra mepanu, cr.ouuume r+ par u CCB .ua u+am om.u:uu
uaucoee oa rueem no-o.eo. uaepa+ama norasea pesv.mamu-
me om noeeoeu:ecra mepanu npu oee epvnu om xopa - eouama e
pucr om par, a opveama - om CCB, 13 eoouuu c.eo mepanuma.
Huro om mepaneemu:uama epvna ue e no:uua. npes moea epe+e.
B epvnama ua para u CCB u+a c+pmuu c.v:au om opveu npu:u-
uu, uo ca+o eoua emopa u.u eoua mpema e mepaneemu:uume epvnu
e cpaeueuue c npoeuma e roumpo.uama epvna. Aro epvnume ua
para u ua CCB ce pase.eroam saeouo, ca+o 14 .ua e mepaneemu:-
uume epvnu ca no:uua.u sa 13 eoouuu, cpaeueuo c 60 .ua e roum-
po.uume epvnu.
rpynn). Xopara n repanenrnunnre rpynn nonyuanar 25-30 ua-
ca nnnnnyanna repannx. Tpnnaecer ronnn no-xcno 36 or
onxorpynara n 38 or rpynara na CCF ca nounnann - or pax,
CCF nnn pyrn npnunnn, no onenennre or repanenrnunnre
rpynn nannmanar no po onenennre or xonrponnnre rpynn
n cornomenne no-ronxmo or 2 xm 1.
358 XAHC H MAHKTHAH3EHK HABHPEHHE HA HCHXHKATA
Honeenuecxara repannx nenycmncneno nma snaunrenen
norennnan sa npeornparxnane nnn none sa ornarane na pasnn-
rnero na pax n cxnonnnre xm pax nnna n na CCF n yxsnnmnre
na resn onecrn nnnnnn n cneonarenno reopnxra, ue
onpeenenn noneenuecxn moenn ynennuanar pncxa or o-
necrn, ouennno e npannnna. Hpomxnara na nenpornunnre n
neycnemnnre noneenuecxn moenn moxe a non o no--
nr, no-span xnnor, a ne cnomenaname, ue ro me e n no-
macrnnn. Cneonarenno crpyna cn ycnnnxra uonex, onenen xaro
cxnonen xm pasnnrnero na pax nnn na CCF na asara na n-
arnocrnxa na nnunocrra, a ce nonoxn na xparxocpouna npo-
]nnaxrnuna repannx.
B pyro nscnenane manxn rpynn o 20 cxnonnn xm pasnn-
rne na pax n na CCF nnna ca nonoxenn na rpynona repannx,
onxnoneno n nponxenne omo na mecr uaca n na nnn none-
ue nn. Cne rona re ca npocneenn sa nepno or ocem ron-
nn. B repanenrnunara rpyna 48 ymn ymnpar, no n cornerna-
ra xonrponna rpyna nounnannre ca 180. Cneonarenno rpyno-
nara repannx cmo moxe a e e]exrnnna npo]nnaxrnxa.
Tpero nscnenane e npaneno c 1200 ymn, 600 or xonro
ccrannxnar repanenrnuna, 500 - xonrponna, n 100 - nnane-
o" rpyna. Hocnenara nonyuana ]opma na neuenne, sa xoxro
ne ce ouaxna a nma nxxaxn e]exr, ocnen a rn naxapa a
nouyncrnar, ue nonyuanar nxxaxna repannx. B rosn cnyua nc-
rnncxoro npo]nnaxrnuno neuenne ce ccron or enouacona
nnnnnyanna repannx, xaro repanenrr ana na ncexn nann-
enr ena crpannna c nncrpyxnnn sa cmncna na noneennero
na cnpanxne, anronomnxra (a xonrponnpam cocrnennx cn
xnnor, nmecro a ce ocranxm na mnnocrra na cnrnxra) n
r.n. Beue ne n rpxnano unrarenxr a e nsnenaan, ue mnoro
no-manxo xopa n repanenrnunara rpyna ymnpar or pax nnn
CCF. Konrponnara n nnaneo rpynara emoncrpnpar no-nn-
cox nponenr cmprnn cnyuan.
Ho-nr xnnor
Axo noneenuecxara repannx moxe a saanx nnn a npe-
ornparxna pasnnrnero na pax nnn na CCF, xaxnn e]exrn nma
npxy onenxnanero na xopara, xonro neue crpaar or resn sa-
onxnannx? B rannnara ca npecranenn 24 noxn onxoon-
nn nannenrn, cuerann no rnn pax, n xonro ennnxr e nony-
unn repannx, a pyrnxr - ne. Pemennero xo uonex a nonyun
repannx e nno nsero upes xpen. Onesn, xonro nonyunnn
repannx, xaro cpeno onenenn ne ronnn no-nro n cpanne-
nne c resn, xonro ne nonyunnn ncnxorepannx. Camo uernpnma
xonrponnn nannenrn or 24 naxnnenn rexnnre repanenrnunn
,paronuen".
unrypa 5 noxasna pesynrarnre or nscnenane na 100 xe-
nn, repmnnanno onnn or pax na rpara. Hononnnara or ns-
pannre xenn nonyuanann xnmnorepannx, samoro nspann a
ro npanxr, no pyrara nononnna orxasann xnmnorepannx; no-
nonnnara or nspannre nonyuanann n ncnxorepannx, no py-
rara nononnna - ne. Tona osnauana, ue 25 xenn nonyuanann n
nere repannn, 25 - nnro ena or rxx, 25 - camo xnmnorepa-
nnx, n 25 - camo ncnxorepannx. Cpennxr nepno na onenxna-
ne e na-nr sa rpynara na xnmnorepannxra n ncnxorepa-
nnxra n na-xc - sa rpynara es nnxaxna repannx. Ipynnre
camo na xnmnorepannx n camo na ncnxorepannx onenenn camo
na n nononnna mecena no-nro or rpynara es nnxaxna re-
pannx. cno e, ue ncnxorepannxra e none ronxona e]exrnnna
xaro xnmnorepannxra n ynxananero na xnnora n e enaxno
xcno, ue cuerananero na nere repannn nma cnneprncrnuen
e]exr, c pyrn ymn, nere saeno ca mnoro no-e]exrnnnn,
orxonxoro noorenno.
Pesynrarnre or resn n pyrn nscnenannx noxasnar ne-
nycmncneno, ue ncnxonornuecxara repannx moxe a nma
cnnen npo]nnaxrnuen e]exr n ocnen rona a ynxana xnnora
n cnyuanre na repmnnanna onecr. Hma nn nsmoxnocr none-
enuecxara repannx ncmnocr a .ervea paxa?
B manxo nscnenane, nponeeno nacxopo n Xonannx, yuac-
rnnnnre ca ocem repmnnannn onxoonnn, xonro ca ce nscra-
nonnnn es neuenne. Taxnna cnyuan ca pexn, no nce nax c-
mecrnynar n narnosara pax" e ]axr, a ne ]nxnnx. Tona, xo-
ero npecrannxna nnrepec, e, ue n ocmnnara npnrexanar mno-
ro spannx nnunocren rnn (Tnn IV), onncan or Ipocapr-Ma-
rnuex. Cc cnrypnocr cn crpyna a ce onnrame a npeopnem
nporpeca na paxa npn onpeenenn rnnone xopa upes noneen-
uecxa repannx. Vcnexr ne e ocoeno nepoxren, no excnepn-
menrr rpxna a ce nanpann.
Hmynnara cncrema: mxcroro,
xero ce cpemar pasymr n marepnxra
3amo crpecr, nnn renecnara peaxnnx na crpeca, nnnxe
orpnnarenno npxy comarnunn onecrn xaro paxa
60
? Orro-
nopr nepoxrno e, ue crpecr orcnana nmynnara cncrema.
Hne nponsnexame nnn pasnnname paxonn xnerxn ncexn en,
no axo cme spann, re ce ynnar or nmynnara cncrema, npen
a morar a nanecar nxxaxna npea. Ho-ronemnxr nponenr
onxoonnn cpe xopara na 60-ronmna nspacr nepoxrno ce
60
Eysenck, H. J. (1988). Personality, stress and cancer. British Journal of
Medical Psychology, 61, pp. 67-75.
362 XAHC H MAHKTHAH3EHK HABHPEHHE HA HCHXHKATA
nxn na ]axra, ue nmynnara cncrema - saeno c noneuero
pyrn renecnn cncremn - crana no-manxo e]nxacna c ns-
pacrra. Tona, xoero e no-manxo nsnecrno, e, ue nmynnara cnc-
rema e cnnno nonnnxna or nenrnnre (cyennnnn na npore-
nnnre, nsnonsnann - nape c pyrn nema - sa nponsnocrno
na anrnrena) n xopmonnre. Hanpnmep xoprnsonr e xopmon,
xoro ce nponsnexa ecrecrneno or napeunnre xnesn n
orronop na crpeca. enpecnxra, xoxro e ]opma na crpec, e
cnpsana c nncoxn nnna na xoprnsona, a enn or e]exrnre na
ronemnre xonnuecrna xoprnson e norncxane na nmynnnre pe-
axnnn (n ecrnnrennocr xoprnsonr ce nsnonsna sa npeor-
nparxnane na orxnpnxnero cne rpancnnanrannn). Hocro-
xnno nncoxnre nnna na xoprnsona orcnanar nmynnara cnc-
rema. B eno nscnenane n nncrnrynnx na nspacrnn xopa,
crpaamn or nncoxo nnno na crpec, ce emoncrpnpa, ue none-
enuecxara repannx, nxnmunama npenoananero na crparernx
sa cnpanxne, ne camo ynennuana cpenara nponxnrennocr
na xnnora, no n non o cmecrneno namanxnane na nnnoro
na xoprnsona n xpnra. Konrponnara rpyna ne emoncrpnpa
resn nosnrnnnn npomenn.
Bcmnocr e]exrnre npxy nmynnara cncrema na cncem
cnan crnmynn or oxonnara cpea ca nenocpecrnenn n necno
nsmepnmn. B eno nscnenane yuacrnamnre rnear xymopnc-
rnuen nnn xonrponen nneosannc n ce nanmanar snaunmn
ynennuennx na nmynnara peaxnnx na cmemnnx ]nnm n cpan-
nenne c xonrponnnx (nmynnara peaxnnx ce mepn npen n cne
]nnma, xaro ce nsema xpn n ce mepn cronocrra na anrnrx-
noro nmynornoynnn A). Moxe n parxra Mapxc nxa
oxasann no-narornopen e]exr sa xonrpon npxy paxa, orxon-
xoro mnoro no-cxnnre n cncem ne ronxona cmemnn ]opmn
na mennnncxa nnrepnennnx!
B pyro nscnenane - rosn nr cc cryenrn - ce emoncr-
pnpa, ue cmecrnyna rxcno nsanmoornomenne mexy nacrpo-
ennero n nnnara na nmynornoynnn A, xaro peaxnnnre na
nmynnara cncrema ca no-cnan n uepnnre" nn n no-cnnnn -
n opnre".
Ome nenx oxasarencrnara, nsrnexa, nocounar ns-
moxnocrra paxr a ce pasrpomn upes nxxaxna ]opma na none-
enuecxa repannx. Axo pasymr moxe a e mannnynnpan,
cc cnrypnocr nmynnara cncrema me ro nocnena - o onpee-
nena crenen.
Hyxara or nonn noxon
Hesanncnmo or npo]nnaxrnunnre n opn neuenn ns-
moxnocrn, orxpnrn or pesynrarnre or nscnenannx or
ropecnomenarnx nn, mnoro manxo or rnena rouxa na ]n-
nancnpanero e nno nanpaneno sa ncnxonornuecxnre noxo-
n xm paxa n pyrnre xnnorosacrpamanamn onecrn, npn
rona no mnoro npocra npnunna. Oprooxcannara mennnna
nce ome e nenuana sa nexra a ce nexynar cnmnromnre, a ne
orennnre xopa, n no npnnnnn rocnocrna xnano ornome-
nne xm nxnmunanero na nnunocrra, peaxnnnre na crpec n
pyrnre ncnxoconnannn npomennnnn n onecrnnx n repanen-
rnunnx nponec. Tona ne ca xonnennnn, c xonro ca sanosnarn
noneuero nexapn - re ne ce npenoanar n mennnncxnre ynn-
nepcnrern n ne ]opmnpar uacr or mennnncxara oproox-
cannocr. Cneonarenno re ce pasrnexar c noospenne nnn
nanpano c npepascnn n ca nnmenn or nscneonarencxn
]onone. Tona e nsxnmunrenno rxno, samoro nec cmec-
rnynar snaunrennn oxasarencrna, ue resn nonn naunnn na
pasrnexane na npo]nnaxrnxara n neuennero morar a ca
nsxnmunrenno nonesnn. Mexynpemenno crornnn xnnxn
crpaannn npanxr n nensmoxnoro n rpcxr nomom or an-
repnarnnnn" n onnnamn" repannn. Crornnn xnnxn ymn-
par nenyxno, a rexnnxr xnnor n morn a ce cnacn, axo
nmame no-ronxma roronnocr sa noxpena na nscnenannxra
n resn nonn onacrn.
Hpocro rpxna a ce orxaxem or nexra sa rxnoro, npo-
rnnonocraneno na ncnxnxara, n a npnemem xnnoresara sa
enncrno na rxno-pasym-yma - rouno xaxro ]nsnnnre e rpx-
nano a ce orxaxar or nexra sa npemero n npocrpancrnoro
xaro orennn nxnocrn n cera ce sannmanar c xonrnnyym na
npocrpancrno-npeme.
Axo resn nonn nen ca na npan nr, a oxasarencrnara
couar, ue rona e raxa, Mnnncrepcrnoro na spaneonasnanero
na Bennxopnrannx n mnoro spannn n sacrpaxonarennn op-
rannsannn n pyrn crpann me nanpanxr ope, axo omncnxr
a ce sannama na nexapnre a nopxar spann nannenrnre
cn n a npecranar a nm nnamar, xoraro re ce pasonexr -
rona e cncremara, xoxro pennnre xnracxn nmneparopn ca
npnnarann cnpxmo nopnonnre cn nexapn. Tona yapenne npxy
npo]nnaxrnxara n spanero, a ne npxy neuennero na paspa-
snnara ce c nnna cnna onecr, e nsxnmunrenno npnnnexa-
renno. Axo moxem a nsxrname paxa n CCF upes noxoxma
ncnxonornuecxa repannx, nnn none a ornarame rxxnoro na-
uano c 15 nnn noneue ronnn, ne camo me ynennunm nensme-
pnmo uonemxoro macrne, no n me namannm ]nnanconoro pe-
me npxy pxanara n orennnx uonex. Henara na npenanrnn-
noro neuenne e nsxnmunrenno nncxa n cpannenne c nenara na
onnnunoro neuenne na nannenrnre c pax n CCF. Orunraxn
pacrxmnre pasxon na pxanara n uacrnoro spaneonasnane
no nennx nnnnnnsonan cnxr, cn crpyna npannrencrnara a no-
rornxr nporpamn sa narnocrnnnpane na cxnonnnre xm pas-
nnrne na pax n na CCF nnunocrnn rnnone n a npenarar npo-
]nnaxrnuna ncnxonornuecxa repannx. Hmaxn npenn oa-
ue npornnonocranxnero na mennnncxara npo]ecnx n omara
nnepnnx na nxnmuennre mpoxpannn, rona nourn cc cn-
rypnocr e ena or onesn nen, unero npeme ome ne e omno.
24
Hpec1snnenne n naxasanne
Or 1859 r., xoraro uapns apnnn nynnxyna cnoxra reo-
pnx sa enonmnnxra n ycranonxna, ue uonemxnre cmecrna ca
nponsnesnn or no-nncmnre nonornunn nnone, ncnuxn nsc-
neonarenn n xymannrapnnre nayxn e rpxnano a nsemar npe-
nn xnnornncxoro nacnecrno na Homo sapiens, a rona naxn c
nnna cnna sa nsnecrnnx amepnxancxn nenpo]nsnonor H. .
Maxnnn. uonemxnxr mosx e xcno pasenen na rpn uacrn -
xoraro ce nanpann ncexnnx, re morar a ce nnxr c npocro
oxo - ncxxa or xonro ce e pasnnna n pasnnuno npeme n namara
nra uonemxa n npeuonemxa ncropnx. Maxnnn napnua uo-
nemxnx mosx rpnennen", nnn mosx or rpn uacrn
61
.
Ha-orony e nponronarnxr mosx n onnara uacr na
rnannnx mosx, xoxro Maxnnn napnua nneuyron mosx". To-
na e na-crapara uacr or rnannnx mosx or rnena rouxa na
enonmnnxra n nna o nac or namnre npaponrenn - nneuyrn-
re. Ha nero n orpmaxn ro, e naneoxoprexcr, nnn nnmnu-
nara cncrema - mosuna crpyxrypa, xoxro ce e pasnnna no-
xcno n ynpannxna nspasxnanero na emonnnre. Ha nere
crpyxrypn n ornono orpmaxn rn, ce namnpa neoxoprexcr -
cnnoro nemecrno, xoero e na-ocnonnara pasrpannuanama nn
ornnxa or xnnornncxnre nn ponnnn. Hmenno neoxoprexcr
nn nosnonxna a pascxaname nornuno, a nsnonsname esn-
61
Maclean, P. D. (1973). A Triune Concept of the Brain and Behavior.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
xa n a nacxounm rpannnnre na nonornunara enonmnnx.
Hacnexname no-ronxmara uacr or rennre cn, no nacnexname
n xynrypara. Pasnpa ce, resn rpn uacrn na mosxa xomynn-
xnpar ena c pyra, no nnpexn rona nmar orennn ]ynxnnn n
nnxaxn onnr sa oxcnxnane na uonemxara xynrypa ne moxe
a e ycnemen, axo ne nsema npenn resn pasnnunx.
Pacrexr na neoxoprexca e nanpannn nsmoxnn nsanmoc-
npsannre ]ynxnnn na pascxennxra n esnxa, no r xaro
nponsrnuar or orenna", no-xcna crpyxrypa, re nxmar oco-
ena cnna npxy nnmnunara cncrema na naneoxoprexca n emo-
nnnre, xonro rx ynpannxna. Cmenpemenno nnmnunara cnc-
rema cmo nma esnx, no rona e esnxr na Hannonoro oycna-
nxne. Honeuero xopa ca sanosnarn c npouyrnx excnepnmenr
na Hannon, n xoro ro oycnanx xyuera a orenxr cnmnxa
npn snyxa na snnen, xaro mnoroxparno ro cuerana c xpana.
Cne onpeenen po raxnna cueranannx xyuerara sanounar
a orenxr cnmnxa npn snyxa na snnena, maxap ue ne nm e
aena xpana. 3nauennero na excnepnmenra na Hannon uecro
ce sapanx. To e naxen, samoro noxasna, ue emonnnre n ]n-
snuecxnre peaxnnn morar a ce oycnanxr no enn n cm na-
unn (nx. ocma rnana). Tona npann reopnxra sa oycnanxnero
penenanrna na mannnynnpanero na uonemxoro noneenne, n
uacrnocr rpernpanero na xpnmnnannoro noneenne. B ecr-
nnrennocr ne e rnpe mamana renepannsannx a ce xaxe,
ue ena aexnarna reopnx sa npecrnnoro noneenne, xaxro n
aexnarnara reopnx sa nenposara, sanncn n orpomna crenen
or excnepnmenrnre na Hannon c oycnanxnero. Hexa oaue
npno naxparxo cnomenem ne anrepnarnnnn reopnn, nnro e-
na or xonro - cnope ope oocnonanoro nn mnenne - ncm-
nocr ne oxcnxna npecrnnoro noneenne.
Connonornuecxnxr
n ncnxoanannrnunnxr noxo
Connonornuecxara reopnx cnpsna npecrnnocrra c ra-
xnna ]axropn xaro enocr, nepanencrno na orarcrnoro, xa-
nnrannsm, nomn nronn ycnonnx n r.n. Hpes nocnennre ue-
rnpnecernna ronnn ncnuxn resn ]axropn cranar nce no-cna-
n n ocnonnnre enponecxn crpann n n CAB. B rosn nepno
nma cna na omoro orarcrno, npnrexanano or na-ropnnre
10% or nacenennero. B Enpona n CAB nma no-ronxmo panen-
crno, no-opn nronn ycnonnx n no-nncox xnsnen cranapr.
Cneonarenno cnope connonornuecxara xnnoresa npecrn-
nocrra n rpxnano a e namanxna. B ecrnnrennocr oxasa-
rencrnara ca yenrennn: rx e napacnana, n nxxon cnyuan mno-
roxparno. Tona, nsrnexa, oopna nexra, ue nxonomnuecxn-
re nnmennx npnunnxnar npecrnnocrra. Hcrnncxnre reopnn
rpxna npennsno a npornosnpar nocnecrnnxra.
Hcnxoanannrnunara reopnx pasrnexa npecrnnoro no-
neenne xaro nonn na nenpornunoro, npnunneno or nn]an-
rnnnn xomnnexcn, neunmn upes ncnxoanannrnunara repannx.
Hpocro me cnomenem ne nscnenannx, xonro npornnopeuar
na rasn xnnoresa. Hpnoro e nscnenanero n Kempnx-Co-
mpnnn, n xoero ronxm po norennnanno ennanrnn mnae-
xn or Focrn, Macauyserc, ca pasenenn no cnyuaen naunn na
ne rpynn. Excnepnmenrannara rpyna nonyuana cmecrneno
ncnxoanannrnuno pxonocrno, nnrepnperannx n repannx, a
xonrponnara rpyna - ne. Haexara e, ue ncnxoanannrnunara
repannx me ecrna xaro npenanrnnen ]axrop. Cne xaro rpy-
nnre ca npocneenn sa nepno or 30 ronnn oaue, pesynrarnre
ce oxasnar npornnononoxnn na npornosnpanoro or reopnxra.
Pasnnunxra, xonro ca orxpnrn, ca n nonsa na xonrponnara
rpyna; rpynara, nonyunna ncnxoanannrnuna repannx, e ns-
npmnna noneue npecrnnennx or xonrponnara rpyna.
Ho cmara nornxa sarnopr Ipenn Tnpy" nn Be-
nnxopnrannx e csaen, sa a ocnrypxna na sarnopnnnnre
ncnxorepanenrnuno neuenne n napanrmara na ncnxoanann-
sara. Pennnnnsmr n Ipenn" ce cpannxna c rosn na rnnn-
uen crapomoen sarnop (Oxc]op). Kaxro noxasna ]nrypa 1,
pennnnnsmr e aconmrno nenrnuen sa nonoxenara na ncn-
xoanannrnuna repannx rpyna n sa rpynara, xoxro ne e repa-
nenrnpana. Cmecrnynar mnoro oxasarencrna, xonro noxas-
nar, ue ncnxoanannrnunara nnrepnperannx na npecrnnocrra
ne orronapx na ]axrnre n ue ncnxoanannrnunoro neuenne e
nepenenanrno sa peynnpane na npecrnnoro noneenne.
Hpecrnnennero nomo
nnn neaexnarno oycnanxne nn e?
Teopnxra sa oycnanxnero no ornomenne na npecrnnocr-
ra oaue cornercrna mnoro no-ope na ]axrnre. B nmero na
xparxocrra npecrannxme reopnxra mnoro no-ormarnuno, or-
xonxoro nxme ncxann, n unrarennre morar a ce xoncynrn-
par c xnnrara na X. x. Asenx Crime and Personality (Hpec-
rnnocr n nnunocr") sa no-eranno nsnoxenne
62
. Hpnnxr
nynxr, xoro rpxna a ce noueprae, e, ue npancrnenoro no-
neenne ne e pesynrar or pannonannn pemennx n ne ce nnnxe
ocoeno or pannonannn copaxennx. Mnoro manxo or resn,
xonro nsnpmnar npecrnnennx, ca xnamann n naxasnann -
rona e mnpoxo nsnecren ]axr. Bcexn, xoro oprannsnpa xn-
nora cn n uncro pannonanna nocoxa, n morn a nsepe n
62
Eysenck, H. J. (1977). Crime and Personality. London: Routledge & Kegan
Paul.
xnnor na npecrnnennx, r xaro e no-nepoxrno ro a ro
nsnrne marepnanno, orxonxoro xnnorr, nsnnnen c opo-
erenn. Cneonarenno ncrnncxnxr nnpoc e: 3amo ornocnren-
no manxo xopa nsnpmnar npecrnnennx, xoraro narpanre
ca ronxona nenocpecrnenn n ouennnn, a nepoxrnocrra or
naxasanne - ronxona aneuna?
Orronopr - cnope nac - ce xpne n nonxrnero cnecr",
cxnamano ne xaro pennrnosen mexannsm, nmenen nn or For,
a xaro ycnonna peaxnnx, nmnnanrnpana naroapenne na -
nr nepno na xnacnuecxo (Hannono") oycnanxne. a pasr-
neame cnrnxra, xonro ce cnyunar, xoraro manxoro ere pac-
re. To, ecrecrneno, ce pxn nomo n e eroncrnuno, anrnconn-
anno n neuecrno. Bnnarn xoraro ce pxn no rosn naunn, e
naxasnano or ponrennre, yunrennre, npcrnnnnre nnn xo-
ro ce cnyun nannso. Taxona naxasanne, xaxnoro n a e ro -
nnecnnna, croene n rna, nxrane es neuepx - e onesneno n
nenpnxrno. Cneonarenno nanmaname nocroxnna nepnra or
cnrnx. Hpno uoea.vc.oeuum cmu+v. - snyxr na snnena
n excnepnmenra na Hannon, no n cnyuax c erero rona e nero-
noro namepenne a nsnpmn anrnconnanen axr n ecrnnren-
noro my nsnpmnane. Besvc.oeuum cmu+v., cornercrnam
na noxnara na xpanara n excnepnmenra na Hannon, e naxasa-
nnero, aeno or ponrennre, yunrennre nnn npcrnnnnre. Be-
svc.oeuama pearu, cornercrnama na orenxnero na cnmnxa
or xyuerara na Hannon, e onxara, rpenoxnocrra n crpaxr,
xonro naxasannero npensnnxna y erero. Cnope Hannonnre
npnnnnnn ycnonnnxr crnmyn rpxna a ce cnpxe -cne
penna ennson na noxpennenne - c esycnonnara peaxnnx,
raxa ue cne nsnecrno npeme anrnconnannoro namepenne nnn
noneenne n rpxnano a ce cnpxe c rpenoxnocrra, ns-
nnxnama onxnoneno or naxasannero. Tasn rpenoxnocr, c-
uerana c namepennero a ce nsnpmn nxxaxna anrnconnanna
enocr, e rona, xoero onxnoneno napnuame cnecr" n mno-
ro e]nxacno npeun na noneuero xopa a ce nnycxar n anrnco-
nnannn n npecrnnn enocrn, maxap ue e nsmoxno re a ne
morar a ce orxpnxr n a nm nocxr ronemn npenmcrna.
3a mnoro xopa rona oxcnenne moxe n naapxna oycna-
nxnero c mnoro no-ronxma cnna, orxonxoro nsrnexa ocro-
nepno, n e nsmoxno a orxnpnxr reopnxra na rasn ocnona.
Cmenpemenno nma excnepnmenrannn oxasarencrna, xonro
noxasnar, ue ycnonnnre peaxnnn ca nsxnmunrenno momnn n
csananero na connannsnpano noneenne. Taxnna ca nanpn-
mep nscnenannxra na P. JI. Conomon n neronnre xonern
63
, ns-
npmenn c mnoro manxn ena n c xyuenna. Tyx npocro me
pasxaxem naxparxo rexnnre nscnenannx c xyuenna, no pe-
synrarnre nm c manxn ena ca enaxno nneuarnxnamn.
Knmuon excnepnmenr:
pasnnrnero na cnecr"
Haxparxo, ero xaxno npann Conomon. Kyuennara, rnayna-
nn n nponxenne na nxn en, ce nnacxr n crax, n xoxro excne-
pnmenraropr cen na cron, nma unnnx, nnna c napeno xon-
cxo meco (xoero xyuennara mnoro onuar) nxcno or crona, n
unnnx, nnna c rorona xyuemxa xpana (xoxro xyuennara ne
xapecnar ocoeno) nnxno or crona. Excnepnmenraropr pxn
crnar necrnnx n xcnara cn pxa n nnnarn, xoraro xyuenna-
ra ce onnrnar a xar or xoncxoro meco - rona ro nponsnon-
no e pemnn, ue me npecrannxna anrnconnanna enocr, xox-
ro rpxna a ce oescpuana - ro rn norynna no sannnara c
necrnnxa. 3aenexere, ue rona naxasanne" e nexo n ncm-
nocr ne nanacx npea na xyuennara n ne nm npnunnxna ocoe-
na onxa; ro npocro oosnauana neyononcrnnero na excne-
pnmenraropa. Cne nxxonxo onnra sa xannane or cnapenoro
xoncxo meco xyuennara sanounar a xar roronara xyuemxa
xpana, npn rona ca ocra neononnn. Tona sanpmna excnepn-
menra sa enx n ce nonrapx o xpax na cemnnara.
Cnenamnxr eran or excnepnmenra sanouna n nauanoro
na cnenamara cemnna. Tosn nr excnepnmenraropr orccr-
na, xoraro xyuennara - ornono nnmenn or xpana sa 24 uaca, ca
nxapann n craxra; nmecro rona ro nanmana cnenara npes
63
Solomon, R. L. (1964). Punishment. American Psychologist, 19, pp.
239-253; Solomon, R. L., Turner, L. H., & Lessac, H. S. (1968). Some
effects of delay of punishment on resistance to temptation in dogs. Jour-
nal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, pp. 233-238.
enonocouno orneano. Cnapenoro xoncxo meco e ram, sa a
cn xannar, axo ncxar; ram e n mnoro manxa nopnnx or rorona
xyuemxa xpana. Kaxno me nanpanxr cera xyuennara, cne xaro
ca ocnooenn or npnccrnnero na excnepnmenraropa n
ouennno morar a npenepernar connannsnpamoro" my nnnx-
nne? Vcnonnara cnecr" na xyuennara me rn naxapa nn a
ecrnar cpemy xenannxra n nncrnnxrnre cn? Hpn noneuero
or rxx crana rouno rona: re onxanxr n xpr cnapenoro xonc-
xo meco n ro rnear c xonnex, no xar or roronara xyuemxa
xpana n ocranxr xoncxoro meco neoxocnaro. Hxxonxo ce no-
anar na nsxymennero, no orpomnoro mnosnncrno ne ro npann.
Cne nononnn uac xyuennara ca npnarn n xonnxara cn, rnay-
nar ome 24 uaca, a cne rona ornono ca nxapann n craxra n ce
nonrapx cmara nponeypa. Tosn nr ome nxxonxo pemanar
a cn xannar or cnapenoro xoncxo meco, no mnosnncrnoro npo-
nxana a ce cnpornnnxna na nsxymennero. Kasano naxpar-
xo, nsrnexa, ue mnoro or xyuennara no-cxopo nxa ympenn
or rna, orxonxoro a ecrnar npornnno na oycnonenara
,cnecr", nmnnanrnpana nm or excnepnmenraropa (pasnpa
ce, ro ne nosnonxna a ce cnyun rona n xyuennara ca naxpane-
nn mnoro npen a ce crnrne o ymnpane or rna). 3aenexe-
re oaue, ue mnoro nexoro naxasanne", esycnonnnxr crnmyn,
saecrna ocraruno cnnna ycnonna peaxnnx sa mnoro or xy-
uennara, sa a npenouerar cmprra npe npocrnx axr na ns-
npmnanero na onona, xoero nononpnonrara nm cnecr"
sapanxna. o ronxma crenen raxn pesynrar ce nonyuana n c
manxn ena, raxa ue ne nxme mornn yono a orxnpnnm
excnepnmenra xaro npnnoxnm enncrneno o xnnornnre.
Or xyuennara xm xopara
Tona, pasnpa ce, e camo ena nnmcrpannx na reopnxra sa
,cnecrra". Harpynan e orpomen excnepnmenranen marepn-
an, xoro coun, ue rasn reopnx e axo ne 100 nponenra nxpna,
ro none na npan nr. Tx nocxasna ne nema. Hpno, npnun-
nara a nmame raxona orpomno ynennuenne na npecrnnocr-
ra cne Bropara cneronna nona moxe n npocro e, ue npes
nocnennre 40 ronnn omnxr xnnmar na cnnsxonrennocr"
e namannn pox na oycnanxmnre" npexnnxnannx, xonro e-
nara nmar n pnere na ponrennre n yunrennre. C pyrn y-
mn, xonnuecrnoro connanno oycnanxne e namanxno. Tona an-
romarnuno namanxna cnnara na cnecrra" na erero n cnnno
ynennuana nepoxrnocrra - n cpannenne c npcrnnnnre my npe-
n nonara - a ce nnycxa n anrnconnannn nnn xpnmnnannn
enocrn. Ornono: cmecrnyna orpomen marepnan or nanm-
ennx, xonro noxpenxr rasn xnnoresa. Hsrnexa, nxma cm-
nenne, ue yunnnmara, n xonro ce npaxrnxyna no-cnnna cnns-
xonrennocr" n nnepannsm", nmar no-ronxm nponenr orx-
nonxnamo ce n xpnmnnanno noneenne cpe yuennnnre, or-
xonxoro resn, n xonro armoc]epara e no-]opmanna, crapo-
mona" n ne ronxona laissez-faire*. Tyx nxma mxcro a ce nnyc-
xame nn ncnuxn excnepnmenrn n nscnenannx, xonro nox-
penxr rona cranonnme.
Bropnxr nynxr no ornomenne na reopnxra sa cnecrra"
e, ue rx moxe a ce cnpxe c rpernpanero na npecrnnnnnre,
nesanncnmo ann ca ena, manonernn nnn nspacrnn. Tx npe-
nara meron, upes xonro moxe a ce npomenn rxxnoro anrn-
connanno n npecrnno noneenne, raxa ue a cranar no-conn-
annsnpann uonemxn cmecrna cc cornernara cnecr". To-
na, xoero e neoxonmo, ne e ncnxoanannrnuna repannx na
necmecrnynamn xomnnexcn n nenposn, nnro nx nepannn
npnsnnn xm pasyma n no-opara npnpoa" na npecrnnnnre
mopana n saxona. Hyxno e npocro a ce ocnrypn onona,
xoero e nnncnano n rxxnoro nsnnranne: noxoxm po cny-
uan, sa a moxe a ce ocmecrnn oycnanxnero.
Cnmnonnara nxonomnxa
Hma mnoro naunnn, no xonro moxe a ce nocrnrne non-
ropno oycnanxne, n enn or rxx e cnmnonnara nxonomnxa".
Tasn xonnennnx npnonauanno e nneena or anrnncxn ne-
Ayllon, T. & Azrin, N. (1968). The Token Economy. New York: Appleton-
Century-Crofts. (Or ]pencxn - nnepanen, yraxam, ronepanren, mn-
nocrnn, cnnsxonrenen. - Fen. npen.)
nonor*, xoro nponexa nscnenannxra cn npen noneue or
enn nex - Mxonxn or Hop]onx Ann. Hop]onx Ann
e naxasarenna xononnx o peronere na Ancrpannx, xero ca
nsnpamann nsnpmnnnre na-rexxn npecrnnennx nn Be-
nnxopnrannx. Koraro Mxonxn npncrnra ram, orxpnna, ue
ornomennero xm sarnopnnnnre e neuonemxo, xecroxo n snep-
cxo. Hop]onx Ann, aneu or nxxaxno pe]opmnpamo nnn-
xnne, csana nncoxa crenen na pennnnnsm.
Mxonxn nnexa cncrema or rouxn, xonro sarnopnn-
nnre morar a neuenxr, xaro paorxr ycnneno, ne ce nxr n
na-omo xasano, xaro ce pxar connannsnpano; naxasann-
ero e nnmanane or rouxn. Mnoro cxopo e]exrr or rosn pe-
xnm e nnnm. 3arnopnnnnre sanounar a ce pxar mnoro
no-ope, orxonxoro xoraro ca nnn pyranno naxasnann. E-
naxno nnnmn ca e]exrnre na cncremara npxy pennnnnsma.
Or noncemecrnnre cnnerencxn pasxasn - opn n or xpnrnnnre
my - ce nnxa, ue Mxonxn e ycnxn a nrnnn y sarnopnn-
nnre nonxrnx or connannsnpanoro noneenne, xonro npon-
xanar a cmecrnynar n cne npecrox nm n sarnopa. 3a cxa-
nenne ycnnnxra my sa penonmnnonnsnpane na cncremara na
sarnopnre ca araxynann nenpexcnaro n n xpana cmerxa ca
ocyerenn or pnrancxnx Xoym O]nc**, xoro ro ocnooxa-
na or nocra my.
He ronxona oranna cnmnonna nxonomnxa or rosn nn e
nsnponana or amepnxancxn ncnxonosn c mnoro pasnnunn
rpynn, npenmno manonernn npanonapymnrenn. Pasnpa ce,
nscnenanero na pesynrarnre e rpyno n me ca nyxnn ome
mnoro ronnn na npocnexnane, npen a ysnaem nnnoro na
ycnex nnn nponan na resn onnrn. Bnpexn rona neue moxe a
ce xaxe, ue cnmnonnara nxonomnxa - axo ce npnnara xaxro
rpxna - moxe a namann pennnnnsma cpe mnanre npanona-
pymnrenn o oxono 50% sa nepno or rpn ronnn, cne xaro
ca ocnooenn or sarnopa. Tona, pasnpa ce, cncem ne e cro-
uonex, xoro nsyuana reopnxra n npaxrnxara na ynpannennero na
sarnopnre. - Fen. npen.
Mnnncrepcrnoro na nrpemnnre paorn na Bennxopnrannx. - Fen.
npen.
nponenron ycnex, no axo nxnara sarnopnnuecxa nonynannx mo-
xe a ce namann nanononnna, camo cnecrennre rnapn me nann-
manar xnnxn nrn pasxonre no nnexanero na cncremara
64
.
Ho-nonnre nscnenannx onxnoneno ce oraneuanar or
npensnnrannero na npecrnnnnn n nncrnrynnn xaro Fopc-
rnc"* nnn sarnopnre no npocrara npnunna, ue n nncrnrynn-
nre rpynnre or pannn no craryc ca cnnen npornnoecrnam
]axrop na nponeypnre no nonropnoro oycnanxne. B raxana
cpea ncnuxn onnrn sa nonropno oycnanxne onxnoneno no-
xpenxr n opn sacnnnar npecrnnnre cxnonnocrn na onrare-
nnre. Hsrnexa, nxma cmnenne, ue mnoro moxe a ce xaxe
sa nponeca na enncrnrynnonannsannx". Ocnen rona rx e mnoro
no-enrnna. B nxxon or excnepnmenrnre, npanenn n CAB, ce
ycranonxna, ue nonn ncnxonornuecxn meron sa npensnn-
ranne, npnnarann nsnn nncrnrynnnre, ne camco crpynar 66%
no-manxo or nenara na rpannnonnnre mepxn, no n ca mnoro
no-ycnemnn n npeornparxnanero na pennnnnsma. Hesann-
cnmo or rona noneuero enponecxn crpann ne emoncrpnpar
ocoen nnrepec xm resn npenomnn orxpnrnx.
He xenaem a npeynennuaname ycnexa, xocro neue e noc-
rnrnar. Tona, xoero e nanpaneno ocera, moxe a ne e npnno-
xnmo npn ncnuxn rnnone sarnopnnnn. Vcnemnoro n Amepnxa
e nsmoxno a ne paorn nn Bennxopnrannx nnn Iepma-
nnx. Hcxame oaue a nsnrnem nexra, ue nscneonarencxn
onnrn n manx mama n rpxnano a ce npanxr c noxoxmnre
npanonapymnrenn, ocoeno manonernn, sa a ce nponepxr
resn meron n a ce nnn o xaxna crenen ycnexnre na namnre
amepnxancxn xonern morar a ce nonropxr n pyrae.
64
Century-Crofts; Sarason, J. G. (1978). A cognitive sociall learning approach
to juvenile delinquency. In Hare, R. D. & Schalling, B. (Eds.). Psycho-
pathic Behavior. London: Wiley; Stumphauzer, J. S.. (1973). Behavior
Therapy with Delinquents. Springfield: C. C. Thomas; Stumphauzer, J. S.
(1973). Progress in Behavior Therapy with Delinquents. Springfield: C. C.
Thomas.
* Fpnrancxo pe]opmaropcxo yunnnme sa mnaexn na nspacr or 16 o
22 ronnn. - Fen. npen.
Cmecrnyna nn npecrnna nnunocr?
Ha xaprnnara na npecrnnocrra, xoxro ouepraxme oce-
ra, nnncnar onpeenenn naxnn xapaxrepncrnxn. Hpnara or
rxx e cnpsana c nponema sa nnunocrra. uecro ce nsxasna
mnennero, ue npecrnnnnnre ce xapaxrepnsnpar c onpeene-
nn nnunocrnn npo]nnn n nec nma connnn oxasarencrna n
noxpena na rona cranonnme.
Bropo, pasnnunnre xopa nmar pasnnuna npepasnonoxenocr
xm pso n cnnno ]opmnpane na ycnonnn peaxnnn. Hannon na-
nmana rona npn xyuerara. Hxxon ]opmnpar aconnannxra mexy
snnena n cnmnoorenxnero camo cne ner cnyuax na npsxa mexy
snnena n xpanara, oxaro na pyrn ca nyxnn 100 nnn opn 200
nnn 300 cnyuax, npen a ]opmnpar ycnonnara peaxnnx,
Teopnxra nocxasna - n mnoxecrno excnepnmenrn ro e-
moncrpnpar - ue nnrponeprnpannre xopa cn ]opmnpar ycnon-
nn peaxnnn mnoro no-necno, orxonxoro excrpaneprnre (nx.
ocma rnana). Xopara, xonro ca connannnn, nmnyncnnnn, es-
rpnxnn n no npnnnnn pyxenmnn n noneennero cn, mnoro
no-rpyno ]opmnpar ycnonnn peaxnnn.
]nrypa 2 noxasna pesynrarnre or excnepnmenr, ocmec-
rnen c xopa n nnmcrpnpam nnnmn pasnnunx mexy excrpa-
neprn n nnrponeprn. Excnepnmenrr nsnonsna pe]nexca na
mnranero, r.e. sarnapxnero na xnenaunre, xoraro xm poro-
nnnara ce nacoun nsymna crpyx. Hscnenannre nnna nocxr
cnennannn ounna, xonro upes msa n rymen mapxyu ca cnpsa-
nn c nnmen nsrounnx na nsyx - n raxa xm poronnnara na
oxoro moxe a ce nacouna nsymna crpyx. Vcnonnnxr crn-
myn e ron, nycxan no cnymanxn, a excnepnmenrr ce ccron
or nsmepnane na sarnapxnero na xnenaunre n orronop na sny-
xa. Hpnonauanno nxma peaxnnx, no cne xaro ronr mno-
roxparno e nocnenan or nsymna crpyx, nscnenanoro nnne
nocrenenno ce oycnanx a pearnpa na rona cc sarnapxne na
xnenaunre (rona sarnapxne ne e nonena peaxnnx; nonennre pe-
axnnn ca mnoro no-annn or ycnonnnre n cneonarenno mnoro
xcno morar a ce n]epennnpar or rxx).
Oxasna ce, ue nnrponeprnre ca noueprano no-psn n na-
yuananero a mnrar n cpannenne c excrpaneprnre. C pyrn y-
mn, re ce oycnanxr" no-necno. Cneonarenno moxem a ouax-
name excrpaneprnre a ca no-rpynn sa oycnanxne n n pyrn
ornomennx, a orryx - axo ncnuxn ocranann ycnonnx ca enax-
nn - a e no-nepoxrno a ce nnycxar n anrnconnanno nonee-
nne. Hma mnoxecrno nscnenannx, xonro noxasnar, ue rona e
raxa, n nscnenannre nnna n rxx nxnmunar yuennnn, mnomn n
xopa n spxna nspacr.
pyra nnunocrna uepra, cnoenxna or npecrnnnnnre n
nnnara, xonro ce nnycxar n anrnconnanno noneenne, e cnn-
nara emonnonannocr, r.e. cnpxorxnnxnanero na nnmnunara
cncrema (asnpana n naneoxoprexca), xoxro xonrponnpa ns-
pasxnanero na emonnnre. Hma n pyrn nnunocrnn ueprn, xon-
ro cmo ca cnpsann c npecrnnocrra, no ryx ne e neoxon-
mo a nannnsame n erann, sa a noxpennm resara, ue anrn-
connannoro noneenne e cnnno cnpsano c onpeenenn nnu-
nocrnn rnnone.
Tasn npsxa ce orxpnna ne camo n sananoenponecxnre
crpann n CAB, no n n Hsrouna Enpona, nanpnmep Vnrapnx, n
n crpannre or Tpernx cnxr xaro Hnnx. C pyrn ymn, npsxa-
ra ne e xynrypno erepmnnnpana, xaxro nxa ncxann a nxp-
nar nxxon mapxcncrxn mncnnrenn, a e ynnnepcanno nannna.
Ienernunnxr xomnonenr
na npecrnnocrra
nec e ope ycranonen ]axr, ue nnunocrnnre nsmepennx,
sa xonro crana yma ryx, ce xopenxr n renernunnx crpoex na
nnnnna, xaro renernunnre ]axropn oxcnxnar oxono rpn
uernprn or omoro xonnuecrno nsmenunnocr, a ]axropnre
na cpeara oxcnxnar oxono ena uernpr. Tona nocxasna,
ue npecrnnoro noneenne, noono na nnrennrenrnocrra,
nma renernuen xomnonenr n nancrnna oxasarencrnara na-
nnno nornpxanar rona cranonnme.
Ena nnnnx na oxasarencrna nna or nscnenannxra na
enonnunn n pasnoxunn nnsnann. B npoyunannxra or rosn
nn ncnxonorr ornna n sarnopa, sa a npernea ocnerara na
ncnuxn sarnopnnnn n a orxpne xon or rxx ca nnsnann. Cne
rona rpcn pyrnx nnsnax, sa a orxpne ann ro e enox-
uen nnn pasnoxuen n ann cmo nma npecrnno noneenne
(ann n ro e napymanan saxona). T xaro enonnunnre nns-
nann nmar 100% oma nacnecrnenocr, cpannena cpeno ca-
mo c 50% npn pasnoxunnre nnsnann, moxe a ce ouaxna, ue
enoxunnre nnsnann emoncrpnpar no-cnnna xonxopan-.
rnocr" (crnacynanocr), orxonxoro pasnoxunnre, axo nacne-
crnenocrra e n ocnonara na npecrnnoro noneenne. nec nma
oxono ysnna nscnenannx or rosn nn, ocmecrnenn n mnoro
pasnnunn crpann. Vnnnepcannnxr pesynrar e, ue enoxunnre
nnsnann emoncrpnpar xonxopanrnocr" (crnacynanocr)
uernpn nrn no-uecro or pasnoxunnre. Cneonarenno pa-
rr na npecrnnnx nnsnax e uernpn nrn no-nepoxrno cmo
a e npecrnnnx, axo e enoxuen, a ne pasnoxuen nnsnax.
pyrara nnnnx na oxasarencrna nna or nscnenannx na
ocnnonenn ena. enara, ocnnonenn pano n xnnora, nonyuanar
renernunnx cn arax or nonornunnre cn ponrenn, a cpeara
cn - or ocnnonnrennre. Koe or nere e no-cnnno n erepmnnn-
panero na npecrnnoro nnn nenpecrnnoro noneenne, oxaro
pacrar? Hpenenxnaxn no nxxonxo nscnenannx n pasnnunn
crpann, nsrnexa, ue renernunnxr xomnonenr e mnoro no-na-
xen. Ocnnonennre ena onxnoneno ce pxar mnoro cxono c
naunna, no xoro ca ro npannnn nonornunnre nm ponrenn,
orxonxoro na ocnnonnrennre. H ryx moxe a ce noxaxe, ue
cpeara nma no-ronxmo snauenne or nacnecrnenocrra, maxap
ue n nere ca naxnn n nrpaxr ponx n npnunnxnanero na anrnco-
nnannoro noneenne. Tyx nouepraxme renernunnre acnexrn,
samoro npes nocnennre 50 ronnn ce nanmana renennnxra
a ce axnenrnpa npxy cpeara sa cmerxa na rennre.
Cera moxem a nnnm samo xannar-pe]opmaropnre ca
orxpnnn, ue e ronxona rpyno a ce npomenn npecrnnoro no-
neenne, a ce mannnynnpa mornnannxra n noneennero n npa-
nonapymnrennre a ce yexanar a cranar ynaxanamn saxo-
na rpaxann. Cmecrnyna cnnen renernuen ]axrop, nsec-
rnam upes ocra npnmnrnnna uacr na mosxa (naneoxoprex-
ca), xoxro ronopn na mnoro pasnnuen esnx n e uyxa na esnxa
na pasyma, onenxnan or neoxoprexca. 3arona pannonannnxr
noxo - anennpam xm pasyma n uyncrnoro sa connanna or-
ronopnocr - ronxona uecro ce e nponanxn, cmo xaxro n no-
opnre nronn n connannn ycnonnx n ncnxoanannrnunnre ane-
nn xm escsnarennoro. Axo ncxame a ycneem, me rpxna
a ce nayunm a ronopnm na esnxa na naneoxoprexca n a or-
xpnem xax a npnnarame saxonnre na oycnanxnero xm npo-
nemnre, npe xonro nn nsnpanx npecrnnocrra.
Honropno oycnanxne cpemy naxasanne
Tona e oesxypaxanama saaua, no nauanoro e nocraneno
n ycnex - maxap n orpannuen - neue e nocrnrnar. Tesara, xox-
ro ncxame a nsnrnem ryx, uecro e pasnpana norpemno. Xo-
para ca cxnonnn a cxauar xm saxnmuennero, ue reopnxra sa
oycnanxnero, xoxro onncaxme, onpanana nnamxoro naxa-
sanne. He e raxa. Mnoro ce snae sa e]exrnre or naxasannero
n rona, xoero nsnxna na ncnuxo, e, ue xecroxoro naxasanne
ynennuana emonnonannoro pearnpane, xoero neue e uacr or
npoennx xapaxrep na npecrnnnxa, n moxe a nnomn nema-
ra, a ne a rn nonpann
65
. Cnomnere cn, ue n excnepnmenra na
Conomon c xyuennara naxasannero - nexo norynnane cc cr-
nar necrnnx - e mnoro cnao - ronxona cnao, ue ena nn
npecrannxna naxasanne. Camo xoraro ce npnnarar ornocn-
renno nexn naxasannx nnn narpan npn crporo xonrponnpann
ycnonnx, ce nonyuanar xenannre pesynrarn. Teopnxra sa oyc-
nanxnero ne onpanana ocoeno xecroxo ornomenne xm npec-
rnnnnnre, maxap ue ne onpanana n rnesenero nm.
pyr or pesynrarnre na Conomon c xyuennara cmo npe-
crannxna nnrepec n nma npaxrnuecxo snauenne. Oycnanxnero
na xyuennara a pasnnxr cnnna cnecr" e mnoro no-ycnemno,
axo excnepnmenraropr ocnen rona e n uonexr, xoro npen
excnepnmenra rn xpannn n ce rpnxen sa rxx. C pyrn ymn,
npenapnrennara nnuna npsxa mexy uonexa n xnnornoro e
nanpannna nponeca na oycnanxne mnoro no-e]exrnnen. Tona
nocxasna, ue e]exrnnnoro nacaxane na cnecr" y xopara
rpxna a e saaua na ponrennre, a ne na nxxo pyr, n ue
ncxxo naxasanne rpxna a ce npncxa na ]ona na nmon n
npnnpsanocr, axo ncxame a nocrnrnem xenannre pesynrarn.
Or rnena rouxa na npeornparxnanero na orxnonxnamoro
ce noneenne n npecrnnennxra e xnsnenonaxno rona nocna-
nne a ocrnrne o ponrennre. B rasn nnepanna" enoxa mnoro
ponrenn nsxrnar sanxennero cn a npeaar connannoro
nocnanne na xynrypara cn na cnonre ena. Camo axo ponrennre
npnemar n nsnnnxnar rona sanxenne, moxem a npenasnm
nnnnnnsannxra cn or ome no-noxa erpaannx.
Hpn xoncynrnpanero na ponrenn, yunrenn n pyrn nnacr-
nmamn sa nyxara or -]opmnpane na cnecr" y enara upes
nponec na oycnanxne e naxno a ce nma npenn ome enn or
pesynrarnre na Conomon.
To orxpnna, ue pasno.aeauemo ee epe+emo na norynna-
nero cc crnarnx necrnnx e nsxnmunrenno naxno. Axo ro ce
npann, oxaro xyuennero ce npnnnxana o cnapenoro xyuem-
65
Walters, G. C. & Grusec, J. E. (1977). Punishment. San Francisco: W. H.
Freeman.
xo meco n npen a e sanounano a xe, nma e]exr na sapx-
xa. Kyuennara ce nayuanar a ne ce onnxanar o mecoro n
a ro xar, xoero, pasnpa ce, e nenra na nsnnrannero na
cnecr". Axo norynnanero ce nanpann no-xcno, cne xaro re
ca sanounann a xar, pesynrarr e pamarnuno pasnnuen. Oc-
ranenn camn, xyuennara ce onnxanar n xar or mecoro, no
cne rona emoncrpnpar cnnnn cnnerencrna sa nnna (xaro
nsxrnar excnepnmenraropa, npomxnar ce n rnnre n ce p-
xar raxa, cxxam ocsnanar, ue ca nanpannnn nemo nepeno).
Cneonarenno, nsrnexa, ue nenanpemennoro nnn norpemno
npnnarano oycnanxne moxe a non o uyncrno na nnna, a ne
o nsxrnane na anrnconnannoro noneenne, a rona, pasnpa
ce, ne e xenan pesynrar. Hxma ocoen cmncn xopara a ar
sacranenn a ce uyncrnar nnnonnn, cne xaro anrnconnannnxr
axr neue e nn nsnpmen. Henra e a ce npeornparn nsnpm-
nanero my.
Cnpanxne c xocrennnnre opexn"
Hma ome ena nnunocrna uepra, xoxro e nsxnmunrenno
naxna nn npsxa c anrnconnannoro noneenne n npecrnnocr-
ra. Tx e cnpsana n c ncnxornunoro, n ncnxonarnoro noneenne
n no cmecrno ce ccron or eronenrpnunn, npaxenn, arpecnn-
nn n eroncrnunn rnnone noneenne, cnpsann c nnnca na emna-
rnx n rpnxa sa npanara n npnnnnernnre na pyrnre n nocranx-
ne na nnunoro saononxnane n yonnernopenne npe ncnuxo py-
ro. 3a rasn uepra, xoxro moxe a ce napeue rpynxncrno" nnn
,saxopanxnocr", cmo e ycranoneno, ue ce ynacnexna. Kaxro
moxe a ce ouaxna, rx e cnpsana c mxecrnenocrra - mxere
x emoncrpnpar no-uecro n n mnoro no-cnnna crenen, orxonxo-
ro xennre. Tona cornercrna na ]axra, ue noneuero npecrn-
nennx ce nsnpmnar or mxe, ue mxere ca mnoro no-arpecnn-
nn or xennre n ocnen rona ca mnoro no-xnann n connannnre
cn ornomennx. Ipynxncxoro noneenne nepoxrno e xaysanno
cnpsano c orenxnero na recrocrepon (xonnuecrnoro mxxn
xopmon, xapaxrepno sa uonexa). Koraro ce npoxnxna n xpana
crenen, rpynxncrnoro non o ncnxonarno noneenne n opn
o ncnxornunn (npenmno mnso]pennn) pascrpocrna.
Ipynxncrnoro e ocoeno cnpsano c npecrnnennx, xonro
nmar snocren n arpecnnen enemenr. Hpecrnnennxra cpemy uo-
nexa - rpaexn, cexcyannn npecrnnennx n rexxn renecnn non-
pen - ca npecrnnnre axrone, xonro ca na-uecro cnpsann c
rasn nnunocrna uepra. Hmenno npecrnnennxra c nacnnne ca
ocoeno ecrpyxrnnnn sa omecrnoro, a re ce ynennuanar none-
ue or ncexn pyr nn npecrnnenne, ocoeno na 3ana. H ryx
nsrnexa nepoxrno cnnsxonrennocrra a e xpnrnunnxr ]ax-
rop, r xaro ponrennre n pyrnre xopa ne ycnxnar a orpann-
uar enara n a nm nonpeuar a ce pxar rpynxncxn.
Ipynxncrnoro e naxno n or repanenrnuna rnena rouxa,
samoro mnoroxparno e noxasnano, ue rpynxnnre ca mnoro no-
nenoanamn ce na ncnxorepannx, noneenuecxa repannx nnn
ncmnocr na ncexn mero na repannx. Fn morno a ce xaxe, ue
crenenra, o xoxro noneennero na uonexa moxe a ce npomenn
or nxxaxn rnn connanna nameca, e erepmnnnpana ocnonno or
crenenra my na rpynxncrno: xonxoro no-ronxm rpynxn e, ron-
xona no-rpyno e a ce npomenn noneennero my. Enncrnennxr
nsnecren naunn sa nonnnxnane na rpynxna e upes cnmnonnara
nxonomnxa (crporn nporpamn sa oycnanxne) nnn upes npnnara-
nero na ]enornasnnn* nnn pyrn anrnncnxornunn menxamen-
rn, xonro npemenno namanxnar rpynxncxoro noneenne n ro
npanxr noarnnn na neuenne. 3a cxanenne ]enornasnnnre nmar
]emnnnsnpam e]exr - na mxere, xonro rn nsemar sa nxxaxn
nepno or npeme, moxe a sanoune a pacre mcr.
ann omecrnoro e onpanano n nsnonsnanero na men-
xamenrn sa nennre na namanxnanero na rpynxncrnoro na sar-
nopnnxa n sacnnnanero na noarnnnocrra my na xypc na oyc-
nanxne nnn ncnxorepannx, e ernuen nnpoc, xoro ne moxem
a ocxame ryx. To rpxna a ce ocrann na excneprnre n
onacrra na ernxara n nonnronornxra. B rosn cnyua nne ce
nnrepecyname npocro or nsnaranero na ]axrnre, a ne or orn-
panxnero na npenopxn.
Ipyna xnmnuno cponn nemecrna c pasnoopasen ]apmaxonornuen
e]exr. Hxxon or rxx (nanpnmep xnopnpomasnn nnn rpn]nyonepasnn)
ca momnn rpanxnnnanrn, a pyrn (nanpnmep nnnepasnn) ca anrnxen-
mnnrnn (xenmnnr - pasnnunn napasnrnn uepnen, nxnmunrenno nnoc-
xn rnncrn, nemaron n rennn) cpecrna. - Fen. npen.
H nocneno copaxenne. Fn nno orpomno onpocrenuecrno
a ce xaxe, ue npecrnnnnnre ca xomorenna rpyna nnn ue nxxaxno
oomenne naxn sa ncnuxn npecrnnnnn. B paorara cn cme yc-
ranonnnn, ue nxn cnexrp or npecrnnennx morar a ce nsnpm-
nar or nnna c pasnnuna nnunocrna crpyxrypa. Kaxro neue xasax-
me, sarnopnnnnre, xonro ca cc cnnno nspaseno rpynxncrno, e
mnoro no-nepoxrno a ca nsnpmnnn npecrnnennx c nacnnne.
Vncrnoro n cemecrnoro oaue - na-uecro cpemannxr rnn
yncrno na 3ana nsnn Amepnxa - onxnoneno ce cnpsna c nn-
rponepcnxra. Horennnannnre ynnn n noneuero cnyuan ca rnp-
e mexn, nnrponeprnpann nnna, xonro nosnonxnar na nsmyme-
nnero n ompasara a pacrar, oxaro ne nsnnxne excnnosnx, xox-
ro non o yncrno. Momennnnre, or pyra crpana, ca nsxnmun-
renno excrpaneprnpann, no c nncxn pesynrarn no nenpornsm n
rpynxncrno. Tona cmo nma cmncn, samoro momennxr pasun-
ra na csananero na opn nneuarnennx, a anopmannn nonee-
nnx xaro cnpsannre c nenpornsma n rpynxncrnoro ne nxa nan-
pannnn naronpnxrno nneuarnenne na xeprnara.
3axnmuennx
,Heuennero" rpxna nnnarn a sanncn or nnunocrra na
npecrnnnxa, xoero osnauana, ue nnro enn or ncxyrnpannre
ryx meron ne e noxoxma sa ncnuxn npecrnnnnn. Bn-
poxnre oueprannx ca mnoro xcnn, no nce ome npecron a ce
nsnpmn mnoro paora, sa a ce orxpnxr na-opnre meron
sa pasnnunnre nnunocrn. Ocnen nnunocrra nspacrra n no-
nr morar a ]opmnpar cmecrnenn norpynn npn pemanane-
ro xox e na-opara mxpxa sa npecrnnnnnre.
Cmenpemenno ncnuxn oxasarencrna oryx nocxasnar,
ue maxap rpannnonnnre meron a ca nourn cronponenrono
nee]exrnnnn, cnpemennara ncnxonornx oemana a paspa-
orn e]exrnnnn meron sa mannnynnpanero na narnacnre n
noneennero n nocoxa, naronpnxrna sa onenxnanero na o-
mecrnoro. Hpensnnrannero na npecrnnnnnre ne e nnsno-
nepcxa nnn nensmoxna saaua, r xaro e n rpannnnre na
namnre cnoconocrn.
25
Honn1nxa, nnunoc1 n
npepascssnn
3a noneuero xopa nec ymara neonornx" (ne e cnyuano,
ue e csaena npes 1817 r.) nma cnnnn oepronone na opa,
repop n nacnnne, npn rona c ocnonanne. Honnrnuecxoro nacn-
nne e orxpnno samnrnnnn npes XX nex n nnnero na nnepn
xaro Xnrnep, Myconnnn n Crannn n na ]nnoco]n xaro Copen*,
]anon** n Caprp***. Kaxro nocouna pnrancxnxr connonor
M. Kpancrn: 3a neonornxra e xapaxrepno xaxro ue nsne-
nnuana ecrnnero, raxa n ue ro pasrnexa or rnena rouxa
na noennara ananornx. Hxxon nanmarenn nocounar, ue rpx-
Xopx-Hoxen Copen (1847-1922), ]pencxn connanncr n penonmnno-
nen cnnnxanncr, xoro paspaorna opnrnnanna n nponoxarnnna re-
opnx sa nonoxnrennara, opn rnopuecxa ponx na mnra n nacnnnero n
ncropnuecxnx nponec. Ha-nsnecrnnxr my rpy - Reflexions sur la vio-
lence (1908, Pascxennx npxy nacnnnero") - ce noxnxna sa npn
nr xaro nopenna or crarnn n Le Mouvement Socialiste n nauanoro na
1906 n e npeneena na penna esnnn. - Fen. npen.
upann Omap uanon (1925-1961), ncnxoanannrnx n connanen ]nno-
co] or 3anannre Hnn, nsnecren c reopnxra cn, ue nxxon nenposn
ca connanno renepnpann, n c rpyonere cn, samnranamn nannonan-
noro ocnooxenne na xononnannnre napon. - Fen. npen.
Xan-Hon Caprp (1905-1980), ]pencxn pomanncr, pamarypr n npe-
crannren na exsncrennnannsma - ]nnoco]nx, axnamnpama cnooa-
ra na nnnnna. Harpaen e c Hoenona narpaa sa nnreparypa npes
1964 r., no ro x orxasna. - Fen. npen.
na camo a cxnanem nposanunnx crnn na ocnonarennre na no-
neuero neonornn, sa a em nneuarnenn or noennnx n non-
crnen esnx, xoro onxnoneno nsnonsnar, nxnmunrenno ymn
xaro opa, cnpornna, noxo, noea n npeoonxnam; neo-
nornuecxara nnreparypa e nnna c onn nspasn. Cnope ro-
na cranonnme oraenocrra na aena neonornx crana ]op-
ma na nxnmunane, raxa ue a cn nocneonaren na aena ne-
onornx osnauana a cranem oen nnn naprnsannn".
He ce nn cpxa ryx nnymenne, ue moxe n nnunocrnn-
re ueprn nrpaxr cnnna ponx n e]nnnpanero na neonora, uo-
nexa, xoro nxpna B aena neonornx, npnpxa ce n ce nen-
rn]nnnpa c nex? Taxn uonex, cnope resara na Kpancrn,
me e arpecnnen, nsyxnnn, ]nsnuecxn axrnnen n oraen".
Ha rosn eran rona moxe a e camo npenonoxenne, no no-
xcno me nnnm, ue nma emnnpnunn oxasarencrna n noxpe-
na na raxona cranonnme.
Txcnara e]nnnnnx na neonornxra x orpannuana o cn-
cem cnpemennn nonnrnuecxn cncremn xaro xomynnsma n ]a-
mnsma, no nma ocnonannx a ce ncnymame n amepnxancxnx
connonor x. Hnamenan n onpeenxnero xaro naop or
rxcno cnpsann yexennx nnn nen, a opn narnacn, xapax-
repnn sa rpyna nnn omnocr". Tasn e]nnnnnx me nn nosno-
nn a pasrnexame xaro neonornx pennrnosnnre n nannona-
nncrnunnre nxpnannx, nen n narnacn, xapaxrepnn sa rpynn n
omnocrn n ncropnuecxn enoxn, npexoxamn namara. Oc-
nen rona rx nma npenmcrnoro, ue narnacnre, yexennxra n
nenre, xonro ccrannxnar onpeenenn neonornn, morar a
ce npecranxr sa oopenne nnn orxnpnxne na rpynn or xopa
no ]opmara na recrone. C pyrn ymn, neonornnre morar a
ce nsyuanar cncremno upes ncnxonornuecxn meron. Heono-
rnnre ca nrpann n nrpaxr ronxona naxna ponx n nonnrnxara n
cnpemennnx cnxr, ue nr na ncnxonosnre e nnnmarenno a
rn nscnenar.
Koncepnaropn n panxann
Or na-pannnre nn na nsmepnanero na narnacnre ncnxo-
nosnre ca npenarann eno nsmepenne, oxono xoero re morar
a ce crpyxrypnpar, a nmenno panxanno-xoncepnarnnno nnn
nporpecnnno-peaxnnonno, nnn nxno-xcno... rona nsmepenne
nma mnoro nmena, no re no cmecrno osnauanar eno n cmo.
Hemo noneue: rona nsmepenne nnnmana reopnx, xoxro a-
rnpa oranna n e nourn ynnnepcanno npnera xaxro or nonn-
rnnnre, raxa n or mxere n xennre na ynnnara.
Cnenaxn onuax na ]pencxara penonmnnx, xoraro yme-
pennre n xoncepnaropnre ca ceenn nxcno, a xxonnnnre n
pyrnre noncrnamn axrnnncrn - nnxno n 3axonoarennoro
cpanne, nonnrnuecxnre naprnn, narocxnonnn xm paor-
nnuecxnre xnacn, nanpnmep Hepncrxara naprnx n Komy-
nncrnuecxara naprnx nn Bennxopnrannx nnn Connanemox-
parnuecxara naprnx n Iepmannx, ca napeuenn nxno xpnno", a
nonnrnuecxnre naprnn, narocxnonnn xm cpennre xnacn,
nanpnmep Koncepnarnnnara naprnx nn Bennxopnrannx n
Xpncrnxnemoxparnuecxara naprnx n Iepmannx, ca napeue-
nn xcno xpnno". opn n CAB, xero xnaconoro pasene-
nne yx e no-manxo n cpannenne c enponecxnre crpann, c-
mecrnyna renennnxra emoxparnre a ca ornocnrenno ne-
nn", a penynnxannnre - ornocnrenno ecnn".
Hsyuananero na rona panxanno-xoncepnarnnno nsmepe-
nne e ]opmnpano ronxma uacr or ncnxonoro-nonnrnuecxnre
nscnenannx, no rpxna a ce npeoonxnar mnoxecrno rpy-
nocrn. Hpno, nma mnoro pasnnunn nnone xoncepnaropn".
uonex moxe a e xoncepnarnnen, xoraro crana yma sa conna-
nncrnuecxn npenoxennx sa nannonannsannx na nnycrpnx-
ra, no panxanen n ecrernuecxnre cn npenounrannx n mysn-
xara nnn xnnonncra - mnoro mnnnonepn, no onpeenenne
,xoncepnarnnnn", xapecnar moepnara xnnonnc. Fnnn ca xon-
crpynpann pasnnunn cxann sa nsmepnane na xoncepnarnsma",
no xopenannnre mexy rxx ca cnan. Bropo, naprnnre n xpa-
noro nxno (nanpnmep xomynncrnre) nnn n xpanoro xcno (xa-
ro ]amncrnre) csanar rpynocrn. Hancrnna nn e nxpno a
ce rnpn, ue xomynncrnre ca no-nenn or oprooxcannnre une-
none na Hepncrxara naprnx? Hepncrxara naprnx ce
npornnonocranx na cmprnoro naxasanne, no ynaxennero xm
xnnora na orennnx uonex nnxora ne e nno xapaxrepno sa
xomynnsma. Hancrnna nn e nxpno a ce xaxe, ue ]amncrnre
ca no-ecnn or nrannancxnre nnn repmancxnre xoncepnaro-
pn? Myconnnn cnnno e npnnnnuan nrannancxara paornnuec-
xa xnaca, a Xnrnep e nxnmunn nmero connanncrnuecxa" n
nasnannero na naprnxra cn (National-sozialistische Deutsche
Arbeiterpartei).
Hsnecrnnxr amepnxancxn connonor E. Bnne rnpn, ue
cnpemennara cneronna ncropnx mnoroxparno e emoncrpn-
pana neaexnarnocrra na nexra, ue neonornnre cornercr-
nar na npocrnx xonrnnyym nxno-xcno, npocrnpam ce or nn-
epannsma o xoncepnarnsma
66
. Kaxro nocouna ro, nrannan-
cxnxr nnn repmancxnxr ]amnsm ne ca nocneonarenno ec-
nn" no npnpoa, nnro nx cnercxnxr xomynnsm e nocneo-
narenno nxn. ]amnsmr nnexa raxnna nonnrnxn xaro p-
xanen xonrpon npxy uacrnnre npenpnxrnx. B nmero na xo-
mynnsma Crannn nponexa uncrxn, nnexa ornono narpno-
rnsma xaro o]nnnanna nonnrnxa n penpecnpa nannonannnre
n pennrnosnnre mannnncrna. 3axonoarencrnoro sa connan-
nn rpnxn uecro e nno nsnonsnano sa nocnaxane na xanue-
ro na nonnrnuecxnre penpecnn. Bpaxenocrra xm uacrnara
cocrnenocr cmecrnyna cnmecrno c paconnre n ernnuecxnre
npepascnn. Bnne nspasxna ncnuxo rona mnoro xcno,
xoraro nnme sa cxocrnara mexy ]amnsma n xomynnsma:
,Omara nm npaxenocr xm rpaxancxnre cnoon n no-
nnrnuecxara emoxpannx, omara nm anrnnarnx xm napna-
menrapnnre nncrnrynnn, nnnnnyannsma, uacrnara nnnnna-
rnna, npecranara nm sa nonnrnuecxnx cnxr xaro opa mex-
y npancrneno nenpnmnpnmn cnnn, nxpara nm, ue ncnuxnre
nm ononenrn rano ca ce oennnnn cpemy rxx, n cocrnena-
ra nm cxnonnocr xm noranocr, yexennero nm, ue ncnuxn
]opmn na nnacr n enn npaxeen cnxr e na-ope a ce xon-
nenrpnpar n manxo na po pne, n cocrnennre nm crpeme-
xn xm xonnenrpnpana n roranna nnacr - ncnuxo rona noxas-
na, ue nere xpanocrn nmar mnoro omn nema".
66
Shils, E. (1954). Authoritarianism: "Right" and "Left". In Christie, R. &
Jahoda, M. (Eds.). Studies in the Scope and Method of "The Authoritarian
Personality ". Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, pp. 24-49.
Hocnrenxr na Hoenona narpaa no nxonomnxa ]. A.
Xaex ce onnrna a xomnnnpa rasn nex sa cxocrnoro mex-
y ]amnsma n xomynnsma c npornnonocranxnero xcno-nx-
no
67
. Kaxro nocouna: Kaprnnara, anana onxnoneno na or-
nocnrennara nosnnnx na rpnre naprnn (Koncepnarnnna, Hn-
epanna, Hepncrxa) npann noneue sa samrnxnanero, or-
xonxoro sa nsxcnxnanero na ncrnncxnre nm ornomennx. Te
onxnoneno ce npecranxr xaro pasnnunn nosnnnn npxy ena
nnnnx, xaro connanncrnre ca nnxno, xoncepnaropnre - nxcno,
a nnepannre - nxxe no cpeara. Hnmo ne moxe a e no-
nonexamo. Axo ncxame narpama, me e no-noxoxmo a
rn nopenm n rpnrnnnx, xaro xoncepnaropnre me saemar
ennnx rn, connanncrnre me xnonxr xm pyrnx, a nnepa-
nnre - xm rpernx". Moxem a nnnm, ue nsrpaxanero na
moenn na nsanmoornomennxra mexy narnacnre e opeme-
neno c emnnpnunn nponemn. Tpxna a crnname mnoro nnn-
marenno, axo ncxame a ocrnrnem o npannnno pasnpane
na cnpemennnre neonornn.
Anropnrapnn nnunocrn n emoxparn
Hpnnxr ncnxonor, xoro excnnnnnrno nsnra resara, ue
n onacrra na connannnre narnacn moxe n cmecrnyna ns-
mepenne, pasnnuno or nxno-xcno" nnn xoncepnarnnno-pa-
nxanno", e paoremnxr npen nonara repmancxn anrop n
excnepnmenrarop E. P. Henm or Vnnnepcnrera na Mapypr
68
.
To moxe n e na-nsnecren c nscnenannxra cn npxy ee-
rnunnre npecrann (cnoconocrra a cn npecranxm aconmr-
no xcnn n xnnn opasn - nx. ocemnaecera rnana), no sa na-
mnre nenn e na-penenanrna xnnrara my Der Gegentypus. Kax-
ro nsxcnxna Henm, Gegentypus (yxnanno rnnr anrn") xare-
ropnuno ce npornnonocranx na ]nnoco]nxra, nexama n ocno-
nara na Xnrneponnx nannonanconnannsm: ro ce xapaxrepn-
67
Hayek, F. A. (1960). The Constitution of Liberty. London: Routledge and
Kegan Paul.
68
Jaensch, E. R. (1938). Der Gegentypus. Leipzig: J. A. Barth.
snpa xaro nnepan nnn opn xpaen nnepan n narnacnre cn.
Kaxro me nnnm, n mnoro ornomennx Gegentypus e npornno-
nonoxen na aemopumapuama .u:uocm na Aopno n neronnre
xonern
69
.
Henm e orxnnen nocneonaren na Xnrnep mnoro npen
nanncrxoro nnxenne a oe na nnacr. T. V. Aopno, E.
upenxen-Fpncynx n pyrnre anropn
70
na The Authoritarian
Personality (Anropnrapnara nnunocr") (1950) oaue ca xepr-
nn na Xnrneponnre ronennx n ca cnnno anrn]amncrxn nacr-
poenn. Pasnpaemoro nn ornpamenne or yxacxnamnre npec-
rnnennx na Xnrnep npann nourn nensmoxno a sacranem
na crpanara na Aopno n a ce npornnonocrannm na Henm. B
nnrepec na ncrnnara oaue rpxna a ce cnpornnnxname na
npncrpacrnocrra. B na-nomnx cnyua moxem a ce yunm or
nparonere cn, n na-opnx - a ocsnaem, ue Henm - xonxo-
ro n n norpemna nocoxa a npnn - e nannnan nemo mnoro
naxno.
B rpyonere na Henm narnacnre, xm xonro ce npnp-
xa Gegentypus, ca rxcno cnpsann c onncannero na nnunocr-
ra. Tona e nsanmoornomennero, xoero ccrannxna opnrnnan-
nara uacr or xnnrara na Henm, n nne me ce npnem xm nero
no-xcno. 3acera nexa orenexnm, ue Gegentypus npnrexana
narnacn, xonro ca onxxe panxannn, maxap ue ocnonnara
my xapaxrepncrnxa moxe a ce onpeenn xaro xpaen nne-
pan". B mnoro ornomennx Gegentypus e rounara npornnono-
noxnocr na anropnrapnara nnunocr, xoxro xnonn xm xon-
cepnarnnnnx xpa, no e xoncepnarnnna no mnoro cnenn]n-
uen, anropnrapen naunn. Tounoro snauenne n nosnnnx na resn
ne reopernunn nonxrnx moxe a ce pasepe na-ope, xa-
ro ce nornene ]nrypa 1.
69
Jahoda, M. (Eds.). Studies in the Scope and Method of "The Authoritarian
Personality". Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, pp. 24-49.
70
Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswick, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N.
(1950). The authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper & Row.
quevpa 1. Tpume ouaepa+u npeocmaem xunomesu sa nosuuma
ua nemme ocuoeuu no.umu:ecru epvnu no omuoueuue eoua r+ opv-
ea. A norasea mpaouuouuu roumuuvv+ .eo-ocuo, ramo ro+v-
uus+m e ua-e.eo, a qauus+m - ua-eocuo. Karmo ooa:e no-
raseam pas.u:uu usc.eoeauu, +erov ro+vuus+a u qauus+a u+a
+uoeo cxoocmea, mara :e B e no-pea.ucmu:ua penpeseumau ua
no.umu:ecrume nosuuu, ramo mepoe pueuouama, aemopumapua
uae.aca ua ro+vuus+a u qauus+a e e eouuu rpa, a .uoepa.uu-
me" u oe+orpamu:uume uae.acu ca e opveu. C norasea oev+epua
pa+ra c ocume .eo-ocuo u aemopumapus+-oe+orpamus+. D -
e oev+epuu +ooe. ua no.umu:ecrume u coua.uume uae.acu ae-
mopumapuama .u:uocm u Gegentypus ca e oeeme rpauocmu. Aro
ue +v ce npomueonocmaem, rpauum .uoepa.us+ ua Gegentypus
ue ooeeoe oo pasnaoaue u paspvuaeaue ua oouecmeomo.
390 XAHC H MAHKTH AH3EHK HABHPEHHE HA
HCHXHKATA
narpama A noxasna rpannnonnoro nsmepenne or xomy-
nnsm nnxno o ]amnsm nxcno, a B - xnnorernunnx xonr-
pacr mexy nnepannn, or ena crpana, n xomynncrnuecxo-
]amncrxn neonornn, or pyra. B namara reopnx resn ne en-
nnunn nsmepennx ce xomnnnpar n nymepna pamxa - narpa-
ma C. 3aenexere, ue panxanno-xoncepnarnnnoro nsmepenne
e onnneno c pyra nmencnx, npocrnpama ce or anropnra-
pen n ennnx xpa, o emoxparnuen - n pyrnx.
Ocnen rona cmxrame, ue anropnrapnsmr ce xapaxrepnsn-
pa c rnn nnunocrna crpyxrypa, xoxro moxe a ce napeue pea-
nncrnunocr/nenpexnonnocr", oxaro emoxparnunara narna-
ca e no-mexa". Tona ornono e nonxrne, xm xoero me ce np-
nem no-xcno.
Anropnrapnara nnunocr n Gegentypus ne ce namnpar n nn-
ro eno or nsmepennxra, npenoxenn n narpama C. Kaxro e
noxasano na narpama D, anropnrapnnxr uonex e nenpexno-
nen, no xnonn xm xoncepnarnnnara crpana, oxaro Gegentypus
e mex n xnonn xm panxannara crpana. Mnoro xpnrnnn ca
nocounann rosn yxnon, xoro ncmnocr ne cornercrna na an-
nnre, xonro nnar npenmno or nonnrnuecxnre npncrpacrnx
n npenounrannx na anropnre na xnnrn, sannmanamn ce cor-
nerno c anropnrapnara nnunocr n c Gegentypus. B rasn rnana
nne ce sannmaname c ocra nenpexnonnocr-mexora, nnn T-oc, a
ne c panxanno-xoncepnarnnnara, nnn R oc.
Ecrecrneno, xnnoresa xaro paspaorenara ryx nsncxna em-
nnpnunn oxasarencrna n re morar a ce aar enncrneno
upes xopenannonen ananns na npnemanero nnn orxnpnxnero
na nsxnnennx sa narnacn, penenanrnn na resn nsmepennx, nan-
paneno or ronemn nsnaxn or nonynannxra. Hynnxynann ca
mnoxecrno noonn npoyunannx. annnre or opnrnnannnre
nscnenannx, xonro nxnonxnar The Psychology of Politics
(Hcnxonornxra na nonnrnxara") na X. x. Asenx
71
, noxas-
nar, ue nenpexnonnnre xoncepnaropn emoncrpnpar narnacn,
xonro uonex nec n pasrnexan xaro ]amncrxn, oxaro nen-
71
Eysenck, H. J. (1954). The Psychology of Politics. London: Routledge &
Kegan Paul.
pexnonnnre panxann ce npnpxar xm yexennx, uecro
nenrn]nnnpann xaro xomynncrnuecxn. Mexnre narnacn ce
nenrn]nnnpar c nnepannsma. Tona e npocro nnrepnperannx
na annnre. Cmenpemenno mnoro emnnpnunn nscnenannx
emoncrpnpar, ue unenonere na xomynncrnuecxn n ]amncrxn
naprnn, xaxro n na connanncrnuecxn (nepncrxn), nnepan-
nn n xoncepnarnnnn, nopxar narnacn, xonro rn pasnpee-
nxr n onpeenenn uacrn na nymepnara pamxa, npenoxena
na ]nrypa 1, narpama C. Cneonarenno n onncarenno ornome-
nne nymepnara cncrema na nsmepnane na narnacnre, xonro
nne nsnrame, npenara ocra rouna xaprnna na nosnnnxra
na nere ocnonnn cnpemennn neonornn n rxxnoro nsanmoor-
nomenne c no-onxnonennre connannn narnacn n yexennx,
nopxann or unenonere na rpannnonnnre naprnn.
Knmuon excnepnmenr: ]amncrn n xomynncrn
V
Knmuonnxr excnepnmenr, npoyunam resn pasnnunn nsa-
nmoornomennx, xaxro n npsxara mexy neonornx n nnu-
nocr, xoxro me e ocena no-nararx, e nponeen or xa-
nacxnx ncnxonor Tenma Kynrp. Tx npnnara mnoxecrno nn-
pocnnnn sa narnacnre n nnunocrra, xaxro n recrone na uneno-
ne na xomynncrnuecxn n ]amncrxn naprnn - ne na cryenrn,
a na orannamnn unenone na paornnuecxara xnaca (c manx
po npecrannrenn na cpenara xnaca, cmo n spxna nspacr).
Tosn nynxr e naxen, samoro cryenrnre ca cxnonnn a ce npn-
cennxnar xm xpann naprnn n mnoro cxopo a rn nanyc-
xar; sarona re ne morar a ce cmxrar sa oraenn"
72
.
Kynrp nma penna rpynocrn n yexananero na nscne-
nannre nnna - ncnuxn mxe - a yuacrnar n excnepnmenra.
Heonosnre ca cxnonnn a ca mnoro noospnrennn, opn na-
panonnn, n pasrnexar ncexn, xoro ne e c rxx, xaro cpemy"
rxx. 3arona n nnrepec na nscnenanero rx e npnnyena a ce
npncennn xm nere naprnn enonpemenno - mnoro cmena
72
Eysenck, H. J. & Coulter, T. (1972). The personality and attitudes of
working-class British communists and fascists. Journal of Social Psychol-
ogy, 87, pp. 59-73.
n ncmnocr onacna nponeypa. 3a macrne Kynrp ne e pasx-
pnra n nocemana cpemn, xon na arnrannn, npoana necrnnnn
sa nere naprnn n yuacrna n pyrn rexnn enocrn, es a ns-
ana enonpemennoro cn unencrno n ne naprnn. Cne xaro rx
e unen na naprnxra, xaxro xomynncrnre, raxa n ]amncrnre ca
no-cxnonnn a yuacrnar n nenoro recrnpane n nceprannxra
orpasxna rona, xoero necmneno e eno or na-ananrmpnc-
rnunnre, no n na-nnrepecnnre connannoncnxonornuecxn ns-
cnenannx, xonro ca npanenn nxxora.
Pasnnunxra n cxocrnara mexy nere rpynn ca nneuarnx-
namn, a nnunocrnre na unenonere na nere naprnn ca saene-
xnrenno cxonn, xaxro me nnnm. Hscnenanero e nponeeno
npes 50-re ronnn, xoraro nn Bennxopnrannx nce ome nma
]amncrxa naprnx. nec raxana naprnx ne cmecrnyna o]n-
nnanno, maxap ue Hannonannnxr ]ponr e noen mnoro or ne-
nnre nonnrnxn. Fn nno nnrepecno nscnenanero a ce non-
ropn c nono noxonenne ]amncrn n xomynncrn, moxe n ns-
nonsnaxn amepnxancxn, repmancxn n pyrn nannonannn ns-
naxn, a ne camo pnrancxn.
Kon ca ocnonnnre nnunocrnn ueprn na ]amncrnre n xomy-
nncrnre na Kynrp? Tx orenxsna cnnnara npaxenocr n arpe-
cnnnocr - rouno xaxro nxme ouaxnann or onncannero na Kpan-
crtn, npecraneno n nauanoro na rasn rnana. pyro noueprano
cxocrno, xoero n]epennnpa n nere neonornuecxn rpynn or
nopmannara xonrponna rpyna, e pnrnnocrra na narnacnre nm.
]amncrnre n xomynncrnre ca mnoro no-pnrnnn n ymcrnennre
cn nponecn, orxonxoro xonrponnnre nnna. Ocnen rona re ca mnoro
no-em]arnunn n narnacnre cn - mnoro cnnno nxpnar n neonorn-
xra cn n nnrepnpernpar xpnrnxara nnn orpnuanero xaro npax-
enocr. He morar a rpnxr neonpeenenocrra, r.e. cmnennx-
ra nnn necnrypnocrra, n nsncxnar nesaanno pemenne n ecr-
nne. ormarnsmr n omnnannxra ca pyrn ueprn, xonro ce o]op-
mxr, xaro npnara e no-cnpsana c ]amncrnre, a nropara - c
xomynncrnre. Karo nxno nma noueprann cxocrna mexy nere
neonornuecxn rpynn, cpannenn c xonrponnara, no n nxxonxo
pasnnunx. Hanpnmep xomynncrnre emoncrpnpar no-manxo n-
pexrna arpecnx, orxonxoro ]amncrnre. Karo nxno oaue cxoc-
rnara aneu narexanar na pasnnunxra.
394 XAHC H MAHKTA AH3EHK HABBKEHHE HA HCHXHKA1A
Hnunocrna nonnrnxa
Henm npnonauanno nocrynnpa nnsxo nsanmoorno-
menne mexy nnunocrra n connannnre narnacn, xapaxrep-
nn sa Gegentypus: ,B namnre orannamnn npoyunannx na
]ynamenrannnre pasnnunx mexy uonemxnre cmecrna
nenpexcnaro ce narxname na enn rnn, xoro n namnx
xpr ce napnua rnna na pasnaanero n paspymananero"...
B na-xcnara cn n e]nnnpana ]opma rosn rnn ce xapax-
repnsnpa c xpaen nnepannsm. 3a nero nxma npsxn n ra-
sn oma necnoconocr a nsrpaxa ornomennx, a e
onpsan e spano nxopenena n nonornunara peannocr...
B namara paora ce onnraxme a nsrpanm mocr mexy
emnnpnunara n excnepnmenrannara ncnxonornx, or ena
crpana, n xynrypnara ncnxonornx n ]nnoco]nx, or pyra...
Kpannxr nnepannsm ne e camo nonnrnuecxn, no n mno-
ro no-nceoxnaren, nonornuecxn n ncnxonornuecxn ]axr,
orxpnnan n paspymanamnx rnn... Hcnxo]nsnnnre ca noxa-
sann excnepnmenranno, ue nnepannsmr nma nonornu-
na ocnona n cneonarenno aneu nacxaua npocrara nonn-
rnuecxa oxrpnna".
Aopno n neronnre xonern cmo ce onnrnar a cnpxar
nnunocrra c nonxrnero sa anropnrapnsma, xaro n nennx npo-
nec nsnonsnar rnpe nnrensnnno ncnxoanannrnunn nonx-
rnx. Hpn rxx, xaxro n npn Henm, crporocrra na excnepnmen-
rannnre nscnenannx e rnpe cnaa n paorara nm e oexr
na mnoxecrno xpnrnxn. Hexa npocro orenexnm, ue nonx-
rnxra sa Gegentypus n sa anropnrapnsma ca nnn cnpsnann
or rexnnre anropn mnoro rxcno c nnunocrra n ue e nnymana-
na nxxaxna renernuna ocnona - none or Henm - sa rasn nps-
xa. Hma nn nxxaxnn oxasarencrna sa renernuna erepmnna-
nnx na R (panxannsm-xoncepnarnsm) n T (nenpexnon-
nocr-mexora)?
Mnosnncrnoro anropn npxy connannnre narnacn opn ne
onycxar nsmoxnocrra narnacnre a ca nemo pyro ocnen
npoyxr na nnnxnnxra or cpeara. o nec enncrnenoro em-
nnpnuno nscnenane, xoero ce sannmana c onenxa na nsmox-
nocrra sa renernuna erepmnnannx na narnacnre, e nynnxy-
nano or Hnc n Asenx
73
. Tona nscnenane nsnonsna nnpoc-
nnxa na Asenx sa nsmepnane na R n T n ocnen rona mepn
onnnnrenna npomennnna, napeuena em]arnunocr", xoxro
e npocro copr or crenennre na xpanocr n npnemanero na
pasnnunnre aremn (aremnre ce npenenxnar no 5-crenenna
cxana or Hannno cm crnacen", Crnacen cm", He cm
cnrypen" o He cm crnacen" n Hsomo ne cm crnacen";
pesynrarr sa em]arnunocrra e copr or mnoro cnnnoro cr-
nacne n necrnacne, es snauenne xaxna e nocoxara).
Tosn nnpocnnx e aen na 708 noxn nnsnann, 451 or
xonro ca enoxunn, a 257 - pasnoxunn. Pesynrarnre ca ana-
nnsnpann c nomomra na mnoro momnn nomerpnunn renernu-
nn meron na ananns, unro nnonep e Fnpmnnramcxara mxo-
na na K. Mep n x. H. xnnxc. Tesn meron nn aoxa
nsmoxnocr a xoncrpynpame moen na renernuno ecrnne,
xoro ne camo nn ana ynacnexemocrra na ueprara, no n nn-
]opmannx sa pyrn acnexrn na renernunara apxnrexrypa.
Tyx moxem a npecrannm camo xparxo oomenne na re-
sn pesynrarn. Hpno, sa ]axropa R (panxannsm-xoncepna-
rnsm) ynacnexemocrra e 65%; sa xomnonenra T (nenpex-
nonnocr-mexocr) rx e 54%. 3a em]arnunocrra ynacnexemocr-
ra e 37%. Tesn cronocrn ca mnoro no-nncoxn, orxonxoro uo-
nex n ouaxnan a priori, n cc cnrypnocr orxnpnxr mnpoxo
nopxanara nex, ue narnacnre ce onpeenxr enncrneno
or ]axropn na cpeara. Bn ncexn cnyua raxona yexenne n
cnnara na cpeara nnxora ne e nmano nnxaxna emnnpnuna no-
xpena - ro e enncrneno npoxna na Zeitgeist*.
B nscnenanero na Hnc n Asenx, cnomenaro no-rope, ca
nonnnann n nnunocrnn nnpocnnnn. Or npenmnn nscne-
nannx na namara nscneonarenn ce snae, ue nnunocrnnre ]ax-
ropn emoncrpnpar cnnna renernuna erepmnnannx n cmnxr
e]exr ce nanmana ornono n n rona npoyunane. Hnunocrnnre
ueprn, xonro ca nscnenann, ca E (excrpanepcnx-nnrpo-
73
Eaves, L. & Eysenck, H. J. (1974). Genetics and the development of so-
cial attitudes. Nature (London), 249, pp. 288-289.
* Or nemcxn - yxr na npemero. - Fen. npen.
nepcnx), N (nenpornsm-crannnocr) n P (nenpexnonnocr-me-
xocr). Excrpanepcnxra-nnrponepcnxra ce ornacx o npornno-
nocranxnero na connannnn, nmnyncnnnn, ]nsnuecxn axrnn-
nn ueprn na neconnannnn, neaxrnnnn n nenmnyncnnnn none-
enuecxn moenn. Henpexnonnocrra e nnunocrno nsmepenne,
xoero ce xapaxrepnsnpa cc cryeno espasnnune, npaxe-
nocr, arpecnnnocr, neynaxenne xm connannnre xonnennnn,
nonxon]opmnsm n onpeenena crenen na napanox. Henpo-
rnsmr ce xapaxrepnsnpa c emonnonanna cnpxpeaxrnnnocr
n nacrounnocr na emonnonannnre peaxnnn nro cne xaro
nonor sa rxx e npnxnmunn.
Hnc n Asenx nsnrar xnnoresara, ue excrpanepcnxra me
xopennpa c nenpexnonnocrra, xaxro n ue nenpexnonnocrra me
xopennpa ome no-cnnno c anropnrapnsma. Crarncrnuecxnxr
ananns na pesynrarnre or nscnenannx na nnsnann nornp-
xana n nere xnnoresn. Hscnenanero nornpxana xopena-
nnxra mexy E n T, noxasnaxn, ue rx nma renernuna, a ne
ronxona exonornuna" ocnona. Cmecrnyna n snaunma rene-
rnuna xopenannx mexy P n em]arnunocrra, xoero nocxas-
na, ue xopara, xonro nmar nncoxn pesynrarn no P, cnoenxr
cnnnoro yexenne, ue ca npann, xoero e xapaxrepno sa nx-
xon npnmepn na ncnxornuno noneenne. Touno xaxro ce ouax-
na, nanmana ce opn ome no-snaunmara renennnx nncoxn-
re pesynrarn no P a ca cnpsann c anropnrapnsma. Hnc n
Asenx nponxanar c xoncrpynpanero na nxxonxo onn-
nnrennn nscnenannx, nxnmunamn cemennre nsanmoornome-
nnx n ocnnonennre ena. Te cnnno noxpenxr ocnonnnre sax-
nmuennx, nsnneuenn or npnonauannnre npoyunannx, onnca-
nn no-rope.
B oomenne: necmneno e, ue cmecrnynar nsanmoorno-
mennx mexy nnunocrra n anropnrapnsma, ue resn nsanmoor-
nomennx nmar renernuna ocnona n cneonarenno e nensmox-
no a ocxame neonornnre npocro or rnena rouxa na pa-
nnonannnre yexennx
74
. Hpnemanero na resn cncremn or
74
Eysenck, H. J. & Wilson, G. D. (1978). The Psychological Basis of Ideol-
ogy. Lancaster: Medical and Technical Publishers.
yexennx o ronxma crenen ce erepmnnnpa or renernunn, a
cneonarenno - or ]nnoco]cxn nepenenanrnn ]axropn.
Bsanmoornomennero mexy pesynrara sa em]arnunocr n
P, or ena crpana, n anropnrapnsma, or pyra, npecrannxna
ocoen nnrepec. Omara noncrnenocr na neonornnre, ore-
nxsann n nauanoro na rasn rnana, n nxnmuenara oraenocr"
ce emoncrpnpar n em]arnunoro npnemane na rnpennx or
nenpexnonnnre nscnenann nnna n or omara arpecnnna npn-
poa na onesn c nncoxn pesynrarn no P.
3amo cpeara pxxo rpnym]npa?
Bcnuxo rona xaro ue nn ocranx orxpnr na-]ynamenran-
nnx nnpoc: 3amo nome nsnnxnar neonornnre? Hne nxme
mornn a nocxaxem xaxn rnn uonex e nepoxrno a crane
xeprna na neonornnre, a npennnm rnna neonornn, xon-
ro cornercrnar na ecnnre nnn nennre nonnrnuecxn neann
n a noxaxem xax nnamnsmr na onpeenenn neonornn cor-
nercrna na nnunocrnnre xapaxrepncrnxn na xopara, xonro rn
npnemar. Bnpocr sa nponsxoa oaue nsncxna orronop, xo-
ro rpxna a nacxoun ncnxonornxra, maxap ue nensexno
cnena a nxnmuna onpeenenn ncnxonornuecxn npnnnnnn.
Ero naxparxo xaxno npenarame. ecnnre n nennre no-
nnrnuecxn nen, xannrannsmr n connannsmr, cpxar n
cee cn npornnopeunx, xonro nensexno noxr o xon]nnxr,
npomxna n pasna. Hpornnopeunxra na xannrannsma ca no-
counann or penna anropn, nxnmunrenno, pasnpa ce, Mapxc;
axo ne e orpannuen or pxanna nameca n cnnnxanen na-
rncx, xannrannsmr non o mononon n oorarxnane na man-
nnna sa cmerxa na mnosnncrnoro. Hpornnopeunxra na conn-
annsma ca nocouenn or ]. A. Xaex, K. Honp
75
n mnoro pyrn
anropn. Erannrapnnxr npnnnnn, nexam n ocnonara na conn-
annsma, e n xon]nnxr c nonornunara peannocr n moxe a
ce nanara enncrneno upes nxrarypa. C pyrn ymn, nn-
75
Popper, K. (1945). The Open Society and Its Enemies (2 volumes). Lon-
don: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
noxpnnnxr xannrannsm n nnnoxpnnnxr connannsm mo-
rar a ce nopxar enncrneno upes penpecnn n orpnuane
na uonemxnre npana. Heonornnre no onpeenenne ca na-
cnnnnuecxn. Kannrannsmr, xonxoro n emoxparnuen a e
no namepenne, nsncxna ]amncrxn rnn nxrarypa, sa a sana-
sn npnnnnernnre cn. Connannsmr, xonxoro n emoxparn-
uen a e no namepenne, nsncxna xomynncrnuecxn rnn nxra-
rypa, sa a nanara nonnrnxara cn.
Pasnpa ce, nnro nanaranero na connannn neann, nnro
nopxanero na npnnnnernnre e ycnemno, ]amnsmr sa-
nasna camo npasnara uepynxa na xannrannsma, nnmen or ncx-
xaxna peanna nnacr, a xomynnsmr sanasna enncrneno npas-
nara uepynxa na connannsma, nnmen or ncnuxnre my neann.
Ha npaxrnxa ecnnre n nennre neann rpxna a ar orpa-
nnuanann upes pxanno ecrnne; n npornnen cnyua re cnp-
mnar n sanena ynnna. pxannoro ecrnne oaue na-nax-
pax sampsna n pxanen xonrpon, nxrarypa n sarya na cno-
oa. Enncrnenara nannna anrepnarnna e xomnpomncr, or-
xasr or ecnnre n nennre neann n nonsa na cpenara nosn-
nnx, xoxro nomnpxna xannranncrnuecxara n connanncrnuec-
xara oxrpnna n nosnonxna xaxro uacrnnx, raxa n pxannnx
cexrop na npomnmnenocrra.
3amo rosn xomnpomnc ce orxnpnx ronxona uecro n nonsa
na xpannre n noncrnamn neonornuecxn nosnnnn? Orrono-
pr o ronxma crenen moxe n ce xpne n npnnnnna na cnryp-
nocrra", ]opmynnpan or pnrancxnx ncnxonor P. X. Taynec
ns ocnona na nscnenannxra my npxy pennrnosnnre nxpna-
nnx. To e]nnnpa npnnnnna na cnrypnocrra no cnennx na-
unn: Koraro n rpyna xopa nma nnnxnnx, ecrnamn n nocoxa
xaxro na npnemanero, raxa n na orxnpnxnero na nxxaxno
yexenne, pesynrarr e ne mnosnncrnoro a e naxapano
a npneme no-nncxa crenen na yeenocr, a nxxon a nop-
xar yexennero cc cnnna yeenocr, oxaro pyrn cmo
ronxona yeeno ro orxnpnxr". Tona nanmenne e npnno-
xnmo n xm nonnrnuecxnre yexennx.
Enn or anropnre na rasn xnnra nponee nscnenane, n
xoero raynnpa pasnpeenennero na 22 208 nora no 7-crenenna
cxana sa narnacnre sa pasnnunn connannn n nonnrnuecxn nn-
pocn, xero nma xcnn nnnxnnx, ecrnamn n nocoxa xaxro
na npnemanero, raxa n na orxnpnxnero" na nnpocnnre yex-
ennx. Pesynrarnre noxasnar oruernnna renennnx xpannre
cronocrn (+3 n -3) a ca no-uecrn, orxonxoro cpennre. Ocnen
rona eme ycranoneno, ue xoraro ce cpannxnar pasnnunnre rpy-
nn, nsenn yuacrne n nscnenanero, ce saenxsna oruernnna ren-
ennnx no-xpannre rpynn a ca no-cnrypnn n mnennxra cn,
xoero nn xapa a nsnrnem xnnoresara, ue nn ncxxo omecr-
no, xoero cpxa nmamn n nxmamn (na npaxrnxa ncnuxn c
nsxnmuenne na na-manxnre n npnmnrnnnn omecrna),
xoncepnarnnnnre^ panxannnre narnacn me ce orxpnnar cpe
unenonere my oruacrn xaro orpaxenne na connannnx nm cra-
ryc n oruacrn xaro orpaxenne na nnunocrra nm. Tesn narna-
cn me ce nopxar c pasnnuna crenen na yeenocr, ornono
n sanncnmocr or nnunocrra na nopxamnx rn. P+ nnunocrnre
me nmar nncoxa crenen na yeenocr, P- nnunocrnre - nncxa
crenen na yeenocr.
Hmaxn npenn xonxpernara ]opma na connanna opra-
nnsannx, nesanncnmo ann e xannranncrnuecxa nnn connannc-
rnuecxa, nrpemnnre npornnopeunx na oprannsannxra me o-
near o pasnaanero n xpana cmerxa, ocnen axo onesn,
xonro ca cnnno yeenn n cmnocrnara npanora, ne rapan-
rnpar onenxnanero upes ]nsnuecxa cnna n norncxane na
rpaxancxnre npana. Heonornnre me nsnnxnar xaro ecrec-
rnena nocnenna or na ]axropa: nrpemnnre npornnopeunx
na cmecrnynamnre nonnrnuecxn cncremn n npnnnnna na cn-
rypnocrra", xoro sarpynxna mnoro xopa a nopxar yex-
ennxra cn c nncxa crenen na yeenocr, maxap ue rasn nncxa
crenen necmneno e ymecrna npenn nnncara na nosnannx sa
nocnennnre or connannnre ecrnnx.
Pasnpa ce, penpecnnre nopaxar ynrone cmo ronxona
nensexno, xonxoro n ecrnnero nopaxa ornerno ecrnne
n Hmrononara ]nsnxa. Cneonarenno ena neonornx nopaxa
cnoxra npornnononoxna neonornx. Honnrnuecxnxr nponec
onnnnrenno yrexnxna nanpexennxra, csaenn or npnn-
nnna na cnrypnocrra". Vexennero, ue e npan, nce noneue
oraneuana neonora or nsmoxnocrra sa xomnpomnc n ro no-
n n xpana cmerxa o renonn, o yncrnoro na nenn xnacn
nn pacn n o pyrn cxnepnn nema, xonro cnpemennara ncro-
pnx e sanncana rnpe ope.
Pasnpa ce, npnnnnnnre, oueprann naxparxo ryx, nepoxrno
nmar no-mnpoxn npnnoxennx. Tpxna camo a samennm xa-
nnranncrnuecxn n connanncrnuecxn c xaronnnnsm n nporec-
ranrcrno, xpncrnxncrno n mmcmnmancrno, n nesaanno nnx-
ame cmara xaprnna c nexn npomenn, xonro cornercrnar
na pennrnosnoro cpxanne. Touno xaxro n n nonnrnuecxn-
re cncremn, n pennrnosnnre cncremn cmecrnynar nrpemnn
npornnopeunx n npnnnnnr na cnrypnocrra" ecrna c e-
naxna cnna sa ncexn naop or yexennx, xonro uonex pemn
a nanmenyna.
B saxnmuenne: nne cmxrame, ue e nensmoxno cnpe-
mennnre nnn pennnre neonornn a ce nsyuanar xaxro rpx-
na, es a ce opma nnnmanne na ncnxonornuecxnre npnnnn-
nn n n uacrnocr nsanmoornomennero mexy neonornxra n
nnunocrra. 3acera oaue nayunnre nn nncrpymenrn camo pac-
xar no nonpxnocrra na rasn nornmama n cnoxna rpyna or
nponemn. Bnpexn rona pesynrarnre ca ocraruno snaun-
mn n crnacynann, sa a nocxasnar, ue n reuenne na npemero
me pasepem nsnopnre na neonornxra mnoro no-ope, or-
xonxoro nec.
Ennmnnnpane na npepascnnre
ocraruno nn e oaue pasnpanero? He moxe nn ncnxo-
nornxra a nn nomorne a uanpaeu+ nemo sa nanexamnre
nponemn, csaenn or cnpemennnre neonornn - npone-
mn xaro npepascnnre? a pasrneame cnennx excnepn-
menr, ocmecrnen nacxopo or P. Ipocapr-Marnuex, X. x.
Asenx n X. Berep n Iepmannx
76
. B rona nscnenane cnyuana
nsnaxa or 6796 mxe na nspacr or 45 o 55 ronnn ca nn-
repnmnpann sa rexnnre npepascnn, xonro ca xnacn]nnn-
76
Grossarth-Maticek, R., Eysenck, H. J., & Vetter, H. (1988). The causes
and cures of prejudice: An empirical study of the frustrationjaggression
hypothesis. Personality and Individual Differences, 9.
pann xaro anrnemoxparnunn, anrncemnrcxn, anrnapacxn,
anrncnanxncxn, anrnxpncrnxncxn, anrnpaconn, anrnamepnxan-
cxn nnn anrnxomynncrnuecxn. Or rasn ronxma rpyna ca ns-
pann 530 nnna, xonro nspasxnar xpann npepascnn. Tesn
nnna cne rona ca cuerann cnope npepascnnre cn - an-
rncemnrnre c anrncemnrn, anrnapanre c anrnapan, n r.n. -
n no enn or ncxxa noxa e pasnpeenen n excnepnmenranna,
a pyrnxr - n xonrponnara rpyna. Axo ce npnem xm nae-
cer n rpera rnana, n xoxro ncxyrnpaxme noarnnnocrra na
pax n na cpeunoconn onecrn, resn nscnenann nnna ca
xopa, xonro nmar ^cxnonna xm onecr" nnunocr. Ha resn n
excnepnmenrannara rpyna ce npenara rpynonara noneenuec-
xa repannx, oueprana n 23-ra rnana. 3a a ce nsxnmun ns-
moxnocrra e]exrnre or repannxra a ce npnnnmar na npxxo
nnymenne, rx ne ce nosonana na connannn narnacn, npepas-
cnn nnn nemo pyro nsnn onacrra na spanero.
Xnnoresara n rosn excnepnmenr e, ue npepascxr e
]opma na arpecnx n ue cne xaro arpecnxra e pesynrar or
]pycrpannx, namanxnanero na ]pycrpannxra n rpxnano a
onee o namanxnane na arpecnxra n npepascnnre. Tona
e nsnecrno xaro xnnoresara sa ]pycrpannxra-arpecnxra. Xo-
para, xonro ca noarnnnn na pax n cpeunoconn onecrn,
emoncrpnpar snaunrenen crpec n neycnex a ce cnpanxr c ne-
ro, a resn na ]axropa ca rxcno cnpsann c ]pycrpannxra. Cne-
onarenno n rosn excnepnmenr xnnoresara e, ue namanxnanero
na crpeca n nxnmunanero n noneenne na cnpanxne me onee
o namanxnane na ]pycrpannxra, arpecnxra n npepasc-
nnre.
unenonere na nere rpynn ca recrnpann nonropno cne
mecr mecena, ena ronna n ne ronnn n ]nrypa 2 noxasna
pesynrarnre. B nauanoro na excnepnmenra nnro enn or yuac-
rnnnnre ne e nnmen or npepascnn - ncmnocr rona e yc-
nonnero sa npnemane n nero. Konrponnara rpyna npaxrnuec-
xn ne emoncrpnpa nnxaxna npomxna n narnacnre sa ne ro-
nnn, no sa cmnx nepno nma pamarnuno namanxnane na
pox na repanenrnpannre nnna, xonro npemnnanar or xpann
npepascnn o nnnca na npepascnn. He e nyxno a ce
xasna, ue raxona nsmecrnane e nsxnmunrenno snaunmo cra-
EHHHOI 403
pexrnoro araxynane na npepascnnre xapa xopara a ce
orpanxnar n uecro a cranar xpann n samnra na mnennxra
cn. Ocnen rona non o neroynanne n no-cnnno oxonanane"
na narnacnre. Cnpanxnero c no-noxo nxopenennre npnunnn
sa npepascnnre moxe a e no-npaxrnuno n a nma no-
ronxm ycnex. cno e, ue rona e onacr na uonemxoro nonee-
nne, xoxro sacnyxana onnnnrennn nscnenannx. Hpepasc-
nnre n n uacrnocr paconnre npepascnn ca enn or na-
snnre uonemxn emonnn, xonro moxem a cn npecrannm - ncnu-
xn nosnaname pesynrarnre, xonro re nmar n Xnrnepona Iep-
mannx. Tpxna a ce npnnercrna n manxoro, xoero ncnxonorn-
xra moxe a nanpann sa npornnoecrnnero nm.
Bnnnor
B rasn xnnra ocnxme nxxon or na-ouaponarennnre n
na-naxnn orxpnrnx, npanenn nxxora or ncnxonosn. Hne oaue
ne orpasnxme n ena ecera or ncnuxn ocnonnn onacrn na
nscnenannx, n xonro ncnxonosnre ca axrnnnn. Be ca nyxnn
mnoro oemncrn romone, sa a ce nanpann rona. Hcnxonornxra
ce nnrepecyna or uonemxoro noneenne n cneonarenno e
penenanrna na nourn ncxxa enocr, nxnmunama uonemxn c-
mecrna.
Hexa naxparxo pasrneame nxxonxo or onacrnre, xonro
rpxname a nsnycnem. a nsemem apxnrexrypara. Honeuero
xopa cmxrar, ue crpanre rpxna a ce npoexrnpar, sa a ca
npnxrnn sa oxoro n a ca yonn sa xnneene. Hcnxonosnre
morar a nanpanxr nenen npnnoc sa rasn npeceuna rouxa mexy
uonexa n crpanre.
Cnpxnacenenocrra - enn or ocnonnnre xommapn or noc-
nennre ronnn - e pyra naxna onacr sa ncnxonora. Cne
20-30 ronnn cneronnoro nacenenne me e napacnano excnno-
snnno, npnunnxnaxn rnana cmpr n connannn ynrone n rn-
ranrcxn maman, ocnen axo cera ne ce npnnoxar ycnemnn npor-
pamn sa xonrpon npxy paxaemocrra. Hsxymanamo e rosn
nponem a ce ocrann na nonnrnnnre, no ne re, a ncnxonosnre
me rpxna a nanmanar npexrno raxnna nporpamn n a
xoncynrnpar e]exrnnnn pexnamnn xamnannn.
pyra naxna onacr, n xoxro ncnxonornxra nma ynnnep-
canna cronocr, e epronomnxra - nsanmoecrnnero na xopa-
ra n mamnnnre. Axo nomncnnre, nxnara oprannsannx na pa-
ornara nn cpea nce no-cnnno e nonnnxna or rpyonnre n
nnycrpnannnre ncnxonosn. Hponemnre, nocranenn or sar-
nnnamnre nnycrpnn, nncxnx yx na paornnnnre, nncxara
nponsnonrennocr n rexnonornunara npomxna, no cmecrno
nsncxnar orronopn na ncnxonornuecxo, a ne na nonnrnuecxo
pannnme.
Hcnxonornxra nponnxna n mnoro onacrn na ncexnnen-
nnx nn xnnor. Hxxon xopa nsnpnemar rona onxxe xaro
snonemo, noosnpaxn, ue xonapnnre yxacn or 1984" na
xopx Opyen ce xpnxr sa rna. Anropnre na rasn xnnra
nannno orxnpnxr raxona necnmncrnuno cranonnme. Ocnen
ncnuxo pyro - ro e nannno neoocnonano. Hanpannxme or-
pomnn ycnnnx a noxaxem, ue no-oraroro pasnpane na uo-
nemxara npnpoa, xoero nn ocnrypxna ncnxonornxra, neue pe-
nonmnnonnsnpa ocnonnn acnexrn na omecrnoro (namara o-
pasonarenna n naxasarenna cncrema, neuennero na ncnxnunn-
re pascrpocrna) no naunn, xoro e nsnxno narornopen.
Kaxno a xaxem sa ncnxonornxra yrpe? Pasnpa ce, rnp-
e psxo e a ce onnrname a npornosnpame emero. Hne
oaue cme norornenn a pncxyname a nanpannm cnennre
rpn npornosn (napeuere rn nn]opmnpann oraxn, axo mere)
sa naunnnre, no xonro ncnxonornxra me ce pasnnna n eme.
Hpno, ncnxonornxra me ce nsnpnema nce noneue xaro
penenanrna na connannnre nponemn - npn rona sa nce no-
ronxm po or rxx. Hanpnmep na-oprooxcannnre nexapn
nmar orpannuenn nosnannx - nnn nnrepec - xm ncnxonornx-
ra. Te npocro nexynar comarnunnre cnmnromn na nannenrn-
re, xonro ornnar n xannernre nm. Bnpexn rona mnosnna or
nannenrnre nm ce nyxaxr noneue or ncnxonornuecxo nnnma-
nne, orxonxoro or xanuera n ornapn. Hnaneo e]exrr" (na-
nnenrnre pso ce noopxnar opn n xoraro nm ce anar ]an-
mnnn nexapcrna) nocxasna yenrenno, ue comarnunara o-
necr n nscranonxnane morar a ce nonomornar (a n a ce
npnunnxnar) or ncnxnunnre nponecn. a ce naxname, ue n
eme me nma no-nonsornopna cnmnosa na ncnxonornuec-
xnre n mennnncxnre nosnannx.
Bropo, nxxon or excnepnmenrnre n cnpemennara ncnxo-
nornx, xonro ca nonaann na npnnre crpannnn na necrnnnn-
re, ca ro nocrnrnann sapan ernunnre nnpocn, xonro nocra-
nxr. Axo nornenem n emero, nsrnexa mnoro nepoxrno
HHTEPATVPA 407
nscneonarennre n ncnxonornxra a ca nonoxenn na sacnn-
nam ce narncx a onpananar paorara cn n npancrnenn rep-
mnnn. Enncrnenoro nn xenanne e a ce orxpne npannnnnxr
ananc mexy sarpnxenocrra na ncnxonora a nponexa pe-
nenanrnn n nonesnn nscnenannx n sanxennero na amn-
nncrparopnre, nonnrnnnre n omecrnenocrra a npenasna
npanara n ocroncrnoro na onesn, xonro yuacrnar n nscne-
nannxra. Fn nno rparenx, axo cpemy ncnxonosnre sanoune
non na nemnnn, noem o nnno saropmosxnane na nscneo-
narencxnre nm naunnannx.
Tpero, ronemnxr nanpex nn ncxxa nayxa uecro e npxxo
cnecrnne or naxnn rexnonornunn npenomn. Panorenecxo-
nr pamarnuno pasmnpxna mamaa na acrponomnxra. Ho c-
mnx naunn nxnonxnamnre nonn orxpnrnx na Ann n Hnen
Xenpnxcn sa nnrennrenrnocrra nxmame a ca nsmoxnn, axo
ne xxa csaenn nonn naunnn sa nsmepnane n perncrpnpane
na mosunnre nnnn.
Axo emero npnnnua n nxxaxna crenen na mnnanoro,
rorana xpnrnunnre nscnenannx npes 90-re ronnn na XX nex
me sanncxr or nonn rexnonornunn npenomn. He moxem a sna-
em xaxno me e rona pasnnrne, no ynepeno npornosnpame,
ue me oe npeme, xoraro nacroxmnre nn onnrn a pasxpn-
em saraxnre na uonemxnx pasym me nsrnexar xaro necn-
rypnnre crnxn na eero, xoero ce yun a xon.
An1epa1ypa
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XAHC n MAHKTH AH3EHK
HABHPEHHE HA HCHXHKATA
Aue.ucra, npeo usoauue
O]opmnenne na xopnnara Mnrnena
Kopexrop Pocnna
Komnmrpno o]opmnenne Cneaana
]opmar 16/60/90
oem 26 n.x.

Aizenk Nabludenie Na Psihikata

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