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groups:
(a) Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory) drugs ; (b) Steroid anti-
inflammatory drugs
Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs are classified according to
chemical structure and anti-inflammatory activity.
I group – preparations with strong anti-inflammatory activity
A. Nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX)
I. Acid derivatives
1) Derivatives of salicylic (ortho-oxybenzoic) acid
Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)
Lysine acetylsalicylate
Sodium salicilate
Methyl salicylate
2) Pyrazolone derivatives
Phenylbutazone
3) Derivatives of indole-acetic acid
Indomethacin
Sulindac
Derivatives of phenylacetic acid
Diclofenac Sodium (Voltaren)
Derivatives of propionic acid
Ibuprofen
Ketoptofen
Naproxen
Derivatives of anthranylic acid
Mefenamic acid
Oxicam derivatives
Piroxicam
Tenoxicam
Lornoxicam
II. Non-acidic derivatives
B. Preferential inhibitors of COX2
Meloxicam
Nimesulide
Nabumetone
C. Selective inhibitors of COX2
Celecoxib
Rofecoxib
II group – preparations with poor anti-inflammatory activity
Pyrazolone derivative
Metamizol
Paraaminophenol derivatives
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)
Preparations of other chemical structure- Ketorolac
►Classification of analgesics,
I. Narcotic analgesics
II. Non-narcotic analgesics
1. Narcotic analgesics containing alkaloids of opium. Among these
are Morphine and Codeine.
Synthetic narcotic analgesics.
1.
Trimeperidine (Promedol)
•
• Fentanyl
• Piritramide
• Pentazocine
• Tramadol
• Butorphanol
Classification of narcotic analgesics according to their
action on different types of opioid receptors.
A. Full agonists of opioid receptors. They stimulate all types of
opioid receptors. Among these are Morphine, Trimeperidine,
Fentanyl.
B. Partial agonists of opioid receptors. The drugs are also
called agonists-antagonists because they stimulate some
types of opioid receptors and block others. Among these are:
• Pentazocine
• Butorphanol
• Nalbuphine
• Buprenorphine
• Piritramide
C. Narcotic analgesics with a mixed mechanism of action.
For example,Tramadol.
2.Non-narcotic analgesics of different chemical
groups.
The main non-narcotic analgesics are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAID).
2. Synthetic laxatives
• Phenolphtalein
• Oxyphenisatine
• Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
• Sodium picosulfate (Guttalax)
3. Castor oil
C. Preparations softening fecal mass and facilitating their travel
through intestine – eccoprotic preparations
• sunflower-seed oil
• almond-oil
• olive oil
• liquid paraffin
• Poloscalpol
D. Carminative agents – stimulate passage of gases.
• Fennel seeds
• Dill seeds
• caraway-seeds
• aromatic waters (mint, anise, dill)
IV. Antidiareal agents.
a) preparations of specific action – acting on pathogenic
organisms (antimicrobial and antibacterial agents)
b) preparations of non-specific action (for symptomatic
therapy) -
drugs inhibiting intestine peristalsis
• Loperamide Immodium)
• Attapulgit (Caopectate)
• Smecta (Diosmectide)
V. Agents influencing on secretion of GIT
a) stimulators of secretion
• Histamine
• Pentagastrine
b) agents inhibiting stomach secretion
Antihypotensive drugs.
Hypotension (low blood pressure) can be acute and chronic.
Acute hypotension is observed in collapse, shock and faint. Chronic
hypotension is characterized by permanent low arterial blood
pressure. For the treatment of
hypotension depending on its cause the following groups of
preparations are used.
1. Vasoconstrictive agents:
a) Agonists of angiotensin II
• Angiotensinamide (synthetic analogue of endogenous
angiotensinamide).
It is manufactured in the form of powder in vials. It is dissolved
ex tempore and administered intravenously. Angiotensinamide has
short-time but vigourous action.
b) Adrenoceptor agonists (mainly α- adrenoceptor agonists)
• Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
• Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
They are non-selective α- adrenoceptor agonists.
• Mesaton –selective ones.
c) Sympathomimetics
• Ephedrine
It stimulates noradrenaline release from presynaptic
membrane.
All the drugs are mainly used in acute hypotension.
d) Glucocorticoids
• Prednisolone
• Dexamethasone
• Hydrocortisone
They are used in acute hypotension as they increase
adrenoreceptor sensitivity to catecholamines, decreases
penetrability of vessels.
2. Agents increasing cardiac output (improving heart
function). They are used in case of shocks, in postoperative
period.
a) Dopamine receptor agonists
• Dopamine hydrochloride
It stimulates heart function and increases tone of vessels and
used in cardiogenic shock, traumatic shock.
b) β-adrenomometics
• Dobutamine
c) Cardiac glycosides
3. Analeptics. They stimulate both tone of vessels and
myocardium function.
• Caffeine
• Cordiamin (Nikethamide)
• Camphor preparations
4. General tonic (general stimulants) – they increase a tone
of CNS.
• Ginseng
• Aralia
• Devil's-club
• Schizandra
Tinctures from the plants are used in chronic hypotension
conditions.
5. If hypotension is due to loss of blood then preparations
increasing volume of blood circulation - plasma-substituting
solutions, colloid solutions, crystalloid solutions (salt
solutions).
I. First generation:
►
Modes of Fourteen- Fifteen- Sixteen-
manufacturing membered membered membered
►Classification:
I. Antituberculous antibiotics:
Rifampicin
Rifabutin
Capreomycin
Cycloserine
Streptomycin
Kanamycin
Amikacin
II. Hydrazides of isonicotinic acid:
Isoniazid
Metazide
Opiniazide
Ftivazide
III. Derivatives of para-aminosalicylic acid:
Para-aminosalicylic acid
IV. Synthetic drugs with other chemical structure:
Pyrazinamide
Ethionamide
Ethambutol
Thiacetazone
V. Fluoroquinolones:
Lomefloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
Ofloxacin
VI Macrolides :
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
According to their clinical utility antituberculous
drugs can be divided into:
Streptomycin
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Ethambutol
Pyrazinamide
II. Drugs of second line: These drugs have either low
antitubercular efficacy or high toxicity or both; are used in
special circumstances only.
Capreomycin
Cycloserine
Kanamycin
Amikacin
Para-aminosalicylic acid
Lomefloxacin
Emetine
Diethylcarbamazine (ditrazine citrate)