Cours Maths6

f
q dG
q jQG
q
jq dGh Hq dG IQGRh
HQG
jdH
dG fhe
q
q VjQ
SSC
G dG
q
q e SOdG
q dG
q
LZGdG WdG cG
: fhG
q j - I
: Yq dGh jQqdG Gqce - 1
: Y
jQ 10 e IMGh
q H q SSCG Gqce .q Vh e IMGh
q H q LeOEG Gqce . jQ 5 e IMGh qH q Gqce -
: q LY Gqce - 2
.MqdG qdG Y S qKDJ qdG ANCG H GqcG q YCG
: fhG
q SGp - II
.dG SGq c VJ
q h q SQG dG dG fhe
q VJ
q
: qG H j IGOCG fhG
q
.G qd Se jQ Af JGOGSG J e Iqe Y id hCG qG H id YOh qdG KE .aVEH
.eOEG fCG Y qG jQd .q dGh q dG KEG hCG qdG Ga AKCG aOgh qbe q LY fCG RE -
: fhG
q SGp - III
: Yq dGh jQq dG Gqce - 1
: dq dG fdH Yq dGh jQq dG Gqce e Iqce
q c CGJ
.q q dG iGh IOq G - CG
qdG -
.jdG e
q -
.q G dG - O
.(q , q LeOEG ,q SSCG) IqcG U - `g
.HdG
q Qq J eEG Qb GqcG g
.dG eJ qac b e q LeOEG GqcGh q SSCG GqcG SG
EG QhG qj CG hO ,aVEH JGOGSG J jqdG eqd a

qqdG Gqce qeCG
q
.qdG
q jq QLEG GQhe q q dG Gqce
UCG e U Y dG Y QGb PqJGh SG S aCG QNG qd qfEa q dHh
.IQcG
.efdG GgCG G NGG jRH J QaCG h lrnH dG fhe
q
: Yq dGh jQq dH UG
Gqcd q SSCG XdG
q
.bCG qdG ie EG gDhGOCG Jj jqdG eq dG H id YOh qdG KEG . q q dG ie EG eq dG H AGOCH AJQG ZV qdG AfG qH dG H dPh
q QhV MG jQqdG Y qWG
.q G gGeh qd q dG LG hCG Oq G dG hCG Qq G eq dG
dG Gqce - 2
GRE SGh e gNCG q qdG J ,qedG ANCG e P H qJ Gqce g
eCG (qdG AKCG hCG q q dG GQNG UEG AKCG) f j CG qd h Gg .eq dG
: IjL LJ Gqc fhG
q AZEG e qJ ANCG e iNCG P
.ANCG e P .ANCG g SCG H qbe HU LGj jqdG qG b e jq Oa IQH J dG Gqce e P .efdG e AL CG
SG jW
.dG fhe
q SG q dG jq q M qe
q d
.LqdG H feEG H dP e Vfh
.qq dG fCG AKCG J q q dG Gqceh q SSCG GqcG
jGH
q J hCG /h eOEG Y jQq dG H ,q G qdG AfEG KEG
q J eOEG Gqce
q H qG eOEG a qaj e eCG qG Vh H q LeOEG qJ q Vc qq dG
.jc e
q hCG qe
.q dGh qdGKEG hCG/h qdG AKCG JGqJh qG ANCG q J KEG qJ dG Gqce

UG
h qdG QYH OLd qd cJh HSCGh ANCG L Y pCf qfCG dG e
q
.eJ e LGj qdG
: Me
q gCH qJ (13 EG 1) e Iqce 13 hCq G FL fhG
q q J
Y qG IYe H eG dG
q N dEG Vq q dG q qdG gG
QNG Y c qdG q dG eJ L e j e AfG
.SOdG
q dG
q efH hdG
q b q SGQq dG dG
q e q Lq dG
YdGh
jQ
dG
Gq
c
e
q
q
q SSCG Gqce *
LeOE
q G Gqce *
q Gqce *
e
VJ
q
Y JCjh qdG fCG YOh qdG KEG Gqce e Iqce qc N
q G Qq dG YGj
q dG LM IYGe hO CG q dBG H MG jQq dG
q c OYG Rj H MGe L
.q dG
(QS) eG qdG CG H e g e QGZ Y q SSCG GqcG G Qq dG q
EG qG gq Dj e j qc qG AH qCG PEG qjQJ H bGdG Rhh HdG
q LGe e
j MG jQq dG e j HdG
q Rh Y qE a q dHh ... GG jq dG LGe
.HdG
q jQq dG EG Lq dG IQhdH
q
q W H qG Qj CG fCT e IMGdG q SSCG IqcG jQ Y G Qq dG qGE
ZdG
q ZUh Jee J Y JYe e XqdH hCG qdH IOG IYdG AH f
Xq dGh q dG J Y IQdG EG AJQGh Oq G G QJ
q Y Yj SG q qdG
.G q VdG
q c
N
q J qdG YG
q
q q dG Y cq dG q SSCG EGc a fYG q LeOEG q VdG AH
IdH
q f h q Vjq dG qdG jJ hCq G G f qM IOG G Y dG AEG
hCG q SQe e
q M) LG Y qG SG e qEG q M dO J qdG OQGG Y
.(q JM
jq QhdG
q jDhq dG Vhh
q q dG e AH GqcG g GSG j CG eCf Lq dG g AV h
.q cPh Og q LZGH GSG qd
YdGh
q jQdG
q Gqce SG dO
bJ
IqcG
IqcG
q SSCG
e
q
jdG
dG
21
19 18
16 15
11
bQCG 9 h 8 h 7 GP OGYCG q JCG
48
47 46
45 44
39 4
Jq UNh
q O qdG Sq dG q JCG
70
69 68
67 66
60 6
qjdG OGYCG qJCG
78
77
76
75
71 7
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
87
84
83
82
79 8
jq dG OGYCG VCG
96
95 94
93 92
88 9
d
q d qW U OY Y qjY GOY bCG
104
103 102
101 100
97 10
q Y OY Sb b q Y CG
127
126 125
124 123
119 13
Fe q M Sq dG qXhCG
155
154
152
150 17
qdG
q SG SqdG qXhCG
171
170 169
168 167
164 19
gDhbCGh cCGh jq dG OGYCG cC

q G
183
182
180
177 21
H jq c GOY cCG
190
189 188
187 186
184 22
qJQCGh jq dG OGYCG QbCG
197
196
194
191 23
H cCGh qjdG qjdG OGYCG qJCG
210 209
206 25
qjFe f M SqdG qXhCG
230
227 28
MWCGh jq dG OGYCG LCG
244 243
240 30
YdG
q q eh eq dGh aG M Sq dG qXhCG
212
153
181
195
211
233
232
231
247
246 245
OGYCG Y q dG XH Vjq dG Syd AEG qdGO e q Vh q M
q dG
IqcG
q dG
Iq
c
e
q
LeOE
q G
25
22 2
GZdGh QdGh q qdG H bdG qXhCG
59
57 56
55 54
49 5
MG b GMh q JCG
111
110 109
108 107
105 11
eq dG J qdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
118
117 116
115 114
112 12
eq dG J qdG OGYCG VCG
38
37 36
35 34
28 3
GAdG q OdG SGh

IFGq dG qXhCG
q
q SdG
,30 , 45 ,60 ,90 LQq dH bCG jGhR HCG
120 ,15
133
132
131
130
128 14
140
139
138
137
134 15
YVCGh jGhR bCG EG GOSG qe HCG
149
148
147
146
141 16
SQCGh G T q UN
q q JCG
163
162
161
160
156 18
SQCGh VCG jRGe q UN

q q JCG
175
174 172 20
IFGO MCG
176
205
218
226
239
257
202 201
198 24
qe Me MCG
217
216
213 26
VCG RGe Me MCG

(qG ,VCG RGe ,qHG ,G)
224
223
219 27
e T Me MCG
238
237
234 29
q FGq dG UdG Me MCG
254 253
248 31
MCGh q Gh G RGe q JCG

e q d q G MG
204 203
225
256 255
AEG qdGO e q Vh q M
Vjq dG Syd
jOG q q dH
26
10
Vjq dG Syd AEG qdGO e q Vh q M

qSdG TCG UN
q XH
27
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
OGYCG Y q dG XH qdGO e q Vh M
1 U
bQCG 9 h 8 h 7 GP OGYCG cCq G : dG
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
: p pRnn rdGy ohn r nL Gngn - 1
................ b
................ b
................ b
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.b q c J t pJGoC - GC
.Re 3 e e
q b q c -
b q c Re q SCG
p noj n pH p nj ne tpJGoC -
.oS
...............................
...............................
...............................
r pe lns eo m r pb
t co
n Rp n en 3
.qj qdG dG NH bq dG b J - 2
.de q c bq dG b q aM cCG
jG e de
jG GY de
jG OMBG de
pa b
1
5
7
9
11
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
OGYCG Y qdG XH qdGO e qVh M
2 U
bQCG 9 h 8 h 7 GP OGYCG cCq G : dG
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
. ppdRp n n pd p r n pdn n eo p r n r pb u co n r Hn Ak na o o rJGnC m nbQr GnC 3 r pe p ncr GnC r pe kfns eo GOk n Yn

n o cr nCpd - 3
405 086 570 : e
.HdG
q IYdG Y GOYG OGYCG g Hc YCG
761045008
2506438
503657
67084
67 084
316613361
8000778
7800604
65064310
.qdG hG J qCG - 4
1
cJ
pbnrdyG
ppanBG oOnnY
pbnrdyG
pppjnne oOnnY
.......
.......
.......
.......
46 805 460
.......
.......
270 605
310
..................
603
27 850
.......
.......
..................
.......
.......
.......
.......
307 485 016
Oo n n rdyG
.d SG qdH qY sco xn pH opHQr GnC - 5

435 740 815
43 574 815
4 357 815
43 740 815
4 357 815
574 815 + 43 * 1 000 000

815 + 4 357 * 1000
740 815 + 435 * 1 000 000
357 815 + 4 * 1 000 000
815 + 43 740 * 1 000
12
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
1
3 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
bQCG 9 h 8 h 7 GP OGYCG q JCG : dG
q G q dG dG q J U 4 dG MCH QG HM q YU SDq e MU OhCG - 6

.hG GH
p uprdypH
q G nr n rdyG on pb
..................
96 085 000
GQjO fKh FSh dCG Nh S
ffO Sh BG Nh FKK
..........................................
(1)
(2)
..........................................
..................
705 062 000
q pr n qdG
t u dyG
(pQju dyG pn ppH) v par M

n pr nYn Qo ocrn rdyG o nr n rdyG
(3)
(4)
hG J q CG
.HdG q GC q K OY cCG e q c NGO cCG - CG - 7

........ + (840 * ........) + (
............. ... + (
405 + (........ * 1 000) + (
* 1 000 000) = 7 840 590
(1)
* 1 000) = 76 315 807
(2)
* 1 000 000) = 405 056 405
(3)
SGbCG Y OYH HdG

q HdG e Hc q c NCG -
.............. + .............. + .............. =
7 840 590 (1)
.............. + .............. =
76 315 807 (2)
.............. + .............. + .............. = 405 056 405 (3)
13
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
1
4 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.q HdG G GH M 2001 d q FMEG

l r eo p gn - 8
pn n s dyG pn
p pH psdy
q G Oo n Yn
2rdyG pn p pH o M
n n p rdyG
97 * 100 000
155 + 162 * 1000
fJ
325 * 100 000
741 + 2381 * 1000
FGG
244 * 100 000
850 + 710 * 1000
prn rdyG
38 * 100 000
540 + 1 749 * 1000
pd
20 * 100 000
455 + 1 032 * 1000
pf njpQoe
.q dG hG cCGh HdG g NCG - GC

pn n s dyG pn
p pH psdy
q G Oo n Yn
2rdyG pn p pH o nMn p rdyG

fJ
FGG
prn rdyG
pd
pf njpQeo
.jq YJ MG b M q HdG G GH qJQCG -
.jq YJ dG
q OY M q HdG G GH qJQCG -
.JLSG
q SCGh MCG - O
14
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
1
5 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.Jqah qdG dG
q dG M q dRJ qJe 2001 S q fq dG OdG GQOU H g - 9
Q
U e
qH
jR jR
Qa eM
G YUh jMCG
N f
: q dG hG e SG fe Oq GG g e IOq e
q c cCG
JGQOU H
2001 d
200 300 000 126 500 000 105 600 000 697 300 000 105 600 000 236 300 000
b
Qjq dG H
n pe ndhoCrdGy pnMn r n rdy pH p pens dyG Oo n Yn n NGnC pjs p Hn r s dyG pn Ss Dn o rdGy Op hOo r en p t
n nJhn q p pFn rdGy p p r s pd k
n pnf - 10
p Qn u dyG pn dy
p Sn nCrdGy p p r s dyG
.1995 / 1994 ps SG
s G n pe k jn Gn pH n
o bn n j u S
p Sn nCrdGy p p r s dyG n pe ndhoCrdGy pnMr r n rdGy p en n pd pS
p n o rdGy Op n n rdy pH ms SG
p Qn Op mn Sn s co oHo Qr GnC
.u S
1 432 896
1 363 393
1 265 462
1 440 479
1 215 888
1 403 729
1 314 836
1998 / 1997
1999 / 1998
2000 / 1999
2001 / 2000
2002 / 2001
2003 / 2002
2004 / 2003
hCG MH eq dG OY
q SSCG qdG e
q SGQq dG dy
q G
15
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
1
1 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
bQCG 9 h 8 h 7 GP OGYCG q JCG: dG
: pHGnC n nd n nb pjp
n rdGy n pdp r pe Ap n pH p n rJGE p n r Hn - 1
MGhh Feh dCH H bh ,GQjO Nh FKKh dCG KKh H VQCG b jT{
dG ILCG eq GC .GQjO jYh q Sh Fq Sh dCG HQCGh fK AdG Oq Ge AGT K Hh ,GQjO HQCGh
.zAdG Oq Ge p K nf fa edG
: HCG eq b qdG G EG GOSG qdG hG J qCG
p pH
p up rdyG pn
p pH
Qju dyG pn
o jpQ
n n rdyG
VQCG AGT K
q dG jQe
AdG Oq Ge AGT K
edG dG ILCG
jG d q G dG
.J H dG
q Gg He fe Y S qG H dG e HCG S - 2
O ............................
7009390
16
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
1
2 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
q dG Y e Iq e ffO 10 a e q de GQhCG e fe
q
q G G qS dG jN Hd
q dG
q JY
: q dG
.Ic eRpQ e q c
.IU eRpQ Qp jO pFe q c
.d
q GgL d q dG qdG
q q YCG - GC
. jH q HM HLEG Iq e q c qYCGh SG OdG Qp WEG q c n NGO cCG -
:HCG qJ qdG pqdG pGQhCG Oo Y *
......................................................................
......................................................................
: snCpd
: IdG
q eRq dG pq dG pGQhCG Oo Y *
......................................................................
......................................................................
: snCpd
: HCG qJ qdG qdG GQhCG e pIdG

q p Rq dG Oo Y *
......................................................................
......................................................................
: snCpd
: Ic eRQ
q c pIdG
q p Rq dG Oo Y *
......................................................................
......................................................................
: snCpd
: HCG qJ qdG q dG GQhCG e IdG p Rq dG Oo Y *

......................................................................
......................................................................
17
: snCpd
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
3 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
q S a ffO 5 a e hCG GQjO 20 a e q de GQhCG e fe

q
q G G Gg HCG qJ d{ :
o b -
z? dM qc HS dEG UJ
q qdG FqdG
.dP YC q dG p hG J q CG
qdG IdG RqdG OY Iq dG RqdGOY Iq dG RqdG OY qdG GQhCG OY qdG GQhCG OY

qj
IdG eRq dG
Iq dG eRq dG
qj qdG
qj qdG
fc dM
e q dG GQhCG
O 20a
fc dM
e q dG GQhCG
O 5 a
.JMe
q SGqC
18
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.80 Y bQCG 9 e e
q OY - 1
.(G L q bCG) ? OdG Gg j CG e
.a m p r oe Om n Yn p cGnC nHnp pH mIs ne uco pa bqdG r p rdGy tpJGoC - GC - 2

. . . 407 350 < 100 407 035
4 500 615 > 4 . . . 785
305 079 605 > . . . 079 056
20 . . .707 < 20 060 707
70 . . . 999 < 700 000 807
200 760 090 > . . . 805 036

.a OY UCG HH Iq e q c bq dG dG q GC -
6 009 850 < 6 . . . 580
. . . 407 100 > 189 470 099
905 037 510 < . . . 307 051
87 . . . 078 > 87 099 087
470 . . . 007 > 407 999 060
27 089 465 < 27 . . . 645

.SG OdG HH Iq e qc qGC qK MCG - 3
: qqdG jOd pjprqdyG oOnnrdyG

............................ : pn rtdypH - CG
............................ : pIOn jn u dypH -
c 25 hq dH qqdG c
SSCG qdG e hCG MG Ied pjprsdyG oOnnrdyG

: J dCG H
............................ : pn rt dypH ............................ : pInOnjudypH -
pa up Sn SnCrdyG p prsdyG npe ndhoCrdyG pnnMrnrdyG ppennJ oOnnY

1 215 888 g 2004/ 2003 sp SGnQudyG pns dyG
: QjO G H GQOq dG d q jq dG dG
............................ : pn rt dypH - CG
............................ : pInOnjudypH -
2001 S jq dG jR e JGQOU b H
200 300 000 : QjqdG H
: QjO G H GOQGdG d q jq dG dG
............................ : pn rtdypH - CG
............................ : pInOnjudypH -
2001 S q eYEG ILCG e JGOQGh b H

210 900 000 : QjdG H
c 112 qq dG c
19
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
1
2 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
ndGE p p o o rdGy
n n Mn
n p s n eo mn nn f 9 674 000 nfOp nppH ps
q pd t pjpr s dyG Oo n n rdGy nnc 2001 jL 1 pjn nZ ndGE p - 4
: pdsdyG t pFn rMEp rdGy ohn r nrdGy oounoj n nrpe mYn o rne 4
2001 jL 1 ndEG m cn S 1 000 u oc pa r go Oo n Yn
po o rdyG
n n M
n pst dyG
o pr nJ
oYn o
r n rdyG
83
206
620
91
mGn nn S 5 rpe snbnCG
CG
S 14 ndEGp mGn n Sn 5
r pe
S 59 ndEGp k n Sn 15
r ep
a e EG S 60 e
: JBG q FMEG hG q GC - GC
qdG H gOGaCG OY
qjdG jq dG
.dEG UJ
q qdG Fq dG
q U e qCG -
.JLSG
q SCGh q FMEG hG MCG -
: jq dGh Hq dG IQGRh q FMEG M - 5
.1996 / 1995 qSGQq dG dG
q e q e bJ q SSCG qdG e hCG pMG eJ OY
.q e bJ 1996 / 1995 q SGQq dG dG
q e gh fEG OY e cCG ehO QcqdG OY
.1998 / 1997 q SGQq dG dG
q e q e
q q dG
o f
.2001 / 2000 EG 1997 / 1996 e pIq G q SGQq dG Gd
q q FMEG
l neo g
.qSGQO S eqdG OY oAGdG
q obdG
.q SGQO S QcqdG OY AbQq dG
o bdG
.q SGQO S SGq dG OY AdG
o bdG
20
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
1
3 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
76
754 0
312 990
896
2
3
14
759 084
274 779
1 403 729
93
3
1 363
16
737 9
1 440 479
57
234 9
714 415
156 2
30
759 9
1 441 143
30
331 472
.HdG
q G EG GOSG q dG q FMEG hG q YCG - GC
SSC
G dG
G e
q
q e hCG MG M FME
q
.jq dGh Hq dG IQGRh : QG
2001 / 2000 2000 / 1999 1999 / 1998 1998 / 1997 1997 / 1996
qSGQqdG q dyG
pQoctdyG Oo n Yn
pnfpErdyG oOnnY
ppensdyG oOnnY
n ppLs dyG Oo n Yn
npp SGsdyG oOnnY
.eq dG OY
.eq dG OY
1
8
1
5
j 1997 / 1996 q SGQq dG dG

q SGq dG OY qGC KCG -
e UCG 2001 / 2000 q SGQq dG dG

q SGq dG OY qGC KCG -
qSGQq dG dG
q qdG H fQe
q 2001 /2000 qSGQq dG dG
q qdG f qGC KCG - O
.1997 / 1996
21
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
jOG q qdH qdGO e qVh M
1 U
GZdGh QdGh qdG H bdG qXhCG : dG
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
.c 50 MGdG c SEG e c 70 Oj e gh Wb 5h WCG 3 MT dM - 1

.MdG
q g dM a cCG qK hG MCG -CG
............ ............ ............
.mde qc pSG p dG pIMph n Hc qGC -

.pSG OdH pn dq dG HdG f q c V
o YC
u G-
=5
=3
=1
=1
=1
.phn r
n rdG e SG G * n en nn dG mIs e u c pa o VCG - 2
q qdG
QdG
GZdG
GdG
..................... dG IMH
125 MqJ c
6 VQ c
2 IH c
6 EG J a c
6 N c
1 Md idG dG
43 hN c
2 h 1 H IQ ZQa MT c
22
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
2
2 U
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
.NGO hCr G hG QN Iq e q c dG b
o cCG -3
hG QN dG b
..................
c 246
..................
24
..................
..................
36
5
3
c. c
3
5
.phG QN o d n SG n HdG q GC q K p hG NGOn b q c MCG -4

dG d iNCG Hc
c .................
......... 2h ......... 4
......... 75h ......... 2
c ........ h ........
........ h ........
c ........ h ........ 4
2
4
6
2
2
5
7
3
6
2
4
c. c
0
7
3
0
5
5
.H dEG QG bq dG qj qdG dG SyG mq e m Gn a q c cCG -CG -5
............ ............ ............
............ ............ ............ ............
............
3
............
.dG nIG nIMpdG mIq e qc ocCGh oMCG -

.....................
.....................
2
.
23
.....................
q SSCG Iqce
2
3 U
: jdG e
q
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
.Sj dqdG pHdG qCG -6

c ......h ...... = c 365 -
...... h .......2 = c 2500
c ......h ...... = c 1375
.....5h ......20 =
205
.....85h ......27 = c 2785
c ...... = c 85 h 3
c ...... = c 25 h 5
c ...... = ...... =
3
...... = ...... = c 4000
c ...... = ...... =
50
c ...... = fh 1
...... = c ...... =fh 1
c ...... =fh 4
c ...... = ...... = fh 3
-CG
: mMd
n jCG fG Y qY q qdG q ffndG dG o Mnr d g - 7
c 75h 18 : ZQa MdG

q c *
5h 2 : Md
q idG dG c *
? ib dM dM MdG
q r co e *
GQdG iME q FHdG G e qf CG jf .c 75 hO c fRh KCGh OGaCG N qc - 8

: NGO qe MqdG g Ma
4 d idG dG*
.HLEG qYCG ? k e pG Gng SG jo g *
24
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
2
4 U
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
: o aqdG g e g 1 ae Y
r n q oK m L QY YJ MT 3 jJ -9
6 G q o bW
.vHM HLEG qYCGh ( hCG f) ``H mIq e qc oLCG *
q dG
G QY q MdG
q c
MdG
q
52
( 1)
c 7580
( 2)
26
( 3)
: jq C G MCG G S EG MqdG MCG f qdG JdG GfCG q q c g -10

G
dG
qdG
dG
c 3856
34
dG fh 3
7 36
.q HM HLEG qYCGh SG JdG H Iq e q c q GC - GC

............................ qC ............ f e dG dP G
q JdG e q c cCG fc
........................... qC ............ f e dG dP G
q JdG e q c UCG fc
? dG dP qdG bS
q qdG JdG q q c e -
25
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
IMGdG dM eq dG e MT 30 qjdG de qU qeY jH q qU e d -1

.WCG 5 q d O 25 H GQb 35
.G eq dG K Y HCG - GC
.G eq dG K Y iNCG jH HCG -
MGdG c SEG e c 148 `H MdG

q g q M . 8 h 3 c ZQa MT - 2
.WCG 10 RhJ idG q bW GL H j CG FS jj .Qb f
.dG H gh G Gg H j eY b qdG fb dj FS qGC KCG - GC
.iNCG jH dP KCG -
.G Gg QY d MdG
q e dj CG Y qdG ScCG e OY UCG Oq MCG -
.ScCG g OY iNCG jH Oq MCG - O
26
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
jRJ q . 5 h W 1 jQGdG g e MT dM H .c 25 RdH ICq G jQGdG e U c -1

.dG f Y e IQhQb 48
.MdG
q g Y qG jQGdG OY Y jH HCG - @
e QdG fh 7 `H G Gg Y Icq dG QGe Qq bh dG HU e d qa L - 2

.d 110 Oj e gh dG
.Icq dG GNEG H QdG H d qG dG c jH MCG .dG f d N jOH q Mo .MGh q W idG dM MT - 3
jOU 8GfEG a c 15 h 2 `H Md
q idG dG fRh d{ : MdG
q g FS b
z.c 1 `H idG hO dG d
dM RhJ CG h O MdG
q CG qdG jOdG
q g e OY cCG Y jH HCG - @
.idG
dM fa dG f d qq dG e jOH q M .WCG 3 idG dM MT qa - 4

.Qb 1 `H idG hO
10
1
.c 20 h 1 `H Md
idG
dG
Rhd
q
dG
e
c
hU
c
E
G
VC
G d{ : qdG b
q
q
q
.jOdG
q g e MGdG hdG
q c Y HCG - GC
.jOdG
q g e MGdG hdG
q c Y iNCG jH HCG -
: U e ScCG H eo . 6h 3 `H b HU Qq b - 5
.c 75 MGdG S ScCG : 1 dG
q .Qb f MGdG S ScCG : 2 dG
q .qdG dG
q e ScCG OY V hCq G dG
q e ScCG OY a
(
q H SH SCG) ? U q c e ScCG OY e - GC
.dEG UJ
q qdG q dG
q U e qCG -
27
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
qSdG TCG UN
q XH qdGO e qVh M
1 U
q SdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG : dG
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG
.Fbq dG Y W q dGh YdG

q Y W `g q dG q FG YdG
q g - 1
11
12

10
`g
4
5
7
6
.YdG
q TG Y q dG Y qJ qdG qG SQCG - GC
.YdG
q TG Y `g q dG Y qJ qdG qG SQCG -
. qG jg SQ EG UJ
q c q HCG -
.HLEG qYCG ? qN q c fj
q qdG dG
q g e - O
d{ : Fb dEG Lq Jh q dH d ef MdG
q e e qe bh q fdG Hq dG M
q AKCG - 2
.z 3 q Y J f e q c
U1 `H 1 q c Ve
q Y be q j CG e q d qdG qG SQCG - GC
? qG Gg fj
e -
q qdG dGg
q
...............................................
: q dG jq dG q GC -
................................. d qdG q dG Y g............................

.G ee f Y
28
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
3
2 U
qSdG TCG UN
q XH qdGO e qVh M
Vjq dG
Sg

6 q dG
.e b ]CG[ - 3
*
CG
*
qfGC qGE S G Y dh ]CG[ G d je ] `g[ e b SQ MCG jj

LQq e Ie
*
`g
dG g SQ Y MCG YSCG - GC
? G OY c -
Yh U 2 S q dG Y J f q YCG @
.(G L q bCG) U 3 U q dG
'''' h ''CG'' e q c Y J `g f q YCG @CG - 4

.(G L q bCG) U 3
U *
*
CG *
S *
.dP JYG qdG j qdG q HCG @
.dP JYG qdG j qdG q HCG @

*
BG
.L ,H ,BG YVCG qe - GC - 5
*
*
H
*
BL
*
.qG Gg HCG @
29
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
3
3 U
qSdG TCG UN
q XH qdGO e qVh M
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG

Hq e O GC -
e `g -
CG
`g
.Hq G Gg AH q GC @
.G Gg AH qGC @
.q YHQ `g - 6
jNBG SCGq dG e q ch ShDhQ e SCGQ z{h z`g{
z{ h z`g{ Y dG f j
= `g , = `g : M
`g
z{ h z{ SCGq dG e qc b qM e cCG q bCG - GC

.SCGq dG jd bGe J CG qdG q dG e f e Qq G U G SQCG -
.HdG
q dG
q q z{ h z{ SCGq d iNCG bGe g -
.q Sg IGOCG q CG SG hO H Oq MCG
.HLEG qYCG ? ] `g[ G b EG qdH U G q GPe - O
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
q dG SG q GC - `g
............... Y ........ f e qc J qdG........ Y g e d q OdG SG
q
.dG g
30
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
3
4 U
qSdG TCG UN
q XH qdGO e qVh M
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG

U 5 = `g - GC - 7
IFGq dG WJ f zO{ h z {

U 3 YTh `g gce qdG
.U 3YTh gce qdG IFGq dGh
`g
] `g[ G b EG q dH (O ) G q GPe
O
.HLEG qYCG
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
.dq dG G b e q d q OdG SG
q HCG -
`g
.S G Y d ]CG[ e b e qdG - 8
*
.QcdH dG g W qYCG - GC
.]CG[ G d q OdG SG
q U G HCG -
? S G EG qdH U G qVh g e -
...........................................................................................
31
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
3
5 U
qSdG TCG UN
q XH qdGO e qVh M
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG

.Y q G q dG q G G Y q OdG G Iq e q c HCG - O
*
`g
U
S
.Fb ]CG ,CG[ jhGq dG - `g
.jhGq dG d qdG dG
q HCG @
*
CG
.S G EG J `g qdG - 9
`g *
S
Jg Y dG f `g qd j H S G e '''' h ''CG'' fQcdG SGH Oq MCG - GC

.qdG
. ]CG[ G d q OdG SG
q U G HCG -
? S G EG qdH U G qVh g e -
...................................................................................................
32
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
3
6 U
qSdG TCG UN
q XH qdGO e qVh M
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG

.Y LQG q dG e Qq Gh q G G Y q OdG G Iq e q c HCG - O
CG
`g *
U
S *
. G Y q OY ''U''h ''S'' G e q c - 10
U
SG q GC q K ( `d RGe ,Y q OY) SG IQdH qe Ga q c q GC h Sq dG MCG - GC

: PEG
.............S G
G ........................ S G
.U G
G ........................ U G
........................................G f Y ............................ G *
33
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
3
7 U
qSdG TCG UN
q XH qdGO e qVh M
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG

. qdG e Qq Gh d RGG G HCG -

*
.U 3 Y j qdGh `g d RGG S G HCG -
`g
. d jRGe U e HCG - O
34
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
qSdG TCG UN
q XH qdGO e qVh M
1 U

Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG
: ppFnrHC pd n npdsdyG n sUp rn dGy nn nJhn lsan n au oo J - 1
An Gs Yp nCrdGy pFnrHGnC
pa v p r en Gk r nc r ond
o cr n nJ r n nd
pMCG n Yn Gho p Mr Gp .pp r n rdyG p n jp Mn
r Yn o o r jn mn en pa G aq M
. 3 ptdyG pIn nTn p rLp
dU cHCG
.(U 1 pn p
n rdGy pa 1 t co ppa o po Yr Go ) n r n rpd l p nr J Gngn
n r n rpd 1 o as nrdyG
pt dyG oIn
n Tn
n r n rpd 2 o as
n rdyG
.kfoar en o r nrdGy n pa n Ln jo rGnC o p r jo psdGy p pbGn n rdGy pjp

r nJ nYn p sn rdGy An n Hr GnC o Yp Sn GoC
. 3 n o nrnH o r ordGy hn ,pnnjRp Gn noe onas nMhn , 14 p prn rdGy hn pn jpnrdGy pnH nrnH opHr nj p sdGy n r n rdGy o oW - 2
pn br GnC hn mas Mn nYn m Sofna u co n r Hn o r o rdGy nojn rGnC nYn p pfGnn rdGy n pe m p r eo Om n Yn o n cr GnC p r n as
n rdGy nYn
o s no Sn
. 4 in Nr oCrdGy pas nrdGy nYn orpe m Sofna
35
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
3
2 U
Vjq dG
qSdG TCG UN
q XH qdGO e qVh M
Sg
6 q dG

.pr n as Mn nYn p pfGnrdGy n pbGn en Oo u Mn GoC hn U 1 pn p

n rdGy pa 1 s co Gk pn r eo n r n rdGy Gngn n p nr J t pJGoC *
n r n rpd 1 o as
n rdyG
p pfGnn rdyG o M
n nCG
q FQ Ib e AG jEH q S b d
q ddG
q AG q H dh VM SQG IQGOEG H - 3
. qYa Ib bCG SGH qM qc be EG
.q dG Y U 4 G 1 q c QYH REG q q G bGeh q Fq dG Id J Gg
Ad q Fq dG IdG
.q dG Gg Y q YdG GdG bGe Oq MCG - GC

.qYdG Gd q G qdG b Oq MCG -
36
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
qSdG TCG UN
q XH qdGO e qVh M
1 U

Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG
.U 4 = CG M ''''h ''CG'' f q YCG - GC - 1

.''''h ''CG'' e MGh BG q gce IFGO HCG -
z''''h ''CG'' e q IFGO e cCG{ : MCG b -
.HLEG qYCG ? GU Y MCG c g
.O GC G XJ Q S G - 2
CG
.G Gg b MCG @
: M GC qe HCG - GC - 3
.U 5 = , U 3 = CG ,U 6 = CG
.qG Gg VC jq OdG SG
q HCG -
. qdG f WJ qjOdG SG
q g qGC e qcC JCG -
.. GC qG ShDhQ MCG e q h gce qdG IFGq dG SQCG - O
.dd J Y HCGh GC qG ShDhQ L e q IFGq dG g qGC e qcC JCG - `g
37
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
3
2 U
qSdG TCG UN
q XH qdGO e qVh M
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG
M , , `g q dG q YCG - GC - 4
U 3 =
, U 5 = `g
, U 6 = `g
. gce IFGO EG J , , `g q dG -
. qdG Oq MCG
.dP JYG qdG j qdG q HCG -
.U 1 G U 3 c a n o YG I qe SQ Gg - 5
.We GdCG fh q G bCG Ge IG d SQ I qe Z AH bQh Y CG @
38
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
Jq UNh O qdG Sq dG q JCG : dG
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.dG f H jOU G S EG qq dG qa j - 1
.qdG hG J qGC - GC
prdypH p st dyG onr oc
100
p jpOns dyG oOnnY
9
6
4
.Fq dG g Y G oJYG qdG j qdG q HCG -

........................................................................................
........................................................................................
.W Iq H GMGh bhU SJ qdG qq dG n c MC
o G-
OdG f
75
......... =
50
: qdG SG qCGh MGoC - O

..................... or nLnn a .................... nY...............Iq e qc or b
n
.On n rdGy p rn pd
l Hn n cn pp n an
p n n eo ............................ sGE p o obGnC rPn GE p
................................ en GOk r W l n S
qq dG c
OdG f =
jOdG
q OY
hJ Y LCG q dG jGT ee V VQ q dG
q UCG Nq dG Y eOEG H - 2
.q ej AGhq dG e UGbCG 6
.Hc Iq H dG VQ q dG
q dhJ qdG UGbCG OY Y q YCG - GC
24
12
60
6 = =
=
=
=
=
=
30
6
3
5
OdG f
: JBG SG q GC -
.....................................e............................. dhG UGbCG OY
OdG f.................................... : qC
39
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
4
2 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.pn pHdy
s G pHn n p rdGy ndGE p GOk n pSyr G n pds dyG n hn r
n rdGy t pJGoC -
...................
...................
.kn sn oe p r sdyG n n jpr nJ n o rpe xco in nd orjGnC n an pFnKrn dGy p r n`pd p rnfsco pH oQr n ne - 3
p hs nC Gy psct dyG pa @
pfsdyG psct dyG pa @
p r s dyG o n jpr nJ
p r sdyG o n jpr nJ
e 50
e 100
e 150
e 160
e 200
e 50
1
2
3
4
5
e 100
e 150
e 200
e 250
1
2
3
4
5
.pHn Ln GE p o uYn GoC ? p hs nCrdGy psct dyG in nd gn Op n Yn n en GOk r nW

o S
n n n jn p n t dyG o n nK r gn -CG
....................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
.pHn Ln GE p o uYn GoC ? pfsdyG psct dyG in nd gn Op n Yn n en GOk r nW

o S
n n n jn p n t dyG o n nK r gn -
....................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
: Op Gn Yr nCrdGy npe p rnnrp dy

u G p rnJgn noe rnes bn - 4
| 13 , 11 , 8 , 5 , 3} ,
| 325 , 275 , 200 , 125 , 75 }
z.pnpfsdyG pnrp dy
u G Op Gn Yr GnC ne (ppJr sdypH) Yk npJhn GOk r nW oS
n nnnJ ndhoCrdGy pnrp dy
u G Oo Gn Yr GnC { : rndnbhn
40
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
4
3 U
Vjq dG
6 q dG
.pHn Ln GE p o uYn GoC ?

n pdPn pa k n p eo n eo
r nfnc r gn *
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
p nnoe mIRn nne pa p p r sdyG Qo Gn r pe nnc pt n sdyG p r Tn pnS

.pIGn nr o rdGy pYn pn rpd u p Ur nCrdGy p n sdyG nne GOk r nW kS
n no pH - 5
: Anan Mo 5 gn Gn n Tyr G mYn pn pd o s p Ur nCrdGy on rKnC Gy pp gn O 50 , O 100 , O 150 , O 200 , O 25
: mnsJn ne o rnZ n rpe GhOo nnSyr G psdGy p p r sdyG o jOp nne pp gn O 20 , O 5 , O 40 , O 10 , O 30
: pds dyG p hn r
n rdGy n p r nJ t pJGoC - GC
...
...
...
...
...
pQnjqdpH p prsdyG oQGnrpe
...
...
...
...
...
pQn ju dypH
t pr UnCrdyG
o n sdyG
.n r ndGE p
o rUs nn J psdGy p pFn s dyG p
s Up r pe o s
n nJGnC -
p n n eo o Yn orn rdGy o an n n rdGy - 6

.pr dy
s G pa pn rn r o rdGy p en s dyG n en GOk r nW l n S
.pn r p rdGy hn pr dy
s G r n s p n Yn p r pSyr G nhOo pds dyG p hr
...
...
350
...
...
210
dpH oYn orn rdyG onan n rdyG
pr s dyG pa
o n rr o rdyG
o en s dyG
pnYs dpH
.in Nr GoC mn jp nW Op n pYr ypH n r ndGE p

o nUs nn J psdGy p pFn s dyG p
s Up r pe o s
n nJGnC -
41
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
4
4 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
p n o rdGy Op Gn Yr nCrdy pH p jn en t pJGoC hn n hn r

: pn S
n rdGy o es nCnJGC -
:
o o cr nCan
p n o rdyG p jr On n n rdyG
p n o an
`pd p r n S
n r Hn
o r n rdyG o o S
2
: oocr nCan
+
+
p no rdyG p rjOn n n rdyG oo rne ooS

p noan
`pd p rnS
p jr On n n rdyG
n r Hn
o r n rdyG n go 2 *
h
=
p rjOn n n rdyG oo rne n go 7 *
.pr dy
u G Gngn r pe pIQn o r n rdGy ps u nrdGy n en GOk r nW
o S
n n n nJ po jr s dyG n pe mr Up r pe pr nYn s
n n o rdGy p`r js dyG o s u cn - 7
pjr s dyG o s u cn
rdy pH pr nYn p s
n n o rdGy
dpH Qp o r n rdGy
75
125
......
200
......
250
300
......
200
800
600
......
po jr s dyG o s u cn
.rn an p r sdyGhn p r
n rdGy r n s p n Yn p n r pSyr pH p hn r
: n r ndGE p
o rUs nn J psdGy p pFn s dyG p
s Up r pe o s
n nJGnC -
.rn an pS
o n s dyG p peYn Op n pYr ypH *
p r dy
.rn an pn r p rdGy hn
s G r n s p n Yn Op n p Yr ypH *
.n o nrnJ psdGy pan n n rdGy n en GOk r nW

o S
n n n nJ n oJQn s Sn n op r n nr J psdGy p jpr prdGy o s u cn - 8
: pdsdyG p hn r nrdGy n p r nJ tpJGoC - GC
15
350
3
50
18
300
42
12
pnr n r o rdyG p jpr prdyG os u nc

dypH oYn orn rdyG onan n rdyG
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
4
5 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
:pGn r p rdGy nYn

o rfGnC hn u pS
o n s dyG p pHGs dyG p Yn p
r n rdGy n n jp nW oMp nGoC -
3
50
: à
300 * 3 = 50 * 18
900
900
*
50 * 18
300 =
18
18
300
50
*
=
.u pS
o nsdyG p pHGs dyG Op n pYr ypH p pHdy
s G p hn r nrdGy n p r nJ o Yp GoC -
15
350
3
50
18
300
12
pnrnr ordyG p jprprdyG osunc

dpH oYn orn rdyG onan n rdyG
p oSn s dGy n peYn n o n r Hn

.
o o rcGnC h ( p pJr s dpH) Yk n pJhn G Ok r Wn pn pS n n o rdGy pOG n Yr nC rdGy n pep r n nprpS u oc r Yn mnjpWn p n rSnC pH o
n Hr GnC - 9
......
2
5
6
15
7
20
13
35
15
40
.......
......
6
2
3
5
7
......
90
30
45
75
105
30
3
50
5
70
7
81
9
99
11
.......
.......
......
50
100
200
350
500
1
2
4
7
10
.......
? k n r Hn 12 o n nK en .e 380 mn r Hn p Hn Qr nC Gy o n nK - GC - 10
4
= 380
p n jo n pH n n pds dyG n Hn n p rdyG t pJoCG *

:
o S
p n o rdyG o s p n n rdyG) k
..........................................: (on S
n r Hn 12
o n nK *
pgn s dyG n pe 75 nYn o r pe 100 t co pn
r nJ .p S
n t dyGhn p pdn rdGy pgn s dyG n pe lp Nn n go hn , 180 Qm Gn Sp o nr co -
.p pdn rdGy
? Qp Gn dy
u G Gngn pa p pdn rdGy pgn s dyG o nr co en
43
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
4
6 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
p noj n pH n npdsdyG n nHnp rdyG tpJoCG *

: oS
75
100
p n o rdyG o q p n n rdyG) Qp Gn dy
(on S
u G Gngn pa p pd
n rdyG pgn s dyG o nr co *
..........................................
.m p rpJ 100 u co r Yn Gkp rpJ 90 pn dy
s G p Np BG pa r o r pe
n
n nf .850 mSn Qn r n pH r o n tn nJ
n pdphGn o rdGy p pens dyG Oo n Yn -
? pSn Qn r n rdGy pp n pH np Lp sdyG Oo n Yn ne
=

:
o S
p n o rdyG o q p n n rdyG) ? pSn Qn r n rdyG pp n pH

p L
p s dyG Oo n Yn *
(on S
n
..........................................
.pgr s dyG Ap ne rpe 6 gn p p r nJ n rYp p r oJ p rfQn nCrdGy p gr Rn rpe c 4 tco -O
? p gr s dyG Ap en r pe 15 nYn p o
o rpd o en Rp sdyG p rfQn Cn Gy p gr Rn o nr co en
:
=
o S
p no rdyG o qp n n rdyG) o neRp sdyG p Qn nCrdyG p gr Rn o nrco *
(onS
..........................................
44
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
4
1 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.bY H h BG YG UY - 1
*
18
12
12
36
24
.q HM dP KCGh bdG g Oo q MCG *
.Y AKCG H fSd fqcO qo d q dG hG OGYEG jQGq G MCG jjo - 2
1000
12000
500
4800
300
2400
100
50
dpH pho
n rdyG p
r nd onr oc
prdypH nonnK
.hG Gg J EG Y YSCG * GC
. jH qdG e c q c K hG Gg SCG *
2 pn jp sdypH n on nK
1 pn jp sdypH n on nK
p rsdyG onroc
250
600
700
45
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
4
2 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.HLEG qYCGh FHq dG ADg e q c gGT qdG qdG c hG Gg SCG *
o p r s dyG
p
r sdyG o nr co
p pH
o oar n rdyG
o n sdyG o Ho s dyG
4 200
( 1)
9 000
( 2)
15 000
( 3)
: n n Ur rn dGy pp gn p r sdyG ps
n en in Mr GE p pa eu GoC
r n Ln hn - 3
p nWnody
t pH
l oren
l r cn
O 10 : p r sdyG oIs eo * m U
n Tr nCG 10 : `pd
o s q nrdyG *
IHR 40 , k nWnoTo 300 , kbp On 380 , Gk sSo 120 , m
n r Hn 4
.Jfe
q e eRqdG q q dG V QMG q d T 15 `pd qWG e q dG Gg OGYEG jJ
.eRqdG G qc q J K Uh d q YCG @
46
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
: OGYCG e dG
q Jg fC
l G q b - 1
,
{18 , 6 , 36 , 9 , 90}
{3 , 6 , 2 , 30 , 12 }
qfGC EG qj CG hO zfqdG dG
q OGYCG e YJh GOW Se hCG dG
q OGYCG{ : bh
.EN bh
.db e fCG d UCGh E G Gg Y HCG @
: qdG fb - 2
.T H qdG i
H OGYCG e S NBG YqdG a OY Ye e S YqdG MCG j
.fqdG dG
q OGYCG e YJh GOW Se hCG dG
q OGYCG J
.QNG
q U qYCGh qdG hT q OGYCG e S bCGh YqdG MCG e Iq e q c bCG @
QNG qU J
qdG YqdG GbG
hCq G YqdG GbG
{ ............................. }
{48 , 30 , 12 , 18 }
{ ............................. }
{ 15 , 3 , 12 , 6 }
{ .............................}
{ 10 , 35 , 15 , 25 }
.4 , 5 ,3 OGYCG e YJh GOW Se gh LQO 180 qe jGhR bCG - 3

.HLEG qYCG ? qG Gg jGhR e jhGR q c b e @
GQjO 21 dG j qS .GS 8 ,S 12 ,S 15 GqdG Y gQYCG f Iq G OMCG - 4

.gQYCG e GOW Se JHe jH
q G G Gg Gj CG e Wh
.q HM HLEG qYCG ?
q G G Gg bG Y gYSCG @
47
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
4
2 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
jhGR jJ e q FM YS WCG dG qe q eR Iq e q HM dCe q M Fh bSGp - 5

.dG Gg YhT Y q Vh e LQO 120 b
Y EG EG O 5`H gH UJ
q a dCG g qM bdG f YT qdG jOf jU qeCG
.O 45 h 15 YdG
q dPh
.G SG hO YdG
q QY VhCG Oq MCG - GC
12
11
: dCG qM fG YS
AfEG YS
: d Fh
2
10
8
7
12
5
11
1
2
10
12
11
AfEG YS
: d jOf
2
10
8
7
5
6
8
7
5
6
? dG Gd jOf AfEG Y hCq G Vh e WCG dG fc

q qdG jhGq dG b e -
48
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
MG b GMh q JG : dG
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
* = G Me - 1
.SG MG p b pIMH Iq e q c q GoC
........ pIn M
r ppH ppM
n n pe o r nb
pr prdyG pIn M
r ppH p pn r o rdyG Gn r Ho
........ pIn M
r ppH ppM
n n pe o r nb
pr ppr s dyG pIn M

........ pIn M
r ppH ppM
n n pe o r nb
pr pp ju dyG pIn M
........ pIn M
r ppH ppM
n n pe o r nb
r pejq dyG pIn M

p n o rdGy p r n rdGy nIn Mr ph ms n eo m Gn an u co pa

.nn S
o o cr GnC - GC - 2
... 1 ppnMn pe o rnb
1 pprp V o r nb l Hs n eo
2g 1 ppnMn pe o rnb
... 1 pprp V o rnb lsHnoe
... 1 ppnMn pe o rnb
1 pprp V o rnb lsHnoe
2c 1 ppnMn pe o rnb
... 1 pprp V o rnb lsHnoe
p n o rdGy pMn n p rdGy p r bn nIn Mr hn mIs en u co t pJGoC -

n n S
................ 12 pan r oZ pnMn pe
o rbn *
................ 12 mjpr pc pn ro pd u p ro rdGy pLr rn dGy pMn n pe
o r bn *
................ 12 m jpr pe pMn n pe
o r bn *
................ 12 mSn Qn r en pMn Sn pMn n pe
o r bn *
................ 12 m rnM pnMn pe
o rbn *
V * V = p sHn o rdGy pnMn pe
o rbn - 3
.nIGhn n o rdGy o u cn GoC s oK pn pfsdyG pIn Mr p rdy pH p Hs n o rdGy pMn n pe p r bn n
s Up mIs en u co pa
o prKGoC - GC
. 1 pp rVp
o r bn l Hs n eo *
1 = 1 * 1 qC 1 = 2pH ppMn n pe
o l bn
2SO 100 = .................. * .................. qC 100 = 2SdH ppMpe bn
q
q
n n o l
2SO............. = 2 1
49
: PEG
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
5
2 U
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
MG b GMh q JG : dG
.SO 1 pp rVp
o r bn l Hs n eo *
1 = 1 * 1 : qC 1 = 2Sq dpH ppnMn pe

o rbn
... = ... * ... : qC 100 = 2dp
q H ppMn n pe
o r bn
2U.. ... . = 2SO 1
.U 1 pp rVp
o r bn l Hs n eo *
1 = 1 * 1 : qC 1 = 2dp
q H ppnMn pe
o rbn
... = ... * ... : qC 100 = 2H ppMn n pe
o r bn
2.... ... . = 2U 1
.nIGhn n o rdGy o p cr GoC s oK pHn Ln GE p o uYn GoC hn in Nr GoC mIn Mr p pH m Hs n eo pMn n pe

n r bn mIs en u co pa
o o cr GnC -
2cO 1
....... = ..... * ... . = qC
m sHn oe pnMn pe
o rbn *
2 ...
2.. ... . = 2cO 1
2g 1
....... = ..... * ... . = qC
m Hs n eo pMn n pe
o r bn *
2cO ...
.2cO.... ... . = 2g 1
2c 1
....... = ..... * ... . = qC
m Hs n eo pMn n pe
o r bn *
2g ...
2g ... . = 2c 1
50
: PEG
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
5
3 U
jOG q qdH XH qdGO e qVh M
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
MG b GMh q JG : dG
. HH q e b q c - 4
.hG eq G dG Iq e q c cCG - GC
2c
2g
2cO
2U
pnMn prdyG o rnb
.........
.........
2SO 100 = 2 1
......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........
2 100 = 2U 1
......... ......... ......... ......... .........
2g 100 = 2c 1
......... ......... .........
......... ......... .........
2SO
........1... ..0.. 0...
......... .........
2U 100 = 2SO 1
......... ......... ......... .........
2 100 = 2cO 1
......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........
.SCG K hG Y SG jqdG NOCG -
.LQN hCG hG MG b Iq e cCG - GC - 5
p hn rnrdyG npQnN pnMn prdyG o rnb
2c
`Y
2g
BG
`Y
2cO
BG
`Y
BG
2
`Y
2SO
BG
`Y
BG
1 2 8
.................
3 7 4 5
.................
2U 4 035
2cO 657
2g 2 108
51
2U
`Y
BG
2
`Y
BG
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
4 U
MG b GMh q JG : dG
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
p n o rdGy pndp r n rdGy n Syr G ms n eo m Gn an u co pa

.pn S
o o cr GnC -
2 cO
2 U
....
....
....
}
}
}
}
}
....
....
....
p n o rdGy p r n rdGy nIn Mr ph mIs en u co pa

.nn S
o o cr GnC h oMp nGoC -
....
1 7 0 4 5
....
2 0 3 5
....
6 3 9
2 g
2 SO
p no rdGy On n n rdGy ms noe m Gn an uco pa oocr GnC - 6

nS
2U ...................... = 2SO .....................= 2 27 - GC
2cO ...................... = 2 ..................... = 2g 56
2 ...................... = 2U ..................... =
2SO 135
2 ............ =
2SO 3 700 -
2g ............ =
2cO 6 300
2g ............ = 2cO ............ =
2 120 000
2............ h 2cO ............ = 2 752 -

2SO ............ h 2 ............ = 2SO 3 785
2cO ............ h 2g ............ = 2cO 578
52
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
5
5 U
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
MG b GMh q JG : dG
: n pdsdyG nnYr Ep rdGy psper nrdGy pody

t G in rMGE p rn nn f - 7
n Hn r o npH ms Mnp pam VQr GnC o r Hn

Me n
o bh 370 h 425 prp rdypH Gn r oHhn m p nr oe p rTn pa l sMa V
l Qr nCG
.GQBU 50h GQBG 72h GQk g 15
.HH ' qdG'' pjs Qp srdG pndncrdypH
o u
n Jp G
.2p rdy pH p VQr nCrdGy pp gn pM
n n pe
n r bn
o o Mr GnC - GC
........................................................................................
: pds dyG p hn r
n rdGy pa
n r n rdGy Gngn
o o cr GnC -
........ ........ ........
2c
2g
BG
2cO
BG
BG
2SO
BG
BG
2U
BG
BG
p n eo in Nr oCpH mIn Mr ph s co V
.mn S
o u Yn GoC h n hn r
n rdGy oMp nGoC -
......
Bg
BG
BU
50
72
......
......
15
p n o rdGy n jpr s dyG NOGoC - O

.p pHdy
s G p hn r
n rdGy nYn
n S
p no rdGy Op n n rdy pH mnHnpc sco tpJGoC - `g
.pS
BU ................ = Bg 1
BU ................ = BG 1
BG ................ = Bg 1
2 ................ = Bg 1
2 ................ = BG 1
2cO ................ = Bg 1
53
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
5
6 U
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
MG b GMh q JG : dG
.pn Ur nCrdy pH pGQn BrdGy On n Yn m r bn u co pa onu dGoC -CG - 8

2cO
1 7 0 5
2 0 7 6 8
1 3 0 7
.pn rMnCrdy pH pGQn nrp rdGy On n Yn m rbn uco pa onu dGoC -

2
6 2 8 6 5
4 7 3
BG
2cO
3 6 0 5
p n o rdGy On n n rdGy ms n eo m Gn an u co pa
.
n S
o o cr GnC -
2 ..... h BG ..... = 2 375 *
2 ........... =
BG ..... h Bg ..... = BG 785 *
BG ........... =
BG 16 *
Bg 73 *
BG ..... h Bg ..... = 2cO 3078 *
BG ........... = 2 6400 *
BU ...... h BG ..... h Bg ..... = 2 15 735 *
Bg ........... = BG 7500 *
p n o rdGy p r n pdn n o rdGy p jr On n n rdGy pHn n p pH m r Mn s co t pJGoC - 9

.p r n S
BG .....
> 2 13 485 >
BG .....
Bg .....
> 2 3 856 >
Bg .....
Bg ....
> 2cO 2 065 >
BG .....
> 2 78 >
Bg ....
BG .....
BG .....
Bg .....
> 2 435 >
BG .....
> 2 10 865 >
Bg .....
: JBG q dG Y JMe o bCG b 3 EG q Ma VQCG INEG 3 b

q - 10
.BG 54 h Bg 6
BU 75 h BG 297
2 32 750
.e n qG O fh gUCG S NCGh gcCG MCG NCa

.HLEG qYCGh VQCG g e e qc e Me b Oq MCG @
54
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
MG b GMh q JG : dG
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
: 2 h 3 H gGH dG
q e qFa Md RE qdG hG fqdG MCG q YCG - 1
2U 50 d Aa b 75
q
.AH AdG b OY 4
9
.qqH AdG b OY 3
9
.AGN AdG b OY q H
.MqdG g e 2SO 3 RE O 30h S 2 q e
.dG qdG d YS 8
: SJ qdG Gg Vh qdG GjqdG qCG e qnCG @

.Aa b 90 000 - CG
.AH Aa b 40 000 -
.q q H Aa b 30 000 -
.AGN Aa b 20 000 - O
.hG Gg RE ej 63 - `g
Y H ebh BG 20h Bg 4 Me b Ad U VQCG b d
q jq QqdG dcdG bGp - 1
: q dG q dG
.b qd VQCG Me 41
.AGG Wd VQCG Me 1
10
: Ad G
q dG e U EG e
q qG MG
.qG MG 52 : hCq G dG
q .MG q H : qdG dG
q : dq dG Fq dG EG q dG YCG aCa
qdG q dG e ICqG dG
hq C G q dG e ICqG dG
MG je b 42
IMGdG dG Me b
.BU 90h BG 3
MG je b 26
IMGdG dG Me b
.BU 20h BG 4
55
bqd q G MG
AGG WGh
BG 147
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
5
2 U

MG b GMh q JG : dG
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
: qCG e qnCG @
.GQBG 147 b AGG WGh b qd G
q MG - CG
.BU 20 h BG 4 hCq G dG
q e IMGdG dG Me b -
.42 qdG dG
q e dG OY -
56
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
MG b GMh q JG : dG
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
jQjH e MGdG Hq G G H K Qq bh GQg 7 h 6 H Q q Ma VQCG Me b - 1

.fh
.SG q dG dH j e q GC @
...........................................Qjq dG H VQCG g e MGdG QBG H K
........................................Qjq dG H VQCG g e MGdG QdG H K
............................................................... qMdG VQCG g H K
.(VQCG e GQBG 5 q c IT) : jq dG QTCG SGZ Y dq dG IYdG IOY MqdG j - 2

M jq dG QTCH SGH a ,QdG fh GQg 13 Me b VQCG b qa
.IT 15 e q H qU 18 h IYdG g
.VQCG J Y IYdG g YG qdGG Gg qGC jH KCG @
b Hq e T IL 24 MGdG j e bhU 50 Aq H SG q FM H QGL d - 3

.30 qU qc GG OY a SO 1 V
.q HM HLEG qYCG ? QGG Gg T e - GC
.Hq G H QGG Gg Me b jH Oq MCG -
57
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
5
2 U
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
MG b GMh q JG : dG
ms paUo mo No p nSG
p pn H Rm n oZ r pe l Yn o r en p SG nar oZ pa n Th
n o r n rdGy n s pHQr s dyG sGnC
o rMn n{ jR
r ndnb - 4
: o n br t dyG p p gn gn nbn nYn hn
2 : VdG * 3 : o tdyG - *
960 000 : RrdGy OY - *
mMp Ghn uco p rVp n
o b mn sHn oe 3 mn p nr oe npcneGnC pa pspHQr s dyG pp gn nbn nYn or Sn n an npdPn rpe ns nnJGnC rGnC oOr Qn GnC
z.....................hn mIRn r oZ 1600 n oJr Ln nn a n r pe x co n Np GOn Rn n ordGy
o Or n Yn s oK SO1
p hCn G -CG
.960 000 spHQr s dyG RoZ On n Yn sGnC rpe p qnspd jR ppH rnenb p sdGy nn n rdGy oUG
.iNCG jW OYH dEG UJ
q e
q U e qCG -
.q SGQO IQjR AKCG eq dG e Y Jq YCG jJ Gg - 5

baCG 3 EG fG .b QR M fQa We j q YSG IQjH b ,2005 / 5 /18 MCG j
: dq dG YCH eb
: ohs nCrdGy ojpn rdGy
p Grn dyG p rV
p
pa p pHn dy
s G u n pH Geo nbhn 1 pM
o r bn mn Hs n eo 5 p r
n rdyG
n pe mn p n
r eo
n pcen nCG pa o pens dyG n Sn Qn
: pn pds dG p pFn s dyG nYn Go
s
n n an Hs n eo
u co
(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
o Hs n o rdyG
202
192
201
207
198
NGO dG HS OY
p Grn dyG p Hs n o rdyG pa p pHn dy

: pM
s G Op n Yn
o s n eo - *
.....................................
: pfsdG o jpn rdGy

: pnpdsdyG p pFnsdyG nYn Go
s nnan n pa p r n rdyG psnM On n Yn Ght Yn hn m sHn oe uco rpe k norSo o pensdyG Qn nN
r Gp
(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
q dG
31
27
29
35
28
a dG q MOY
.....................................
: IMGdG dG
q dG q M OY q e - @
58
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
5
3 U
Vjq dG
b f
6 q dG
MG b GMh q JG : dG
: dsdG o jpn rdGy

, 7 c GhLa Y G
q qdG q G GfRh q K Hq e
q c e b q M 20 eq dG L
M dG e dG
q Gg e MGdG QdG fEG q e CG qdG fOaCG G QOf CG bh
.GQb 44 h 40 H hGj
GQq G
Sh OGDa
: `H AZEG GW dG eJ Y jq dG Gg VY Yh
.MGdG Hq G HdG
q OY q e - CG
.IMGdG dG
q dG qM OY q e -
.qdG H b qdG jq dG q de KEG -
.MGdG Hq G G j qdG dG e dG
q Gg c q e - O
.QdG dG e dG
q Gg q M OY q e - `g
.q qdG dG e dG
q Gg qM OY q e - h
.dP Y eq dG YSCG @
59
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
jq dG OGYCG q JG : dG
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.phn r
n rdGy n p r nJ t pJGoC s oK pHn o rn rdGy pIn Mr p rdGy ndGE p m r bn s co o u Mn GoC - GC
pInrMprdyG pAGnrLnCG oOnnY
pGnnMn rdyG oOnnY
75
................
................
SO ......... h .........
SO 35
................
................
e ......... h O .........
e 3 250
................
................
g ......... h c .........
g 285
................
................
......... h c .........
3 275
ojprsdyG
o rnrdyG
75 h 6
-1
U 675
n dG
q AG q j b
q c GMdG OY @ -
q dG AG q j b
q c pIMdG AGLCG OY @
( ,) UH
q dG AG e dG
q AG qof @
.j qdG H b q c Y q YCG
q Y OY
cO 17
8 h cO 17
178
......
...... h g
......
463
......
e ...... h O ......
O 6 075
......
650
o ps dyG Ao r o rdGy
...... h c
......
tpr nrdyG oArordyG
.x p r Yn Om n n pH m rbn uco rYn o uYn GoC - 2

.........
U 143 N nenb p oW o rnb *
O .........
e 2 850 VjqdG c K *
c .........
975 SQGh S e H aG *
c .........
2 350 LLO c b *
c .........
1 544 fdG L JQG b *
60
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
6
2 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.o Ln Qp Nn hr GnC p hn r
n rdGy pa On n n rdG mIs en u co pa
o o cr GnC - GC - 3
o ps dyG Ao r
o rdyG
t pr n rdyG Ao r
o rdyG
t pr n rdyG Oo n n rdyG
o n prdyG
o nBrdyG
n pe Ao Gn L
r nCrdyG
n pe Ao Gn L
r nCrdyG
pdr nCGy
nFrdyG
o Gn n n rdyG
Oo M
n BrdyG
Qn Yr nCrdyG
.................
4,785
2
...............
0,805
................
.pds dyG p hn r
n rdGy n p r nJ o p cr GoC -
tpr nrdyG oArordyG
ops dyG oArordyG
tpr nrdyG oOnnrdyG
........
........
30,15
06
........
........
375
........
........
215,705
0,035
.u p r n rdGy Op n n rdGy p nbQr GnC r pe m rbQn t co n tn

r jn psdGy pndp r n rdGy n Syr G ms n eo m Gn an u co pa
o o cr GoC -
3 , 7
...... ...... ......
......
4 , 7
......
...... ...... ......

...... ...... ......
0 , 3
......
...... ...... ......

...... ...... ......
61
3 , 2
...... ......
......
......
......
......
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
6
3 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.phn r
n rdGy n p r nJ t pJGoC s oK p hs nCrdGy p rdy
s G pa n s n o rdGy n np rdGy oMp nGoC - 4
37
100
+ .....
305
1000
5,37
pnFprdyG npe GkAroL 37 hn GnMhn 5
mQYCG 5 h GMh 8
............
+ 27
....................................
............
+ .....
....................................
205,805
....................................
............
7
10
h .....
dCG e AGLCG 8h GMh 7
............
.pHn o rn rdGy pGn Mn rn dy pH n n pds dyG n pn br nCrdGy

o o cr GnC - 5
: mGs N
n pn Sp
o rbn *
pr pdo rprdypH
pr pnju dypH
pq udypH
..................
.................
185
: pan r oZ pHn p oW
o r bn *
pr pnju dypH
pr prdypH
pr pp jq dypH
pr n pr u dypH
..................
2,18
.................
.................
: p ndn rdyG pa m n L
n ps pb nYr nCG p npJQr yG
o r bn *
prpeoprdpH
prpeorprdypH
prpnjqdypH
prprdypH
..................
.................
.................
8 880
p Grn dyG Qp n rp rdyG

: n Wp n pH p r n rdyG
n pe pM
o n rfEGp
o s n eo Qo s n jo *
dpH
uu dypH
pQnrprdypH
.................
.................
42
: pSOp dG
q d
q ps Vjn u dG pn pc p Vr Yn
o r bn *
H
jdH
dypH
qprdypH
..................
.................
20,2
.................
62
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
6
4 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
: G JYhQ MqdG MCG N

q qdG MG g
Hq G H
QBH
QdH
YhQG MG
YhQG GfCG
BU 85h BG 14 h Bg 3
BU 8 h BG 6 h Bg 4
BU 65 h Bg 2
.hG J qGoC @
.JBG jQq dG eq CJCG

CG
`g
.q G H e jQq dG Gg f q d aGG OdG cGnC - GC

U
`g
CG
on rtdyG
0,69
n nd
o paGn o rdyG Oo n n rdyG
.in Nr GoC mn jp npH p jpQn s dyG n pe m nrof u opd n paGn o rdGy On n n rdGy
o o cr GnC -
0,9
1,03
1,3
0,08
0,8
1,01 1,1
1
+
+1
100
on rt dyG
n nd
o paGn o rdyG Oo n n rdyG
in N
r oCG mnjpn pH Oo n n rdyG
p n o rdGy n pfnen pa m nrof s co o u Yn GoC -

.p jpQr s dyG n pe pS
.pJ nnMnoe ouSn GoC - O
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
63
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
6
5 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
IMGdG o S jQGb e qH Ceh hH qoG qq dG Y a

QgRCG e GfCG 3 H IqS eb - 8
q
. 1
fBG jQGdG OY
FqdG e qqdG
1 GP
q G qG AG qqc
qdH Y
........
........
8,7
pOQdG QgRCG
........
........
6,5
jqdG RgRCG
........
........
6,75
QCG QgRCG
qdH qG qqdG
QgRCG f
..... + ..... = 8,7
+ ..... = 8,7
..... + ..... = 6,5
+ ..... = 6,5
..... + ..... = 6,75
+ ..... = 6,75
.hG J q GoC .q dG DhL NBGh dG

q AG gMCG jOY EG q Y OY qc qaCG - GC
...... + ......
...... + ......
0,025
+
........
...... + ......
6,45
+
........
8,7
+
........
.SG q dG OdG Iq e q c cCG -

...... = 0,007 +
....... =
300
6 + 43
1000
...... = 0,05 +
....... =
12
7 + 12
100
64
...... = 0,05 +
....... =
13
74 + 0
100
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
6
6 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.SG G bQCH q dG qdG

q Gg q J qdG qG G n Hc qGC - GC -10
O................................
Y KKh FS
qe Sh Nh FKKh GQjO
```````è`````M
2005 a 7
fJ
.dG e d
q GgL d
q dG Gg bq dG fdG q GC -
O 1 850,075
2005 a 7
fJ
65
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
7 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.dP eCG qc bqj U qc M H OY qc Hc YCG - GC
36,050
0,0700
12,005
6,08
11
4,700
.e q c b q ZCG CG hO Y q c OGYCG q dG AG bQCG OY H SC

q G-
| 4,000 , 4,90 , 4,800 , 4,50 }
| 6,075 , 6,700 , 6,2 5 , 6,5 }

| 7,08 , 7,875 , 7,5 , 7 }
H VCG q K a q dG AG bQCG OY H SC
q G .dG
q AG cj jOY q c -
.SG fQG eY
0,84
0,8
.
.
0,835
0,700
43,6
86,007
.
.
43,275
86,1
4,35
26,4
. 4,8
. 26,09
.jOY q c H ( =hCG< hCG > ) SG edG VCG - GC
0,84
345
. 0,835
. 39,8
83,25
104,985
.
.
96,234
107
15,6
15,63
12
. 12,57
. 15,7
.jq YJ S q c OGYCG qJQCG -

28,8
,
28,75 @
28
,
28,425
,
.................................................................................................................
74,5
,
96
,
63,754
,
87,65 @
.................................................................................................................
376
, 425,8
,
425,125
,
425,35
,
245,7 @
...............................................................................................................................................
66
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
6
1 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.qej IjL U Y d YEG Gg w QqY lch q YCG
fGOQdH d
.qFQ jW Y fGOQdH Fc SGdG U qMa VGQCG 3
(Bg ..............................) QBU 8 h GQBG 25 h GQg 8 : hCG Me @
(Bg ..............................) QBU 35 h GQBG 7 h GQg 6 : fqdG Me @
(Bg ..............................) QBU 85h GQg 7 : dqdG oMe @
.ffO 5 p MGdG p Hq G G o S
.fGOQdH jq QqdGdcdH JG
t j Op TSG j
.YEG Gg e SG G bQCH b q c Me Hc q GC - GC
.Qjq dH b q c K MCG -
: q VjQ 3 a cQT j qdG dG He Ff g
dqdG dhG b
fqdG dhG b
5,95
6,4
6,15
6,3
6,25
5,85
hCG dhG b Fq dG
6,35
5,9
6,4
HG
Q
eCG
e
p n o rdGy pndhn
.v pHn Mp pHn Ln GE o uYn GoC hn pn S
n o rdGy p rbn pH mIs en u co pa t pJGoC -CG
mnan en
n n Wr nCG
mnan en n n rbnCG
.......... pndh
n
n o rdG AKnCG .......... pndh
n
n o rdG AKnCG
................... snCpd ................... snCpd
.......... pndh
n
n
n o rdG AKnCG
................... snCpd ................... snCpd
.......... pndh
n
n
n o rdG AKnCG
................... snCpd ................... snCpd
eCG n b
e n b
Q n b
.qdG hG H e ae WCG qVjQ qd oJ -

.HLEG qYq GC ? HG H Ra qVjq dG q GC @
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
67
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
6
2 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
p p Yn r pe mIn jpLn m Grn fGnC p jpnr J e n n uJnCn o rdGy

n pHGn n rdGy ppJQn GOn GE p p p
r en nYn m n r n pd t Qp
n u dyG o jpo rdGy V
n n Yn - 2
p n dy
: pn pds dyG pn pasdyGhn u pfn n rdGy p sn o rdy pH k p n r eo 2006 pn Sn r pe ndhoCrdGy ps SG
t G n nNp p np rdGy
pH HGG
QjO dCG
,8
dCG
jO
5
37,87
Q
QjO dCG
40
19,685
dCG 4
9,575
50
30
,060
7
2
G
C
d
jO
20
10
0
2006 fL
2006 a
QjO
2006 e
2006 GL
dCG 4
0
60
2006 jaCG
QjO
55,150
2006 SQe
QjO dCG
TCG
.q dG hG J q CGh aqdGh
q dG qG o eq C JCG - GC
GL
jaCG
2006
2006
2006
SQe
2006
2006
fL
fL
2006
ors dyG
mQn jpO prdnCrdyG pn ppH
o pHG
n
n rdyG
.s pfn n rdGy n sn o rdGy oMp nGoC -

.p s
n o rdyG Gngn pa 55,150 Op n n rdyG
n odr en
o o cr nCG *
.........................................................................................
.p s
n o rdyG Gngn pa 19,685 Op n n rdyG
n odr en
o o cr nCG *
.........................................................................................
.
n pdPn nYn n pFGn n rdGy o u bn GoC hn o jp
n rdGy
o o r n rdGy Gngn pr nYn p sdGy n Vr rn dGy v pHn pc
o Up GnC -O
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.o jp
n rdGy
o o r n rdGy Ggn pr nYn p sdGy p Vr rn pd Hk n SCr G o co Pr GnC -O
.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
68
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.Hc e cCH b q c Y q YCG - 1

.TdG e 3,2 dG Ic qJ @
......... 2h ......... 3
3,2
2 h ......... 3
............. 20h ......... 3

.........
.c 2,750 LLO c @
......... 750h ......... 2
750 h ......... 2
c 2,750
............. 75h ......... 2

. 44,15 q Ma V e MGdG QdG fCG @
.........
......... 15h ......... 44

............
.............
44,15
h ......... 44
h .........
.SG q dG OdG f q c e cCG - CG - 2

8
2,60 , 4,5 , 3,1 qjdG OGYCH YJ q , , GC qdG -

.Qq G G Y f q c beOq MCG @
5
69
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
6
2 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.q Y OH dG Y Iq e q c q YCG - 3
............
.G HQh Ge dG H W b
M qdG 34 q ej o FY J
dG 3 h c 2 pb pc b
8
.
q qdG 34 h WCG 3 MT dM oc
2
.G 5 Je W b
............
c............
............
............
.6 bq dH j e q ch 3,5 h 3,4 H IQ jq Y OGYCG 3 Y HCG - 4

3,5 > ............. > ............. > ............. > 3,4
: dq dG bCd ah e T e q c He 3 qa q YCG - 5
(3) G
15,25
12,3
(2) G
12,4
10,25
(1) G
8,75
7,5
H qdG b
H VdG b
.pnes n n rdGy pnKnsdyG pnMn nr o rdGy o MGnC n go mndnM uco pa pnrn rdGy pnMn pe
o rbn
p no rdGy p rn rdGy nneGnC (*) n nenn rdGy oVn GnC *
.QNG qYCGh ono rMGnC rGnC nhOo pS
: p Hs n o rdGy p r p rdy pH (1) pn r n rdGy pMn n pe
o r bn -CG
72,755
65,625
54,755
: p Hs n o rdGy p r p rdy pH (2) pn r n rdGy pMn n pe

o r bn -
127,10
120
118,40
: p sHn o rdGy p rp rdy pH (3) pnrn rdGy pnMn pe

o rbn -
208,575
187,575
70
175,575
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
jq dG OGYCG WCGh LG : dG
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.IG EG MqdG MCG f qdG jq dG q q c hG Gg q j - 1

qG qdG
dG
fqdG IdG
q
hCG IdG
q
............
16,45
18,35
............
8,75
13,8
27,45
............
15
28
15,80
............
2006/11/ 27
2006/11/28
2006/11/29
2006/11/30
.hG Gg J q GC - GC
.HQCG qjC G g N IG EG dG jq dG qc MC
o G-
.gCG q K hG q Y q c cCG - GC - 2
.goCGh LQN ocCG qK hG qY qc MCG-
142,75 + 57,605
43,5 - 175,78
+
.................
opsdyG oArordyG
tprnrdG oArordyG
o ps dyG Ao r o rdyG
l n pe
l Gn n Yn Ol Mn BG
pe AGLnCG pe AGLnCG
Ql n Yr nCG n p l pn r n p n r
nFGy rdnCGy
l n pe
l Gn n Yn Ol Mn BG
t pr n rdG Ao r o rdyG
.................
.................
.................
n ep Al Gn Lr nCG
prdnCGy
........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
.................
pe AGLnCG
Ql n Yr nCG n p l pn r
nFGy
........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........

.................
71
........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
7
2 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
37,58+ 125
67,75 - 283
+
opsdyG oArordyG
tprnrdG oArordyG
opsdyG oArordyG
tprnrdG oArordyG
lnpe lGnnnY lOnMBG
n pe lAGnrLnCG npe AGnrLnCG

lQnrYnCG p nFpGy pdr nCGy
l n pe
l Gn n Yn Ol Mn BG
pe AGLnCG pe AGLnCG
Ql n Yr nCG n p l pn r n p l n r
nFGy dr nCGy
.................
.................
.................
.................
........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
.................
........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........

.................
.nn pds dyG ps p n n rdGy o p rfGoC - GC - 3

96,25 + 584
87,6 + 127,85
205,23 + 134,65
207,85 - 708
53,28 - 206,9
106,27 - 367,48
.aGG q dG AGLEH Fq dG
q U e qCG -
'''' `pH msp n Yn uco pa p o rn rdGy ndGE p o oer nf - GC - 4
.gn o p rfGC s oK p r
n p Un p jr On n Yn n r Hn pp r
n pH ms p n Yn u co pa z{ n o
r n rdGy Qo u bn GoC *
120,88 + 560
130,8 + 125,56
56,75 + 30,48
..... > > .....
..... > > .....
..... > > .....
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.ppH
o r bo p sdGy p jpr s dyG p
s Up r pe o cs nCnJGnC *
72
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
7
3 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.'''' `pH ms p n Yn u co pa pr n rdGy ndGE p o eo r nf -

.gn o p rfGoC s oK p r
n p Un p jr On n Yn r Hn pp r
n pH ms p n Yn u co pa z{
n r n rdGy Qo u bn GoC *
140,96
385
120
275,8
30,6
87,78
..... > > .....
..... > > .....
..... > > .....
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.ppH or bo p sdGy p jpr sdyG psUp rpe o cs nCnJGnC *
'''' `pH ms p n Yn u co pa p o
r n rdGy ndGE p o eo r nf - GC - 5
p n o rdGy n ppcen GnC pa n UG
p nn rdGy o Vn GnC hn ms p n Yn u co ndGE p pn r u dypH '''' p o
.pn S
r n rdGy n jpr nJ oMp nGoC *
3 087 > > 3 086

+
27067
3800
30867
49 > > 47
35 780
123 76
481 56
234 > > 232
156 35
76 40
232 75
.'''' `pH ms p n Yn u co pa pr n rdGy ndGE p o eo r nf -

p no rdGy n ppcneGnC pa nUG
p nn rdGy oVn GnC hn msp n Yn uco pa pr n rdGy n jpr nJ oMp nGoC *
.pnS
73
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
7
4 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
619 > > 618

-
127800
65957
5 > > 4
-
61843
206 85
157 00
049 85
37 > > 36
-
675
308
367
.psp n n rdGy Ap Gn rLGE p nhOo ppnpnpH m o rne sco ooHQr GnC - GC - 6

208,76
30,98 + 153,68
248,76
50,86 + 107,9
40,76 + 168
138,26 + 110,5
0,23 + 200,43
139,56
184,66
158,76
238,66
200,66
psp n n rdGy Ap Gn rLGE p nhOo pS

p no rdGy Op n n rdy pH mr an sco ooHQr GnC -
60,5
130,25 - 250,75
81,25
120,25 - 190,5
33,5 - 94
66,75 - 148
31,6 - 97,605
50,005
70,25
120,5
66,005
97,05
Y
q e jh 0,75 `H e Y
q q Y q j e gh 13,5 Y q Vjq dG IOq e Q
q -7
.2,25 `H HU
.IOq G g eh HU e qc Y
q qdG OdG Oq MCG @
74
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
7
5 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
pGn n n rdGy u en Y he e Rp nrdGy hn Ap Hn o r nrpd s p pft dyG ncp dy

s G nn sJGy u p p sdyG Rp nrdGy pnn pn H m n r en pHr n pd - 8
.js GCn 3 ap n p Hr Qn hn
.g 8,5 `pH prHs dyG p nrof rYn onr n rdGy o o rnj
: m js GCn 3 pa o phno rdGy o n
n rfGCn en Gngn
(3)
(2)
( 1)
g 3
g 2,45
g 2,3
dG
IOh G pGn n n rdyG

o oW
.v pHn Mp pHn Ln GE p o uYn GoC ? n r nYn p ns o rdGy pIs o rdGy pa o n s p eo o phno rdGy n
n rfGnC r gn @
a e
q jH WMEG fOQCG 0,75 h 1,25 H gGH dG
q e qd IQq S mH - 9
.zAT e j CG hO KqdG WTCG g H e a jT dd f CG { : dN
1,27
3 T
1,37
2 T
2,63
1 T
.qHM HLEG qYCG ? dN gb jqdG jdG

q q CG@
hCG J ae qdG dG h g 2,6 hCq G dG q dG q Y .g 8,53 jW W b - 10
.dqdG dG Y GqGC h cO 8,7 `H
.q VdG g Se dGDS WCG - GC
.dGDdG
q jg Y LCG -
75
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
7
1 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.QjO je 9,4 Qbe 2006 d INCG q KqdG N q YU SDq G NGG H - 1

NG
.
H
q dG qG MCG @
QjO G
4
: qdG q FMEG hG J qGC - GC
2006 jO 2006 af
................
2006 HcCG
2006 af
3
2
................
2006 HcCG
qdG
................
G NG
H
QjO G
q dG
.qdG qG qGC -
`H L q c e qdj AZ eq CG d WN .1,35 h 1,75 H gGH dG

q e IFe - 2
: Sq dG qj e 0,25
0,25
q dG LdG
`````ndph sd
0,25
0,25
0,25
: pn p dy
s G n pe m nr f r en n n pds dyG n Hn Qr nCrdGy n np rdGy gn n r Y
r n Ln nn a mn p pn H Ap np rdGy Gngn n nWMn GE p eu GoC
r On GQn GnC
(4)
(3)
(2)
( 1)
pnpdy
s G on rpb
4,35
4,5
3,85
pr prdypH n pd oW
o r nb
: nYn eu GoC o Yp Sn GoC *

.prp rdy pH Ap np rdGy Gngn r n r oH pn Mp - GC
o uYn GoC hn Al r Tn n o r pe nr jn rGnC nhOo Ap np rdGy p nWMn Ep pd pn p dy
s G pp gn r pe rn an p r n n rpb p n r pSyr G ps pfner GE p r Yn p
r n rdGy -
.v pHn Mp pHn Ln GE p
76
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
7
1 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.mn jp nW p n jr nCpH mjs Op n Yn mIQn n Yp s co

o o Mr GnC - 1
20,75 + 14,85 + 16,25 *
..............................................................................
15,80 + 35,2 + 40,15 *

..............................................................................
15,07 + 22,9 + 35,03 *

..............................................................................
20,9 + 20,99 + 20,1 + 20,01 *

..............................................................................
8,33 + 10,55 + 6,17 + 2,45 + 4,5 *

..............................................................................
p noe k br Qn m sHn oe uco nNp GOn oocr GnC hn msjOp n Yn mIQn nYp sco oMp nGoC - 2
.vp p nW kp Un GOk n Yn oo rn rdGy nonpd kS
...........
...........
...........
=
=
=
30,3
2, 6
11,1
8, 4
+ 7,4
+ 8,
+
+
+
+
13,55
9, 6
6,3
*
*
*
. 9,75 `H Qq J jq dG e q q c e U - 3
.jq dG e q q dG f j JQd 1,25 fqdG e fCGh 2,5 hCG EG fOR d
(qH SH SCG) U qc jq dG qq c b Y HCG - GC
.dG
q jq dG e q q dG f Y d fK jW bCG -
77
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
7
2 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
p jn u dyG
jU in n Tyr Gh .O 3,780
o nan an pSn Op dG
s pn
s pd ps V
n n pchn 48 OY p r SG
n s co
o jr n n Tr Gp - 4
p nju dyG nnpchn 48 OY GMGh SG
.O 3,385 nan an SOdG
q pn
s pd psV
k s co
p jn u dyG pn pc o n nK en *
? SOdG
q d
q ps V
.in Nr GoC jH dG Gg K Y HCG *
B
p r n rdGy pGn n dy
s G n nNp pn r Vn pa p r n rdGy n pe pMp Grn dGy Qp n rp rdGy p n rfGE p o s n eo n Hn { :
n Mp sn rdGy o Mn GnC n nb - 5
.u pfnrdGy p sn o rdGy Gnn pH ondnr b nYs On hn z 4,320 u tdyG pn p pH pn pHdy
s G
fEG qe
npZ Y pn r n pH p r nrdyG n pe ppMGn rdyG pQn rprdyG p n rfpEG o s n eo
QdG
qdG H
6
5
4
3
2
1
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
0
dG
q
.q FMEG hL EG
q dG qG e MC
q G - GC
.qdG eq b qdG eG
q U e qCG-
.JLSG
q SCGh
q dG qG MCG -
78
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
jq dG OGYCG VCG : dG
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
p n o rdGy pn r p rdGy n peYn hr GnC pr dG

.p.....
S
s n peYn ms n eo m Gn an u co pa SG dG eYn
o o cr GnC - GC - 1
.....
.....
27,5
275
.....
.....
0,275
4,36
.....
63,5
......
......
......
......
0,825
......
......
436
1000 :
* 10
10 :
* 100
......
......
.....
p On n n rdGy ms n eo m Gn an u co pa
.nbq dG eGdG q GoC s oK
n SG
o o cr GnC -
3,25
......
43,6
436
.....
.....
100 :
.....
:100
......
* 10
100 *
.bq dG OdH Hc q c q CG - 2
2 358 = ...... * 235,8
....... = 10 : 704
457 = ....... * 0,457
765 = ....... * 7,65
....... = 1000 : 75
....... = 100 : 302
.SG OdG qe Ga qc cCG - GC - 3

.........
5
*
.........
1000 *
.........
4
*
.........
43
* 5
..........
10 *
52
* 4
..........
: .....
:.....
SCGh MCG -
.iNCG eCH LSG
q U e qcC JCG -
79
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
8
2 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
jq Y GOY dG
q q Y r eY MCG j dM dG H bCG - O
10 *
52
5,2
1000 * 0,043
* 4
4
*
* 5
.........
5
*
.........
..........
.........
..........
:.....
: .....
.q W U OY q Y OY V q Y RE jW SCG - `g
.SG dBH e q dG Ff e qCGh iNCG eCH LSG
q U e qcC JCG - h
.SGq c Y dq dG q dG CG - 4
9 * 263,7
7 * 0,069
7 * 8,65
6 * 35,8
0,04 * 1070
4,25 : 350
3,60 : 465
0,5 * 243
.q W NBGh q Y OY q Y q c r peY MCG - 5

.fe qY qc bqdG UdG VCG @ GC
418
* 205
502
* 314
2090
8 36..
8,5 6 9 0
2008
502.
1506.
1 5 7, 6 2 8
4,073
* 6
24 438
358
* 3
10,74
.dP eCG EG iNCG q feEG q Y q d q bCG @
80
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
8
3 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.dq dG GAGG
o MCG - GC - 1
42 * 104
25 * 23
2 * 123
3 * 42
........ ....
........ ....
........ ....
........ ....
.pqdG Ap GLEG hO pdqdG GAGG M n HdG

q FqdG o SG -
42 * 0,104
25 * 0,23
2 * 1,23
3 * 4,2
........ ....
........ ....
........ ....
........ ....
.pq dG Ap GLEG hO pdq dG GAGG M Y

o
q qdG Fq dG o SCG -
4,2 * 0,104
2,5 * 0,23
0,2 * 1,23
0,3 * 4,2
........ ....
........ ....
........ ....
........ ....
.FqdG g EG Ud oJr YG qdG n j qdG oqHCG - O

.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.SG OdG qe Ga q c cCG - GC - 7

*
41,3
.....
....... ...
+ ..........
+ ..........
100 *
8,4
41,3
* 4,25
............
+ ............
+ ............
.............
.............
: 100
81
* .. ..
.. ..
+ .. ..
.....
10 *
8,4
* 2,3
...... ..
: 10
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
8
4 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
q dG
.j e q GC h HdG
q q dG eq C JCG -
qdG
: hCq G edG
q dG AG bQCG OY @
: qdG edG
q dG AG bQCG OY @
: qdG
q dG AG bQCG OY @
.q Y OY q Y OY V q Y RE jW SCG -
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
.SG dBH e q dG Ff e qCGh iNCG eCH LSG
q U e qcC JCG - O
.IGhG qd q Y q c f e SG G UdG VCG - `g
151 725 = 4,25 * 35,7
14 329 = 2,3 * 6,23
4 788 = 5,7 * 8,4
238 = 0,07 * 0,34
835 = 0,05 * 16,7
153 576 = 2,43 * 6,32
.SGq c Y q OdG Vd ah JBG q dG CG - 8
0,4 * 0,745
0,75 * 7,250
3,8 * 62,35
4,6 * 257,8
3,060 * 4,250
2,45 * 0,580
0,60 * 0,800
2,3 * 7,800
23,85
.m n pp H p rdy
s G pn Hs n o rdGy n pn jpMn n nWMn GE p pHGnC o jpjo - 9
.n nd l sn eo l Sr Qn Gngn
.Y LCG q K dCG g Se dGDS WCG @
NG
2,25
a q b MU e H .O 6,740 `H e G o K Oq Mo .cO 3 TdG e ad W b - 10

. 17,25 e
.Y LCG qK qVdG g Se dGDS dCG @
82
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
W b .q W 1,5 iodG dM RhJ MT Y AdG jM e b 69 f he j - 1

.c 2,125 e G ch 11,2 MGdG pdG
.HLEG qYCG ? MdG
q d fdG H
o j qdG n dG dH o hG j g @
VQCG g . 17,1 `H bj dW bh 50,4 VY b dG

q e VQCG b qa - 2
.QBG q c QTCG 4 q qJ QTCG l She
: JBG jOG M ISCG e GfCG 3 SH q Ma Se f QTCG g fEG d
jM
g 1
hRCG
g 5
a
g 5
OdG
q f
IMGdG IdG
q qJ qdG q q dG
: ScCG e UCG g ISCG e f q c jo

c M Se
M U M
q
25
10
OdG
q c U
dH dG OdG
q qq c
: GDS qc Y HLEd q VCG @

.136 ShG qq dG QTCG OY qGC KCG - GC
RqdG OdG
q e f q c e SG ScCG UCG j Y qdG YSCG -
.QTCG
.QTCG L J H f qc e qG OdG
q qq c Oq MCG -
83
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
.Am GnLo s co
o o Mr GnC - GC - 1
....... = 0,01 * 7,5
........... = 0,1 * 7,5
....... = 0,88 * 7,5
........ = 0,42 * 7,5
........... = 1 * 7,5
0,2 * 7,5
......... =
p nrdGy oQp nbGoC -
o prnSr GnC hn 7,5 Op n n rdy pH mIs ne uco pa nU

.........................................................................................
p n o rdGy n en nn rdGy m nrof u co nnen
.ps p n n rdGy Rp
n rfGE p nhOo (=hCG < hCG > ) n n S
o o cr GCn -
605
0,13
605
285
1,3
285
84,6
2,5
84,6
46,75
0,25
46,75
24
24
0,375
0,225
0,225
2,605
p noe vjp r Yn GOk n Yn ms noe m Gn an uco pa oocr GnC - O

.kS
76 > ......... *
76 < ......... *
76
27,85 < ......... * 27,85
2 758
24
11 032
55 16
76
27,85 > ......... * 27,85
GOk n Yn n o rpe wco hr GnC n rnpeYn o nMGnC oonj rGnC psp n n rdGy pp gn pa p Vho r n rdGy npe - 2
.jv p r Yn
.n rYn onrHGnC ,mooM 4 nngo *
66,192
2 758
* 24
11 032
5 516
2 758
* 24
11 032
5 516
2 758
* 24
11 032
5 516
2 758
* 24
11 032
5 516
66,192
66,192
66,192
66,192
84
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
8
2 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
: n n sn o rdGy pp gn ppJRn nen pn Lp Ghn nYn Qp

s t dyG o Mn GnC
n s nK pt n s dyG p r Tn pn S
n n o pH - 3
n pJn pen p p Ln nYn
% 25 `pH J
: pIRn nn rdGy pp gn pVh

n o r en
o r Hn pp gn
O 587,600
O ........
O 985
O ........
O 120
O ........
q FHc a
RJ
LqK
(p p r s dyG n r bn ) t p Ur nCrdGy o n sdyG n go

o ordGy o nr n rdGy
.ps n o rdGy p Gn n rdGy pa (p p r s dyG n r Hn ) pjp
n rdGy p n sdyG pHn n p pH mn pan s co t pJGCo
prdnCrdGy pn p pH
n p p n r o rdGy Oo n Yn n Hn .2001/12/31 p jpQn pH Ap n Mr Ep rpd u p nWrn dGy pn r n rdGy ps pFn Mr GE p
n n Mn - 4
p Sn GCn
m n
: m s S
n en 3 ndGE p p hn r
n rdGy Gngn ap nos e
n r go h 2 788,2
eGh IQqdG
G q H
qedG TCGh AdGh YdG

q dG dGh
q
q MdG
% 33,9
% 22
qdG
q c EG a G f
e Fe
: j e q GC - GC
: e Fe qc EG eGh IQqdG G f
% ...............
85
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
8
3 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
...............
: s dG pdGh
q pMdG G Oo Y
...............
: eq dG TCGh AdGh YdG

q G Oo Y
...............
: eGh IQq dG G Oo Y
.JMe
q SCG -
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
prdnCrdGy pn p pH FdG Oo n Yn Qq oj 2001 jL 1 p jpQnpH Ap n rMEp rpd u p nWrn dGy pn r n rdGy pspFn rMGE p nn nM - 5
: Y phX p H M
l e g .2 049
d
SM
%3
b d
d H Je Qf d
RJ d
ddG
q AG FHc ..... qdG FdG
q Fa
LqK
q
d
q
% 33,4
% 88,6 % 74,3
% 75,4
% 95,4 FY Fe
q c EG f
.qdG q FMEG hG J qGC - GC
l spFn rMGE p ln nr oe
ps fq dyG pnpFn rdGy p r Yn pho oX p r Hn n r Mn
(.............. : jnZ EG) ..................... : ps op ft dyG pnpFn rdyG Oo n Yn *
lpbn
l SM
n
wpFn
n a
lRnrpJ
lL
n snK
pAn rdyG pnn pn H lJQyG

pn
s pd p pddy
s G
w pFHn o r nc Ql of
n nd psdyG
ppFn rdyG Oo n Yn
q fq dyG
: pJ nMn neo o
u Sn GoC -
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
86
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
8
4 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
e q dG
q Kh 0,3 MGdG V b dG
q Hq e jO IRe YCG{ : eq CG db - 6
: AGT q Y qGC r La e e je 24 U qa d .O 9,900
.MGdG
q qdG G O 4,750 H 0,9 VYh 2,4 dW jOG Tb f e b .MGdG G O 0,325 `H j OG WME S z ? G e e aJ e q IdG g a
: qeGC Dhd qe HLEG q bC @
.qJe G q M MGe L cPCG - CG
.q H bCG -
87
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
d
q d q W U OY Y jq Y GOY bCG : dG
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
: JBG p hn r
n rdG n p r nJ t pJGoC - GC - 1
tpr nrdyG ooDhroL
ops dyG ooDhroL
tpr nrdyG oOnnrdyG
...............
...............
36,5
...............
...............
705,057
...............
...............
47
p n jo n pH o u cn GoC s oK p pRn G p hn r Ln pa mndp r en u co n n p nr J t pJGoC -

.
o S
ops dyG oArordyG
pAGnrLnCrdyG oOnnY pAGnrLnCrdyG oOnnY

p n
pp
mrdnCGy r pe p nFprdyG n pe pQn Yr CG Oo n Yn JGn n Yn Oo n Yn t pr n rdyG Oo n n rdGy
..........
.......... ..........
..........
.......... ..........
..........
.....
.....
.....
.....
..........
36,5
705,057
47
tpr nrdyG oArordyG
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
..... ,..... = ..... ,..... = ..... ,..... = 47 : n n pds dyG nIGhn on Gy t GoC -
:n pds dG pn p rdGy o n pFnb n snn Jhn u Lp oZGn r n rdGy u p nWrn dGy p cn r n rdG o pe o s Sp Qn r n rdG pdyG
o
n r Hn mo Sn Qn r en o jpeo i
n n Tr Gp - 2
LZGdG WdG cG
fJ - OGW Y QT
M Fb
.fJ - qdG - qFGHG SQG : SH
Qjq dH
q G qdG
Qjq dH q dG K
q dG OY
8,550
.....
.....
.....
12
13
.....
3
6
5
5
.....
.....
q SQG KdG
eG d
q q Vjq dG c
eG d
q qYLG OGG c
eG d
q HdG de c
eG d
q qdG jEG c
: Qn ju dypH
o o rn rdyG o nr n rdyG ***
.k ue no r Nh mFn n o HQCGh GQk njOp no nHQr nCGh l J oQo r b m o FdG g bhoCG

88
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
9
2 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
d
.pn pFnrdG pp gn pa n n pbs dG pn nr o rdG t pJGoC - GC
.in Nr GoC mn jp npH n rndGE p orUs nn J psdG p pFnsdG psUp rpe os nnJGnC -
.ns p n n rdG o p rfGoC s oK p pRn n rdG p hn r Ln pa n ro n rdG mIs en u co pa

o o cr GnC - GC - 3
.pnpsdG psUp rpe mIs ne uco pa os nnJGnC -
4 : 341,44
e Gn Yn OMBG
QYCG
3 : 73,8
e AGLCG
FG
.... ..... ..... ..... ......
Gn nY OMBG Qn rYnCG
...........
e AGLCG
G
n nY
OMBG
QYCG
...........
.... ..... ..... Gn Yn OMBG

....
.... ..... .....
..... .....
...... = ...... * ......
...... = ...... * ......
8 : 5,76
6 : 91,524
OMBG QYCG
AGLCG
FG e
.... ..... .....
...........
GY
OMBG QYCG
Qn Yr nCG
FG
AGLCG
FG e
OMBG
QYCG
AGLCG e AGLCG
FG e dCG
...........
GY
.... ..... ..... ..... ......
OMBG
QYCG
AGLCG e AGLCG
FG e dCG
.... ..... .....

.... ..... ..... ..... ......
...... = ...... * ......
...... = ...... * ......

89
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
9
3 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
d
.ppRnn rdG p hn r nL Op n pYr Gy nhOo gn Rn nrfGE p o Yp GoC hn n n pHdy

s G psp n n rdGy oMp nGoC -
4
.....
.....
2
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.o qYCG q K mIGhn n eo s co t pJGoC - GC - 4

................. OY g U OY q c qC
................................ q dG DhL
.. ,... = .. ,..
... ,... = ... ,..
.. ,. = 25
... ,. = 247
=
=
.ns p n n rdG o p rfGoC s oK p pRn n rdG p hn r Ln pa n ro n rdG mIs en u co pa

o o cr GnC -
.pnpsdG psUp rpe mIs ne uco pa os nnJGnC -
8
e
Gn Yn
OMBG
:
QYCG
282
e AGLCG
66
Gn nY OMBG Qn rYnCG
...........
...........
FG
e AGLCG
.... ..... ..... ..... ......
GnnY
OMBG
QYCG
FG
.... ..... ..... ..... ......
...... = ...... * ......
.... ..... ..... Gn Yn OMBG

....
Qn Yr nCG
..... .....
...... = ...... * ......
.RG hL OYG hO gREG o YCGh Y q c MCG - O

90
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
9
4 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
d
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
p s co nYn n npdsdyG psp n n rdG o p rfGoC - GC - 5

.SG
25
125
24
2,135
691,2
57 825
36: 3,420
24
176,16
18
8 : 262
45
364
:
:
691,2
.SG dBG SH n r ndGE p

o rUs nn J psdG pFn s dG p
s Up r pe o s
n nJGnC -
:
o o Mr GnC -6
c 2,250 p nr ordyG
2
3
3 pnu dyG
5
12
O 2,5
q pdnG p nr
n rdyG
c 170 pnan nrdyG
3
4
5
8
.p jprprdGy npe 16,5 rnnr nSyr an c 275 npJQn spn H nr nnb -7

? c 100 pa or n J
r p qdGy p jpr prdGy ps u cn q eo en *
91
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
9
5 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
d
.psp Ur nC G pn rKnCG 2 `H ppJn pne pn rKGnC pa

p r sdG mIRn nne oMp Un Qn s bn psjQp nudG p sjnC G pnS
n
n no pH - 8
5
: pn pds dyG pn pasdyG p n rJGE p nYn o o Yp Sn GoC *
Ic
l Ghn r Sp
l p bn
O 186,400 :
t pr UnCrdyG n qdyG
O 46,750 :
t pr UnCrdyG n qdyG
O 27 : tpr UnCrdyG nqdyG
O....... : ojpnrdyG nqdyG
O....... : ojpnrdyG nqdyG
O....... : o jp
n rdyG n qdyG
p jn o nd n nan zO 35 c 7 pLn GQs n pH
o r nnb r n nd
n r pe o n Sr GnC nfGnC { :
l S
o r nnb r n nd{ : fCG n nb - 9
.z O 25 c 6 pnLGQs n pH
.v pHn Mp pHn Ln GE o uYn GoC ? ppdnr b pa
l Sj
n Un GnC g *
. 8,5 H n rjn r oH nrnH or n rdGhn 94,4 H n p p oe

o rbn p rdG
s o np nr oe m VQr GnC o n rpb - 10
.p VQr nC G n pe pn rp rdG pp gn r n r Ho Oo u Mn GoC - GC
.Me b MCG -
92
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
1 U
d
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
. 23 QBH n pnMn pe
o rbn m VQr GnC pn rpb nn pbr Gy lp Nn hn Ol o rnehn Vp
n Q o jpoj - 1
: pds dG p
r s dG nYn o n r p rdG nonJ rGnC l p Nn
n n n br Gp
lp N
n
Ol o rne
2
1
M
n n p rdyG p r bn 2 pM
n n p rdyG p r bn 5
Vp
n Q
1
pM
n n p rdyG p r bn
p f
p VrQCGy pnMn pe rpe oon
''mnp r oe o rnZ o n r p rdG pp gn '': Ol o rne nnan

.v pHn Mp pHn Ln GE p o uYn GoC hn Ol o
r en o ndnben p
s Up r ep o s
n nJGnC - GC
.nn u n n o rdGy n Mn n p rdGy l p Nn n No rCjn h p VQr nC G n pe n p r Hn n en nYn Vp
n Qhn n go npa
n jo rGnC Ol o
r en
n n n br Gp -
.l p Nn n odn n Sn psdG pn rp rdG pMn n pe
n r bn Oo u Mn GoC -
o pFn rdG n r nYn V

n n n an O 159,500 n o n nK mn pH nW mndBGh O 998,750 o o n nK mSno M An Gn Tp n o npFYn
r Qn s bn - 2
.mMn Gn pbr Gy 3 o
1
O 926,600 o an r n an pn pH sdG pndBGhn pS
d
r
G
p
K
n
o n
n 5 o Qo r bn m p r n pH o s n n nf :o hs nC G
o Gn pbr yG *
p nrdpH
.pV
p
rn bGnC 8 nYn hq dH n u n n o rdG n nr n rdG Oo u on fhn p V
n rdpH O 450,250 o an r nf : pfsdG
o Gn pbr G *
.m r Tn u co p Np BG pa O 92,950 p ar n pH o p n r n an m r pb u co r Yn O 4,450 pIOn jn p pH
gn Qo r bn ms p r Lo mIOn jn p pH kr pb 18 nYn hq dH pn pH sdG pndBGhn pS
o
n rdG n n nK Oo u on f :
o pdsdG
o Gn pbr G *
.mr Tn uco p Np BG pa O 72,250 p ran pH op nrnan O 142,250
: mIs en u co pa p r n n p n o p r n n jp npH
o prKGoC - GC
.O 926,600
p p r s dG n r Hn pn pH sdG pndBGhn pS
o
n rdG n n nK sGnC .O 92,950 pfsdG p Gn pbr G Qp n pNr G n r Yp m r Tn u co p Np BG pa o o jpnr J
n o rn rdG n nr n rdG sGnC p pdsdG p Gn pbr G Qp npNr G n rYp m r Tn uco p Np BG pa oo jpnr J no rn rdG nnrn rdG sGnC .O 72,250
p
m nr n pH s pe w co n pgn jo hn p V
n rdpH n n pH sdG n ndBGhn
n S
o
n rdG n p n nr f rGnC nYn n r n sJG n pnpFYn Op Gn ar GnC Qp phnn J n r Hn -
: JBG p
r s dyG nYn
o n gn n o rdGy
r nfnan o js Op nGy o oJs pfner GE p ppH
o n nr J en
n n Mn x pden
93
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
9
2 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
d
pHnCG
prNoCG
p nCG
N
fCG
un n o rdyG o nr n rdyG
O 50
O 35
O 45
ueoCG
po rn rdyG p nr n rdyG
1
4
.O 564,950 pHGnC ppH n gn Sn p sdG n nr n rdG sGnC p r n n p n r eo p r n n jp npH

o prKGoC
94
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
9
1 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
d
: p jn en oMp nGoC - GC - 1
4,0 = 4 snC 40 Qp n Yr nCGy Oo n Yn

4,00 = 4 snC 400 pFn G npe Ap Gn rLnCGy Oo n Yn
4,000 = 4 snC 4000 mrdnCG n pe Ap Gn L
r nCGy Oo n Yn
: pds dG p hn r
n rdG n p r nJ t pJGoC -
........
........
........
oOnnrdyG
60
........
........
pQn rYnCrdyG oOnnY
........
........
300
........
........
mnFpGy
n pe pAGn L
r nCrdyG Oo n Yn
........
12000
........
........
mrdnCGy
r pe pAGn L
r nCrdyG Oo n Yn
.q gP SG q dG OdH cCG -
= 2 : 3
= 5 : 4
= 2 : 1
= 2 : 5
= 8 : 4
= 4 : 1
= 5 : 6
= 6 : 3
= 5 : 1
.mIs ne uco pa pnpsdyG ndGE p n pH orUs nn J psdGy n n jp sdyG ounHGC *

p n n rdGy n en nn rdGy m nrof u co nnen o Vn GnC - GC - 2
.pHn Ln GE p o uYn GoC hn ps p n n rdGy Rp
n rfGE p nhOo ( < hCG > ) n n S
.................................................. snCpd
.................................................. snCpd
1 28 :
.................................................. snCpd
1 125 : 75,25
.................................................. snCpd
1 750 : 225
95
7 : 15,75
9,1
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
9
2 U
Vjq dG
M
6 q dG
d
.pn r p rdGy p pQn pd p p dy

s G Ap r
o rdGy p nbQr GnC On n Yn
o o cr GnC hn ms p n Yn u co pa n ro n rdGy oMp ndGoC -
25 : 13,475 23 : 198,375 9 : 68,22 5 : 74,2

..................
..................
..................
..................
os pn n rdyG
p pQ
n rpd p pdy
s G pAr
o rdyG p nbQr nCG Oo n Yn
.mIs en u co pa p
n ps dyG ndGE p n pH
o rUs nn J psdGy n n jp sdyG o u Hn GoC
ch 8 ZQa ch Ub 15 IMGdG dG . 231 q dG f e AGhO Y 12 c - 3

3
.zGdG
UdG c{ : Y
4
3
. AGhq dG Gg e MGdG UdG c qGC KCG - GC
4
.iNCG jH dP e qCG -
o `r nf n nd p r
o rdGy n pe k npb o n ro rdGy pp gn p
r nJ - 4
.pnr ordGy
b 16
q Z
ddH
0/0
dG j qdG Sq dG Oq GG c Oq MCG - GC
55
.G e q dG Gg e IMGdG
SO Oq Ge
.iNCG jH dG g e qCG -
240
.O 95 `H e MGdG qHG G K Qq b . 3 dW bh O 783,750 dG

q e qHQR K - 5
. 0,25 L q c e fGQL Y J fa SG aZ q HQq dG g Ta
. 2,75 q HQq dG VY qGC jH KCG - GC
.2 3,1250 adG g q VQCG e I qG Z MG qGC jH KCG -
96
q SSCG Iqce
10
1 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
6 q dG
q Y OY Sb b q Y G : dG
.pSG Op dH mHc q c q GoC - GC -
354,7 = . * 3,547
675 = . * 6,75
25 = . * 2,5
8250 = . * 8,25
70 = . * 0,7
430 = . * 4,3
.q gP dG QN M e qoJ iNCG Hc Y Iq e q c HCG -
....... = 5 : ....... = 0,5 : 2,5
....... = 10 : ....... = 5 : 80
....... = 1 : ....... = 0,1 : 3
....... = 100 : ....... = 25 : 200
....... = . : ....... = 0,3 : 0,6
....... = 100 : ....... = 50 : 1300
.dP EG Ud oJYG qdG j qdG q HCG @

.........................................................................................
.........................................................................................
.dG QN Iq e q c MC
o G - GC -
9 : 27,63
40 : 24
3 : 12,6
5 : 65
..........
..........
..........
..........
.q Y q c b QN q gP LC n HdG
q q dG SCG -
0,03 : 0,126
0,9 : 2,763
0,4 : 0,24
0,5 : 6,5
..........
..........
..........
..........
.Fq dG g EG Ud oJYG qdG n j qdG q HGoC -

.........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................
97
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
10
2 U
6 q dG
.dG QN MCG qK qW U GOY Sb j dG qd iNCG Hc Iq e qc o LhCG - GC - 3
....... = ....... : ....... = 0,3 : 4,752
....... = 5 : ....... = 0,5 : 64,5
....... = ....... : ....... = 0,25 : 37,5
....... = 12 : ....... = 1,2 : 8,76
....... = . : ....... = 0,125 : 8,5
....... = ....... : ....... = 0,09 : 5,841

.JBG q dG REG HdG
q j qdG YCG -
.....
.....
.....
.....
26,162
1,03
6,375
0,25
.....
....... = 1,03 : 26,162
.....
.....
.....
48,75
0,5
.....
....... = 0,25 : 6,375
....... = 0,5 : 48,75

........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
.SGq c Y n dq dG pq dG CG - GC - 4
....... = 2,05 : 48,6875
....... = 0,27 : 127,71
....... = 1,3 : 16,25
....... = 0,75 : 228
....... = 1,35 : 0,5886
....... = 1,24 : 9,3
.dEG UJ
q qdG FqdG qU e qCG -
98
q SSCG Iqce
10
3 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
6 q dG
.20,8 ypH n Vp r Yn
o rbn hn 6,708 Qp BrdpH n pnMn pe
o rbn m p nr oe p rTn pa m VQr GnC o n rpb - 5
? H n pd oW
o r bn en *
.ppLn GQs On nYn n an n n rdG pp gn o nrjn .m Sp hn p pr en Y c 0,855 o Sn Qn r n rdG o o r nJ - 6

n r Hn pan n n rdG p rnpd kIQn hr On 450 `pH e q co n onJ rGCn p rjn hn 1,9 pLn GQs On r n n
n Yn r pe x co pp eo
o r bn { : l Sp hn n nb
.zpSn Qn r n rdGhn npdp rne
.v pHn Mp pHn Ln GE p o uYn GoC hn l Sp hn o ndnb en p
s Up r pe o cs nCnJGnC @
.ppT
n Tn nYn
n pbs dG nr n rdG t pJGoC hn x pfho r rpdGE p mGn pe s co oMp nGoC - 7
................dH dG
9,600:qdH dG K
12,825 : qdH qdG
1,900 : dH dG
........ : qdH dG K
13,756 q dH qdG
()
(S)
.dEG UJ
q e qU e qJCG @
99
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
10
4 U
6 q dG
.(U 30,5 p
o oj - 8
o Qnoj on n rdGy ) p n n rdy pH p rnrdGy pa or o rdGy Sn
p ns Z 3 n n nf
: pds dyG hn r
n rdGy o o u n jo en
n r Mn p
r n rdGy p rSn
n
r nJ
n UG
(3)
(2)
(1)
UG
o ns rdyG
........
........
38
p n nrdyG pn ppH pr ndpEG

n U
n hn psdyG
o r o rdyG
13,42
9,15
........
pr prdyG pn ppH pr ndpEG

n U
n hn psdyG
o r o rdyG
.phn r
n rdGy n p r nJ t pJGoC *
:pds dyG o hn r
n rdGy o o u n jo n nrpe pn dy
u G r
o nf n nd mLn Ln Ro n r pe q opH nCs Yn hn Qp oo rdGy n pe mn Ur GnC 3 Ql sYn n n Mr GnC - 9
(3)
(2)
(1)
p
p rprdyG orU
2,5
1,9
1,5
pr udypH os u nrdyG
0,125
0,1
0,05
pr udypH pL
n L
n t dyG on Sp
........
........
........
pnLnLtdyG oOnnY
.phn r
n rdGy n p r nJ t pJGoC *
c1
g 5 cO 5
.O 3,200 `pH p Ho r n rdGy p Ln s dyG n pe GZop rdGy o n jo - 10

.O 4,960 o r pe
n n nWhn n Ln Ln s dyG pp gn mjp
n pd l pFHn nRn hn
.pen s n o rdGy pn nr o rdGy p
s Un r pe mn p r eo mo oW pnnpH o s
n nJGC *
100
q LeOEG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
10
1 U
6 q dG
ohn r nrdG oounoj ne nn nM mn p nr oem nrMGnC pGnP mnLnLRo pa n p jpr npdp pas dG p rp rdG npem Grn fGnC 3 lnr ne nnrfGnC - 1
: pds dG
onSp mnLnLoR pa : 3 p r sdG
p Grn dG
0,125 Ip n M

p Grn dG
0,1 Ip n M

p Grn dG
0,05 Ip n M
18
12,5
17,5
pnbs n o rdyG p rprdyG os u nc
: p n r n rdG
o Mp Un Qn s bn
: pds dG p
r s dG nYn p jpr s rpd p pg
n rdG p rp rdG n ep m nr f u co p n rco n n nK
3 p r s dyG n pe
2 p r s dyG n pe
1 p r s dyG n pe
O 13,450
O 8,750
O 9,650
p rprdyG pnLnLoR pnrc onnK
.pn rordGy p n nK 1 `H o
n Hr Q
. qdG p hG n J tGC - GC
qdypH psunrdyG p penc p rnH onnK
qdypH pnLnLtdyG p rnH onnK
pnLnLtdyG oOnnY
p rprdyG
n pe
r s dyG
p rp rdyG
n pe 2 r s dyG
p rprdyG npe
or sdyG
.dG q q c ec H H G qM qdG Hq dG QGe e jH Oq MCG -

101
q LeOEG Iqce
10
2 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
6 q dG
q VG G Gg ec c qh . O 170 `H K Oq M RG e qq c AGTG Y J FH Y - 2
.O 153 aOh RG q q c e c 8 UfEG EG
: JBG eG EG Ud qNCG - GC
?
q dGfCG
q d qNCG
RG e MGdG GZdG AGT K
.q dG Gg EG GOSG q G Qq MCG .O 27 Qb qL HQ FdG qM RG qq c ec H H -

: JBG eG EG Ud qNCG ?
MGdG GZdG FdG HQ QGe
q dGfCG
q d qNCG
.q dG Gg EG GOSG q G Qq MCG @
102
q Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
10
1 U
6 q dG
.EN q c UCG q K (GU hCG C N) mIs en u co pa

o o cr GnC - GC - 1
5 : 65 = 0,5 : 6,5 *
3 : 73,2 = 0,03 : 7,32 *
4 : 848 = 0,04 : 8,48 *
15 : 75 = 1,5 : 7,5 *
8 : 640 = 0,8 : 64 *
p pbsdG Op n n rdH mnHnpc sco tpJGoC -
1 : = 0,1 : 12
1 : = 0,1 : 8,5
1 : = 0,01 : 27
1 : = 0,01 : 4,88
1 : = 0,001 : 8
1 : = 0,001 : 5,176
.v gr Pp p pQn rdGy pn Mp r pe po uoJ in Nr GoC k Hn n pc mIs en u co pa o Lp hGoC -
: = 0,001 : 5,42
: = 0,1 : 6,72
: = 0,01 : 39
: = 0,01 : 5,36
.v gr Pp pn r p rdGy
n Qp Nn mIs en u co pa
o o Mr GnC - O
37
8,425
0,52
3,65
0,5
6,4
0,1
0,01
0,001
103
q Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
10
2 U
6 q dG
.14 h 21 p r p rdpH gn Gn r Ho p rdy

s G o np n r eo m VQr GnC n rpb - 2
.pbn Qn rn dGy nYn U 1,5 np
n rdGy pa 3,5 s co Gk pn r eo k p nr J n nd o So Qr GnC @
o r an n an pho n rdG p
r nd r pe c 1,650 n u Mn Qp Gs Ln pr Yp r pe n r n rdG
o jr n n Tyr G r n nd{ : pp jpn pd pHGnC n nb - 3
z.O 16,170
z.O 8,925
o jr n n Tyr G nfGnC { : kpFnb pr nYn Os n an o r an n an pho n rdG p
r nd r pe c 0,850 n u Mn Qp Gs Ln pr Yp r pe n r n rdG
p : kpFnb n sYn s oK kp bn pHGnC
z.r ou Mn Qp Gs Ln n r Yp pp r Sp r pe t bn GnC n u Mn Qp Gs Ln n r Yp pho n rdG p
r nd o r S{
n n rWGnC
. pHGnC p GrC Qn n
s Up v pHn Mp
o prKGoC @
npe n npdsdyG nnUr nC Gy pdy

t G pa o n rMGnC o udy
s G n nLhn 3,6h 4 H gn Gn r oH p rdy
s G pnp nr oe man r oZ p p rnpd - 4
: p rdy
s G p sHn o rdGy p p nrdGy
(3)
( 2)
(1)
p
rdyG
o r U
0,4
0,480
0,3
0,360
0,25
0,310
p
rdH pInpnrdG p rV
o rnb
qdH pInpnrdG onnK
.pppcr nJ n rYp n
u rdGy ndGE p os nr nj n p sdGy nrdy
u G Qn nr nj rGnC o n rMGnC o qdyG o jpoj
.v pHn Mp pHn Ln GE p o uYn GCo ? o Qn n r jn rGCn pr nYn p sdGy p p
n rdG
o r Up en - GC
? pr dy
u G Gngn r pe pan r orrd pen Rp sdG pGn p
n rdG Oo n Yn en -
? o Qn n Nr G p sdG p p
n rdGy pr Up r pe pMp Grn dG p Hs n o rdG p r p rdG o n nK en -
: LLt dG n e p U p as dG p dG e 8 n jpnr J Ql qYn o jpjo - 5

0,05 LLR
0,1 LLR
.UCG S qdG OY V cCG S qdG LLq dG OY j CG Y
(
q H SH SCG) ? U q c e eRqdG LLq dG OY e - GC
.dEG UJ
q qdG q G
q U e qCG -
104
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
11
1 U
jOdG a q q dH qdGO e q Vh M
b f
6 q dG
eq dG J qdG OGYCG WCGh LCG : dG
.HG IMdH q eR Iq e q c Y q YCG - GC - 1

........ = S 1
........ = O 1
7
300
540
360
420
O ........ = S 1
240
120
YdH
q q eq dG Iq G @
Fbq dH q eq dG Iq G
180
fGqdH q eq dG Iq G
Fbq dH q eq dG Iq G
.YdH
q qeR Iq e qc Y qd S SCG -
75 @
O ...... h S ....... = O
98
O ...... h S ....... = O
O ...... h S ....... = O
198
O ...... h S ....... = O 145
.Fbq dH q eR Iq e q c Y q d S SCG -
87 @
...... h O ....... =
150
...... h O ....... =
..... h O ....... =
249
...... h O ....... = 205
: hG Gg d IQq G YGG M UdH IdG G q aM 4 QOZ MCG j U - 2

IOG jG EG UdG YS
IdG
q Iq e
fJ e fG YS
GdG
q
............ YdG
q
O 30 S 4
O 10 h 7 YdG
q
bU EG qLG aG
O 40 h 10 YdG
q
..............
O 15 h 9 YdG
q
Hf EG Lq G aG
............ YdG
q
O 45 S 1
O 45 h 10 YdG
q
GhdG EG Lq G aG
O 30 h 17 YdG
q
O 45 S 5
............ YdG
q
b EG Lq G aG
.hG bq dG G q GC @
105
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
11
2 U
b f
6 q dG
(dG QdG) e JBG q dG CG - 3

30h O 15 h S 1
O 45 h S 5
+ 15 h O 35 h S 0
.......h.......h......
- O 25 h S 1
........h.....
O 20 h S 3
- O 45 h S 1
.......h.......
1
25h O 25 h
+ 55h O 57 h
1
S 1
S 0
O 25 h S 2 * CG
+ O 30 h S 1
........h.....
1
O 38 h S 3
+ O 45 h S 2
.......h ......h ......
60
.......
...... h .....
-
- 60
.......
60
.......
.u OdG Vd ah SGq c Y n dq dG q dG CG - 4
O 55 - O 35 h S 3
O 47 h S 2 + O 25 h S 3
45 h O 25 - 37 h S 1
27 h O 48 + 45 h O 37
O 55 - S 2
O 46 + O 37 + O 59
.MU O 40 h 6 YdG
q e Ql b j - 5
q e jGH bO 12 q c pq ddG
q Rp GMCG qJG fJ
n
.q MdG
q IdG d G hCG pdG
s pGQp dG fG pbhCG hL OGYEH bCG @
.bO 12 qc qFq dG qG e j GQb q FG IhQqdG pbh zG hG{ o cT eoJ - 6

.q FG IdG d pcdG oIQGOEG Jq YCG qdG n dG q GC @
(8)
(7)
(6)
(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
( 1)
IdG
q
O 42 h 18 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... YdG

q
106
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
11
3 U
b f
6 q dG
: JBG qG M UdG pfJ EG qe Hb je e JQqH fGp - 7

fJ
*
bU
ce
*
O 45 h S 1
Hb
*
O 30 h S 1
O 50 h S 1
YS Iq e bU je qbJ qfCG Y MU O 45 h 13 YdG

EG Uh
q fJ
n
.IdG
q g Iq e MCG - GC
.Hb e bfG YS Oq MCG -
.pedG pdG
q p bCG pMCG pbhCG p hL pSGQq dG p jq GC pMCG Ot Ge g - 8
q Y jEG
q eSEG HJ
O 45
O 30
G
AfG YS
q
q fe HJ
O
G
fG YS
q
30
q VjQ
IOq G
d G
O 45
q bq dG
: JBG hG J qGC - GC
d G
q bq dG
O 30 h 12 YdG
q
15 YdG
q
IOq G
q VjQ
q fe HJ
q eSEG HJ
q Y jEG
.Fq dG
q U e qCG -
qJh O 15 h S 1 h ,O 30 S 1 Gq dG Y eGO a pGP mq M VY

o M - 9
.qdG e Y VdG fG .YS H MGSG
.VdG Gg a GC H qdG n YdG
q Oq MCG @
YdG
q 13 SCGh YdG
q 34 U q c G e p hd Oo GSG q e qj{ : e db - 10
YdG
q Oq G p dG q pYe e O 10 b dEG UdG o jQCG qdG SQGh de H aG b
z.MU O 55 h 7
.YG dP SQG EG d U q c a J CG e Y qdG bCG bdG Oq MCG @
107
LeOEG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
11
1 U
b f
6 q dG
e q c qba Hb je f q G jdG
q QdG UdG fJ q e cQ{ : MCG b - 1
.zj qdG YdG
q U IdG
q g aCG q q q a SC jW q eR Iq e bUh SS q
.HG eG EG Ud qd qdG Sq dG GH SCG - GC
Hb q
bU q
O 55 h S 1
SS q
O 30 h S 1
20 : 10
fJ q
O 05 h S 2
13 : 10
?
IdG
q g AKCG QdG qbJ Ie
?
q d qNCG
q dG CG
q G Qq MCG -
.H b qdG q G
q U e qCG -
: q dG q dG Y AdG
q a s edG Y IRe
o MU qf - 2
.MCG j : q YSoC G o MGq dG
YS 8 : dG p dG pYS Oo Y
O 30 h 8 : dG
q IRG a o YS
: IRG ZEG o YS
13 YdG
q : Ghq dG Y 19 YdG
q : AG Y 108
q LeOEG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
11
2 U
b f
6 q dG
QY SQh Sj Ga q c A JRe H Y qS qdG hG Gg OGYEG Y YSCG @

.HQCG YdG
q
dG bhCG
........................................... j EG ............................. j e @
12
11
MU
2
10
3
............................................ : YdG
q e -
............................................ : YdG
q EG -
9
4
8
7
5
6
12
11
2
10
9
4
8
7
5
6
Ghq dG H
12
11
1
2
............................................ : YdG
q e -
10
3
9
4
8
7
5
6
12
11
............................................ : YdG
q EG -
2
10
3
9
4
8
7
5
6
....................................... : q YSCG MGq dG @
109
q Iqce
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q
11
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q bJ q c Y q YCG - 1
qdGh eqdG YdG
q
Hq dGh HdG
q YdG
q
O ...........h .......... YdG

q
O ...........h .......... YdG

q
Hq dG qGE ITdG YdG

q
qdGh eG YdG
q
O ...........h .......... YdG
q
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q
qdG qEG SqdG YdG

q
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q
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q Y SQj zCG SOdG{
q dH
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q q YSCG bq d ah Oq GG g zCG SOdG{
q dH
q N q dG
q SQq j
aGGh jQq dG
q eSEG Hq dG
q dG jEG
q VjQ
S 2
S 1
S 2
S 5
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q YSCG bq dG
d G
q
.32 q SGQq dG dG
q N q dG SGQq dG HSCG OY jh
: JBG hG J q GC - GC
HGq dG G
q
O......... qVjQ
O....... q Y jEG
O ...........aGL
O......... q VjQ
dqdG G
q
O......... qVjQ
O....... q Y jEG
O ...........aGL
O...... q eSEG HJ
fqdG G
hCG G
q
q
O......... qVjQ O......... qVjQ
O....... q Y jEG O....... q Y jEG
O ............ jQJ O .............jQJ
O...... q eSEG HJ O......... q VjQ
: JBG hG J qGC -
aGGh jQq dG
q eSEG Hq dG
q dG jEG
q Vjq dG
...........
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110
IOq G
YdG
q OY
AKCG d G
q
qSGQq dG dG
q
q Iqce
11
2 U
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: jdG e
q
b f
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q fa 23 YdG
q e jGH dG pIc k He Iq dG qH - 3
Iq G e cCG IMGh bO qdG dG
q SGh YS HH WdG
q H MGSG qJ bh GG dG
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q bSG qdG qeq dG
.HG g T q c bSG qdG q eq dG Iq G e @
-4
q H fQCGh IdG
q b
q
s p ndhn pIn
r ndy
t Ghn pnfQr nCrdGy n r Hn pn dy
u G pp rfGy oIQTEG
r n p Yr GoC Ghq dG H O 5 h pIn MGdG pYdG
q pa
qN f SCG qM SyG CG eh .O 25 h S 1 Iq e p r sd SyGh p nrnj na pnpfqdypH sn nSyr G nhs nCrdGy
. 47h O 6 `H IdG
q H CG H 35h O 7 o a UdG
? pn dG
u pae b IdG
q bSG pqdGy o q eq dG oIn o rdGy e - GnC
? UdG uN pe x co H YS e -
qdGy pYdG
q p H pfG pIQTEG AYEG Y dG
q
o fyGh IdH
q
s SCG d{ : fQCG nb -
z..................................... `H nb
o Ud IQq G aG H
o nb
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.FbUCG Y VYCG q K q VdG g e q j NH hL HCG - On
: n pa o p n r jn psdGy pn Ss Dn o rdGy pIQn GOn GE p r pe An Yn r pSp Gy Gngn o n Mr GnC o u dy

s G snnJ - 5
A`````````Yn r pSr Gp
fq dG MCG : q dG
q
.q eYEG q jJ M QM : VG
28 qjCG qjH iS qdG qeYEG qjqdG G Q hYe
qfEa ,Hh
q
.2006 S 30 h 29 h
.dH
q MU O 30h 8 YdG
q e jGH hCq G dG dG j
SG
q IQGOEG
`H jq G Y J qdG UdG fJ MCG q dG
q QOZ 2006 S 28 j U e SOdG
q YdG
q pa
MGSd YS 1 j qdG qbJ bh YdG
q c 80 YS q aG g JQq H bh c 200
3
.AYSG Qq G pbdG H OG G Ua
f QYH AYSG Oq G bdG d jJ bCG nY n n UdG o
n foJ Qn Op njo rGnC pr Y nnc n e *
? qbq dG Iq eh YdG
q q e
111
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
12
1 U
b f
6 q dG
eq dG J qdG OGYCG VCG : dG
.500 r pe nUr nCG 60 Op n n rpd n n pdn n o rdG pnYn n o rdG

o o cr GnC - GC - 1
.60 On n n rpd p rnpdnno rdG p rn Yn o rdG nrnH Om n Yn sco o p rMGnC -
* 60 > 415 > * 60
* 60 > 197 > * 60
* 60 > 73 > * 60
* 60 > 492 > * 60
* 60 > 229 > * 60
* 60 > 342 > * 60
.pYn dp
s H ms pen Rn mIs eo u co r Yn o u Yn GoC -
O ...... h S ....... = O 152
O ...... h S ....... = O 86
O ...... h S ....... = O 435
O ...... h S ....... = O 207
.p pFnbs dpH ms pen Rn mIs eo u co r Yn o u Yn GoC - O

...... h O ....... = 263
...... h O ....... = 115
...... h O ....... = 387
...... h O ....... = 97
:pds dyG o hn r
n rdGy o o u n jo n nrpe p o Sr oC Gy p js GnC nYn k Yn Rs n eo k Yn Sn 48 p o Sr oCyG pa p n r en o s Yo o p n r jn - 2
orsdyG
onoordyG
o pnrdyG
oAnpHrQnCGy
nrKpErdyG
oAnKntdyG
or nrdyG
O 40 h S 7 O 40 h S 7 O 10 h S 8 O 10 h S 8 O 10 h S 8 O 10 h S 8 p nnrdyG pnYSn oOnnY
.pIQn s n o rdGy ps Yp o Sr oC Gy p n n rdGy pYn Sn On n Yn p jpRr s dyG Gnn pH

r en n n Mr Gy p n r n rdGy nIQn GOn GE p sGnC p r n n p n r eo p r n n jp npH
o prKGoC *
(pp nrdGy ndGE p Qp n nrdGy npe) msp n Yn sco p rfGoC - 3

25 h O 23 h S 2
2
...............
O 12 h S 7
4
...............
112
O 15 h S 3
3
...............
* CG
q SSCG Iqce
12
2 U
b f
6 q dG
3
O 20 h
4
50 h
1
S 2
180 -
45 h
....... S...
.......
-
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
2
O 6
3
O 38 h
....... O...
60
......O......
120
......
1
S 3
2
....... S...
-
60
O......
p noCG *
.
o pr n Sr nCGhn oM
............................................................................
............................................................................
p s co nYn u Op o n rdG p Vr rn pd kar ph JBG ps p n n rdG o p rfGoC - 4

.SG
3 * O 45 h S 8
2 * O 25h S 4
8 * 55 h O 12
4 * 12h O 5
7 * 30 h S 1
3 * 10 h O 15 h S 3
.oIn Mp Grn dyG O 30 h S 2 pGnP m n Mp 9 p o Sr oCyG pa l un eo o n r jn - 5
? p o Sr oCyG pa n pH o ojn psdGy p n n rdGy pYn Sn Oo n Yn en *
n r n rdGy n o rds Yn r n nd .pYn dy

s G pa 30 h O 4 n s n eo q J o s pfho rpdEp yG pYn Sn
r
n n Ur GnC { : ppHnC o n jr GnC n nb - 6
p n rdG pYn dy
z. 30 h O 31 h 17 pYn dy
s G ndGE p kAn ne pn pen rdGy n rYp rQn Tn nCan kMnUn pIn T
s G n rYp
?
l p Un pYn dy
s G pa ppYn Sn q J p s n o pd n n jr GnC n jpr nJ sGnC p r n n p n r eo p r n n jp npH
o prKGoC *
113
q SSCG Iqce
12
3 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
b f
6 q dG
o q dyG n r n rdGy n Un hn . 30 h O 1 n s n eo p r p rdGy p SGs co n Yn in

r o rdGy pMp Grn dGy p jpr s dyG
o nUr GE p
o n nn jn - 7
.m np rfGy nhOo SG
k s co 29 p nUr GE p pa In T
n n eo n n Tn hn O 10 h 9 pYn dG
s pa n Sn Qn r n rdGy l p Nn
p n rdGy pYn dy
.vpHn Mp pnHnLGE p ouYn GoC ? kMnUn pIn T
s G nrbn pSG
n s odyG p p nL p nUr GE p rpe nsn nJ rgn *
: pn pds dG p
n en r n rdGy
n n Mn p o Sr oCyG pa m js GnC 6 l peYn o p n r jn - 8
O 45 h S 4 : Mk n Un
.O 15 h S 3 : p Ghn s dyG n H
.p o Sr oCyG pa n pH o ojn psdGy p n n rdGy pYn Sn On n Yn p r n n p n r eo p r n n jp npH
o o Mr GnC *
1 LdG O 30
nYn p p r sdG oIs oe J m p nr J njpTn orjn nTr Gp - 9

.kn pbOn 30 o r pe mLr hn u co
o ho nJ mnZGnC 6 mMp Ghn mLr hn nYn n
u Sn GoC rGnC po p r jo r gn *
.v pHn Mp pHn Ln GE p o uYn GoC ? 45 h O 4 n s n eo oIn Mp Grn dG
ndGE p pan Vn E p H In Mp Grn dG O 30 h S 4 GnP m n Mp 6 p oSr oC G pa pn pen rdG pndG

s o pennJ S
o Qo r nj - 10
.O 30 h S 1
o GnP n o r pe w co ps Lp odo ru dG pn pHr s pd in Nr GoC hn pjs p p #rfnCd s Mp
? pn pen rdGy pn dy
s G p penn pd pIQn s n o rdGy pSG
n Qn u dG pYn Sn Oo n Yn en *
114
q LeOEG Iqce
12
1 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
b f
6 q dG
: dG
pIn Mp Grn dGy pYn dy

s G pa s o r pe w co Vn
n n nJ k npeYn 63 ms pFHn o r cn mBG nYn p
n Hnen p n r en
o MUn o un jo - 1
.p n n rdGy p Yn n r bs n n an O 15 h 12 pYn dy
s G ndEGp O 55 h 8 pYn dy
s G n pe t pFHn o r nrdG Qo s s dyG n nnrfGm r jn
n GnP .O 1,440
p nep n rdp p n r n rdGy
n s nn J p s p en s dyG Ip s o rdGy p p gn Op Gn p er Gy nYn u Fp Hn o r nrdG Qp s q dyG n np rfG sGE p { : kFp nb

o Mp Un n Ls nn J
pp gn o Qn Gn n n S{
n : mMp Ghn mr pn H pr nYn nOr On n an z.ppa
n p pen rdGy p p Ln pRr Qp Op Qp r en p n r n rpd O 302,400 pIQn n Nn pa
z.nIQn n n rdGy
.o o Mp Un gn n cn Pn psdGy pIQn n n rdGy pa p n r n rpd kr pa
n s nn J u pFHn o r nrdGy Qp s n dyG n np rfGy sGnC
o prKGoC - GC
.IQG g edG QGS c q HM q HCG -
: pGQn o ordGy pnMGnC nYn pnqn o rdGy pp gn o nnMnan msYp nUp mn Ss nDoe pMp Un nnrne onNn On - 2
(p oSr oCyG pa mYn Sn 48 f)
o s Yp o Sr oCrdGy o Mn Gs dyG
p n rn dG n
o bhr GnC
p n n rdGy o js GnC
pr dy
s G p r jn
n GE p p r n rKp rdGy p r jn r pe
kMnUn
13 pYdG
q ndEG O 15 h 8 pYn dG
s n pe
p Ghq dG H
pMn nCrdGy o r jn
O 45 h 17 YdG
q EG O 30 h 14 pYdG
q e
115
q LeOEG Iqce
12
2 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
b f
6 q dG
: dG
q dG Qo LGoC
q dG OY
q dG OY
25
20
15
10
5
0
dG
q
G
qqdG qdG QLCG
q
q qqa qY
G
Z q dG QLCG
q
q Z qY
.ps o rdGy Ap nDo gn Qp Lo GoC pjpr n pd O 1536 m o Sr GoC u co p Np BG pa ps Yp n dy

u G pn Ss Dn o rdGy pp gn
o Mp Un
o p r jn
.ps pfofnrdGy ps Yp o Sr Co Gy p n n rdGy pYn Sn On n Yn n n n Mr G pn Ss Dn o rdGy
n Mp Un sGCn p r n n p n r eo p r n n jp npH
o prKGCo - GC
p n nr o rdGy Ap r Vn ap dp s dyG n hn r
.p n pHdy
s G
n rdGy t Yp GoC -
p o Sr oCrdyG ............... f p n
r n rdyG
o s Yo
pQn ju dypH pIn pMGn rdyG pYn s dyG oIn L
r oCG
On n rdyG
116
o r dy
q G
q Iqce
12
1 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
jOG q q dH qdGO e q Vh M
: dG
b f
6 q dG
.kn pbOn 45 o Mp Grn dGy o ho jn p r nWr Tn pa p n n rdGy pIn co

o nHn neo in
r oJ - 1
p r nWr dy
s G
r nsn nJhn O 30 h 23 pYn dy
s G pa p r n jpan n r Hn p n n rdG pIn co pa l nHn neo
r n n nrfGy njpen GnC p SrCcn pn S
n n o pH
pr dy
s G pnjn pf pa npFnbO 3 h p hs nC Gy pr dy
s G pnjn pf pa p bO pan Vn GE p ndGE p onnrdGy s nVyr Ghn mYn Sn 41 `pH l nMGn pSyr G
.n go An n rKGnC p pFdy
s G pbr rn dG n n Hn pfsdyG
? pnHn no rdGy pjn n pf r Yn o n
n rdGy n nYr GnC n en @
pa p o Sr oC Gy p rnf r pe pr dy
s G n r jn n r ndGE p On Yn hn O 45h 15 pYn dy
s G pa Ap nKntdyG n r jn p nWrn dGy V
n Qr GnC pHGnC Qn On nZ - 2
.Mk n Un O 30h 6 pYn dy
s G
? p nWrn dGy nQp Nn gn n
s b psdG o spnes dyG oIs o rdGy ne @
n nrnH moHRn n T rnM pap ho

t pd t p nr nj on nLnn a O 35h 13 pYn dy
s G pa psnrdGy nscOo lRp nM o sdy
q G nNn On - 3
.Qn hr s dyG pGn p n r jn pGn Nn BG pnfHo Rn
npfrCnSr GnC rGnC s nYn nfGnC hn O 25 `pH mMp Ghn moHRn n T p rnpd pneRp qdyG pspnes dyG pIs o rdGy os n oe Qo s n oj{ : lRp nM o qdy
q G nnb
z? n T
o r nMn hn pQhr On
o r nn rfG rGE p pYp r n rdG Gngn pa p n Yn u n en pa oocnCSn r n an ,15 n Yn dy
s G n r Yp n n n rdGy
.vpHn Mp pnHnLGE p ouYn GoC h ppdGnDSo rYn keRp nM n udy
s G oLp GoC @
117
q Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
12
2 U
b f
6 q dG
: dG
pbr s dyG
n n Mn 2004 n Hn o cr GC 15 p r jn pjn nZ ndGE p 2004 S 2 p p n rdGy p r jn r pe k jn Gn pH l peYn n nn Tr Gp - 4
: pdsdyG
MnCrdyG
orsdyG
onoordyG
MGQ
O 30 h S 5
S 5
o pnrdyG
oAnpHrQnCGy
pnrKpErdyG
oAnKntdyG
O 30 h S 7 O 30 h S 7 O 30 h S 7 O 30 h S 7
.pLr CyG pn pdNn Z S 25 h 24 h 23 n js GnC mU

s Nn mhDo To Ap n
n pd p n n rdGy p Yn pt ns pd pIs oGy pp gn n nNp s oVr Gp
.m Y YS q c Y O 1,650 Vn
n nJhn
.n pa n p Yn psdG pIs o rdGy n nNp o Vn
n nJ p sdGy u pdn rdGy p nr n rdGy pn p pd 2004 d n Hn o cr GC hn S r n en nfRr ho pH
o p n Sr GnC @
2004 S
2004 HcCG
MnCrdyG
orsdGy
onoordyG
3
10
17
24
31
2
9
16
23
30
1
8
15
22
29
opnrdyG
7
14
21
28
oAnpHrQnCGy
6
13
20
27
oAnKntdyG
5
12
19
26
prKpErdyG
4
11
18
25
MnCrdyG
o r s dGy
on o o rdyG
o pn rdyG
Ao n pHQr nCGy
Ao nKntdyG
prKpErdyG
5
12
19
26
4
11
18
25
3
10
17
24
2
9
16
23
30
1
8
15
22
29
7
14
21
28
6
13
20
27
n nsTn hn O 45 1000 n r nYn n

u So k s pe
l san n n r n SG
r Ap rdy pH 5000 ppn Sp
o r bn m Vr Mn Ap r n pd - 5
.p Vr nrdGy pn Sp 2 rnCn an O20h 20 pYn dy
s G ndEGp O 50 h 18 pYn dy
s G npe
5
.(u
n rpd p r n n p n r eo p r n n jp nW o u bn GoC ) ? p Vr
n rdGy n penc o s n p rdGy pp gn nCr n pd o en Rp sdyG o s pen s dyG oIs o rdGy en @
118
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
13
1 U
6 q dG
Fe q M Sq dG qXhCG : dG
.c 92 po jr s dyG pjr Rn r pe g 1 o nr co - 1
: pn p pd u pS
o n s dyG p hn r
n rdGy Gnn pH
o p n Sr GnC *
225 , 75 : po jr s dyG pjr Rn r pe p r n n pds dyG p r n s u nrdGy n pe x c pnr co - GC
.c 161 , c 23 : orpe mnrco uopd p rudpH porjs dyG prjRn psu cn -
dpH po jr s dyG pjr nR os u nc
p noJ
noS
qdH po jr s dyG pjr nR os u nc
92
?
?
23
161
p noJ
noS
100
75
225
?
?
p noJ
noS
p noJ
noS
p noJ
noS
pn pfsdyG pa c 300 000 `pH Qo s n oJ mYn r po H gn Dho r Vn o p n r jn hn .mr pepc o re 150 p VQr nCrdGy p Yn
o r dy
s G o o r nJ - 2
( / c 300 000)
: p VQr nCrdGy ndGE p p Uo ro pd p r dy
s G Ao r Vn n bo p rn r jn psdGy pq pen s dyG pIs o rdGy pjp
r n pd u pS
o n s dyG p hn r
n rdGy Gnn pH
o p n Sr GnC *
pfGsn dypH - GC
(fnK 60 = bq dG) p pFnbs dypH -
pfGsn dypH onbnrnr ordyG ospnesdyG oIsordyG
1
?
rdypH onan nrdyG

p n oJ
n o S
p noJ
noS
300 000
150 000 000
pa c 110 `pH lIOn s noe n rnYn in o

r rdGy o Yn r dy
t Ghn c 150 (ce - fJ) pIQn sdy
s G p jp qdyG p oW
o lbn - 3
.(S / c 110) pYn dy
s G
.S / c 100 `d mhe mYS p s n jp sdyG pp gn n pJQn s pn H n r nnb
: p jp sdyG pp gn p rnb pa pbn n rn r o rdGy pq pen s dyG pIs o rdGy pjp
r n pd u pS
o n s dyG p hn r
n rdGy Gnn pH
o p n Sr GnC @
p pFnbs dypH - GC
pYn dy
s pH -
119
q SSCG Iqce
13
2 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
6 q dG
p pFnbsdypH onbnrnr ordyG ospnesdyG oIsordyG
......................
......................
rdypH onan nrdyG

p n oJ
n o S
100
150
p noJ
noS
.pp
r nW n r Hn p pbs dyG e c 85 p u sdyG p r n rdGy n pe o Mp Grn dGy Qo nr p rdGy p r jo - 4
: pn p pd u pS
o n s dyG p hn r
n rdGy Gnn pH
o p n Sr GnC @
.p pbs dyG n pe c 340 nYn p
o rpd p r n rdGy Gngn r pe pen Rp sdyG pnr ordGy - GC
.p r n rdGy Gng e c 60 p r nW rpe p n r nr o rdGy p pbs dyG pnrco -
dypH p pbsdyG onroc
85
340
?
rdypH p rnrdyG onroc

p noJ
noS
p noJ
noS
p noJ
noS
.................
?
60
: p jn en o
n foJ p njpNn r pe m rcQo pa
n pco - 5
2
: p njp
n rdyG o sSo
1 000 000
p n jo p njp
p VQr nCG Yn 1 000 000 o o S
n rdyG nYn 2 ssCG
r nCG
p n rdGy o
. 189 p njpn rdGy pp gn nYn pnes nrdGy hn pn U
n foJ nrnH o r ordGy - GC
.rpeop rdy pH p rnnjpn rdGy p rnJgn nrnH psp p nrdGy pan n n rdGy pn p pd u pS
o nsdyG p hn r nrdGy Gnn pH op nSr GnC *
rdypH p njpnrdyG nnY orordyG
rdypH p VrQnCrdyG nnY orordyG
1 000 000
?
p n jo
o o S
p noj
ooS
120
2
................
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
13
3 U
6 q dG
p n rdGy o
.c 270 o
n bnUn hn pn U
n foJ n r Hn o s p p
n rdGy o an n n rdGy -
.p njpn rdGy pp gn nYn p rnnjpn rdGy p rnJgn nrnH pr ordGy pn p pd x pS
o nnJ m hn r npH op nSr GnC *
.t p pFGs dyG o sn o rdGy oounoj n cn ppa pt n sdyG nYn nr n sJGp .O 960 `pH npnpFn pd t p r dy
s G oNr s dyG Qo s n oj - 6
: pn p pd u pS
o n s dyG p hn r
n rdGy Gnn pH
o p n Sr GnC *
.Ap Gn p rpd p s n o rdGy p nr n rdGy - GC
.pnpFn rdGy pjpQn n pd p s n o rdGy p nrn rdGy -
AG
d
G
j
F Qe
d
G
QNOq pGy
.jv p r Tn p Nn s o rdGy p r n rdGy -
pjs pnr rdyG pOGn Yr nCrdypH o pdn n rdyG
pQn ju dypH o pdn n rdyG

p n jo
o o S
960
?
p n jo
o o S
p n jo
o o S
p n jo
o o S
(Nq dG)
(jQG)
(AGdG)
(oQnNqOpG)
.140 n pSn Qn r n pH pn pen rdGy pn dy

s G p pennJ Oo n Yn - 7
pIOs en pa u p prs dyG Qp n pNr p rdyG p pFn n pd s pF
n Mr Ep rdyG n hn r
n rdyG Gngn ndhoCrdyG ps pKntdyG pjn n pf pa o jp o rdyG o u dy
s G s Yn GnC
p nju dyG
: pnV
15 j
20 20 EGp
20
2
14
..........
10 j
20 15 EGp
20
6
14
..........
10
20
5
e
20
10 hO e EG
20
2
14
3
14
..........
..........
5 n hOo
20
ptnsdyG onjn nr oe
1
14
pOn n rdypH ppens dyG Oo n Yn
..........
u pnr rdyG
uoc pa ppensdyG oOnnY
ik nr oe
121
q SSCG Iqce
13
4 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
6 q dG
.ik n r eo u co pa p pens dyG Op n Yn pn p pd u pS

o n s dyG p hn r
n rdGy Gnn pH
o p n Sr GnC - GC
ppens dyG Oo n Yn
u pnr rdyG pOn n rdypH ppens dyG Oo n Yn
...................
p noj
ooS
...................
p noj
ooS
...................
p n jo
o o S
...................
p noj
ooS
...................
p noj
ooS
...................
p noj
ooS
14
14
1
14
3
14
2
14
6
14
2
14
.qq dG je Y eq dG Rq J Rj q fH CG -
.FqdG g jCGQ HCG -
Gon sJGhn 1620 p Hs n o rdGy p r p rdy pH n pMn n pe

o r bn m VQr GnC p rpb Ap Gn Tp pa (l p Nn ph o n Mr GnC hn Vp
n Q) An nbpUr GnC 3 n n n Tr Gp - 8
.p Sr s dyG pa l s n eo n go n cn r o n r Hn n pn r pb nYn
N e
MCG e
VQ e
.r o r pe w co n ndnf psdGy pn rp rdGy pMn n pe p r bn pn p pd x pS

o n nJ m hn r
n pH
o p n Sr GnC *
122
q SSCG Iqce
13
5 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
6 q dG
pp gn Sp
q pH o n Ln nn a o
n foJ p njpNn nYn pjs pr n rdGy hn H" r n n jpen n r Hn n r o rdGy Sp
l Qna Sn
n b -9
l Qna nMn nd .36 dy
U 1
: p njpn rdGy pp gn p n r p pd s n o rdGy p rct dyG pa n en or n rdGy
c 20
? o en or n rdGy pp gn pr nJ GnPen *
: pn p pd x pS
o n nJ m hn r
n pH
o p n Sr GnC *
.jq dGh H" n r Hn u p p
n rdGy pr o rdGy - GC
p nJ p r n sdyG n Ln Hn hn pGhn n r n rdGy r n n jpen n r Hn p njpn rdGy pp gn nYn pr o rdGy -
.c 180 `pd l jn phn eo l an n en n o or
: n pn Lp Ghn nYn n npdsdyG n npasdyG mIRn nne oMp Un nsYn pt n sdyG p r Tn pnS
n no pH - 10
n pJn pen pn rKGnC pa % 25
o p r nJ
9 /15 ndGE p 8/15 r pe
z.pYn pn rpd u p Ur nCrdGy p n sdyG n pe 25 o pFn rdGy u

o n jo { : n r Hn Ln nCan
100
% 25 p d
o r en r Yn n es GoC n eo
r ndnCSn
: pn p pd x pS
o n nJ m hn r
n pH
o p n Sr GnC *
.e 72 400 t p Ur nCrdGy n o n nK k Yn pn H pIRn nn rdGy pp gn r pe iTn
l jpMn o r pe On nn Syr G p sdGy p p r s dyG Qp Gn r pe - GC
.e 7 500 o Qo r bn m p r n pH n o Mp Un On nn Syr G m Yn pdp u Ur Cn rdGy p n sdyG -
.e 6 500 oQo r bn m p r npH n oMp Un On nnSyr G mYn pn pd pjpnrdGy p n sdyG -
123
q LeOEG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
13
1 U
6 q dG
: o n sn o rdGy pp gn pp Nn r ne pa p nnf rnn nan pgn n nro rdGy n nMGC oQr Ro - 1
U 13
qdG cQ
eh e
è
qqU aGe
U 7
Ye
e
2 9 100 : G MG *
q
G cO 1 aGj U 1 q c *
.pn nro rdGy pnMn pe ndGE p pnr udypH pnu oG n nMn pe oun oj p sdGy s p nr rdGy On n n rdGy mIs ne uco pa oocr GnC - GC
onnrordyG
onr nrdyG
opYnrdyG
osudy
u G opaGnnrdyG on rnGhn nrnrdyG pnn sdyG orcoQ
onfnu oe
pnnrordyG
t pnr rdyG Oo n n rdyG

ounoj psdyG
pnu ordyG nnMn pe
.9 100 p sHn o rdGy p rp rdy pH pn nro rdGy pnMn pe

n rbn sGnC oprKGoC -
? pn n r o rdGy Gngn pnfnu eo r pe mnu eo u opd pn s n o rdGy pMn n p rdGy
o r bn en -
.mnu eo u co pMn n pe pn p pd in Nr GCo mn jp nW r Yn o
n Hr GCn - O
124
q LeOEG Iqce
13
2 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
6 q dG
.x pnSn x npd n pdsdyG nhr n rdGy w Qp sYn lYp nH s Yn GnC - 2
U 5
U 12
2 112 MG : ce
2 768 MG : bW
384 MG : AGN Me
2 576 MG : GQS hBe
q
p VrQnCrdyG nnY 8 Sj qdyG nnY U 1 qc ***
.t pndy
s G t
n rdGy n r nYn o nSn psdGy p VQr nCrdGy n Mn n pe Oo pMn GoC - GC
: sGCn
o prKGCo -
.2 768 p nbo tpd n
n
s
n o rdyG n M
n n p rdyG
p GQn s dy
.2 576
s G hBn pd n
n
s
n o rdyG n M
n n p rdyG
.2 384 nAGn
r
n rdyG n nMn p rdyG
.2 2 112 p pcn rpd n
n
s
n o rdyG n M
n n p rdyG
p VQr C Gy pMn n pe r pe 9 o un oJ Ap Gn r n rdGy pMn n p rdGy hn pGQn s dy
q G phBen hn pnbo tpd n n s n o rdGy n Mn n p rdGy sGnC
o prKGoC -
20
.o ho r n rdGy Gngn n r nYn o nSn psdGy
125
q J Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
13
1 U
6 q dG
G
h
n sn o rdGy Gngn ns bn hn ze 3 600 in Sp p prn rdGy npe ppH orLn Nn p sdGy p nrn rdGy npe pd nrnj rnd{ : opgGn rHGE p nnb - 1
. s p pFGs dyG
o an n Un p sdGy n nr n rdGy p r n n p n r eo p r n n jp npH Oo u Mn GC - GC
.o gp Gn Hr GE p
npe opgGn rHGE p ppH nn Nn p sdGy nnrn rdGy Oo u nMGoC -
G
qG
.ppr n rdGy
.n nr n rdGy Gngn u bn nCrdGy nYn in Nr GoC mn jp npH Oo u Mn GCo -
.2 300 `pH sdyG

n n en
o ojn p hs nCrdGy
o n en nnan o Sr s dyG o o u n jo n nrpe m VQr GnC n n rpb pGn Nn GnC n n n br Gp - 2
pfsdyG
o n en
p h
s nCrdyG
o
n e
n
? n o r pe w co n ndnf psdGy pn rp rdGy pMn n pe

o r bn en *
.mn rpb uco pnMn pe
n rbn in Nr GoC mn jp npH Oo u nMGoC *
2
zp Vr
n rdGy Gngn 3 Cn nr n an mYn Sn 4 pIs o pd Ap n rdGy n s n pe n uTn GoC rGnC
o Or s n nJ{ :
l san n nb - 3
.p Vrr Gy n penc nCnr n pd ps n p rdGy pp n pd n Rp sdyG
n br rn dGy Oo u Mn GoC *
.in Nr GoC mn jp npH n s pen s dyG nIs o rdGy pp gn Oo u Mn GoC *
126
q J
13
2 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
6 q dG
: mqenj mIjL pU Y nhG Gng psqdyG pn Ss nDo rdG in rMGE p n nn f - 4
qqdG q SDG
SGh qeYEd
2007 / 2006 q q dG eyG Ff

SG UNpG
qeYEG UNpG
q dG f
Lq dG OY
q dG f
Lq dG OY
% 75
225
% 60
120
? p rU
n n pNr p rdGy p rjn gn pa pnpreyrpd np Tu n no rdGy Oo n Yn ne *
: JBG Sq dG qj c YGQd VQCG b qa N

q -5
H
qe
bQ OY
.BG 11,40 `H bq dG Od G
q MG J qG d G
q MG fc
.YGQq dG e f q d G
q MG b jd q SJ hLh
q H SH SCG - GC
.iNCG jH Me q c b Oq MCG -
127
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
14
q SdG TCG q UN XH qdGO e q Vh M
1 U
120 ,15 ,30 ,45 ,60 ,90 LQq dH bCG jGhR HG : dG
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG
.dM q c G G HCG - 1
`g G Y
q OY G - GC G Y
q OY G - GC S G Y
q OY U G - GC
. q dG
.CG q dG
.O q dG
`g
*
*
O
*
CG
.Fb jGhR V MCG g dM q c q dG G f - 2

.dM
q c FdG jGhq d fK V HCG @
*
`g
*
U
*
`g
S
S
*
V MCG EG J qdG - 3
]CG ,CG[ FdG jhGq dG
.jhGq dG g AH q CG @
128
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
14
2 U
120 ,15 ,30 ,45 ,60 ,90 LQq dH bCG jGhGR HG : dG
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG
.je VCG jG qG jGhR - 4

.q UdG
g
q
q U e qcC JCG - GC
: j e q GC -
.LQq dG H
VCG je qe jGhR e jhGR q c b
.60 LQq dH b jhGR HCG -

.dP EG H UJ
q qdG j qdG qHCG - O
.LQq dH 120 a b ] `g , `g[ jhGR HCG - GC - 5
.iNCG jH jGhq dG g AH YCG -
.AH qc MGe qHCG -
`g
h
O

`g
.IFGq dG g ce ''h'' q dG
eSG Y d IFGq dG g e f ''O''h ''''
.gce e IMGh
Se
q (h `g) qGC e QcdG SGH qCG - GC
.IFGq dG g ce e q ]O [ `d q OY
jGhq d XJ Q (h `g) qGC e qCG -
.SCG q K ]O h , h[
IFGq dG g ce SCGQ iNCG jhGR SQCG -
.LSG qU e qCGh
-6
jGhq dG a eSG G fCG MCG

. gXJ Q ]CG ,CG[
hO jhGq dG g XJ Q MCH dCq G - GC
.G SG
.dP EG H UJ
q qdG j qdG q HCG -
-7
CG
129
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
14
3 U
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG
.Sj HdG qCGh eq e jhGR qc e

q HCG - GC - 8
]O , [ e
]S `g , `g[ e
q ( [ @
q ( `g[ @ - GC
`g
LQO........ =........ = ( `g [
.LQO ........ = ............. =
.30 LQq dH a b ]CG , CG[ jhGR HCG - GC - 9

.15 LQq dH a b ] `g , `g[ jhGR HCG -
.45 LQq dH a b ] S , U S[ jhGR HCG -
.AH q c REG JYG qdG j qdG q HCG - O
. 60 LQq dH b jGhR iMEG jhGq dG Fb qe HCG - GC - 10
.q HM HLEG qYCG ? dqdG jhGR b e -
130
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
14
1 U
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG
.O GC f GC H eq eh JQhe ]OCG , CG[ h ]CG ,CG[ jhGq dG - 1

.jhGq dG Jg HCG - GC
.iNCG jH jhGq dG Jg AH YCG -
H e AH q c
q U e qcC JCG -
bGe fGa J HCG jj . 4 h 5 H GH dG

q e de SG Yb S- 2
.dG
q jGhR XJ Qh WJ f J e
? bGG g OY e - GC
: AH dP qU e qcC JCG -
.QdG Y U 1 G 1 qc Ge dG
q T fGdG bGe .dG
q Gd XqdG Q HCG -
.HLEG qYCG ? fGdG bGe ShDhQ qdG dG
q f e - O
131
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
14
1 U
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG
6 ,4 ,2 OGYCG e GOW Se jGhR bCG qe- 1

.HLEG qYCG ? qdG Gg f e -
: Gq L Sq dG Gg eq C JCG - 2
.HLEG qYCG ? q dG
q qdG e q c f e - GC
.U 4 IFGq dG T Ge qdG Gg AH YCG -
.RfEG MGe cPCG -
.HLEG qYCG ? qdG Gg f e - `g
3
4
7
4
6
5
: GqL Sq dG Gg qeC JCG - 3

.dG
q je fqdG qG e qc qGC KCG - GC
.je fqdG qG g qGC e qCG -
? e qe qd qFq dG jhGq dG b e -
.q HM HLEG qYCG
T Ge qG g e G
q qG AH YCG - O
.U 4 IFGq dG
.REG MGe cPCG - `g
.HLEG qYCG ? qG Gg f e - h
132
q J Iqce
: jdG e
q
14
2 U
120 ,15 ,30 ,45 ,60 ,90 LQq dH bCG jGhGR HG : dG
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG
:JBG Sq dG q j e je qe J e e J
q e q c JBGe U
q Mp jj - 4
.6 h 7,5 dH
q e G AG H Ge IBGe q c T AH YCG @
.de jM V J Gg - 5
CG
60
GC = GC O = O GC M GC , O GC , O GC VGMCG 3 EG VG Gg b
q
.q dG Gg q GC - GC
.SG bCH JBG hG J qGC -
GC
GC
O GC
O GC
O GC
O GC
LQq dH
.HLEG qYCG ? O GC qG f e -
.HLEG qYCG ? GC qG f e - O
133
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
15
1 U
Sg
6 q dG
YVCGh jGhR bCG dEG GOSG qe HCG : dG
ceCG SH eY qc FGG iMEH GC qd je qe T VGMCG ebE - 1

.Sq dG Gg M d IQq G
1,
5
60
30
2,5
CG
.VGMCG g SQ e q qdGh q dG Y eq G G e fOCG q G ae Q g

.Hq dG Iq e q c Ge * edG VH ZQ q qdG q feEG hG Gg Oq MCG @
V bCG jhGR bCG
V bCG jhGR bCG
jGhR 3 bCG Z jhGRh
Z Vh
jGhR 3 bCG VCG 3 bCG
IQ jhGRh Q Vh
a
a
VCG 3 h H IQ H Q a H
a H
a
a
S q dH q S be U G f Y MCGh S bh q fdG Hq dG M
q AKCG - GC - 2
. 3 = S GC M GC q dH q MCG beh
G Y MCG be QcdH Oq MCG - GC
*
S
.U 1 `H G 1 q c Ve
q U
U
.G G OY cPCG -
.3,5 h 2,5 dH
q '''' h ''CG'' SCGq dG Y Gq dG Y j GC qd SCGq dG - 3
.qG Gd dqdG SCGq dG HCG - GC
.G G OY Oq MCG -
*
CG
? dM qc GC qG f e -
.HLEG qYCG
134
q SSCG Iqce
15
2 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
Sg
6 q dG
YVCGh jGhQ bCG EG GOSG qe HG : dG
M `g qe HCG - GC - 4
.U 3 = , U 4,5 = `g , U 6 = `g
( `g) QG M d XG qG HCG -
: G hG H ea YVCG bCG EG GOSG qe AH Y Qq J CG e OGQ GC - 5

3 dG
q b
2 dG
q b
4
2
1,5
3
3
3
3
3
G
1 dG
q b
5
5
5
5
qG
GC
`g
S O
? DhH qdG qG g e - GC
.Me dM q c AdG d hG G H q ZCG -
: M ''CG'' Fb GC qe HCG - GC - 6
. U 3 CG , U 5 = GC
.q HM HLEG qYCG .LQO ........ = GC + GC dq dG HdG q JCG -
: M q Fq dG q b dG
q je `g qe HCG - 7
U 13 b .U 5 = `g -
135
Sg
6 q dG
15
3 U
dG
q AH
CG
U 4
30
q jqdG dG
q
60
U 4 =
U 3 = `g
45 = `g
o ndCn r n rdG
.hG e d SG AdG J qGC qK dCe qc GC bCG - 8

G
@ U 4 = GC : M GC qe HCG 1
30 = GC , 60 = GC
@ U 4 = : M `g qe HCG 2
= `g
U S qe AH @
.U Fb
: M U Fb U S qe HCG 3
U 4 = U S
U 5 = S
45 = `g ,U 3
dG
q je qe HCG 4
: M qFq dG q bh
30 =
U 3,5 =
136
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
q SSCG Iqce
q SSCG Iqce
15
4 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
Sg
6 q dG
: M U S qe HCG - 9
75 = S U , 45 = U S , U 6 = U
.dG
q Gd q jJ SH bCG - GC
.U S MCG -
.q jq dG Sq dG EG GOSG U S qG AH bCG -
: M ] [ h ]CG[ dG
q je GC qe HCG - 10
90 = GC , U 5 = CG
.dG
q Gd q jJ SH bCG - GC
: dq dG HdG q GC =
.LQO ............ = GC , LQO ............. = GC
.q jq dG Sq dG EG GOSG GC qG AH bCG =
137
q LeOCG Iqce
15
1 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
Sg
6 q dG
: JBG q jq dG Sq dG M dG
q je qe T QqdG e b OGYEH fhe
q M qc - 1
120
CG
SO 5
.dG
q Gg AH MGe Oq MCG - GC
.U 1,5 G SO 1 qc Ge dG
q Gg AH bCG -
Y a
GC SCGQ e bfG FM bCH VM EG b GC qe T VM - 2
q
.. `g GC h `g GC jQhe VM
60 = `g GC
, 2 = `g : d `g GC VdG
.bQh Y U 2 VQCG Y 1 qc Ge `g GC VG T HCG - GC
. GC q UCG VG SCGQ '''' h '''' Y dG f J `g q dG fYG GPEG -
. GC VG T Y d HdG
q AdG qGC @
.HLEG qYCG ? GC qG f e @
: dq dG HdG q GC @
LQO .................... = GC , LQO ............... = GC
138
q Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
15
1 U
Sg
6 q dG
: Sq dG Gg f jf - 1
CG
`g
LQq G Z IGh QcdG SH Sq dG fCG - GC
CG

]CG , CG[ jhGq dG d LQq G Z IdGh QcdG SCG - GC - 2
CG

.] GC [ dG
q GJ 2 h 1 jhGq dG M GC qdG H GC - 3
CG
CG
1
139
q J Iqce
15
2 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
Sg
6 q dG
.Gq L JBG Sq dG MCG - 4
.d SG fqdH G dCq Gh Sq dG AH YCG @
.FHC JBG q UdG AZCG MCG c Je b - 5
q Uh
An Gs Yp nCrdGy pFn Hr GnC
en pa v p r en Gk r cn r ond
o cr n nJ r n nd
d eG G Yh 4 dG Y j
. 2 q dG Idh
q
QOdG Y cHCG
.U 1 G 1 q c a YG dGh q dG IT b qe SQ Gg
pt dyG oIn
n Tn
U 7
dG
.gMCG q dG j CG qdG bGG Sq dG Y Oq MCG @

.4 bGG OY qGC e qCG @
140
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
16
1 U
Sg
6 q dG
SQCGh G T q UN
q q JG : dG
: dq dG TCG d G e b 3 fh Qq qS - 1
2
1
q dG e Qq eh MCH G
q d
q RGe e Y d e b e q c Y Sj CH qch
.jNBG dG
q MCG Y IOq G
.hG e SG G * edG VCGh T q c e q JCG - GC
jGhq dG Fb qe VCG je qe dG
q je qe
q Y qe
Yf
dG
q
1
2
3
.qdG G b SQCG -
.q YHQ gMCG T EG T qc b
q e b qc -
.hG e SG G * edG VCGh Y
q qdG q YHq dG MCG e e jRGe YVCG jRGe a V d jRGe Z YVCG
qYHQ
dG
q
2
3
dG
q
dG
q
.qdG SG qGC h hG MCG .e T g ......................V d q YHQ q c 141
q SSCG Iqce
16
2 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
Sg
6 q dG
SQCGh G T q UN
q q JG : dG
.dq dG TCG MCG - 2
.e T q T qc * edG VCG - GC
.QNG qYCG -
.................................. H qC e T JNG T q c q @
.qY q YHQ TCG g e qc - 3
.e T Y MC q YHq dG ShDhQ MCG e q e dM q c SQCG @

142
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
16
3 U
Sg
6 q dG
SQCGh G T q UN
q q JG : dG
.e T q c q JC q SdG JGhOCG SCG - CG - 4
.HLEG qYCGh hG e SG G * edG VCG -

e T
qdG
qY
dG
q je
jhGq dG Fb
T d
e
qYHqdG
qYHqdG
q YHq dG
q YHq dG
qYHqdG
.JYb g e T qc jRGdG dG
q -
.NCH idG
q IYdGh MCH idG IYdG e T q c dCq G @
.YJQG g G T JYb H dG - O
.e T q pd YJQG UUq dG H SQCG @
143
q SSCG Iqce
16
4 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
Sg
6 q dG
SQCGh G T q UN
q q JG : dG
]O [ h ] GC [ JYb J M O GC G T SQ q GC - CG - 5
CG
.Y
q qdG G T JQG SQCG -
: M U `g G T SQ q GC - GC - 6
idG JYb ] `g[ U 3 YJQG b .U 4 = U
`g
: M . U S dG
q jG G T SQ q GC -
] [ h ]U S[ JYb U 2,5 YJQG b S
U
144
: M `g O FdG G T SQ q GC -
] [ h ]`g O[ JYb U 3 YJQG b U 2,5 = `g O -
q SSCG Iqce
16
5 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
Sg
6 q dG
SQCGh G T q UN
q q JG : dG
.hG J q GC q K dCe q c GC bCG - 7

:M ] GC [ idG JYb O GC e T SQCG - GC
.LQO 75 = GC , U 3,5 = , U 2,5 = O , U 4,5 = GC
: M ]U S[ idG
q JYb U S e T SQCG -
U 2,5 YJQG b
.LQO 100 = S U , LQO 120 = U S , U 3 = U S
: M ] U[ idG
q JYb dG
q je U `g O e T SQCG -
.U 3 = `g , LQO 70 = `g O , U 4 = O `g
dCG
dCG
GC dCG
e T SQ
dG
q je U `g O
G
]U S[ idG
q IYdG
U 2,5 JQG b
U 3 = U S
LQO 120 = U S
LQO 100 = S U
U 2,5
O
q jq dG dG
q
REG b
U 3,5
75
U 4,5
CG
(Sq dG) REG
145
q SSCG Iqce
16
6 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
Sg
6 q dG
SQCGh G T q UN
q q JG : dG
] [ h ]U S[ JYb U S Fb e T SQCG - 8
LQO 60 = S U , U 4 = U , U 6 = U S : M
(Sq dG REG b q jJ SH bCG)
.Sq dG q j e e T VQCG b - 9
.e T T e q c je b EG J MU jj
.dG Y d G W H U e SQ Y YSCG @ GC
? G qj MGh e Lj g -
( O) `d RGeh ( ) `d Rp Goe (CG) M JBG Sq dG qeCJCG - 10
CG
`g
.Sq dG Gg eSe YVCG e T qc q SCG @
.U 5 = `gCG , U 6 = CG : M `g q Fq dG q bh dG
q je `g GC qe HCG -CG - 11
.qG Gg Xq dG Q HCG -
.U 2 `g Y e qc Jh ]`g GC [h ]`g [ EG GqdG Y J ''O'' h '''' f qYCG -
.HLEG qYCG ? O GC q YHq dG f e @
.q SCG .XJ Q q YHq dG Gd - O
146
q LeOEG Iqce
16
1 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
Sg
6 q dG
SQCGh G T q UN
q q JG : dG
.je VGMCG 5 EG eh
dG
q
q je e T T J Sq dG Gg q - 1
U 4
U 3
U 6
.bQh Y U 2 Y U 1 q c Ge q dG Gg SQ YCG @
b EG U gba q YHQ T VQCG b HCG Y VQh QGf GNCG Qh - 2

.je
.QGf Y
q qdG d qe SQ Gg
U 3
QGf b
U 4
U 5
.HCG Y GNCG KQh qdG VQCG b SQ q GC - GC

.QdG Y U 1 VQCG Y 8 q c QYH Sq dG Gg RfEG q J -
? QBG H jNCG jg e q c df qdG dG Me b e @
147
q Iqce
16
1 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
Sg
6 q dG
SQCGh G T q UN
q q JG : dG
: M O GC qe HCG - GC - 1
.LQO 60 = O GC , LQO 30 = O GC , U 6 = CG
.U 4,5 ] [ V b qdG O GC G T Y d q dG HCG -
.HLEG qYCG ? O GC G T f e -
. O MCG -
.dG
q jG O GC G T eCq JCG - 2
U 4
CG
U 3
U 2,5
U 2,5
G T e Fb qe J CG { : NCG d a dG
q Gg Me b M EG MCG Uj
q
.zO GC G T Me b f d e d
q dG
q Gg e NBG e EG Jh
.j qdG H MCG Y j qdG G HCG - GC
.O GC G T Me Oq MCG -
.U 4 e qc b VCG je qe HCG - GC - 3
.U 6 idG JYb b e T Y d O f Oq MCG -
.bGG g Oq MCG .iNCG bGe 5 O q d CG -
.e T q c VCG SQ q GC - O
: JCG qdG Sq dG qeC JCG - `g
? eSe YVCG e T e Lj c @
? eSe YVCG qe e Lj c @
148
q J Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
16
2 U
Sg
SQCGh G T q UN
q q JG : dG
6 q dG
Y SQ e T T e q c je jCGL EG e T bQh d - 4
.dW j e S
zM Iq Y CG j qdG H{ : e d db
.e b
q U KC Sq dG Gg Y M 3 q bCG - GC
U 3
U 8
.IMGh f WJ G L G qGC e qcC JCG -

? G EG q dH q dG g q GPe -
.HdG
q dG
q EG GOSG JBG hG J qGC - O
7,2
3,9
4,3
1,8
dH
q dG d idG IYdG W b
dH
q G d idG
q IYdG W b
2,5
.M Iq Y e e qe S MbG qdG j qdG - `g

.dG d idG
q IYdG d GM YCG @
> U >
.G d idG IYdG d GM YCG @
> >
: M ''CG'' Fb GC qe HCG - GC - 5
.U 4 = GC , U 6 = GC
.U 3 idG
q JYb b O GC G T Y G e q O f q YCG -
(Sq dG Y G g q bCG) ? G G OY e -
.HLEG qYCG ? dG g G G OY e ,U 5 idG
q IYdG b c d - O
(Sq dG Y dG g q bCG)
149
q SSCG Iqce
17
1 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
6 q dG
qdG
q SG Sq dG qXhG : dG
: dq dG G jN e cQ fCGb - 1
Sq dG
U 1
c 1
qdG
q
1
100 000
Sj j e qGC - GC
VQCG Y U ....................... Sj jG Y U ........... qc
.dd OY qc HQCGh jG g qS MCG -
1
100 000
q G dG
jG Y q q dG dG
1
U 28 dW b qdGh J jJ qdG QdG
q jd 2500 qS jN jq dG SGp - 2
.jG g Y
? QdG
q Gd q G qdG b e - GC
.dG
q EG GOSG q G dG Y d IYb UCG -
1
200 000 f
q dG
q Od jN qS - 3
.c 64 eG
adGh
q jeh UdG fJ H G
q
? jG g Y jG Jg H aG e - GC
.qdG
q EG GOSG q q dG dG Y d IYb UCG -
.JBG hG J Cq G - 4
dde
qdG
q
.VQCG Y ............... Sj q dG Y U ....................... q c

.G U 40 Sj qdG Y U 1 qc
VQCG Y ......... Sj .....................Y.......... qc
.G U
1
300
qdG
q M VQCG b J
qdG
q M e J
3
200000
jN J
300 000 Sj jG Y U 2 qc ....................................

150
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
17
2 U
6 q dG
qdG
q qdG dG f g qdG
q -5
.q dG dG EG (q dG Y)
q dG g q M q c de cCG - GC
1
...................................
500000
...................................
. 3 qdG
M VQCG b o J n GoC -
1000 q
: hG MCG @
dH
q q dG Y VdG dH
q q dG VdG
4,5
dH
q q dG Y qdG
dH
q q dG qdG
2000
1500
.hG EG GOSG f q c bq dG q G q GC @
4,5
q dG Y dG
q G dG
3
=
1000
2000
.HdG
q HdG dG jdG
q U e qCG @
* 4,5
2000 * 3
1 qdG M e T T VQCG d J CG - 6
. 250
q
l
.Sq dG OYH VQCG b OHCG MCG Iq e q c MCG @
dH
q q dG Y idG IYdG W b @
*
1
250
1
250
1
250
2500
=
dH
q idG
q IYd q dG qdG b @
*
=
dH
q q dG Y JQG W b @
*
1250
=
151
q SSCG Iqce
17
3 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
6 q dG
qdG
.VQCG Y c 1 q jG Y U 0,5 Cq G jN e cQ GC f - 7
.U 25 jG g Y je H dG - GC
? jG Jg H q G aG e @
.c 84 je H q G aG -
? jG g Y jG Jg H dG e @
.dEG UJ
q qdG q dG
q U e qCG -
. 8 a SQf qdG YdG W b - 8

.qS q c M YdG W qeCG - GC
1 @
200
1 @
100
1
80 @
M e qSCG -
. 70 V b Hq e T SQe MS - 9
1 qdG
q M J d SQCG @
2000
: d Fb e T T VQCG b - 10
.40 H idG IYdG W b
.30 H idG
q IYdG W b
.24 H JQG W b
3
.
q M J d SQCG @
2000 qdG
152
q LeOEG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
17
1 U
6 q dG
qdG
AH bQh jd .25 h 50 H GH e T dG Id me J REG fCG jj - 1

.21 h 30 dH
q GH e T
: H e QNG qdG qdG
q g e @
1
200
1
125
1
100
1
20
1
10
.q HM QNyG qYCG @
.gAH j qdG dG
q e d q dG Gg q QqY YH e HCG qa qT AGT FY J - 2
aZ
WCG
U 1,5
qG
U 1,5 U 1
U 2
AdG T
aZ
jHCG
: I qG MG @
GhqdG
Ghq dG
U 3
2 81
aZ
SG
1 : qdG @
200 q
U 2,5
2006 jO :q dG @
U 1
. 2 81 qdG
q d I qG MG qGC e qCG - GC
: q dG hG q YCG -
Ghq dG
q G
WCG aZ jHCG aZ
SG aZ
G
q
2H MG b
153
q Iqce
17
1 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
6 q dG
qdG
U 1
: jN e cQ fCGb - 1
c 20
.40,5 a dH
q H dG bh ''''h ''CG'' je Y fNGp
? jG Jg H q G aG e @
M J d fOYCG .14 h 18 h 24 H GqdG Y YVCG bCG qe T VQCG b - 2

.6 dH
q qdG Gg Y hCq G dG
q W b a Y qJG bh qS
? q dG Gg Y Y G
dG
q
q HCG @
qJa 6 h 8 H GH e T g qdG b Yd J REG baCG HQCG e qe W - 3

: JBG q dG Y d hCG MG Ff fch qS Y ja q c AYCG
jdG
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
24
12
16
q dG Y dH
q YdG W b
18
13
12
q dG Y dH
q YdG VY b
.ja q c dEG UJ
q e
q U e qCG - GC
.Lh EG C G UCG -
: e T VQCG b M e g - 4
.19,5 H q G dW
.6,5 dH
q q dG Y dW
.5,5 dH
q q dG Y VY
44,8 q dH Hq H G AGT K
6 q dG jQe
.AGdG
q K e 100
.VQCG g c K Y HCG @
154
q Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
17
2 U
6 q dG
qdG
: 251 qdG
q M CG e T q HQd J Gg - 5
U 2
U 2
U 2
U 2
U 3
U 3
U 3
U 3
? qHQq dG g e OSCH fG
q qG MG b e - GC
.iNCG jW OYH dEG UJ
q qdG q dG e qCG -
.MG g iNCG W Y HCG -
155
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
18
1 U
q SdG TCG UN
q XH qdGO e q Vh M
Sg
6 q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe q UN

q q JG : dG
.qG qdG e GQq eh q G d jRGe e dM qc SQCG - GC - 1
*
S
U = S
.SQ qc MGe Qq MCG @

.eq G WdG
q M HG q dG Iq e q c HCG -
= GC O
,
GC = O
U S =
U
CG
.AH q c MGe Qq MCG @
Yh e Qq Gh (CG) d RGG G Y Fc gh q YHQ q d HGq dG SCGq dG ''O'' - 2

''CG'' e Qq Gh ( ) d RGG G
.q YHQ q d HGq dG SCGq dG ''O'' Oq MCG @
1 q YHq dG
2 q YHq dG
CG
CG
156
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
18
2 U
Sg
6 q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe q UN

q q JG : dG
3 q YHq dG
4 q YHq dG
CG
CG
.SQ q c MGe Qq MCG -

.q YHq dG q UG qaJ qc SG G * edG VH hdG J q GC -
(SG q SdG IGOCH Iq e q c SCG)
GdG
YHqdG f
Gee je
jGhqdG
VCG
Wj
dG HG HQCG HG HG
Fb
G
ee je je je jRGe
qYHqdG
qYHqdG
q YHq dG
q YHq dG
VCG RGe ,e ,q e , Hq e : hG e d SG G YHq dG f cCG - O

.HQCG q YHq dG H ce q UG
a J OGh q c UCH dCq G - `g
q
: q dG SG q JCG q K hG MCG - h
.....................h ...................He V q c H qC VCG RGe HQCG q YHq dG e q c
. .........................................jdGh
157
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
18
q SdG TCG q UN
q XH qdGO e q Vh M
3 U
SQCGh VCG jRGe q UN

q q JG : dG
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG
: JBG Sq dG MCG - 3
CG
h
O
.VCG RGe O GC qCG KCG @

...............................................................................................................
: JBG Sq dG MCG - 4
`g
.e `g qCG KCG @
...............................................................................................................
JBG Sq dG MCG - 5
.qe U S qCG KCG @
U
S
158
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
18
4 U
SQCGh VCG jRGe q UN q JG : dG
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG
JBG Sq dG MCG - 5
`g
.Hq e `g O qGC KCG - GC

.......................... ......................................
iNCG jH dP KCG -
......................... ......................................
.6 , 5 , 4 , 3 HdG jQq dH e q UN
q q J qc q YHq dG f Iq e q c cCG - 7
VCG q UN
q -
jdG q UN
q - GC
dG q dG
jee Zh je Z
jee Zh je Z GdG
VCG RGe @
jJ GPEG
V
de
.. .................... @
VCG RGe @
eJ GPEG
V
de
eJ GPEG
GdG
.. .................... @
.. .................... @
.. .................... @
.. .................. @
.. .................... @
`g
60
jJ GPEG
GdG
.VCG RGe `g -CG - 9

.G SG hO MCG - CG
................... = `g
................... =
................... = `g
.G SH dP
q U e qCG -
159
q SSCG Iqce
: jdG e
q
18
q SdG TCG q UN
q XH qdGO e q Vh M
5 U
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG
: M O GC VCG RGe SQCG -

.U4 = , 105 = O , U 6 = CG
.iNCG jH O GC VCG RGe SQ YCG -O
: M U S qe HCG - GC - 9
.U 4 = U , U 3 = S , U 5 = U S
. U S VCG RGe Y d '''' q dG HCG -
. U S VCG RGe VCG SQCG -
: M ] [ h ] GC [ dG
q je GC qe HCG - GC - 10
120 = GC
, U 5 = GC
.O GC q dG Y d ''O'' q dG HCG -
.iNCG jH q dG g HCG -
.eq G dG Y Gb M G YHq dG Iq e qc HCG - 11

M VCG RGe U S `g @
U 6 = O M e `g O @
U 5 = S , U 6 = U `g
U 5 = M Hq e @
M q e O GC @
U 4 = O , U 6 = GC
160
q LeOEG Iqce
: jdG e
q
18
q SdG TCG q UN
q XH qdGO e q Vh M
1 U
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG
q YHQ T AH e q HQq dGG g SJ

q . 1,8 h 3 H GH e T q HQR - 1
.G XJ Qe f g XJ GQ dh G VCG EG J ShDhQ
1 qdG M HQdG d J SQCG - GC
. 30
q
q q
.HLEG qYCG ? qHQq dG g Sj
q qdG YHq dG f e -
.q HM HLEG qYCG ? q HQq dG g q G AdG MG b e -
.qYHq dG e qdG Gg Me b d jW SCG - O
.'''' h '''' Fb O GC e T T VQCG b - 2

3,5 cq dH ]O[ idG JYb b
2,5 cq dH ] GC [ idG
q JYb b
.1,5 cq dH ] [ YJQG b
dG Me b 1 q e gh 2 75 Me bh `g qe T d Ue b jTGp
6
.O GC
.O `g GC VCG RGe T b Y
q H EG dG q V H
.1 qdG M O GC d J SQCG - GC
500 q
.IGG dG SQ q dG Gg Y q GC -
.IGG d q G jdG Oq MCG -
. fU qdG dG Me b Oq MCG - O
161
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
18
1 U
Vjq dG
Sg
6 q dG
.G qG EG j ''O''h '''' SCGQ e q ch q e O GC - 1

.dG
q Gg SQCG @
*
GC
60 = `g dh G qG EG j '''' h ''`g'' SCGQ e

q ch VCG RGe `g -
.dG
q Gg SQCG @
*
.U 5 = `g M VCG je `g qe HCG - GC - 3
.(G L q bCG) qe HQCG qdG J
q H ''O'' f HCG -
? Y
q q e q c jGhR bCG e -
? ''O'' q d G bGG ShDhQ qdG dG f e - O
? dG
q Gg VCG bCG e - `g
162
q Iqce
: jdG e
q
18
2 U
Sg
6 q dG
: a
q Nq dG Sq dG Gg aZ S Sj
q -4
Vjq dG
U h
`g
GC O = O = = GC
.O GC dG
q VCG e `g , , , q dG
: eSe YVCG q Sg TCG 5 Iq e q c a q SCGh Sq dG eq C JCG @
q e GC
GC
e
.dG
q je e T
.Fb e T O
.VCG je qe `g
: d dG
q je O GC e T T VQCG b M qdG
q - 5
6 cq dH ] GC [ idG IYdG b
4 cq dH ] O[ idG
q IYdG b
. 2,5 cq dH JQG b
. 12,50 QBH MG b
.BG 10 Me bh `g O GC VCG RGe T GAL dG g e H
. 1 qdG
1000 q M O GC d J SQCG - GC
.G dG Y Oq MCG -
b Y a
H EG q Vh VQCG e qG Ad Ue b iTG Iq e H -
q
. `g qe T
. QU qdG dG q dG Y q GC @
? `g dG b e q d G dG e @
: O GC dG Me b EG `g dG Me b f MG q dG H e Oq MCG @
2 , 3
1 , 3
1
.
,
,
5
5
10
10
.q HM HLEG qYCG
163
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
19
1 U
6 q dG
gDhbCGh cCGh jq dG OGYCG cG

q : dG
.HLEG qYCGh = hCG = f q c e cCG - GC - 1

............................. : qC 4
3 : 12 @
............................. : qC 6
2 : 13 @
............................. : qC 2
5 : 14 @
.SG qGC h < hCG > f qc e cCG -
.......... h ........ H Q Qa
6
7
3 : 13
2 : 13
..............................Qa
2
3
5 : 14
5 : 14
.Sd Ye d qY qc G -
.q W U jOY H H QG Qq bCG @
>
5 : 14 >
>
2 : 13 >
>
6 : 40 >
>
4 : 27 >
Gg q j e T e n p jo CG hO je b EG e q c H qch TdG e Fd fh q N qS - 2
: Fqd MG hG
(6)
(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
qdG
40
20
12
30
24
H TdG W b
11
jG dG OY
.......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
H dG W b
.hdH bq dG G EG Y hG YSCG - GC
.SCGh dEG UJ
q qdG G MCG -
164
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
19
2 U
6 q dG

q : dG
.hq dG qd SG OdG f q c e cCG - GC - 3

= 3 : 35
= 4 : 23
= 3 : 15
: 7
* 3 = 4
= 7 : 20
9 =
20 =
11
17 =
6
.jW e cCH q Y q c b QN Y q YCG - 4
2 : 35
5 : 42
3 : 36
6 : 21
4 : 3
12 : 6
.dG
q Me b EG q dH fG
q MG b q qdG OdG Iq e q c cCG - 5
G Me
UdG Me
UdG Me
Hq G Me
G Me
G Me
.hG e SG G cCG qK d aGG Sq dGh q c OY qc qeC JCG -
1 e cCG q dG OdG 1 `d phe q dG OdG 1 e UCG q dG OdG
.SCGh hG MCG -
165
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
19
3 U
6 q dG

q : dG
.q G dG
q Me b EG q dH fG
q MG b q q c OY q c - GC - 6
.SG MG Iq e q c dCq G @
2
G Me 12
G Me 47
G Me 32
.b IMh e b Iq e q c Gq e q c OY q c qeCG -
7 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 3 ,
6
7
4
5
5
3
4
.SCG qK Sq dG EG GOSG 1 `H q q c OY qc QbCG -
.bJ q CGh e b q c jQJ eq C JCG - 7
0
4
4
4
*
4
3
2
1
0
.LQq G G b eq C JCG - 8
`g
CG
.SG OdH H q c Y q YCG - GC
: CG dG EG qdH
: OCG dG EG q dH
: CG dG EG q dH
GC dG *
: `gCG dG EG q dH
: CG dG EG q dH
: CG dG EG qdH
O GC dG *
166
SSCG Iqce
6 q dG

q : dG
: M ,U ,S qdG LQq dG dG b Y qYCG -

8
CG 5 = CG
,
`gCG 109 = UCG
,
CG 124 = SCG
.Sq dG q e g c SGd VQCG b qa N
q -9
b
QO
Y
19
4 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
qe H
Y
: EG qdH SGdG e f qd G
q MG b Y q c OH qYCG @
.VQCG b Me b - GC
.SGdG e jNBG YqdG e qc Me b -
: JBG KqdG WTCG fCG - 10

1 T
2 T
3 T
.jNBG jdG
q MCG W H Oq d b IMh WTCG MCG Iq e q c SGp
............................ : 2 T dG IMH 1 T jdG
q W b Oq MCG - GC
............................ : 3 T dG IMH 1 T jdG
q W b Oq MCG -
............................ : 2 T dG IMH 3 T jdG
q W b Oq MCG -
167
q LeOEG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
19
1 U
6 q dG

q : dG
YdG
q Ae WCG dG W qj - 1
jh dG Gg d mhe YT IFGO Y
.IMGh YS
12
11
1
2
10
.JBG hG qCGh YdG

q Ae qeC JCG - GC
4
7
onW no nrnj psdyG onan nrdyG

pInpFGsdyG nnY p Gn rWnCrdyG pnrnrdyG
O 25 h S 1 O 10 h S 1 O 50 O 35 O 20 O 15 p pFnbsdypH onepRsdyG ospnesdyG oIsordyG
5
qj qdG IFGq dG W 6 b e WCG dG W qe q eR Iq e q Vjq dG M
q bSGp -
.O 15 h 14 YdG
q fGh .Y
12 1
11
b qdG SdG YdG
q g Ae Y dCq G @
2
10
.G
q g AKCG YdG
q Ae Y WCG dG W
3
9
4
8
7
5
6
jG M Fq dG fa q Vjq dG IOq e q J QNH b .32 H eq dG OY - 2

eq dG OY
.
q dG qG q j e qq d G
30
.
q dG qGh hG E eq G G SCG -CG
q
20
q
hO q GfGp je
fOCG q
bCG
fOCG qq dG qq dG
OY
eq dG
10
.Fq dG g jCGQ q bCG -
q``J
bCG q
fOCG q
fOCG hO q
qq dG GfG
168
q LeOEG Iqce
19
2 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
q : dG
6 q dG
eJ OY EG q dH q bCG Y fOCG qq dG Gqjo jqdG eq dG OY q qdG q dG OdG g e -

? b
? b eJ OY EG q dH a fOCG qq dG GqM jqdG eq dG OY q qdG q dG OdG g e - O
? b eJ OY qdH qbCG Y fOCG qqdG GqM jqdG eqdG OY q qdG q dG OdG g e - `g
jqdG OY EG q dH q bCG Y fOCG qq dG GqM jqdG eq dG OY q qdG q dG OdG g e - h

? fOCG qq dG G j
169
q Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
19
1 U
6 q dG

q : dG
. dP c qc hG fN q YCGh q Y q c G Y HCG - GC - 1
G OdG
q c OY
q Y OY
qdG
q W U OY
= 5 : 17
= 13 : 100
= 7 : 17
=5:6
.Iq e q c HLEG qYCGh AGG M hO < , = ,
>
SG edH f q c VYC
q G-2
5
7
17 17 x 9
5
35 35 x 13
13
203 3 x 203
4
1217 5 x 1217
3
................................................................................. qC
23 23 x
................................................................................. qC
................................................................................. qC
................................................................................. qC
................................................................................. qC
.YdG
q e AGLCc dq dG q eq dG OG cCG - GC - 3
O 50
S
O 10
O 40
O 20
O 15
S
.MG dG GMh e AGLCc dqdG bCG cCG -

58
cO 435
SO 56
170
750
235
U 7
SO
q J Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
19
2 U
6 q dG

q : dG
: qGC Ma b IMc T jdG

q SH ]O [ h ] GC [ W b fCG OGQCG - 4
(T IMdH ) 2 > CG > 1
(T IMdH ) 3 > O > 2
T
CG
2 > CG
3 >O > 2
>
.dG q Y fCG q j c q HCG - GC

.SQ q c Y dP VhC
q G-
? T dG IMH ]CG[ W b e -
? T dG IMH ]O [ W b e - O
.dG q K ] GC [ W d IMc ]O [ SCG - `g
.Oq Ge 3 ''CG'' SOdG

q dG
q bhCG hL q J jq C G MCG a - 5
.YdG
q Ae a 1 bq dG Y WCG dG Wh dG a eq dG fGp
: hdH q e ge M qbJ hOh dGq dG Y qq dG M bSGp
dG YGb SG
5
12
IFGq dG
IAGdG
q Vjq dG
IFGq dG 65
IFGq dG 2
IOq dG
b qdG adG
WCG dG W
Sj qdG IFGq dG Y
.d aGdG SQq dG RfEG AKCG WCG dG W b qdG SdG YdG

q Ae Y Oq MCG - GC
qdG YGb SGp @
12
11
q Vjq dG @
IAGdG @
12
11
12
11
10
10
10
3
8
7
5
6
5
6
9
4
8
7
5
6
.qdG Oq GdG bSG qdG qeq dG Iq dG e -

171
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
20
1 U
Sg
6 q dG
IFGO e MG : dG
z ? H bY LJ a ,dGh e c IFGO b b c qc qfGC M'' : fCG b - 1

Ub q c e Sb q K gQbC e bCG M idG
q QdG e jq FGO UGbCG 5 fCG q YCG
: JBG hdG a Fq dG
q Sh
UdG
(5)
(4)
( 3)
(2)
(1)
6,28
2
62,8
20
47,1
15
31,4
10
15,7
5
dG
dH
q dG b
dH
q dG b
.Vh qdG q VdG e q JCGh fCG Y J

q qdG OGYCG S MCG - GC
.HLEG qYCG ? g a eh IFGq dG b H bY Lh EG -
.Sq dG q j e IFGO Y qj aWh U 15 q FM YS a WCG dG W - 2

? YS q c a dG Gg W j qdG adG b e - GC
.25,12 dH
q bCG dG W Y qj qdG IFGq dG W b -
.YdG
q Y IFGq dG g SQCG @
? YdG
q g a bCG dG W b e @
.JBG hdG J q JCG - 3

(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
12,5
65
266,9
75
251,2
172
IFGq dG
dG
dH
q dG
q b
dH
q dG b
dH dG b
q SSCG Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
20
2 U
Sg
6 q dG
IFGO e MG : dG
. 12,5 YT IFGO Y VdG MS a Y Y IQhO 30 `H q fGH b - 4

? VdG Gg AKCG b qdG adG b e @
. 0,5 q fGdG Y T
? VdG Gg AKCG q fGdG Y H eb qdG GQhq dG OY e @
.Sq dG Gg qSh qjjM HH H Nd jdG e b OGYEH fhe OGq M qc - 5

? b q d OGYEG RqdG jdG W b e - GC
. 1 qdG
5 q M Nq dG Gd J fCG -
U 20
U 20
.IMGh f a YVCG e V q c e J IFGO NGO SQ U 5 V b Hq e - 6

.dG
q jg SQCG - GC
.HLEG qYCG ? HM hO IFGq dG e CG Hq dG e WCG jq GC -
.qHM HLEG qU e qJCG -
.e b MCG qK dG
q qeC JCG - 7
U 5
U 10
U 5
U 5
173
U 10
U 5
q SSCG Iqce
20
3 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
IFGO e MG : dG
Sg
6 q dG
IQheh je VGMCG6 dEG q TCd ah FJ q J , 4,5 YT b dG

q jq FGO MS - 8
.QgRCG SGd
.q fH SH dP qeCG - GC
? MGdG VdG e b e -
? VM q c jhGR b e -
N WCG dG W YdG
q g Ae Y j .je Ne a k MS l bY l YS SJ
q -9
. 1,884 `H Qq J ae bO 40
? YdG
q g a WCG dG W b e - GC
.e jH O 50 a dG Gg W j qdG adG b e -
dG
q q FGO AZ eq CG d a
q . 0,5 YT q FGO Ub T a q dG Lh IFe f - 10
. 0,25 `H dG q c e qdj
.AdG Gg WME eRqdG dG
q W V a IQe g
.dG
q g W jJ Y gYSCG @
174
q LeOEG Iqce
20
1 U
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
Sg
6 q dG
IFGO e MG : dG
Y ae Qhjh 5 e
q ce Y j q N fM ca dCG je QR{ : fCG b - 1
Gg X a o b qdG adG b e iJ .bq dG a GQhO 7 q H FbO 5 Iq d dG Gg
z ? dG
.dGDS Y fCG LCG @
.q FGO Ub T a q dG Lh d dhW AGT FY Qq b - 2

: hdG q j c e bCG a h qdG e dG
q Gg dG
q a HCG Lh
(3)
(2)
(1)
dh qdG
0,82
0,72
0,6
LdG T b
dH q dG
e 0,75 q e MGdG q j CG cCd dM SL qjh OGaCG 6 e qcJ FY fc q dh

: e
.q HM QNG qYCG .Fd SdG dh qdG QNG Y HCG YSCG @
175
q J Iqce
Vjq dG
: jdG e
q
20
1 U
Sg
IFGO e MG : dG
6 q dG
Y e q c T b qdG LGQq O cGQ Iq e q c gj .c 1 MCG e Y SQdG J - 1

.U 37,5
.adG g d IQhO 400 e cCH J Y q c qGC KCG - GC
.b hO Y T b jd jW SCG -
.OGq M H b jdG e d Sq dG Gg eq C JCG - 2
U 5 U 5 U 5 U 5 U 5 U 5 U 5 U 5 U 5
.q dG Gg a dG q jdG dG W b Oq MCG - GC
. 1 qdG
Ge Sq dG Gg YCG -
5 q
.cCG ,FGhq dG fCG GWCG bCG a fG g -
.OGq M H b jdG e d Sq dG Gg eq C JCG - 3

U 10
. 21 qdG
q Ge Sq dG Gg YCG - GC
q jdG dG W b Oq MCG -
.q dG Gg a dG
U 10
U 10
U 10
176
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
21
1 U
VjqdG
M
6 q dG
H jc GOY cG : dG
45
.cO 12 dBG qM EG e SG jqdG jR e cO
FY J - 1
10
5
. W H qqc qc Y qYCG qK hBG MCG - GC
3
....
cO 100
....
cO 100
2
cO
1
....
2
....
cO 10 + cO 4
....
4
cO 10 + cO ..... cO 10
FY qdBG jqdG qc
BG jqdBG qc
.JBBG HnprdBG tpJGoC -

: qBG jqdBG qqc
cO .... + cO .....
10
hCG
cO ....
10
.qdG qdBG Od qdBG ABG gMCG jOY U qeR Iqe qc b cCG - 2

.S 15 qHdBG qdBG qM eGO @
12
S .... + S ..... = S 15
....
12
.S 15 QdBG Y IS eGO @
4
S .... + S ..... = S 15
....
4
.SBG qdBG OdBG Iqe qc cCG - 3

2
....
.... = 10 + 2
: aZ H W @
....
75
.... = 100 + 3
: JdBG e qqc c @
....
375
Bg .... = Bg10000 + Bg 5 : VQCBG e b Me @
177
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
21
2 U
H jc GOY cG : dG
VjqdG
M
6 q dG
.b qY IqY aGJ b QN qc - 4
4 qdBG
............
100
24 dG QN f d qdBG qd bqdBG qBG Iqe qc qGC - GC

30
3 qdBG
2 qdBG
1 qdBG
............
............
G
4
10
SdG
15
............
.qY qd qdBG QBG JBBG hBG cCG -
4 qdBG
....
....
3 qdBG
....
....
2 qdBG
....
....
1 qdBG
....
....
dBG QN
qdBG
.HLEG qYCGh HqdBG hBG Y q qdBG qjdBG OGYCBG QbCG -
. qjc Hc H b qc Y qYCG - 5
......
3
S ......
12
S
4 qVjqdBG qM bSG .
6
40
.....
4
.....
80
...
8 aZ H VY .
10
......
1000
25
g ......
g .....
4
g 5 GqN S .
......
g 1000
178
qSSCG Iqce
VjqdG
: jdG qe
21
6 q dG
H jc GOY cG : dG
3 U
.hBG e SBG fBG a * edBG VCG - 6

3
4
36
27
4
7
24
32
12
16
12
21
4
3
6
8
28
49
12
9
36
63
.d aGBG SGh Hc qc MCG .CG - 7

3
25
10
2 * 25
50
=
=
2
5
2
9
8
10 * 5
50
10
12
3
4
4* 9 8*3
36 24
5
6
=
* 10
HdBG
=
60
12 * 5
60
SpBG
HLEG qYCGh = hCG = SBG edBH f qc VqYCG M e EG GOSG -
21
20
14
10
15
12
10
8
6
14
3
5
9
21
6
15
10
5
4
6
HdBG
SpBG
HLEG qYCGh SBG OdBH f qc VqYCG-
24
9
15 ,
6
21
179
, 36
42
54
12
8
10
qSSCG Iqce
VjqdG
: jdG qe
21
4 U
6 q dG
H jc GOY cG : dG
. 24 qdG OdBG d qfGE bh HdBG g S qb - 8

20
30 , 18 , 72 , 6 , 4 , 12 , 6
25 15 60 5
3 10 4
.Lh EG WN Hc qc IFGH MCG @
.qdBG hBG J qGC - GC - 9
9
8
7
12
7 h
6
5
8
3
4
5
12
5 h
7
4
5
qjdBG GOdBG
BG YBG
e
JjBG HdG
BG H
.qjdBG jOdBG ee dM qc qMhCG -
3
7 h 2 *
(2)
7
8
h
6 *
9
11 5
18 h 6
3 h 5 *
9
8
(1)
.T qc Me 2 qdCG - GC -10
3
.qdG Gg Me e 12 qdCG
16
180
qLeOEG Iqce
VjqdG
: jdG qe
21
1 U
6 q dG
H jc GOY cG : dG
.SqdBG qj c qdBG e VQCG b e UCBH qBG AG de qj -1

24
18
MdG dEG qdHde qj qdG MG qj qdG qdG OdG Y Hc 4 `H qYCG - GC

.VQCG b qdG
.VQCG b e qdG MG b OqMCG -
jQqdG Gg Me Y - 2
3
O 2
CG
z 2
q dG OdG qj CG qdG qGE { fCG b - CG
3
z 4 qdG OdG qj CG qdG qGE { Sj bh
6
.HGL qY ? CGqdG WJ e @
? qdG qJ qdGh 4 ee qdG qjdG HdG ge -
? g a jQqdG Gg Y Hc d O qdG qJ qdG qdG OdG -
181
q Iqce
VjqdG
: jdG qe
21
1 U
6 q dG
H jc GOY cG : dG
.HLEG qYCGh S qc NqdBG OdG IFGH MCG -1

30 , 6 , 15 , 12 , 9
21
70
14
30
28
33 , 21 , 15 , 9 , 6
44
30
20
12
8
qhC BG Od qjdBG HdBG e j H 97 h 5 e qd iNCG qjc Hc YoGC - 2

8
.fqdG Od qjdBG HdBG d jhe
.bqdG f qdBG q IGhe qc a - 3

120 = 4 ,
210
4
9 = 7 ,
2
6
4 = 2
3
.SdBG bqdBH f qc VqYCG -
-4
4 + 9=
.9 qdG DhLh e Ye d H qc OY g
? qG Gd G dG g e @
182
q Iqce
VjqdG
: jdG qe
21
2 U
6 q dG
H jc GOY cG : dG
.qdBH qQe e f (CG[ -5

GC
: H , , `g qdBG qYCG - GC
SO 34 = CG , SO 35 = CG ,
1 = `gCG
25
.SBG qjdBG OGYCBH JBBG hBG J qqJGC -
`g
SO
SO
SO
dG
`g
183
SdG qjdG HdG
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
22
1 U
6 q dG
qJQCGh qjdBG OGYCBG QbCG : dG
. = hCG < hCG > : fQBG eY H VCGh d Se qjc jOY cCG qK SQ qc MCG -1
: JBG hG qj c jqdG jR e qqc e qH YhCG KK -2

3
7
4
7
3
7
5
AYdBG
jqdBG qqc
cqdBH jj qdBG
.HLEG qYCGh SBG AYdBG bH qe Ga qc qJCG

.
......................... qC jqdBG e qqc cCG
AYdBG j .
....................... qC jqdBG e qqc UCG . AYdBG j .
.SG fQG eY qjc jOY qc H VCG -3

23 . 23 , 31 . 28 , 6 . 6 , 5 . 8
15
17
15
15
7
5
7
7
184
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
22
2 U
6 q dG
.Se OH f qc VqYCG -4
9
16 , 13
16
13 ,
25 ,
<
>
>
<
11
19
8
11
25
19
15
13 ,
.JBG qjdG OGYCG qjYJ qJQCG - GC -5

3
6 , 9
, 17 , 8
,
13
13
13
13
13
@
.JBG qjdG OGYCG qdRJ qJQCG -

13 , 13 , 13 , 13 , 13 , 13
5
21
8
2
17
10
@
.Se H f qc VqYCG -CG - 6

13 > > > 7
>
>
15
15
15
15
15
15
.Se f qc VqYCG -
11 > 11 > 11 > 11 > 11 > 11 > 11
10
: hBG qj e YGQqdBG e d e qc qoNh AGLCG 3 EG qMa VQCG b qob -7
Y
bQ OY
1
4
1
3
5
12
YGQqdG f
qBG MBG dEG qdBH MBG q qdBG qdBG OdBG
185
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
22
3 U
6 q dG
.HLEG qYCGh cCBG EG UCBG e MBG g qJQCG @
qC
.qjdG jOdBG e BG YBG Iqe qc cCG - GC - 8

.SBG fQBG eY H VCGh qjc jOY qc ee qMhCG -
8 h 9
11
33 h 11
18
5 h 3
4
12
5h 7
6
4
3 h 4
5
7
qjdBG GOdG
dG YdG
ed
jOdG fQe
qjdG
.SdBG edBG SBH qjc jOY qc QbCG - GC - 9
8
13
2
3
5
6
3
8
13
12
5
3
3
5
5
6
.dP JYBG qdBG jqdBG qHCG -
.JBG qjdBG OGYCG qjYJ qJQCG -10

1
2
, 5
186
, 7
12
7
6
2
3
VjqdG
qLeOEG Iqce
: jdG qe
22
1 U
6 q dG
qJQCGh qjdBG OGYCBG QbCG: dG
: JBG qdG M T e qj qS qM AH qQY YH qa -1

Yb + Z 4 Yb + Z 3
SG
S G
Yb + aZ
SG
Yb + aZ
SG
5
12
1
36
1
3
2
9
qdG
U qc T OY f
qdG Gg T OY EG
.e U qc 4 EG 1 e SG bqdG VH UCG EG cCG e qdBG OY qJQCG - GC

Yb + Z 3
Yb + Z 4
S G
SG
Yb + aZ
Yb + aZ
SG
SG
.
.HLEG qYCG .
qj e M Jhe qde d SQ bCG L eJ qJ eqd qWdBG dBG SH - 2

: JBG hG
SOqdG eG HGqdG
1
4
5
24
1
6
dqdG
fqdG
hCG
`SGQqdG S
7
48
1
8
5
48
SQBH YqqdG L EG YqqdG f
: JBG hG J tGC - GC
EG cCG e gG f
UCBG
d aGG SGQqdG GS
187
VjqdG
qLeOEG Iqce
: jdG qe
22
2 U
6 q dG
Sj je qGC -
................ qdBG eJ H gS e H GgS ................. qdG eJ . ............................. qC
............. qdG eJ H gS e H GgS ...................... qdG eJ . ............................. qC
.GQjO 960 YqqdG H -
.geJ H qJ qdG qddG dG qSGQO S qc J cCG
SOqdG
eG
HGqdG
dqdG
fqdG
188
hCG
SGQqdG S
q dH eqdG H qJ qdG G
VjqdG
q Iqce
: jdG qe
22
1 U
6 q dG
.1 e UCG qc NBBGh qdBG DhL gMCG jOY T qc OY qc cCG - GC - 1
11
4
7
8
11
3
17
7
17
5
h.,
h.,
qdBG OdG
HG HdG
.Jee MJ hO qdRJ eqG qjdG OGYCBG qJQCG -

@
.Jee MJ hO qjYJ JBG qjdG OGYCG qJQCG - 2

7
5
9
2
2
5
7
3
2
3
.Jee MJ hO qdRJ qjdG OGYCG qJQCG - 3

5
4
11
5
11
3
7
3
7
4
8
3
@
: jT AKCG FY SG qdG jqdG jR qqc g - 4

``à T
34
4
189
``fL T
34
5
VjqdG
q Iqce
: jdG qe
22
6 q dG
qJQGC h qjdGB OGYC GB QbGC : dG
2 U
. W HQCH HLEG qe (UCG hCG cCG) `H j ne qCG

N BG qqdBG e ................... fL T N BG jqdBG qqc @
.a T
............................................... @ : qC
............................................... @
............................................... @
............................................... @
.hBG qj e M qde qFHc BG LJ j - 5

AGg qe
IOqL
qRZ e
``LqK
580
689
583
725
``dBBG
qFHdBG
K
QjqdBH
.``dBG qc K GQjO 75 `H J Qqb

. HLEG q``YCG ? qdBG H qJ BBG g Y qdBG qGC g - GC
. HLEG qYCG ? J f cCG q dBG qGC Y -
. HLEG qYCG ? J f UCG q dBG qGC Y -
190
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
23
1 U
6 q dG
H cCGh qjdBG qjdBG OGYCGB qJCG : dG
.qc OY T b qc cCG - GC - 1
.. = ..... = U 175 : HCG eb W .
. = ..... = c 1850 : MT dM .
.
.
. = ............ = `SO 15 : IQhQb S .
.
Bg
Bg....... = 2 9745 : VQCG b Me .
=
.
.
. = ....... = c 42 : hN `c .
.JBBG SBG qCGh c qdBG qjdBG OGYCBG MCG -
. ........., .......... , .......... , .......... Jee qjc OGYCG g qjdBG qjdBG OGYCG
.JBBG HdBG qGC - GC - 2
125
80
5 , 8
.
4
8 , 3
4 , 15
.
5
3
2
6 , 375
20
3
8
: qdG SBG qGC -

OY g ............... hCG ................ hCG .............. ee iNCG Hc d qc OY qc
..................
.
.
27
12
.
.
.
.
=
=
18
21
27
30
.
.
.
.
.qjc Hc qc NCG - GC - 3
18 , . = 9
45
12
.
7 , . = 21
14
7
.
.HLEG qYCGh gcPCG .qjY OGYCG LJ HqdG qjdG OGYCG H e -
191
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
23
2 U
6 q dG
.qY qc OY eqBG H e qc OY qc qGC qHCG - 4
qdBG OdG
: qC qY
21
15
27
36
70
40
22
16
81
9
30
24
25 *
75 = 3
100 25 * 4
9:
=
9:
27
36
: MCG - GC -5
.qG G EG GOSG dP eCG qc qjY qjc Hc EG JBG qjrdG HdG qMCG -

=
=
33 ,
25
38 ,
19
=
=
27
24
11
3
9
45
65
75
.HLEG qYCGh LSCG ,qjY OGYCG LJ JBG qjdG OGYCG H - 6

90
110
33
110
, 35
15
, 21
,
192
81
54
6 ,
36
9
24
13
2
3
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
23
6 q dG
3 U
.qdBG DhL gMCG jOY EG qY qc OY qc qaCG - GC - 7

.LQN qK RBG hL qY OY qc cCG qdBG Y GOYpG -
qdBG AdBG
qdG OdG
qdBG AdBG
e AGLCG e AGLCG
hdG QN
GY
OMBG
QYCG
Fe
qdG
G
dG OdG
qdG
.
.
. +
1275
10
.
.
. +
347
100
603
1000
7
100
dCG
.
.
. +
.
.
. +
qY OY T qc OY qc cCG - GC - 8
15
8
3725
1000
3
4
137
100
7
2
8
10
qdG OdG
aGG qdBG OdG
qc OY T qY OY qc cCG -
3,5
235,75
0,01
29,7
0,008
7,03
dBG OdG
aGG qdG OdG
193
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
23
4 U
6 q dG
.hG J qJCG - 9
317
100
qdG OdG
53
38
qdG DhL
7
1000
7
10
qdG DhL
aGdG qdG OdG
13,005
0
qdG DhL
058
qdG DhL
.jqdBG f Ge J qGC qK hBG e qhC BG qdG MCG - 10
643
100
43
100 + 6
6,43
e GAL 43 h GMh 6
FBG
13,05
25
1000 + 18
245
10
AGLCG
5 h IMh 0
dCG e
194
VjqdG
qLeOEG Iqce
: jdG qe
23
1 U
6 q dG
.jqdG dG fCGh Sjh eCG iQJ - 1

.
7 `H Sj b e j e gh 15 eCG b
4
2
.qH SQ EG BG qMCG - GC
.Qe qc gb qdBG aBG BH OqMCG -
3 `H fCG b qY qjh SO
20
: JBG hG qj c qdG jQGb dG e UCG 4 jH QqY S - 2

O
U75
1
8
12,8
SO15
SO 3
CG
dG U
1,5
bqG dG qqc
qc dG qqc
IQhQb
dG jQGb OY
bqBG
IQhQb H K
QjqdBH dG
3
SO 2
11,5
12,350
8,5
jQGb H K
QjqdBH dG
.hG J qGC - GC
.dG K 35 dBGGd qG dqdG H -
.qqdG ec jJ H QqdG Gg HGe OqMCG
195
VjqdG
q Iqce
: jdG qe
23
1 U
6 q dG
H cGC h qjdGB qjdGB OGYC GB qJGC : dG
1890
.qY 2160 qdG OdG qGC qHCG .CG - 1
1980
.qjY d 1260 qdBG OdBG qGC qHCG -
39 jOdG W H QbCG - 2
4
81 h
8
.eqdG jOdG H IQ qjY qjc OGYCG 4 dM qc LCG - 3

HG OGYCG
100
20
,
,
100
20
,
,
eqG GOdG
100
20
3,32 h 3,2
100
4,5 h 3,7
20
: qdBH qQe e f (U S[ - 4
.H qd eqG IMdBH qjY qK qjc Hc YCG

SO................. = SO = O S
25
................. =
50 = O S
SO .............. = SO
.............. =
25 = S
SO .............. = SO
196
5 = S
= S
VjqdG
q Iqce
: jdG qe
23
2 U
6 q dG
SBG OdH Hc qc qJCG - 5
.
=
+ 3,47
465
1
.
.
.
1000
+
2,65
1000
10
.
16
+
@
100
197
10
100
145
10
17
.
325
3785
+
.
.
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
24
SdG TCG UN XH qdGO e qVh M
1 U
qe Me MCG : dG
Sg
6 q dG
.qe GC - 1
CG
.SqdG EG GOSG JBG hG J qGC - GC

d HBG qdBG
SCGqdBG
CG
.qG Gd KqdG YJQG SQCG -

:cJCG
.qjOY d HG qdH ShDhQ MCG J qdG BG b g qdG JQG
jhGqdG Fb qe GC -
.SqdG EG GOSG hdG J qCG
`g
CG
d aGG JQG
d HBG qdG
SCGqdG
CG
. SCGqdBG e qdBG JQBG qSCG .SCGh MCG -
: qcJCG
.KqdG JYJQG e YJQG MGh BG g jhGqdG Fb qe FdG qdG
198
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
24
Sg
6 q dG
qe Me MCG : dG
2 U
.d aGG JQGh V qc qdBG H qdCG - GC - 2
CG CG
`g
Le jGhR iMEG qe CG - S jhGqdBG Fb qe U S -
IqOM jGhR qe `g -
SCGh MCG -
.G JQBG qe qc MCG qdBH SQCG - 3
] `g[ `d aGBG JQG
] CG[ `d aGBG JQG
] [ `d aGBG JQG
S
`g
CG
: fQ T bQh dM qc SCG - CG - 4
O CG qG M CG qBG Me qBG M `g qBG Me -
`g
CG
Sj ``j e qGC -
Me b = CG qBG Me b .
Me b
199
qG Me b .
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
24
3 U
Sg
6 q dG
qe Me MCG : dG
`g
SCG qK GqL SqdG qeC JCG - 5
CG
Me b .
`g CG qBG Me b .
2
Me b .
= `g qBG Me b .
2
PEG
Me b .
= `g CG qBG Me b .
2
. GC qd YJQG dM qc MCBH qdCG - GC - 6
ceCG cCGh HG bCG MCG -
............... : 2qdBH CG qG Me b @
............... : 2qdBH O CG qdG Me b @
............: 2qdBH O CG G Me b @
U 4
U 2
CG
`g
.............. . : 2qdBH CG qG Me b @
............... : 2qdBH qG Me b @
............... : 2qdBH CG qG Me b @
U 2
U 3
............ :2qdBH `g CG G Me b @
U 2 CG
S
CG
................ : 2qdBH CG qG Me b @
......... : 2qdBH S CG dG Me b @
U 3
200
U 4
VjqdG
: jdG qe
qSSCG Iqce
24
4 U
Sg
6 q dG
qe Me MCG : dG
: JBG hBG J qGC - 7

Me b
d aGG JQBG W b
40
30
2100
2 963
YVCG MCG W b
60
70
qG
1
2
3
HQCG qa 3 h 4 qdBH GH e Jeh Me cCG d qe Sf CG qG qe W - 8

zMe cCG d qdG g 2 bQ qdG{: Ghe bh eSQ eJ
4
2
.HGL qY ? CGqdG Ghe WJ g @
SqdBG qj e jhGqdBG Fb qe T VQCG b - 9
28
21
.VQCBG e dG g Me b OqMCG - GC
.VQCG e dBG g e b OqMCG -
16,8
`g
iT .e T VQCG b qa - 10
3 Me bh qe T d Ue b
4
.SqdBG qj e hCG Me b
24
CG
2 800
40
.]`g GC [ W b OqMCG - GC
q V H qdG QU qdG dG b OqMCG -
.H EG dG
201
24
1 U
VjqdG
: jdG qe
qLeOEG Iqce
Sg
6 q dG
qe Me MGC : dG
: d jhGqdG Fb qe T VM - 1
2 12 MBG b .
12 G b .
4,8Jd aGG JQG b .
.1 FdG V b H dG .
.Vd qG SqdG Gg Y bqdG fdG qGC - GC
.fdG g qU e qJCG -
.G iMEH qjH bS JBG SqdGG q - 2
4
3
15
1
2
5 20
1 dG .
SCd 2 G .
qd 3 G .
Jqeh d 4 G.
2 400 JMe bh QgRCGh jqdBG Jd 5 G .
2 1200 Me b dGh d
.487 500 QjqdH 2006 S qdG LCJ NGe H

? MGdG qHG G LCd qqdG G qe e .
202
VjqdG
qLeOEG Iqce
: jdG qe
24
Sg
6 q dG
qe Me MGC : dG
2 U
.7 ``dEG 1 e OGYCG SH qG MGe qJQCG - GC
qHBG BG LCJ e
QjqdBH
1 BG W b
4 G Me b
1G VY b
BH
qBG MBG b
2H qjdG qd
2H
5 G Me b
2H
2 G Me b
2H
.qBG qj qdBG qjOdBG GQdBG g -

= 40 : 1200
15
=
40
= 30* 30
= 900 + 300 + 400+ 450 +1200
30 * 30
=
2
= 3250 :487500
2 * 400
=
20
.fe cCGh qjOY IQY qc f gP MCG @
qBG QqMCG -
203
VjqdG
q Iqce
: jdG qe
24
1 U
Sg
6 q dG
qe Me MCG: dG
U 3
CG
U 5
XJ GQe BGh S BG qGC { : fCG b - 1

h ,O h GC , h O , h GC HQCBG qBG qE a O GC d
.zMdBG f d
? db fCG UCG g - GC
.qHM dP KCG -
O
`g
.U 4 V b qdBG Hqe bQh - 2

.je qe 4 Y qa jd ah gjW
.qe qc Me b W H MCG - GC
e qch U 2 b qe qc YJQG MCG qGC KCG -
U 3 h U 2 H Q b jNBG YJQBG
`g
U d RGe S BG - 3
. GC , `g GC , GC qBG Me QbCG - GC
.HLEG qYCG -
QbCG qK S BG Y f qYCG -
CG
.HLEG qYCGh HqdBG KqdBG qBG MCG M GC qBG Me
204
VjqdG
q Iqce
: jdG qe
24
Sg
6 q dG
qe Me MGC : dG
2 U
.e T O GC (4
U 3
U 6
GC
`g
U 2
U 3
U 6
.O GC h GC qBG EG GOSG O GC BG T Me b MCG - G

HLEG qYCG .O GC BG T M `g qBG Me QbCG -
HLEG qYCG .O GC BG T M GC O qBG Me QbCG -
.e T Me IYb SCG - O
.SqdBG qj e qdBG je `g e T T VQCG b - 5
32
16
9,6
56
`g
.dBG g Me b OqMCG .CG

.dBG g b OqMCG .
205
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
25
1 U
OGYCG Y dG XH qdGO e qVh M
6 q dG
jFe f M a SqdG qXhGC : dG
.Gdh 66 H e SOqdBG qdBH SQj GJ 120 SQe qJ - 1

.JBBG hBG J qJCG @
qdG
qd qdG qG qd qhC BG qG
.
.
.
.
SOqdBG qdBG eJ L EG QcqdBG OY f

SOqdBG qdBG eJ L EG fEBG OY f
.jqM qJCG f qcC : qcJCG

.SOqdBG qdBG eJ L EG QcqdBG OY f : e
2 qdBG
1 qBG
: dqdG ReqdG MCH qG BG OdG Y d SBG qdG dM qc cCG - 2

25
100
21
28
40
9
=
4
7
56
.O 300 `H Qqb HH YHh O 1500 `H YH LnJ innrTpG - 3

.
. .AGqdG K EG HQ f Y qYCG - GC
.Hc qH e Hd qjFG qdBG qdBG g SCG -
1500 Sj
100 Sj
? =
100
206
.
.
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
25
2 U
qjFe f M SqdG qXhCG : dG
6 q dG
.O 150 Qb Fa Y qa S Iq dBH O 2500 NqOpG - 4

.dG H qe qdG Fd qjFG qdG MCG @
O 37,500
O 26,250
: aqdG g Y qY AGH fCG YCG - 5

.AGd qUCG qdG qd qjFG qdG M Y YSCG @
: qdG IQqS Y qFGqdG dG Gg Ma SQe je e NO - 6

SQdG eJ OY @
qdG LQqdG Y eqdG jRJ @
840 :
% 35
.qFGqdBG dBG EG GOSG qFMEBG hBG Gg J qGC @
eqdBG OY
% 25
LQqdG
hCG
fqdG
dqdG
% 40
hCG LQqdG eqJ OY

fqdG LQqdG eqJ OY
dqdG LQqdG eqJ OY
.Y d aqdBG g qYCa Je H KCG H LJ b - 7

e
...... : qUCG qdG .
% 40 : qdG f .
O 144 : jBG qdG .
b
Ic
O 27,500 : qUCG qdG .
O 185 : qUCG qdG .
...... : qdBG f .
% 30 : qdG f .
O 22 : jBG qdG . ........... : jdG qdG .
.aqdBG g bqdBG fdBG qJCG @
207
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
25
3 U
VjqdG
M
6 q dG
% 17 `H qUCBG K a IOjR H O 503,1 K QU IJ R qUCBG qdBG g e - 8

: JBG qdG Y qqdG dNe qqdG Y FY qJpG - 9
qqdG QNqOpG b
QjqdH
200
qjFG qdG qjqdG jQG b qjFG qdG

qqdG QNqOpd
QjqdBH
qjqdG jQd
% 25
% 75
600
qqdG NG
QjqdBH
800
.HqdBG fdBG EG GOSG dd qjOY IQY qc HQCG @
75
800
100
25
QjqdBH qqdG NG
800
100
100
QjqdBH qjqdG jQG b
600
75
75
200
25
qqdG QNqOd qjFG qdG
100
* 200
800
100
QjqdBH qqdBG QNqOG b
* 200
25
100
600
800
qjqdG jQd qjFBG qdBG
25
75
208
600
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
25
4 U
VjqdG
M
6 q dG
.qSSCG qdG e HqdG qdG EG qdG eG SQe Ff g - 10

LqdBG OY
qTdG OY
112
76
120
80
af H Y SQe
MG SQe
.HLEG qYCG ? aCG Ff SQBG qGC - GC
? MJ GPe -
209
VjqdG
qLeOEG Iqce
: jdG qe
25
1 U
6 q dG
qjFe f M a SqdG qXhCG : dG
.SqdGh gqdG e N dG b - 1
: dqdG cqdG d QGH qeCG YCG
QGqdG c
GdH SqdG c
GdH ddG gqdG c
90
22,5
67,5
.HqdG G EG GOSG dde qjOY IQY qc a cCG - GC

.qjOY IQY qc f cCG -
@
=
100 * 22,5
90
100 * 67,5
90
@
=
75 * 22,5
25
100 * 22,5
25
@
=
25 * 67,5
75
75 * 90
100
@
=
100 * 67,5
75
210
25 *
100
90
qLeOEG Iqce
25
2 U
VjqdG
: jdG qe
6 q dG
.qjQqdG JqY L a qj qdG hG LJ dU qqdG - 2

qjFG qdG IQG QGe qjFG qdG HqdG QGe qjFG dG dG K dG K
@IQd
QjqdBH
@Hqd
QjqdBH @dBG d QjqdBH QjqdBH
.......... 180 .......... ........ 1200
% 25
400 ........... ......... .........
.........
......... ........... 340 .........
% 15
........... ......... % 120 ......... 800
f
YdG
WCd c
Lqd c
WCd jMCG
Lqd jMCG
(YdBG c K EG qdBH qjFBG qdG @)

.hBG Gg bqdBG fdG EG Y U qqdBG YSCG - GC
. jH qG JQN hCG qG Hd qjFG qdG M Y YSCG -
211
VjqdG
q Iqce
: jdG qe
25
1 U
6 q dG
. W H qdBG Me EG qdBH fqBG MBG Y dM qc qYCG - 1

qjFe H
qY OH
qc OH
fqBG MG
.
.
.
.
.JBG qdG Y qT Mqa HQCG Y VQCG b b - 2

4
qdG e
dG qH
qdG e
dG e 0,28
qdG e
dG N
qdG e
dG HQ
.qjFe f U qa qc e Y qYCG @
.G Y qeC JCG - GC - 3
.G c e SJ SqdBG qOGdG c
j qdG G e qdG Gg c MCG -
. jH SqdG qOGdG e 176
SqdG qOGdG c
140,8
256
% 75 H qVjqdG IqOe a qbCG Y fOCG qqdG GqM jqd qjFG qdG fc - 4

.% 87,5 EG qdBG g JQB eJ 3 `H gOY OGR a
.fOCG qqdG Gqj jqdBG eqdG OY Y W H HCG @
: JBG jqdBH HCG GT .O 840 Rd qUCBG qdG - 5

g aqdG jW qc bh qjT O 90 QG bCG 8 Y bdG jH qJh O 240 gQb J aO
.b qc Y IqMe IOjR
? jH b qd qG IOjqdG d qjFG qdG e@
212
qSSCG Iqce
26
1 U
: jdG qe
VCG RGe Me MCG : dG
(qdG , VCG RGe , qHdG , dG)
VjqdG
Sg
6 q dG
.qdBG d IMh qdBG IN - GC - 1

.MBG d IMh qdBG HJ -
.SCG qK SG bCBH qGC h Iqe qc SqdBG qeC JCG @
e O CG
qHe `g
`g
GC
............ : qdBG IH qHBG V b

.......... : qdG HH qHG Me b : qHG Me M IYb SCG
.......... : qdBG IH qdBG b .......... : qdBG IH VdBG b .......... : qdBG HH MBG b : BG Me M IYb SCG
................... = BG Me
.................... = qHG Me
qe U S `g
VCG RGe U S
GC
JQG
`g
....... : qdBG IH O CG BG W b
...... : qdBG IH O CG BG VY b
...... : qdBG HH O CG BG Me b
...... : qdBG IH qd dBG dBG W b
..... : qdBG IH qd qdBG dBG W b
................. : qdBG HH qBG Me b
....... : qdBG IH JQBG W b

: qdG IH JQd aGdG IYdG W b
.....................
............ : qdG HH MG b
VCG RGe Me M IYb SCG @
qdBG Me M IYb SCGh MCG @

.................... = qdBG Me
............. = VCG RGe Me

213
: jdG qe
qSSCG Iqce
VjqdG
26
2 U
VCG RGe Me MCG : dG

(qdG ,VCG RGe ,qHdG ,dG)
Sg
6 q dG
VCG RGe O GC - 2
e 1`g `g GC
JQG
GC
.j e qCGh SqdG qeC JCG - GC
`g
GC
1`g
`g
.......... : qdBG IH VCBG RGe IYb W b

....................... : qdBG IH BG W b
VCBG RGe IYd aGBG JQBG b
................. qdBG IH
...................... : qdBG IH BG VY b
.............. : qdG HH dG Me b
.............. : qdBG HH VCBG RGe Me b
.SCGh MCG -
................................. = VCG RGe Me
qe O GC - 3
e `g
GC
.j e qCGh SqdG qeC JCG - GC
`g
GC
............. : qdBG IH qd dBG dBG W b

................. : qdBG IH BG W b
........... : qdBG IH qd qdBG dBG W b
................. : qdBG IH BG VY b
................. :qdBG HH BG Me b
.................... : qdBG HH qBG Me b
: je qGC h MCG -
BG Me ............... qBG Me q
qdBG Me d IYb SCG -
.................... * ....................
214
= qdBG Me
qSSCG Iqce
26
: jdG qe
VCG RGe Me MCG : dG
3 U
`g
30
CG
VjqdG
Sg
6 q dG
VCG jRGe 6 SqdBG - 4

.e qc Me MCG qK aqJCG
40
50
20 O
.VCG RGe a ,e e jRGe YVCG qBG - 5

: M qe O CG @
5 = CG , 6 = O , 8 = CG
: M qe `g @
8 = `g , 5 = `g
4,8 = YJQG b
`g
`g
: MCG
Me b - GC
] [ qdBG b b -
`g
: MCG
.Me b - GC
] `g[ YJQG b -
.je Z YJQG VCBG RG - 6

qj e VCG RGe T VQCG b
.SqdBG
CG
: MCG @
.Me b - GC
] [ qdBG b -
. b -
60
48
40
CG
215
qSSCG Iqce
26
4 U
: jdG qe
VCG RGe Me MCG : dG
VjqdG
Sg
6 q dG
5 = , 8 = GC qdBH GH j H O GC e SQCG - GC - 7
.] GC [ e U qdGh ]O [ e S qdBG qYCG -
.U S GC YHqdBG Me b MCG @
(SQCG) .VCG RGe O GC - 8
: JBBG BG e dM qc JBBG hBG ZGa
C eCG - GC
ddG
(3)
( 2)
(1)
36 ......... 40
......... 15
24
......... ......... .........
......... 24
32
720 480 .........
120 ......... .........
bCG
BH ] CG[ qdBG b
BH ] CG[ qd aGBG JQBG b
BH ] [ qdBG b
BH] [ qd aGBG JQBG b
2BH O CG VCBG RGe Me b
BH O CG VCBG RGe b
.dEG qUJ qdBG FqdBG qU e qJCG -
(SQCG) .q``è `g - 9
.JBG dG e dM qc a JBG hdG ZGa CeCG
ddG
bCG
(3)
(2)
(2)
20 ......... 80 BH `g qd ] `g[ dBG dBG b
......... 18
60 BH `g qd ] `c[ qdBG dBG b
......... ......... ......... BH `g qBG VCG e V qc b
BH `g qBG JQBG b
......... 14,4 48
2BH `g qdG Me b
150 216 .........
BH `g qBG b
50 ......... .........
216
qLeOEG Iqce
26
1 U
: jdG qe
VCG RGe Me MCG : dG
1
2000 : qqdG
U 5,4
U3
U 4,5
VjqdG
Sg
6 q dG
VCG RGe T VQCG b qa - 1

.qdBG Gg qj e
cQJ FqdBG SCBG e U KH WMCG
. 3 VY Ne
O 17,5 H cO 5 GP Fd SCBG g J
.IMGdBG
.eqBG BG L SG e Y HLEG qJ qVdBG d qFQ GDS dCG - GC

.qFqdBG GDqdBG Gg Y HLEBG Y YJ (Sh) qYa SCG 3 dCG -
.qFqdBG GDqdBG Y LCG -
O `g GC dBG N .SqdBG qj e VCG RGe T VQCG b AMEH qT qa b - 2
.d `g dBGh IBG QTCd

`g
CG
dG Me 3 `g dBG Me q
4
24
18
.O `g GC
61,25
.b qc Me b OqMCG - GC
O
qe O `g GC dBG T qGC KCG -
.e jH O GC d qdBG JQBG b OqMCG -
217
q Iqce
: jdG qe
26
1 U
VCG RGe Me MCG : dG

`gU 6
CG
Sg
6 q dG
: SqdG eCJCG - 1
H UCH fqG MG b Y HCG @
W
OU 3
`g
VjqdG
CG
SqdG qj e qe T SqdG e b - 2
:SqdH OHCGh
8 =CG
6 =O
5 =CG
jH ] `g[ JQG b Y HCG @
b b qe qSj qfGhb qHQR a Ta .3,5 h 2,8 H gGH qdG e aZ - 3

.HQqdG Me b e 3 Me b qh .dG dG b 58 qdG b bh U 72 dG
40
.aZ e qHQqdH IqG Z MG OqMCG @
CG
48
VCG RGe T SqdH qG VQCG b - 4

.GQBG 12 Me b
RGe qhC G M VdG f d Gq dG g a CG
.Y qOY qdGh ]CG[ qd
.dG g e qdG MG OqMCG @
218
qSSCG Iqce
VjqdG
: jdG qe
27
1 U
Sg
6 q dG
e T Me MCG : dG
. G d je GC G T - 1
.O G d je G T
U.
GC
1
JQG
.
U.
JQG
.
U.
JQG
JQG
U.
U.
JQG
JQG
JQG
U.
U.
GC
U.
JQG
.dqdG qdG Y je T qc qcQ
.SGqc bQh Y cJ qc YCG - GC

.SG SqdG dEG GOSG j e qJCG h MCG -
..........................................Y hCG dG qJ @
(G d)................ +................. = dW
(G d)..................................= VY
.............. * (.............+..............)=Me b
...................... : ............... Me b = CG G T Me b ........* ( ........+........)
= dG T Me
.
: PEG
...................Y fqdG dG qJ @
(G d) ............. +.............. = JYb (dG T )...................= YJQG ........... * (......... + ........) = Me b 219
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
27
2 U
SdG TC G UN XH qdGO e qVh M
Sg
6 q dG
e T Me MGC : dG
.......... : .......... Me b = CG dG T Me b
........* ( ........+........)
= dG T Me
.
JQG * JYdG
= G T Me
: PEG
:qcJCG
.qdG G T Me V Me VCG RGe hCG e SQ dM qc qJCG - GC - 2

.MG d IMh qdG HJ Gqe G T Me b OqMCG -
U.
U. CG
`g
JQG
JQG
HH O CG G T Me b @
: qdG
HH `g G T Me b @
qdG
Y d VCG RGe hCG G VCG e V j e dM qc SQCG - GC - 3

.je e T
.MG d IMh qdG HJ Gqe e T qc Me b OqMCG -
`g
qdG HH e T qc Me b @
qdG HH e T qc Me b @
220
qSSCG Iqce
27
3 U
: jdG qe
e T Me MCG : dG
U 4
CG
U 2
Sg
6 q dG
e T O GC - 4
e O `g GC
: JBG hG J qJCGh SqdG qeC JCG -CG
U 3
`g
VjqdG
O
qdH O CG G d idG IYdG b
qdH O CG G d iqdG IYdG b
qdH O CG G T JYb b
qdH O `g CG G W b
qdH O CG G T JQG b
qdH O `g CG G VY b
2
qdH O `g CG G Me b
qdH O CG G T Me b
SCGh hG MCG -
U ...... U 2 CG
.e T O GC - 5
U
VCG RGe O `g GC
.JBG hG J cCG K SG bCG qGC h SqdG qeC JCG -CG
U 4
SCGh hG MCG -
`g U ......
U 3
O
qdH O CG G d idG IYdG b
qdH O CG G d iqdG IYdG b
qdH O CG G T JYb b
qdH O `g CG VCG RGe IYb b
qdH O `g CG VCG RGe IYd aGG JQG b
qdH O CG G T JQG b
2qdH O `g CG VCG RGe Me b
2qdH O CG G T Me b
221
qSSCG Iqce
27
4 U
VjqdG
: jdG qe
Sg
6 q dG
e T Me MCG : dG
CG
VCG RGe O GC - 6
e T
.SqdH e dM qc hG J qGC -CG
ddG
(4)
.........
25
60
.........
1800
.........
(3)
bCG
(2)
( 1)
H G d idG IYdG b
50
40
30
H G d iqdG IYdG b
......... 30
25
......... ......... ......... dH dG T JYb b e
H G T JQG b
30 ......... 20
2H O CG VCG RGe Me b
......... ......... .........
2H G T Me b
1350 700 .........
.hdH e IYb qc qJCG-

........* ( ........+........)
= dG T Me
.
.............. -
.............. -
...............
..............
.
= dG d iqdG IYdG
= dG d idG IYdG
...............
..............
.
...............
= dG T JQG
.............. + ..............
222
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
27
5 U
e T Me MCG : dG
VjqdG
Sg
6 q dG
:d e T g VQCG T {:M EG UEH j gh qL b - 7

198 idG IYdG b
92 idG IYdG b
170 JQpG b
z? MGdG QdG fEG qe c c iJ .dG e 103,53 qdG g fCG d
.dGDS Y bO HLEG q qbCG @
45
CG
.BG 26,25 Me b SqdH qG VQCG b qa j - 8

.] [ YVCG MCGh d Ue qdG qHe b iT
? IGdG dG g Me e @
O
60
SO 4
RGe T b Y qa qG AG e bG
.VCG
.SqdG Y SG bCG qJCG -CG
? jH dG AdG Me e -
SO 3
SO
b e T T SqdG e b - 9
.2SO 15,75 Me
SO
U 65
U 50
Me b IBGG QqH e b SqdH qdG -10

.2SO 38,75
.e T IBGe cCG Y e G jf
.dG Gg SqdG Y OqMCG -CG
? Y G qdG IBGG GH e -
? Y qdG dG bh qUCG dG Me a H dG e -
223
VjqdG
LeOEGIqce
: jdG qe
27
1 U

e T Me MCG : dG
Sg
6 q dG
H 1 qqdG M qdG GH qG VQCG b hqdH j CG Sjh fCG jj - 1

1000
.e T T d iNCGh qdG e gGMEG J
U 6
U 4
.dqdG hG J qJCG - GC
U 8
JQG
iqdG IYdG
..............................
..............................
idG IYdG
..............................
VQCGd qdG OHCG

G H
.qdG H b qd qG OHCG OqMCG -

.Y qG qd He d qdG qGC -
.SqdH qG VQCG b WGe - 2

.30 h 40 H jb b qe O GC
.qHe O
CG
24
S
12
GAL Y e Ta qedG d eN jW REG qjdG Qqb

. S U VQCG e
O
jO jJ e qa VQCG b K qjdG e WGG Gg b
.O 1800 d Hh VQCG H K 35 `H Qqe
? O AG Me b e -CG
U
?WGG Gg c qdG VQCG b e qG MG b e -
? dG g e qHe e qc He qjdG aO c -
224
VjqdG
Iqce
: jdG qe
27
1 U
Sg
6 q dG
e T Me MCG : dG
. W H O GC BG T Me b MCG - 1
U 5
CG
U 3
U 7
( SQ Y jW qc qVhCG )
U 20
e e T T d iqe Qh e b - 2
.SqdBG qj
: Me b dM qc OqMCG @
? e bCG CG e cCG - CG
? e bCG CG VCG RGe cCG -
? e bCG CG qe cCG -
U 15
U 30
( SH dM qc qVhCG )
CG
.e T O CG - 3
.VCG RGe `g
O = GC
O `g = GC
`g
.HLEG qYCGh `g h `g qdG Me QbCG - GC

. HLEG qYCGh O CG dG T MH `g qdG Me QbCG -
.HLEG qYCGh `g VCG RGe MH `g qdG Me QbCG -
225
VjqdG
Iqce
: jdG qe
27
2 U
e T Me MGC : dG
Sg
6 q dG
J JQqa e T T VQCG b HCG Y OSh jR NCBG KQh - 4

1
.
qqdBG M BG SBG J qj e ] [ `d RGe
2000
U 2,4
U 1,2
CG
OS b
U 2,25
jR b
U 7
Gg b d BG e e iNCd gGMEG J CG Y qJBGh QjO 5200 `H MGdBG QBBG K NCBG Qqb

.hqdBH QEBG
? iNCd gGMEG S qdG qG G b e @
.FbUCG Y VYCGh GDqdBG Gg Y HLEG MGe VCG - GC
.qG QqMCG -
.FbUCG Y VY b H b qdG qG qU e qCG -
qSg SQ qH Y e SM e YJCG - 5
.SqdG Gg SG Y qTCG - GC
U 2
CG
U 3
O
U 2,5
`g
U 3,5
.CG `g BG T M O BG T Me QbCG -
226
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
28
1 U

MWGC h qjdG OGYC G LGC : dG
6 q dG
.SqdBG qj c jR GA fGqN LJ - 1
.qOQdBH qfdG qqdG qdG dG e Hh UCBH qfG qqdG qhC G dG e H
.IOaEG qc eCG SBG qdBG OdBG cCG - GC
.
. : GqBH jqdBG qqc .
. : qhCG dG G jqdBG qqc . : qdG dG G jqdG qqc .
.
: edG G jqdG qqc .
.
: GqG qG jqdG qqc .
SBG qdBG Iqe qc cCG -
..................... : edBG BG jqdBG qqc .................... : GqBG qdG jqdBG qqc .SCGh qdG MCG -
Y
CG
T
Q
e
3 jqdBG
: SqdBG qj eh JBBG qdBG Y VQCG b qa qb - 2

.d UCBH qBG ABG .IBG QTCd qOQdBH qBG ABG .d NCBH qBG ABG .SqdBG EG GOSG W H Me qc Y JBBG hBG qYCG - GC
2 jqdBG
1jqdBG
VQCBG b Me b
d qBG ABG Me b
IBG QTCd qBG ABG Me b
d qBG ABG Me b
227
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
28
VjqdG
6 q dG
MWCG h qjdG OGYCG LCG : dG
2 U
.HqdBG hBH e SBG qjOdBG IQdBG HH IOaEG qc qHM KCG -

.VQCBG b Me e 12
36 d qBG MG .............................................................
8
.VQCBG b Me e 18 IBG QTCd qBG MBG .............................................................
.VQCBG b Me 2 d qBG MBG 9
.............................................................
.jR S 45 ''CG'' AYdBG j - 3

f d qdG AYdG S 23 hj e e ZaCG
.CG AYdBG S
.''CG'' AYdBG a qdBG jqdBG qqc qdCG - GC
.dP EG H qUJ qdBG jqdBG qHCG -
.SBG qdBG cCG -
.''CG'' AYdBG qdBG jqdBG qqc q qdBG qdBG OdBG
........................................................
GC
8
11
45
7
25
3
25
= 36
35
36
8
= 18
15
18
7
45
45
45
28
25
32
25
228
.eEBG Y NCG qK MCG - 4

4
8
= 15 + 15
=
= 18
=
5
23
15
7
22
7
5
18
3
18
17
23
11
23
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
23
28
6 q dG
3 U
.H SBG qdBG cCGh Hc qc bqdBG OdBG qGC - 5

SBG qdG
HdG
21 = . + 13
.
19
19
13 = . - 23
.
23
23
33
41 =
.
75 - .
75
21 = 8
.
+ 7
+
11
11
.
11
.
32
25
43
100 = 100 + 100 - .
11 - .. + 7
19
=
45
45
45
: qdBG qdBG g fCG CG - 6
9
6 + 3
=
.
14
7
28
2
3
5
6
1
18
1
3
18
18
4
9
1
3
z? dEG qUJ c qJ qfGC qEG ,U dEG qUJ qdBG FqdBG {: jU d a

? qj CG fCG Y c GPe - GC
.MW hCG qjc OGYCG L Y H bCG qdBG YCBG SCG -
2
3
15
9
3
8
7
6
3
7
22
6
15
12
5
7
38
8
15
4
5
.eEBG Y NCG qK MCG - 7

3 + 2 - GC
3
2
5 - 5
4
6
5 + 12
21
7
11
7 - 3
229
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
28
VjqdG
M
6 q dG
4 U
EG qdBG H J Hch jH qdBG H J Hc EG dqdBG HdBG qUCG - GC - 8

.IMGh jH
12
7
3
7
2
9
8
14
3,04
2
3
4
3
5
0,45 .
1,7
9
13
.H b qdG qdG M dG fCG -

HQ qK N GqdBG Y a MGe HQCG Y QRJh fJ H aBG H b MQ AKCG - 9
.K qK
? qBG a'BG EG qdBH INCBG MBG YBG aBG W q qdBG qdBG OdBG g e @
K dEG Jge f fa qeCBG H Mmd qjM Ia AGT Y INEG KK qJpG - 10

7 , 2 , 1 : JBBG qdBG Y IdBG
15
5
3
.qHM HLEG qYCG ? IdG g AGT d jhe qL qdG qG dG c g - GC
? IdG K EG qdBH qG dG hCG bqdG G q qdG qdG OdG g e -
230
VjqdG
qLeOEG Iqce
: jdG qe
28
1 U
6 q dG
:hH qe g c YGQd VQCG b ec qa qN - 1

d qdG MG
dG Me
dG Me
YhQG f
4
9
1
3
qe H
N
qdGMdG
bQ OY
.bqdG Od qG MG Y qc OH qYCG -CG

.BG 11,40 `H bqdG Od qG MG J qG d qG MG-
.YhQdG g e f qd qdG MdG b QBH OqMCG @
.iNCG jH qdG MdG bCG OqMCG @
: JBG qdG Y JMGbG fa JdG e qqc b AbUCG KK OGQCG - 2

3
qqdG
qqdG
qqdG
2 e
1
4
1
4
2
7
qdG
qdG
qqdG
1
3
1
3
1
2
2
5
qqdG 5
12
1
qqdG 3
qqdG
qdG GbG
qdG GbG
qdG GbG
.HLEG qYCG ?JdG qqc e AT j CG hO dG a J MGbG qGC - GC

. dG d SG qqdG UTCG MC Z dM qc bCG -
. 4,2 JdG qc fc -
.(hL FqdG qbCG) jqdG H HqdG G e dM qc qqdG g e T qc e e@
231
VjqdG
Iqce
: jdG qe
28
1 U
6 q dG
eG MJ hO SG fQG eY f qc e VCG - 1
3
10
4
10
8
5
3
10
1
2
12
6
1
2
5
3
13
11
11
2
13
11
23
9
3
5
15
7
3
5
15
8
: dqdG MG H 5
12
5
2
1,7
3
3
4
1 qdG f LJ - 2
2
1,5
.HLEG qYCG h d aGG qdG OqMCG -
5
2
16
5
:jqdH qe VCG bCG - 3

h 19
4
. e jH e b OqMCG @
.T qc NBG qjQqdG JqY qc a qj hL LJ - 4

: hdG Gg YdG AGT K EG H qjQqdG qdG d aGG dG jJ HG OGQCG
IQG
HqdG
qdG
jQq
dG
dG K dG K jQG AGqdG K
qdG
5
4
5
4
1
7
11
8
fL
a
.hdG GgJ EG Y YSCG @
232
VjqdG
Iqce
: jdG qe
28
2 U

6 q dG
: dqdG UCG MCG e IcJ AbG H dEG NdG q qMe VY SQ G Of bCG - 5

.cGqdG H e qdG NqdG 1 K q Qd cGJ : 1 qdG 31
.cGqdG H e qdG NqdG 4 K q Qd cGJ : 2 qdG .GQjO 350 K H SQd IQhG qSDG UC qJ cGJ : 3 qdG K 3 `dhe K SQH SG Od IQbh fH AGd cGqdG H e qdG NqdG 5 J q
5
2
.fdG
.dBd qUCG qdG e % 20 f H qdG aO Y qSG BG FH qe OqdG Gd Jh
? O 50,750 K jEG dBG AGT e SQG qdG Gg QGe q g .GDqdG Gg Y HLEd eRqdG MGG OqMCG -CG
. qdG QqMCG -
.dEG qUJ qdG qG qU e qCG -
233
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
29
1 U
qSdG TCG qUN XH qdGO e qVh M
Sg
6 q dG
qFGqdG UdG Me MG : dG
`g
T T * T
h
qFGO Ub cCG qdG qHe bQh e j CG fCG jj - 1

.
ce f d IFGO SQ qK qHG Gg XJ Q fCG SQ
SqdG qj e qHG V b f YT bh qHG Gg
.UdG Gg Me jW EG UdG Y Y qd
.dP EG UdG Y fCG YSCG @
(UCG hCG hj hCG cCG) qG GdG cCG -CG

U S qHG Me b e................ qFGdG UdG Me b
SqdG EG GOSG SH JBG HdG qGC -
.............*......... : h `g qHG Me b
4 *........*.......... :U S qHG Me b
(GU hCG C N) Iqe qc cCGh SqdG qeC JCG -
`g
FGqdG UdG Me b
`g
T
h
T * T
T
h
U S qHdG Me b
T*T = h `g qHG Me b
4 * h `g qHG Me b =U S qHG Me b
4 * T * T =U S qHG Me b
3 * T * T = qFGqdG UdG Me b
4 * T * T > qFGqdG UdG Me b > 3 * T * T
3,5 * T * T > qFGqdG UdG Me b

3,14 * T * T =qFGqdG UdG Me b : qcJCG
234
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
29
Sg
6 q dG
2 U
. 20 gb b qdG qjFGO MS dG je H - 2
? MqdG g Me b e
g e f CG jf .35 h 50 qdH GH e T cG G e b jd - 3
.1256 2qdH Me b qdG qjFGO a dG
.HLEG qYCG ? dP g
.JBG hG J qGC - 4
................. .................
1,20
.................
.................
14
................. ................. .................
9,42
.................
.................
................. .................
31,4
20
.................
................. .................
................. .................
H qdG b
H dG b
H IFGqdG b
2H qFGqdG UdG Me b
.50 qdH qdG qjFGO Qhe IQTEG a b b - 5

. 20 qHG jqdG G gqdG c J .gqdH Lh AW jf
? RqqdG gqdG c e @
235
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
29
Sg
6 q dG
3 U
.dM qc QRCH fqG MG b MCG - 6

SO 3
U 40
SO 6
SO 3
SO 3
U 40
SO 6
SO 3
qFGO Ub H VY qc L e j 6 h 12 cqdH GH e e b Ic e qdj - 7

.G Gg J qjdG J .dG VY b
? qS qdG MG b e @
qHdG dG O 2 `H dPh SqdH qG qjdG VdG H L H he qH qc - 8

.MGdG
10
?
10
40
20
? dd RqdG qG G e @
236
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
29
4 U
Sg
6 q dG
J q .6 H b b qdG qFGO VM qSj 15 H V b qdG qHe MS - 9

.MGdG qHG d O 15 H MqdG g e qdG MG
? qdG c e @
YqdG Ae e e dG Gg qj eY .U 10 qFM YS FbqdG Y W - 10

.AG qaM Y qdG jQqdG e GOW SJ
12
1
11
2
10
3
9
4
8
7
5
6
? YS HQ YqdG Ae Y dG Gg W j qdG aG W b e -CG

? bqdG Gg f YqdG Ae e dG Gg j qdG MG b e -
237
VjqdG
qLeOEG Iqce
: jdG qe
29
1 U
Sg
6 q dG
.G L e SO 2,5 `H qdG qFGO qdG Lh dhW S qdj - 1

g e SO 2,9 d H qdG g qGC CG Hh . 5 MU e TG H qdG Gg WME
.qdG
? dhqd qdG LdG Me b e @
? qdG REG Y H SCGh qdGh dhqdG Ld qfH SQ CG -CG
qG MGe OqMCG -
qG QqMCG -
BG ABG VY qCG Y 1 h 1,7 H GH e GAL j qFGO Ub H j H - 2

.qFGqdBG UdBG f b g
.gqdBG e c 0,8 MGdBG qHBG BG j M BG e dBG Gg AW qS
? dG Me b e - GC
? Fd RqdG gqdG c e -
: hBG qe g e dBG e UCG 4 gqdBG j -
c 2,5 S
c 2 S
c 1,5 S
c 1 S
9,400
7,650
5,900
4,150
dBG U
QjqdBH dBG K
.qHM HLEG qYCG ? dG GH d e qL c qbCG QYBH gDhGTG j qdBG dBG K e @
238
VjqdG
Iqce
: jdG qe
29
1 U
Sg
6 q dG
: MCG -1
.T qc b @
.T qc Me b @
qdBG
CG qdBG
U 30
U 8
U 8
U 24
U 40
CG
.MqdBG a d SO 6 IMGdBG b b qdBG qjFGO a OGYEG SQBH dBG Of j - 2

.2,2 h 1,30 BH GH e T cBG BG e b eqd SQBG IQGOEG qah
? Y G qdBG aqdG e OY cCG e - GC
? cG G b e qdG MG b e -
1 qqdG Ge qd gOGYEG H G e dG d J CG -
. 200
.SqdG qj e 15,7 qLQdG W b UH qdG qjFGO MS qjdG WMCG - 3

? UqdG QYG hO MqdG Me b e @
UqdG
SO 2
SO 2
MqdG
.SqdBG EG GOSG hBG GH IOQGdBG BG qU KCG - 4
U 6
2qdBH MBG b
U 2
8
1,57
6,43
U 4
239
qdBG
UCG
MCG
NCG
qSSCG Iqce
30
1 U
VjqdG
: jdG qe
OGYCG Y q`dG XH qdGO e qVh M
6 q dG
YqdG qeh eqdGh aG M SqdG qXhCG : dG
.Hc qc bqdG OdBG qGC - GC - 1
84 =
60
49
72 = 108
90
2 =
225
3
.SBG qdBG cCG qK bf OY qc M qc qJC qSJ hH Iqe qc SCG -
320
240
3
.HK YH jS jW Y MT qd e g - 2
.
dH YBG aG
160
.
YqdBH d GG eqdG
6
hBG J qGC - GC
.hG EG GOSG HdBG g qGC -
320 ,
= 240
3
= 160
.qdBG SBG qJCG -

: qC BG eqdBG e ..................... YBG aBG
...........................................
.GqQb GOY =
...........................................
? qQdBG OdBG Gg qf GPe - O

........................... YBG aBG gh ........................ g qQdBG OdG
: je qJCG - `g
S/c ....... : jqdBG jqdBG Y MqdBG g YS qe
: dqdBG BG ah bU EG UdBG fJ e IH IQqS eb - 3

aBG g d BG eqdBG IqdBG g AKCG IQqqdBG YS qe bUh fJ H UdBG aBG
S 4
S/c 68
240
c 272
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
30
2 U
6 q dG
.(?) `H dEG QBG BG OdBG SBG qdBG cCG qK hBG EG GOSG Hc qc qGC @
bUh fJ H UdBG aBG - aBG g d BG eqdBG -
68
YqdG a IQqqdBG YS qe -
272
?
.......... = ................ ........ = .................
272
...... = .....................
.Hd SdBG qdBG cCGh dM qc BG Y qYCG - 4

S/c 960 YS qe IFW - .YS 3 qqdBG SG Qb - YS 5 a c 120 b GqQO - GC
960
1920
?
78
1
120
5
.S / c 72 H eb IS AKCG IQqS YS qe - 5
? O 36 h S 2 ? O 20 h S 1 ? O 40 IQqqdBG g b qdBG aBG W e @
.qe hX NCG qdBG FSh H M e g (6

jW Y qjQf LGqQO
qWh
jW Y IQqS
WGe NGO IQqS
qWh jW Y IQqS
jS
GdBG
30
125
100
10
dBH YBG aBG
O 45
O 15 h S 1
O 20 h S 1
O 12
qdBG Iqe
S / c 40
S / c 100
S / c 75
S/c 50
YqdBG qe
241
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
30
3 U
6 q dG
.BG HqdBG hBG EG GOSG SBG OGYCBH qY qc qGC - GC

Y qjQqdG LGqQqdG jW Y IQqqdG jW Y IQqqdG WGe NGO IQqqdG
qWh jW
jS
qWh
GdBG
YG aG
dBH
qdBG Iqe
YqdBG qe
.dEG qUJ qqdBG HdG qU e qCG .
c 135 Y J qdG bU EG qe Hb ILCG IQqS QOZ MU O 20 h 9 YqdG - 7

.MU O 8 h 11 YqdBG Ua
? IqdG AKCG IQqqdG g YS qe e @
.c 180 jdG h GC jG H UdBG aG - 8

H UdG aG a CG jG f qe jG e MT fG O 50 h 13 YqdG
.S/c 80 `d he YS q
? GC jG MqdG g H e @
Ua SS je f qe MU O 30 h 8 YqdG QH je e IQqS fpG - 9

.S / c 72 `d he YS q MU O 20 h 11 YqdG
.jG Jg H UdG aG OqMCG @
242
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
30
4 U
6 q dG
.YS HQ Iq jqdBG qbJ qfCG Y UdBG Yh fG Y IQqS IOdBG Md g -10

fBG Y IOdBG Md
UdBG Y IOdBG Md
11 12 1
10
2
11 12 1
10
2
9
4
7
3
4
7
0 5 3 9 0 5
0 5 4 1 0 5
? qdBG qb qdBG qeqdBG IqBG e - GC

? aBG g H b qdG YqdBG qe e -
243
VjqdG
qLeOEG Iqce
: jdG qe
30
1 U
6 q dG
ae MU ITdBG YqdBG qM EG a MU ....................... YqdBG GqQO fpG - 1

. .................... `d mhe YS q dPh ..................... dW
YS q ................ `H IQqBGh qdG aBG bh jW UGh YS 1 eGO MGSG Hh
3
. MU................ YqdBG OBG BG a..................... `d mhe
.SBG BH qBG ZGdBG qYCG qK dqdBG qdBG MCGh dCBG qf GC bCG @
. dBH MU ITdBG YqdBG qM EG GqQqdBG b qdG aG
42 = 140 * 18
60
qdG aBG b bBG qeqdBG IqdG

O 20 h S 1 =
20 * 60
15
...........................h................ H aBG qoe ...................... qS jN Y - GC - 2
. .................. `H
YqdBG aM Y je GhQOa SS je EG MH fJ j SQe eJ b -
jqdBG GqbJ CG H .................. YqdBG SS GUhh MU .......................
. ................
H UdBG adG f Ga fJ EG jFY SS eqdBG QOZ ..................... YqdBG .
. ............... Iq jqdBG GqbJ bh .. ........... `pd he YS q
GJ ............... MqdBG g QTh .............. `H aBH qYBG qd MGdBG edBG Qqb .O
. .................. `H e qc gS
244
VjqdG
qLeOEG Iqce
: jdG qe
30
2 U
6 q dG
.qBG Gg EG GOSG SBG BH qBG ZGdBG qYCGh dCBG qf GC bCG @
LqdBG Y qdBG BG eqdBG 60

O 52 h S 1 = 140 *
75
fJ EG UdBG YS = (O 13 + O 52 h S1) + O 35 h S 17
O 40 h S 19
qdBH aBH qqd qBG jQBG 210 = 2 * 140 * 0,750
q dBH qqdBG jQe eqdBG ge L
126 = 30 * 4,200
.qqdBG jQe eqdBG g qjFBG qdBG *
60 = 100 210 126
qdBH SSh fJ H qBG aBG -
14 000 000 = 1 000 000 *14

dBH SSh fJ H qBG adGc 140 = U 14 000 000
gqdG Y jqdG BG eqdG O 55 h S 1 = O 35 h S 7 - O 30 h S 9
gqdBG Y qdG dG eqdG O 40 h S 1 = O 15 - O 55 h S 1
gqdG AKCG aG YS qe O 100 = O 40 h S 1
140
S / c 84 = 60 *
100
.We 4 dCdG a @
.hBG Gg e SBG BG cCGh dCBG We e e qd Se GDS fCG
J SBG GDqdG
G
CG
245
VjqdG
q Iqce
: jdG qe
30
1 U

6 q dG
YS q jBG EG qe MU .......................... YqdBG GC jBG e GqQO fpG - 1

.MU ITdBG YqdBG Y ..................... X Ua ................... `d mhe
.Sj dCBG qf qBG ZGdBG qGC h JBBG qdBG MCG - GC
42
= 140 *
60
18 : dBH jBG H aBG
.dCBG g BG qU e qCG -
dqe YH LGqQO Y aBG g jh c 4,5 SQe Y j e MCG j - 2

.S/c 13,5
.O 30 `H SQBG H a b BG e MCG j
.FbO 10 `H HH a b SQe j qfGC W H KCG @
.c 170 `H Y J qdBG jBG f qe bqdBG f GC jBG JQqS QOZ - 3

S / c 75 fqdBG YS qeh S / c 85 IqdBG g AKCG dhCBG IQqqdBG YS qe c
? jBG EG JQqqdBG Uh H J qdBG qeqdBG IqdG e @
MCG Y c 14,5 `H IQqBG pJS pnanne d YS
2
IOY qedG qdG aM qJ - 4
3
.qNGqdBG qdBG N
HU H qNCJ qdBG hCBG fG e FbO 10 H qG f Y J qdBG aBG fpG

.NCJ qCG fqdBG qJ CG hO bdBG f aBG Ua QhBG cM FQW
? JS AKCG aM qc YS qe e @
246
VjqdG
q Iqce
: jdG qe
30
2 U
6 q dG
fJ je H UdBG aBG a Hqj CG Qqb JQqS q b ZCG HCG HCG CG H - 5

.bUh
: JQqH IOdBG Md ILCG qS e Gg
bU EG UdBG Y IOdBG Md
c
13
fJ e fG Y IOdBG Md
50
2 2 6 0 6 5
13 : 20
30
00
2 2 5 7 9 0
08 : 45
qe Hh gqdBG jW f dS fJ EG LGQ b qK O 45 h YS Iqe bU j HCG GSpG

.MGdBG qdBG O 1,150 H O 25,300 K H jdBG e qqH JQqS OqhR CG H YqdBG
.HqdBG BG EG GOSG HCG IQqH IOdBG Md ILCG qYCG @
fJ EG UdBG Y IOdBG Md
bU e fBG Y IOdBG Md
c
... : ...
247
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
31
1 U

MCG h Gh G RGe qJCG : dG
e qd qdG MG
VjqdG
Sg
6 q dG
.qBG g qeC JCG - GC -1
(O)
()
()
(GC )
()
()
(`g)
.e qc e qH MCG ,NO q H e -
.qBG qd ce qqUN qc qGC -
.................... qfBG MCBG ..................... JYdBG.................... hCG ..................... qfG LhCG .qdBG f LhC qe 3 qdBG qBG H e - O
.J qGC h hG Gg gReQ cCG
qG f ShDhqdG OY MCG OY
LhCG T
QYBH LhCBG OY
JYdG T
qG eQ
qfG
JYdG
248
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
31
2 U

MCG h Gh G RGe JCG : dG
e d qdG MG
VjqdG
Sg
6 q dG
Yf q qc cCG - 2
........................ @
........................ @
........................ @
........................ @
........................ @
.aGBG qBG e qcCGh 2 qqdBG M iqe Qh Y f qc SQ YCG - G - 3
CG
.HLpG qYCGh Y q qdBG qBG fh f qc eQ cCG -

249
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
31
3 U

e d qdG MG
VjqdG
Sg
6 q dG
: dqdBG edBG e edBG f VCG qK f qc qeC JCG - 4

.He Lh qc Y ( , , )
.e RG NBBGh q gMCG jf Y qC dqdBG SqdBG qCG - 5
250
VjqdG
qSSCG IGqce
: jdG qe
31
4 U

e d qdG MG
Sg
6 q dG
.SBG bCBH qGC h q qc qeC JCG - GC - 6

qe @
e RGe @
U 2,5
U 2,5
U 2,5
................. : IYdBG W b
................ : IYdBG VY b
..................... : JQBG b
.............. : qBG M b
qe qd Gf SQCG -
.d aGBG qdBGh BG RGe qeC JCG - 7

.....
U 4
U 2
U 3
.BG RGe JYb NCBH qdBG Gg qdCG - GC

.BG RG qfBG MBG UCBH qdBG Gg qdCG -
.qdBG Gg Y SBG bCBG cCG -
251
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
31

MCG h qdGh G RGe JCG : dG
e qd qdG MG
5 U
VjqdG
Sg
6 q dG
.......................... ? qfBG MBG T e - O

.HqdBG SqdBG EG GOSG JBBG hBG J qGC - `g
qdBH BG RGe IYb W b
qdBH BG RGe IYb VY b
qdBH BG RGe IYb b
qdBH BG RGe IYb JQG b
2qdBH BG RG qfBG MBG b
2qdBH BG RGe IYb Me b
2qdBH BG RG qBG MBG b
.HqdBG hBG EG GOSG dqdBG JYdBG qGC -h

................................................................. = BG RG qfBG MBG b
................................................................... = BG RG qBG MBG b
.d aGBG qdBGh qBG qeC JCG - 8
U 2
U 2
U 2
U 2
U 2
U 2
.qdBG Y SBG bCBG cCG - GC

.HqdBG SqdBG EG GOSG JBBG hBG J qJCG -
2qdBH qdBG LhCG e Lh Me b
2qdBH qd qfBG MBG b
2qdBH qd qBG MBG b
252
VjqdG
qSSCG Iqce
: jdG qe
31
6 U

e qd qdG MG
Sg
6 q dG
.HqdBG hBG EG GOSG dqdBG JYdBG qGC -

........................................................................ = qd qfBG MBG b
........................................................................ = qd qBG MBG b
.dM qc SBG bCBH JBBG hBG J qJCG - 9

(4)
(3)
30
20
15
(2)
(1)
25
50
30
40
4800
1500
600
qdBH BG RGe IYb W b

qdBH BG RGe IYb VY b
qdBH BG RGe IYb b
qdBH BG RGe JQG b
2qdBH BG RG qfBG MBG b
2qdBH BG RGe IYb Me b
2qdBH BG RG qBG MBG b
20
1300
.QqqdBG Y BG Y MU qRj Md qfBG jhBG g H OGqM qoc - 10
2,4
10
(... gqdBG , BG) BG IRe e qdqhC BG qOGdBG d qBG MBG b ae EG qdBG MpG
.jhBG d
.MBG g b OqMCG @
253
qLeOEG Iqce
: jdG qe
31
1 U

e qd qdG MG
VjqdG
Sg
6 q dG
.SqdBG qj e qdBG qe OqdBG - 1

6 EG 1 e f gLh Y
.7 `d mhe He Lh qc Y qdBG
.LhC SBG qdBH Ohqd JBBG eqdBG cCG
: JBBc OHCG e RGe T b Yb - 2

. 3 JQBG , 6 VdBG , 8 qdBG
2^2 GH e T Hh 1^2 h 1^4 e qc GH e T aGf 7 Hh
. 0^95 h
.2 20 qJ e c 5 qCGnh c 15 GP YhCG j qfGC Y gqdBH qdBGh YdBG GQL AW jf
?dBGh aGqdBG Me b e
? gqdBH gAW f qdG MdBG b e
? dBG Gg RE gDhGT RqdBG gqdBG YhCG OY e
.FbUCG Y VYCGh GDS qc Y HLEBG MGe cCG - GC
254
VjqdG
qLeOEG Iqce
: jdG qe
31
2 U

e qd qdG MG
Sg
6 q dG
dBG Me b 1
2
3
aGqdBGh dBG Me b 4
? aGqdBGh dBG Me b e @
1
2
3
4
? gqdBH gAW f qdBG MBG b e @
1
2
? gDhGT RqdG gqdBG YhCG OY e @
.FbUCG Y Y VYCGh Me qd SBG qqdBG HLEBG cCG -

Me qd qqdG HLEG
VY b
*
dG W b
Y HLEG MGe
GDqdG
2dH dBG Me b
1
aGq`dG Me b + dG Me b
dH aGqdBGh dBG Me b
2
3
.qHBG qBG QqMCG - GC
.dEG qUJ qdG FqdBG qU e qCG - O
255
VjqdG
q Iqce
: jdG qe
31
1U

e qd qdG MG
Sg
6 q dG
.SO 1,5 aM b qd qBG MBG b jH MCG - 1

? 0,24 qHBG BH qBG Me b qe M b e - 2
: d e RGe T b Yb - 3
.2 84 qfBG MBG 3 JQpBG .dW 34 IYdBG VY ? b Yb qVQCG Me b e @
.qBG MBG b f d bhU - 4

.15 h 30 h 50 qdBH OHCG e RGe T qhCBG hqdBG .qe T qdBG hqdBG ? qdBG hqdBG M b e -
e T iqBG QdBG e b Q SBG U 2 aM b qd f Sd - 5

. jH UCG dh
.iqBG QdBG e dBG g H OqMCG - GC
.qdBG Gg Y d Q H eb qdBG dBG CG -
( qdG Gd Qf 5 qbCG )
.f qc He Lh qc Y ( , , ) dqdBG edBG e edBG f VCG -
256
Iqce
: jdG qe
31
2 U

e qd qdG MG
VjqdG
Sg
6 q dG
.5 h 4 h 3 qdH OHCG f d e jRGe 3 - 6

.GNBG qG Y Vh jqdG LdG Me Y J Me Lh Y e qc Vh
.KqdG OHCG e qc Y cCGh KqdG qG SH bCG - GC
SG qdH JBG hG ZGa
C eCG qK (,,`g ) dqdG hG MCH q qc dEG eQCG -
qG MG b IYdG Me b qfG MG b
qdH IYdG b
2qdH
2qdH
2qdH
qG eQ
.SCGh MCG -
257
LdG
GqcG
q
q q q dG - q q dG S C Gh OG - I
q LdG I cq G S C J Nq J bh qdG
QYGh YJ
q qq dG GN qbJ q LY Iqce AH dhM d : qq dG fCG IYGe - 1
Y bdG e e qj q M (H ,Se
,jS) gYJh jJ G fCG
q
.
q G FH Qe VJ qdG HdG
q GfCG SJ qdG MG
q LdG IqcG QJ
q bh d : (qq dG hU) ' QS'' jW Y eG qq dG J N
q J - 2
dG GhOCG e L q LdG IqcG qaJ H jq dGh q dG fb H G QGZ Y
q qq dG LGG b YVe FSh a q dHh qq dG GfCG EG J dG
h e Qa ,eG qq dG H q J d Gg qCG Z .gGeh gQe c e gRhh
QH VG HdG
q GfCG e f EG Iq e
q c q q dG GhOCG e q e q LdG GqcG
q q dG dN e j qdG q gqdG q dG c Yh AdG IQhS q Y qG IYe h e

.
q G
Fq dG Y cq dG e qq dG AH IOYEG EG q W H J GqcG g AH HQe M
q J - 3
.EG Qe q dH qa qq dG AKCG qM NCJ qdG LGG hCG
IOYEG EG UEG UH LJ qfEGh EG SG Oq J q MUEG q JGSG N
q J - 4
IYdH hCG H hCG AdG G
q q dH eCG qJ AGS q dBG hCG d q JGqdG AdG cJ
q feEH fEGh q W q
q U IgX QYH jq Hq dG q dG EG H q e fEG e G
Rh QSG b HSCGh QOe q Jh H YdG e bfG EG e qq dG j qdG IdG
.ad dG
q AdG hO qdG FGdGh dG
baBG J dh Gqq dGh ANCG SCG RhH dG q Y J qq dG Qe AH IOYEG - 5
q VdG J bh Xq dGh q q dG q feEG EG IOG q dBG hCG G Y IdG
q H IjL
GqcG e Y GTG Qq j e Ggh IQOGh q q dG q q dG ie EG qH fMCG MG
jc q je H Y Yj (OdG q q dG hCG TG q dG ie Y) q VdG
.G q VdG
q M
259
LdG
GqcG e edG
- II
q
q e
q
dG
q efH qJ AGS HS e cJ EG q LdG Gqcd G j b -1
SOdG
q dG
q SQq e S VJ b qdG Hd
q Gfh ,HdG
q GdG
q eGH hCG eG
jQ ANCG hCG HdG
Y
q e H UN
q
q H fOQhCG a eG dG
q fhe
q Y G
ec Gqce NCG EG fMCG fC bh IjG HdG
q LG LG G cJ Y YJ
.eG dG
q fhe
q e dq e fMCGh eq H
q dBG H dSG j PEG H IOQGdG jQq dG QSG q LdG GqcG e iq j -2
.q UG JHUh q dG JLMh qd G fCG EG jJ e q H H q qN
g qCG dP e IMGdG q LdG IqcG MG jQq dG QSG q c q q dG q j -3
: q j H qG b e IMGh aO J jQq dG
M EG LJ j q M qce WCJ EG e Lj jqdG UNh
qd qG aGe @
q
.jjCH NCGh IqcG gqaJ qdG OQGG SG
YG NGO q Ya q Ya
q OdG QSG q H QhG hO NBG EG j e fG Y @
.GG jq dG LG qe
q c gq Dj q
J dCG PEG IMGdG Iqcd jq QhdG
q OQGG
q c GbG dS Gf fMCG Sh OQGe aVEG @
.SQq G OLGh GS hO qe Vj qdG FQ qdG LG q ad
e Y GTG Qq j e Ggh q dGh eOEG EG hCG dG Me cG H QhG IQhV @
Yq dH aG qG L EG L
q G (q dGh eOEd) q eG q VdG GqcG
.dGh
260
Sg
: dG
Vjq dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
dG Gqce
q dG
q dO
SCG H
CG
.IFGq dG e o un n o rdG
o Qp r jo n (1
1 OY q LdG IqcG
p Wns dG e o un n o rdG
o Qp r jo n (2
In pFGOn hn p n r eo oWnnJ
.p r nJn Fp GOn oWnnJ
hCq G C G
IFGq dG XJ pa o uG jo *
.G cCG hCG f jd
2 OY q LdG IqcG
n rp pd
u Op o n rdG Sq n o rpd In s n o rdG q U
u
n rdG o un n o rdG
o Qp r jo n (1
.m p n r eo
3 OY q LdG IqcG
qdG C G
pS
q o rdG Ap n pH pa o un n o rdG o p
r jo *
.m p n r eo pn rp pd
u Op o n rdG
.q dbTn sEGp oojn n

s Op o n rdG nSq n o rdG snCG o un n o rdG Qo s
n n jn (2
4 OY q LdG IqcG
jn phn n eo
dqdG C G
u Op o n rdG pSs on G
n pe nrof
s co snCG o un n o rdG
o Qp r jo n (1
.p n r eo n rpb r an n nW
r Yn pr o rdG
q OY e AH qG j *
: e NBG Y
5 OY q LdG IqcG
Y Fc f e
pS
u o rdG nYn l npFnc n neor n rdG n nrtdG snCG oun no rdG oQp r oj n (2
.Y LQN f e
.p or n rdG p n r o rdG nYn mndo
r en m p n r eo n rp pd
u Op o n rdG
6 OY q LdG IqcG
LG M
7 OY q LdG IqcG
261
Sg
: dG
Vjq dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
SCG H
CG
AL G bh G f e qc CG qG Qj (1
.e e
8 OY q LdG IqcG
HGq dG C G
.Fb jhGR AH qG jo *
: NBG Y
q OY e AH Y qG Qj (2
Y Fc f e
.Y LQN f e
6 OY q LdG IqcG
7 OY q LdG IqcG
.jRGe dK Y jq OdG G qCG qG Qj (1
9 OY q LdG IqcG
eG C G
RGe e AH qG jo *
.NB
: NBG Y
q OY e AH Y qG Qj (2
Y Fc f e
.Y LQN f e
6 OY q LdG IqcG
7 OY qLdG IqcG
: Y qG Qj (1
.q jJ SQ EG G j
.dG
XJ
q qUN
q
10 OY q LdG IqcG
262
SOdG
q C G
G QSG qG j *
.q Sg AH RE
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
.IFGq dG e q JGoC - 1.1
GC
*
1 jq dG
*
.U 2 n Yo n To hn z{ gn o cn r en O oIn pFGs dG
p n o rdG p pcen nC G pa * en nn rdG p Vr pn H n hn r
.o r pe pn S
n rdG o u Yn GoC hn n Sr s dG oMp nGoC
*`g
*
`g
`c
CG
q dG
U 2 z{ Y gH
U 2 e cCG z{ Y gH
U 2 e UCG z{ Y gH
2 jq dG
25 n Yo n To hn ''h'' gn o cn r en O In pFGOn o So Qr GnC - GC
: n n pds dG nnu dG o u Yn GoC -
*
*
*
*
q dG
25 zh{ Y gH
25 e UCG zh{ Y gH
25 e cCG zh{ Y gH
3 jqdG
.'''' k nrof mbn Qn hn nYn ouYn GoC - GC
.U 3 '''' rYn n rpe xco o r oH pqdG , , ,`g ,CG nnudG ouYn GoC -
.npdPn pa n oJr n nYr yG psdG n n jp sdG ounHGoC -
..............................................................................................
263
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
4 jq dG
.bQh Y '''' k nrof o u Yn GoC - GC
. 35 '''' r Yn go r Ho psdG pnu dG n p Ln Oo u Mn GoC -
.
n pdPn pa n oJr n n Yr yG psdG n n jp sdG o u Hn GoC
..............................................................................................................
.n pds dG
n n r pSr p G t pJGoC -
. ................`pd mhn eo .....................Y e q c r Ho psdG...................Y. pg oIn pFGs dG
5 jq dG
.2 dH
q ''CG'' r Yn o o r nJh S p p n r o rdG ndGE p p n r nJ '''' k nrof pHr GnC - GC
? pn p r o rdG p o
o rdG Oo n Yn en -
*
GC
: p jn en q CG -
...................ndGE p p n r nJ o nrt dG
p oW n nJ o n r of n r an ........... n Yo n To h..............
gn o cn r en p sdG pIn pFGs dG ndEGp p n r nJhn
n
..................nGn gh.......................pp gn
6 jq dG
GC
.2 dH
q r Yn gHh 3 dH
q ''CG'' r Yn gH '''' nrof pHr GnC - GC
? pn p r o rdG p o
o rdG Oo n Yn en -
.Sq dH dP Vh
q GoC -
264
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
.G f AH IFGq dG qXhGoC - 2.1

1 jq dG
.25 H '''' p nrt dG p Yn n r pe x co o r Ho mnpf 3 o u Yn GoC - GC
.
n pdPn pa n oJr n n Yr yG psdGy n n jp sdG o u Hn GoC -
....................................................
....................................................
2 jq dG
.U 2 = `g O = O = = GC or Mn `g ,O , , nnu dG (S GC [ p p n r o rdG pr pf nYn pHr GnC
*
CG
3 jqdG
.U 4 ''CG'' rYn o o rnJhn U p nr o rdG ndGE p p nrnJ '''' nrf prHGnC - GC
U
*
CG
: p jn en t pJGoC hn oMp nGoC

.............................ndGE p p n r nJ o nrt dG
..................gn o cn r en psdG pIn pFGs dG ndGE p p n r nJhn
....................n Yo n To hn
...............Gngh..............gn p oWnnJ o nrof n r an
265
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
4 jqdG
: ornM f prHGnC - GC
U 2 = ,U 3 = GC
: p nj ne tpJGoC hn oMp nGoC -
U 3 = GC *
...........gn o cn r ne mIn pFGOn ndGE p p nrnJ n r an U 3 ''CG'' rYn o o rnJ o nrtdG
. ..........n Yo n To hn
U 2 = *
mIn pFGOn ndGE p p nrnJ n r an .................... rYn o o rnJ o nrtdG
........n Yo n To h........
gn o cn r ne
n
. ......................... nrof n r an JFGq dG ndGE p p nrnJ o nrtdG *
.'''' h ''CG'' e qc Y H H AdG YCG -
GC
CG
5 jq dG
O GC p p n r o rdG An H cC - GC
: o obGnC
ndGE p p n r nJ n r an ...............''CG'' r Yn o o r nJ O o nrt dG *
............n Yo n To h..............
gn o cn r en mIn pFGOn
n
IFGO EG J na .......... '''' Y J O o nrt dG *
........... YTh ....... gce
.p r nJn pFGs dG..............f g O q dG PEG *
.O GC p p n r o rdG An n pH o p cr GnC -
266
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
6 jq dG
S p n r o rdG nYn pndo
r n rdGhn U 6 n o r bn psdG ] GC [ p n r o rdG pn rpb
o n n r eo '''' o nrq dG
.pn rp rdG pp gn r an n nW '''' h ''CG'' p r n nrt dG pHr GnC *
7 jpr s dG
.U p n r o rdG nYn ndo
r en ] [ m p n r eo pn rpb r an n nW r Yn U 4 gH ''`g'' o nrt dG
.pn rp rdG pp gn r an n nW '''' h '''' p r n nrt dG pHr GnC *
`g *
267
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
.oo So Qr GnC hn m p nr oe pn rp pd s Op o n rdG SG

q os n nJGnC - 1.2
*O
*
`g
*
1 jq dG
.]CG[ p n r o rdG pn rp pd w Op o Yn lSq n eo S o p n r o rdG
pp n pd u Op o n rdG Su n o rdG ndGE p p n r nJ `g , , ,O nu dG
.pn rp rdG
o Vn GnC hn p jr n r Ho q c pnfQn no pd mIs en u co pa Qn ncr prdG o p r n Sr GnC - GC
.( < , = , > ) n SG n en nn rdG n o n r pH
*GC
S
O
GC O
GC
GC
`g
GC `g
: p jn en t pJGoC -
...........................rYn ..............r
o nf n nd m p nr oe pd u OdG pSG
q EG J f qc
2 jq dG
p n r eo o n rpb ] [
. = , GC = GC
CG*
? ] [ p n r o rdG pn rpb ndGE p pn r u dpH (CG) o p n r o rdG o un jo GnPen *

................................................................
.pHn Ln GE p o uYn GoC *
.................................................................
268
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
*
CG
*
or Mn '''' h ''`g'' p r n nrof o u Yn GoC - GC

= GC , `g = `g GC
( `g) o p n r o rdG o pn jo GnPen -
? ] GC [ p p n r o rdG pn rpb ndGE p pn r u dpH
.................................................................
.................................................................
4 jq dG
*
.] [ p p n r o rdG pn rp pd s Op o n rdG nSq n o rdG U n p n r o rdG pHr GnC - GC

.
n pdPn pa n oJr n n Yr yG psdG n n jp sdG o u Hn GoC -
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
5 jqdG
'''' nrodG pa U p nr o rdG nYn w Op o Yn S op nr o rdG
U 6 dW rbn hn U p p nr o rdG nYn l ndo rne ] `g[ p nr o rdG o n rpb
.t Op o n rdG oSe
u S op nr o rdGhn
.] `g[ p nr o rdG n n rpb prHGnC *
269
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
`g *
6 jq dG
n rp pd u Op o n rdG pSq n o rdG S p n r o rdG ndGE p p n r nJ `g o nrt dG
: oM U p p n r o rdG nYn d ] GC [ e
.U 4 = `g = GC `g
.s Op o n rdG n nSeh
] GC [ p n r o rdG n n rpb pHr GnC *
u
270
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
.nr o rdG pa m p nr oe n rp pd s Op o n rdG nS

u o rdG prHGnC - 2.2
U
1 jq dG
pa U p n or G nYn s Op o n rdG S n p n r o rdG o So Qr GnC - GC
.'''' nrt dG
Qs rdGhn p p n r o rdG nYn s Op o n rdG n p n r o rdG o So Qr GnC -

.''`g'' p nrt dG n pe
*
`g
2 jqdG
.m p nr oe pn rpb uopd s Op o n rdG SG
q prHGnC
U
*
*
O
*
CG
271
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
3 jqdG
. GC psno rdG nVr nC n sjOp o n rdG pSG
q prHGnC
CG
4 jq dG
.Hc q c q GC h ]U S[ h ]CG[ e b q d q OdG SG
q MCH dCq G
* S
*
* CG
*
U
......q OdG Se
q ]U S[ G b @
......q OdG Se
q ]CG[ G b @
272
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
.m p nr oe pn rp pd u Op o n rdG SG
q ndGE p p nrnJ m nrof sco qeCG - 1.3
*O
1 jq dG
`g
*
.]CG[ p p n r o rdG pn rp pd w Op o Yn Se
q S o p n r o rdG
pp n pd u Op o n rdG Sq n o rdG ndGE p p n r nJ `g , , ,O onu dG
.pn rp rdG
o Vn GnC hn p jr n r Ho q c pnfQn no pd mIs en u co pa Qn ncr prdG o p r n Sr GnC - GnC
p n o rdG en nn rdG n o n r Hn
.( <, = , > ) n S
*GC
S
O
GC O
GC
`g
GC
GC `g
: p jn en t pJGoC -
...........................r Yn ..............r
o nf n nd m p n r eo n rp pd u Op o n rdG Sq n o rdG ndGE p p n r nJ m nrof t c
*
CG *
CG
2 jq dG
. = , GC = CG M m p n r eo o n rpb ] [
? ] [ p n r o rdG pn rpb ndGE p pn r u dpH (CG) o p n r o rdG o un jo GnPen *
................................................................
*
.................................................................
273
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
*
CG
*
.e b ]CG[
or Mn '''' h ''`g'' p r n nrof o u Yn GoC = GC , `g = `g GC
? ] GC [ p p n r o rdG pn rpb ndGE p pn r u dpH ( `g) o p n r o rdG o un jo GnPen -
.................................................................
.................................................................
4 jq dG
`g
*
*
*
*
CG
mIs en u co pa t pJGoC ] GC [p n r o rdG pn rp pd s Op o n rdG nSu n o rdG n So Qr GnC rGnC nhO

.p Hn Ln GE p o uYn GoC hn (p n r nJ n hGnC p n r nJ) `H
p S
u Op o n rdG
u o rdG ndEGp ................................ o nrq dG *
.....................snC ] GC [ p p n r o rdG p n rp dp
p Su n o rdG ndGE p ...................`g o nrt dG *
p n r o rdG p n rp dp u Op o n rdG
.....................snC ] GC [
pn rp pd u Op o n rdG p Su n o rdG ndEGp ...................U nr t dG*
.....................snC ] GC [ p n r o rdG
U*
5 jqdG
.'''' nrodG pa U p nr o rdG nYn w Op o Yn S op nr o rdG - GC
U p p nr o rdG nYn do rne ] GC [ m e n n rpb prHGnC
.s Oo n rdG n S
u oe S op nr o rdG jh
274
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
U G Y q OdG S n G
r pHr GnC -
.'''' q dG
*
*
`g
6 jq dG
pn rp pd u Op o n rdG pSu n o rdG ndEGp p n r nJ ''`g'' n nrt dG - CG
: or Mn U p p n r o rdG nYn pndo
r n rdG ] GC [ p p n r o rdG
.U 4 = `g = GC `g
.s Oo n rdG `q Seh ] GC [ p p n r o rdG n n rpb pHr GnC *
U
`g *
U p n r o rdG nYn s Op o n rdG S n p n r o rdG pHr GnC -

.''`g'' p nrt dG n pe Qs n rdGhn
7 jq dG
.q G p nrt dG n pe Qs n rdGh q G p p n r o rdG nYn s Op o n rdG n p n r o rdG mIs en u co pa pHr GnC
*
`g
*
CG
*
275
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
.orpe mneor ne m nrof pa n Nn BG nYn vjOp o Yn k p nr oe prHGnC - 2.3
1 jq dG
.] GC [ p p n r o rdG pn rp pd s Op o n rdG nSu n o rdG S n p n r o rdG pHr GnC - GC
n o nrjn ] GC [ p p n r o rdG n rp pd t Op o n rdG oSu n o rdG -
.'''' pq dG pa
* CG
GC pHn Ln GE p o uYn GoC hn p jr n r o rdG oQp nbGoC
......................nYn l n Fp nc '''' n nrt dG snC
.............p p n r o rdG pn rp pd
: SCG
.] GC [ G b........................'''' o nrt dG q
2 jq dG
.] GC [ p p n r o rdG pn rp pd s Op o n rdG nSu n o rdG S p n r o rdG pHr GCn - GC

.'''' pq dG pa n o nrjn ] GC [ p p n r o rdG n rp pd q Oo n rdG Su n o rdG -
: j e q CG
*
.] GC [ dG ................. '''' q dG
CG
.( GC ) n p n r o rdG o So Qr GnC -
ndGE p pn r u dpH ] GC [ p p n r o rdG pn rp pd t Op o n rdG oSu n o rdG o un jo GnPen
? ( GC ) p p n r o rdG
......................................................
276
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
S
3 jq dG
.'''' o nrt dG pa p n r o rdG nYn w Op o Yn S o p n r o rdG
eh p p n r o rdG nYn k ndo
r en ] GC [ m p n r eo n n rbp p Hr GnC - GC
.'''' nrt rdG
? ] GC [ p p n r o rdG b ndGE p pn r u dpH S o p n r o rdG o un jo GC Pn en -

............................................ *
. p p n r o rdG ndGE p p n r nJ '''' o nrq dG -
.'''' p nrt dG pa p p n r o rdG nYn s Op o n rdG S n p n r o rdG p Hr GnC
.n go o co Pr GnC .pnnnMr ne Ap nprdG Gnn pd - O

............................................ *
............................................ *
4 jqdG
.Y qG p nrtdG pa G p p nr o rdG nYn q OdG G mIs ne uco pa prHGnC
*O
*
`g
277
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
.Y LQN f e GQv ne n Nn BG nYn vjOp o Yn k p nr oe prHGnC - 2.3

`g*
1 jq dG
.U p p n r o rdG p Yn Ln Qp Nn ''`g'' o nrt dG
pr o rdG r
n nf pGn o r nJ '''' h ''CG'' p r n nrof U p p n r o rdG nYn pHr GnC - GC
( `g = GC `g) .''`g'' nrt dG p Yn
.]CG[ p p n r o rdG pn rp pd q Op o n rdG SG
u S n p n r o rdG pHr GnC -
.pGn dG
s n en GnC * edG o Vn GnC hn oMp nGoC *
.''`g'' p nrt dG n pe s o jn ] GC [ p p n r o rdG pn rp pd t Oo n rdG SG
u **
.
n pdPn o uYn GoC
Fc a ............. = ........... M ] GC [ p p n r o rdG pn rpb r an n nW r Yn ......................o o r nJ ''`g'' o nrt dG
................................................nY
*
CG
2 jq dG
.] GC [ p n r o rdG d q Op o n rdG SG
u S p n r o rdG pHr GnC - GC
( GC ) n p n r o rdG o So Qr GnC -
w Op o Yn ] GC [ p p n r o rdG pn rp pd s Op o n rdG SG
u sGnC r pe o cs nCnJGnC *
( GC ) p n r o rdG nYn
.
n pdPn p
s Up r pe n s
n nJnC An prdG r
n nf o Yp GoC -
278
q LdG IqcG
7
3 OY C G
: dG
Vjq dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
2 OY q dG
`g *
3 jq dG
U p n r o rdG p Yn LQN ''`g'' q dG
.''`g''p nrt dG n pe Qq n rdGhn U p n r o rdG nYn q Op o n rdG S n p n r o rdG pHr GnC - GC
.p SordG p nSG
n pn H
n pdPn p
s Up r pe o cs nCnJGnC -
.n go o co Pr GnC .pn nMn r en Ap n prdG Gnn pd -
............................................................ *
............................................................ *
4 jqdG
.LQN qG qdG e Qq Gh q G p nr o rdG nYn q OdG G mIs ne uco pa prHGnC
*
*
*
`g
279
q LdG IqcG
8
4 OY C G
: dG
Vjq dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
1 OY q dG
.m p nr oe r pf GC n rne n So GrC Qn k n pFnb k njphGRn prHGnC -1.4

CG
1 jq dG
S
*
U
*
.
n o rn rdG n p n r o rdG p n Mr C H onu dGoC
(G) G *
(U S) G *
(`g ) G *
`g
*
2 jqdG
.nHo rn rdG nrtdG mIs ne uco pa ouYn GoC - GC
CG
*
U
*
.] GC [ p n r o rdG n rpb ndGE p p n r nJ nhn ( GC ) p n r o rdG ndGE p p n r nJ *
p
p p p p
p
p p
S .(U S[ n r o rdG r f ndGE n r nJ nhn (U S) n r o rdG ndGE n r nJ n *
*
`g .(`g [ p n r o rdG pr pf ndGE p p n r nJ nhn (`g ) p n r o rdG ndGE p p n r nJ *

*
: p jn en t pJGoC hn oMp nGoC -

............................................................................nYn l ndo
r en m p n r eo n rpb q co
............................................................................nYn l o
r en m p n r eo pr pf q co
280
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
4 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
.
n o rn rdG s Op o n rdG n p n r o rdG p SordG SGH o So Qr GnC
.''`g'' q dG n pe Qw en hn ( GC ) nYn w Op o Yn U G @
. p nrt dG n pe Qq en hn ( ) nYn w Op o Yn G @
`g *
CG
*
4 jq dG
p
p
p
m
.n FnrdG jn phGs d fsdG p rdG
u An n pH Is en u co pa t pJGoC
l n pFnb l jn phGRn ] S , U S[ *
n pFnb njphGRn ] `g , `g[ *
l n pFnb l jn phGRn ] GC , GC [ *
S
*
`g
*
281
*
CG
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
4 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
5 jq dG
.Fb jGhR iMEG GC qe pHr GnC - GC
.U 5 V r bn O GC k Hs n eo pHr GnC -
: ornM `g kp nr oe prHGnC -
.U 4 = , U 6 = `g
282
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
5 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
.n Np B kjRp Gn oe k p nr oe prHGnC - 1.5

S
1 jq dG
U
. p p n r o rdG nYn w Op o Yn S o p n r o rdG

. p p n r o rdG nYn w Op o Yn U o p n r o rdG
p n jo n pH p jn en t pJGoC - GC
:
o S
.U p p n r o rpd.....................S o p n r o rdG *
:
n s dG
n n r pSr p G t pJGoC -
.....................mMp Ghn m p n r eo nYn pjs Op o n rdG pn p n r o rdG***
2 jqdG
.pnHnLGE ouYn GoC hn p rnjRp Gn noe p rn p nr oe sco oprnSr GnC hn n pdsdG nhn r nrdG oMp nGoC
O G
`g G
*
*
GC G
Y q OY
S G
G
U G
................p p n r o rdG nYn ......................n o sfnC ......................`pd Rm Gn eo .......................*

................p p n r o rdG nYn ......................n o sfnC ......................`pd Rm Gn eo .......................*
283
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
5 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
CG *
.''CG'' p nrt dG pa p p n r o rdG nYn jv Op o Yn S k p n r eo pHr GnC

.'''' p nrt dG pa p p n r o rdG nYn jv Op o Yn U k p n r eo pHr GnC
.n pds dG
n n r pSG
r t pJGoC hn oMp nGoC
U p n r o rpd.............. S o p n r o rdG
..........................n o sfnC
4 jqdG
CG *
.''CG'' p nrt dG pa p n r o rdG nYn jv Op o Yn S k p n r eo pHr GnC - GC

U k p n r eo pHr GnC s oK S p p n r o rdG nYn '''' k nrof o u Yn GoC -
.'''' p nrt dG n pe GQv en hn S p p n r o rdG nYn jv Op o Yn
.n pds dG
n n r pSr p G t pJGoC hn oMp nGoC -
U p n r o rpd ........................... o p n r o rdG
.........................................n o sfnC
284
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
5 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
CG
*
5 jq dG
.S G Y LQN ''CG'' q dG
.''CG'' q dG e Qq Gh S G Y s OdG U n G HCG - GC
.''CG'' q dG U G Y q OdG n G HCG -
.
n q dG SyG q GC h MCG -
S d .................. o G
................................................... qfC
6 jqdG
.mIs ne uco pa no rn rdG np nr o rdG prHGnC
U p p n r o rpd Rm Gn eo o p n r o rdG *
.U 3 o r Yn o o r jn hn
p n r o rpd Rm Gn eo S o p n r o rdG *
''CG'' p nrt dG n pe Qq en hn
.U p n r o rpd Rm Gn eo o p n r o rdG *
S d Rm Ge `g o p n r o rdG *
S
*CG
285
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
6 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
10
.Ap nprdG Rp nrfGE p nrbn q jJ m Sr Qn ndGE p pn nr o rdG ou nMGoC - 1.6

1 jq dG
: M GC ksneo pHr GnC

.U 5 = , U 4 = GC , U 6 = GC
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
CG
2 jq dG
: or Mn '''' pa pjn phGs dG n Fnb `g ksneo pHr GnC
.U 5 = , U 4 = `g
.q jq dG p Sr s dG Gngn nYn n nr o rdG o u Mn GoC - GC
.ppH o obnCSn p sdG Ap n prdG n Mp Gn en o co Pr GnC -
An n prdG o p rfGoC -
.Ap n prdG p
s Up r pe o s
n nJGnC - O
...........
..
.............
.q jq dG p Sr s dG nYn pn nr o rdG o u Mn GoC - GC

.ppH o obnCSn p sdG Ap n prdG n Mp Gn en o co Pr GnC -
.Ap n prdG p
s Up r pe o s
n nJGnC - O
...........
..
3 jq dG
.
....
....
....
: or Mn pa pjn phGs dG Fb GC ksneo pHr GnC

.U 4 = ,U 6 = GC
.O GC p p n r o rdG nYn p o
o rd O n nrt dG o u Yn GoC
.q jq dG p Sr s dG Gngn nYn pn nr o rdG o u Mn GoC - GC
.q jq dG n Sr s dG t pJGoC -
.Ap n prdG n Mp Gn en o co Pr GnC
.An n prdG o p rfGoC O
.Ap n prdG p
s Up r pe o s
n nJGnC - `g
.
....
.
.
.
.
....
286
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
6 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
10
4 jq dG
r
n nf o o r nJ o n Hn Qr nC G o Sh
o Dho Qo h p Nn BG p rorpd q Op o n rdG Su n o rdG nYn l o
r en n o r pe w ch ppn jnn e o Gn rob O GC w Yp Hn Qo
.pjr n rob m oWnnJ p nrof '''' Y pr o rdG
p jn q dG c) .s Yp Hn t dG Gngn pHr GnC *
(55 U 5 S n V
.q jJ m Sr Qn ndGE p pn nr o rdG pn gn o u Mn GoC - GC
.q Yp Hn t dG Gngn Ap n pH n Mp Gn en o co Pr GnC -
.An prdG o p rfGoC -
.Ap n prdG p
s Up r pe o s
n nJGC - O
5 jq dG
.pNn Bd u Op o n rdG pS
u o rdG nYn l o
r en n o r pe w co hn e Wnn eo hn p r jn
n n eo o r nZ o Gn rob O GC w Yp Hn Qo
.6 dH
q ] GC [ p oW
o r bn
. 4 dH
q ]O [ p oW
o r bn
p jn q dG c) .O GC s Yp Hn t dG pHr GnC
(56 U 5 S n V
.q jJ m Sr Qn ndGE p pn nr o rdG pp gn o u Mn CG - GC
.Ap n prdG Gngn n Mp Gn en o co Pr GnC -
.Ap n prdG p
s Up r pe o s
n nJGnC - O
6 jpr q dG
.zVQCG T p ShDho Qo r pe pSn GrC Qn pGngn { : n nbhn ''''h ''CG'' p r n nrt dG Al n Vp On s Mn p rdG
s n Hs n eo m VQr GnC pn rp pd m p nr J p Sr n dp
.zx Mn r pe n ncr GnC n p nf rGnC o p r jo pnd
n rdG pp gn ap { : o en GnC o r Hn Ln nCan
p jn q dG c) .a Qn ncr prdGhn nIn nr p rdG kp r n r eo p r sMn p Sr s dpH o u bn GoC
(59 U 5 S n V
287
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
6 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qSdG GAdG q OdG SGh

q IFGq dG qXhCG
6 q dG
10
.gL SQ EG G g MC
q G - GC
1 q G
*CG
2 q G
*CG
.mndMn u co pa Ap n prdG n Mp Gn en o co Pr GnC -

.p jr An n prdG o p rfGoC -
.Am n pH u co p
s Up r pe o s
n nJGnC - O
: qcJCG
.pRp
n rfGE p pa p ho dG
t n r bn Ap n prdG n Mp Gn en o s n nJGnC hn q jJ m Sr Qn ndGE p pn nr o rdG o u Mn GoC
288
: dG
Vjq dG
gDhbCGh cCGh qjdG OGYCG cCq G
6 q dG
dG Gqce
q dG
q dO
SCG H
CG
.Gh dG e
x c
n odr en o un n o rdG
o Qp r jo n (1
11 OY q LdG IqcG
hCq G C G
q c OY jJ pa o uG jo *
.Hch
f) Sq dG e dM
q dG OdG qCG o un n o rdG
o Qp r jo n (2
.(NBG EG QGe
12 OY q LdG IqcG
: Y qG Qj (3
.qH SH
q c OY .
q H SQ Y GOYG
q c OY Y q dG -
13 OY q LdG IqcG
.Gh dG e
q c de qG Qj (1
11 OY qLdG IqcG
f) Sq dG e dM
q dG OdG qCG qG Qj (2
(NBG EG QGe
12 OY q LdG IqcG
: Y qG Qj (3
.
q H SH
q c OY .
q H SQ Y GOYG
q c OY Y q dG -
13 OY q LdG IqcG
Se Qm Ge M qgqdG MG qG qj (4
.(qKqdG IYdG
q SqdG HGq dG)
q c OY q M MC
14 OY q LdG IqcG
289
qdG C G
q c OY QSG pa o un n o rdG o p
r jo *
.jq M MC Se QGe
q LdG IqcG
11
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
.Gh dG e x c n de q JCG - 1.1

1 jq dG
.SG jq OdG IQdG Iq e q c
o o cr GnC - GC
Y
SS
HQ
60 OdG
.p ro n rdG ndGE p pn r u dpH o oun jo s Yn o u Yn GoC hn pn r p rdG
n Qp Nn mIs en u co pa
o o cr GnC -
18
OY n o Yo
OY n oo J
OY n o oK
OdG ..........
9 OdG q
OdG ..........
OdG q
OdG ..........
OdG q
OdG ..........
OdG q
9 =
=
=
=
2
5
7
8
:
:
:
:
18
35
42
40
p n jo n pH pds dG n hn r
.
o S
n rdG t pJGoC hn oMp nGoC -
OY n o So OY
n o No OY noK OY
n f
n MC
o
Y bCG
2 jq dG
.p n r o rdGy pn rpb p oW ndGE p pn r u dypH o r o rdGy o oun jo s Yn o u Yn GoC hn s pfn n ndG n Sr s dyG mIs en u co pa oMp nGoC
GC
]CG[ p G b W.................... GC o r o rdG
] `g[ p G b W.................... `g o r ordG
`g
GC
]CG[ p G b W..................... GC o r ordG

] `g[ p G b W.................... `g o r ordG
]U S[ p G b W................... S o r o rdG
290
`g
S
q LdG IqcG
11
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
p n o rdG pFn p
.
n o rn rdG n r o rdG n r nYn o u Yn GoC hn p p n r o rdG pn rp pd pn S
r s dpH mIs en u co pa o obGnC
.]CG[ .G b W ( 1 ) HQo CG o r o rdG

4
GC
`g
.] `g[.G b W ( 5 ) No `g o r o rdG
.] GC [ G b W ( 1 ) SSo U GC o r ordG
6
GC
`g
.] `g[ .G b W ( ) Yo CG o r o rdG
10
4 jq dG
.bq dG s GC h m e b q c jQJ MCG
1
3
3
4
4
5
4
3
0
0
4
2
1
0
7
7
0
0
5 jq dG
.SCG K Sj q CGh T q c Me MCG - GC
ndGE p lIGnC s eo p rdG

s o Mn n pe
pnfns o rdG Ap Gn Lr nCG OY
dG
o nfns o rdG o Mn n p rdG *
q Me
mpn jnn eo Am Gn Lr GnC
291
q LdG IqcG
11
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
ndGE p lIGnC s oe p rdG

s o nMn pe
pnfns o rdG Ap Gn rLnCG OY
dG
o nfns o rdG o Mn n p rdG *
q Me

s o Mn n pe
dG
o nfns o rdG o nMn p rdna *
q Me

s o Mn n pe
dG
o nfns o rdG o Mn n p rdG*
q Me
dG
q Me
fG
q Z o Mn n p rdG*
ndGE p lIGnC s oe p rdG

s o nMn pe
pnfns o rdG Ap Gn rLnCG OY
dG
o nfns o rdG o Mn n p rdna *
q Me
je GAr L
dG
q Me
fG
q Z o Mn n p rdG*
.n pdsdG nnrpSG
r tpJGoC hn oMp nGoC -
q dG OdG
pnp dG
s pIn rMp rdG rpe InPNo rCn rdG jG..............Oo n Yn
.p dG
s IMr p rdG................... dG jG ..............Oo n Yn
(q W U GOdG)
292
or n rdG
G
q LdG IqcG
11
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
6 jq dG
.q dG hG J q CG
11
17
21
7
6
9
11
3
8
npdG
s oInrMprdG nrndGpE rnFuoL psdG ppn jnnordG pAGnrLnC G oOnnY
pdG
q IMdG e IPNCG ppn jnn o rdG pAGn Lr nC G Oo n Yn
2
5
pInPoNrCnrdG pAGnrLnC G nOnnY ounoj psdG qnr rdG oOnnrdG
7 jq dG
.o Sr q dG o o u n jo n nrpe pSG
n n p rdG n pe m Grn fGnC pnKnnpd o nr Mn
l nan
n s Nn
O
bQ
15
p n o rdG u p nr rdG Op n n rdpH mIs en u co pa t pJGoC hn n Sr s dG oMp nGoC *

S
.p rG Mn n pe
nn rpd o n s n o rdG o Mn n p rdG o un oJ
.p rG Mn n pe
p n o rpd o n s n o rdG o Mn n p rdG o un oJ
.p rG Mn n pe
p pbs dG Op o rpd pn s n o rdG pMn n p rdG
293
p pbs dG Op o rpd o n s n o rdG o Mn n p rdG o un oJ

p Gh d o n s n o rdG o Mn n p rdG o un oJ
q LdG IqcG
12
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
6 q dG
q c OH NBG EG QGe f Y q YCG - 2.1

1 jq dG
.Sj q CGh dG
q Me e HG MG Iq e q c dCq G
dG
q Me 3
............................... Me EG............................ MG f q 3
dG
q Me 5
............................... Me EG............................ MG f q
3
5
4
dG
q Me 7
............................... Me EG............................ MG f q 7
dG
q Me 8
..........................EG...................... MG f q 7
8
2 jqdG
: jq M e q dG OdG j
q
.dG : hCq G q G
.G : qdG q G
.Sj q GC h Sq dGh G MCG - GC
? dG
q Me EG fG
q MG f e *
2 q G
1 q G
........................ : qd hCq G q G
......................... : q d qdG q G
. dG
q Me
294
fG
q MG q
q LdG IqcG
12
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
6 q dG
? dG
q Me EG fG
q Z MG f e *
2 q G
1 q G
..........................: q d hCq G q G
.......................... : qd qdG q G
.dG
q Me
fG
q Z MG q
? dG
q Me EG fG
q MG f e *
2 q G
1 q G
.......................... : qd hCq G q G
.......................... : q d qdG q G
. dG
q Me
fG
q MG q
? dG
q Me EG fG
q Z MG f e *
2 q G
1 q G
.......................... : q d hCq G q G
.......................... : q d qdG q G
.dG
q Me
fG
q Z MG q
:
n q dG SG q GC -
.......................................... de h 1 q G de q JCG jq c GOY cC

q *
.............................. g qdG q Gh ............................. g hCq G q G *
3 jq dG
.q dG q dG Y Fq dG fa Gq G n jY G ee f IdG jH MCG b dG Ioc mHe An KCG
HG AKCG
16
7
9
2 dG
q AKCG
1 dG
q AKCG
7
3
4
9
4
5
295
eG f jqdG OY
FdG
q hG OY
TdG hG OY
q LdG IqcG
12
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
6 q dG
.hG J q GC q K GDS q c HG q dG q M qSCG *

G q dG OdG q d qdG q G q d hCq G q G
OY EG FdG
q hG OY f e *
? hCq G dG
q AKCG jqdG
EG FdG
q Z hG OY f e *
? qdG dG
q AKCG jqdG OY
OY EG FdG
q hG OY f e *
? HG AKCG jq dG
OY EG TdG hG OY f e *
? HG AKCG FdG
q hG
4 jq dG
O
Q
b
.o Sr q dG o o u n jo n nrpe pSG
n k p rdG n pe m Grn fGnC pnKnnpd o nr Mn
l nan
n s Nn
Y
. u p nr rdG Op n n rdG p odr en r Yn mIs en u co pa o q YGoC h n Sr s dG oMp nGoC *
2
................ Me EG ................... `pd G
q MG f qjo
9
3
........................ EG ................... ................. f qjo
9
........................ EG ................... ................. f qjo
296
4
3
q LdG IqcG
13
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
3 OY q dG
6 q dG
q c OY de aC
q H SH SCG - 3.1
1 jq dG
p n o rdG n js Op n n rdG nIQn n p rdG mIs en u co pa
.nn S
o o cr GnC - GC
Yo
SSo
No
oK
pf
30 OdG
.n ero en ndGE p pn r u dpH n Lo Qp Nn o oun jo s Yn o u Yn GoC hn ms p n Yn s co oMp nGoC -
G ..........
16
o QG q
G ..........
o QG q
G ..........
oQG q
8 = 2 : 16
7 = 5 : 35
6 = 8 : 48
: q dG hG J q GoC -
.........
OY n o Yo
......... OY S
n o So .........
OY noK
OY
n f
n MC
o
Y bCG
2 jqdG
.ppn jnn o rdG Ap Gn Lr nC G n pe Om n Yn ndGE p mIn Mr ph s co nfGrC s Ln
.o u Yn GoC hn mIs en u co pa n Sr s dG oMp nGoC *
.mpn jnn eo AGn Lr GnC
IMdG
.mpn jnnoe AGn rLGnC
IMdG
IMdG
ndGE p nIn rMp rdG nfGrC s nL

G AG q
ndGE p nIn Mr p rdG nfGrC s Ln
G
q AG q
G
q AG q
297
q LdG IqcG
13
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
3 OY q dG
6 q dG
IMdG
G
q AG q
3 jqdG
p no rdG pFn p rsdpH mIs ne uco pa oobGnC
.n rpe no rn rdG nAr ordG onu dGoC hn pnes n o rdG pIn rMp rpd pnS
.G b W ( ) o HQo
4
G Me ( 7 ) So
.Hq G Me ( 10) Yo
4 jq dG
. bq dG t GoC hn m p n r eo b q c
n jpQr nJ oMp nGoC
3
4
0
1
0
0
1
2
298
q LdG IqcG
13
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
3 OY q dG
6 q dG
5 jq dG
p n jo n pH t pJGoC hn m rTn u co fG
.
o pr n Sr GnC s oK
o S
q Mn n p G oMp nGoC - GC
(e : oIMdG)
EG ICGq G Me
fG
q AGLCG OY
.G Me
o fG
q o Ma *
(e : oIMdG)
EG ICGq G Me
fG
q AGLCG OY
.G Me
o fG
q o Ma *
EG ICGq UdG Me
fG
q AGLCG OY
.UdG Me
o fG
q o Ma *
(Ub : oIMdG)
.nqdG SG qGC h oMp nGoC -

q dG OdG
pnp dG
s pIn rMp rdG rpe InPNo rCn rdG jG..............Oo n Yn
.p dG
s IMr p rdG................... dG jG ..............Oo n Yn
(q W U GOdG)
299
or n rdG
G
q LdG IqcG
13
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
3 OY q dG
6 q dG
6 jq dG
p n o rdG pFn p
.n r pe n Ho rn rdG An GLCG onu dGoC hn pen s n o rdG pIn Mr p rpd pn S
r s dpH mIs en u co pa o obGnC
e b : IMdG - GC
.G b W 3
e : IMdG -
.G Me 7
e b : IMdG -
12
.G b 5
7 jq dG
.o Sr s dG o o u n jo e mn sWn eo nIn r No eu GoC
r n ns b pNr GoC Op npe pYp pn S
n n o pH
: qdG qdG Y gAGLCG YRq hh

.FdG OGaCG e
.IQG e
.jq G e
.IQdG SQM e
................................ : FdG OGaCG e Y q c OH q YCG - GC
...................................... : IQG e Y q c OH qYCG . 1 IQdG SQM e fh qWG IN e 2 Gq G f -
12
12
p n o rdG psr dpH onu dGoC *
.pIQn n p rdG p SpQMn
n n en hn p jr s
n rdG
n n en pS
300
q LdG IqcG
14
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
4 OY q dG
6 q dG
.q c OY q M MC Se QGe M eRqdG MG q JCG - 4.2

1 jq dG
(MG 2 ) n n u n n o rdG n n rp rdG pfsdG n nfhn ,n Mn pe 3 o hs nC G n n an 2 1500 n o Mn n pe m VQr GnC n n rpb pGn Nn GnC n n n br Gp
5
5
? n o r pe w co n ndnf psdG pn rp rdG pMn n pe
o r bn en *
aCG
.mnr oL pa q p nr c Om n Yn sco op r nSr GnC - GC
3 o hs nC G n nf
5
2 p
5 fsdG n nf
p VQr nC G pnMn pe
p VQr nC G pMn n pe
.
q H SQ EG G MC
q G -
1 df e
2 df e
1500 VQCG Me
.Sq dG Y GOYG x SJ hH
o SCG -
?
1500
5
H MG
d SG AGLCG OY
CG
(q Sq dG hH e)
(AGLCG 3 Sj e) 2H hCq G df e
....... =
(jCGL Sj e) 2H qdG df e
*
....... =
301
q LdG IqcG
14
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
4 OY q dG
6 q dG
2 jq dG
3 p rdG M ndGE p pe SQO nf 48 pIAGp rdG pc j
.gOY 5 d n p Hn hn p Uo t dG OY
nr nr nn v
n n o n o s n nn
8 rn u n
8
? gn n Sr Qn On psdG p Uo t dG Oo n Yn en
? pn u n n o rdG p Uo t dG Oo n Yn en
aCG
.mnr Lo pa q p nr c Om n Yn s co
o p r n Sr GnC - GC
.dG Uf OY
ShQG UqdG OY
.dG Uf OY
qG UqdG OY
.
q H SQ EG G MC
q G -
? qG UqdG OY
? ShQG Uq dG OY
......dG Uf OY
o SCG -
?
48
8
Uq dG OY
d SG AGLCG OY
CG
(q SqdG hH e)
(AGLCG 3 Sj e) ShQG Uq dG OY
*
....... =
(AGLCG 5 Sj e) qG Uq dG OY
*
....... =
302
q LdG IqcG
14
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
4 OY q dG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
3
4
.(pLp Gn n rdG OYn ) u Op n rdG pr dG
n pe qGh p pas dG pr dG
n pe p Lp Gn n rdG Op Y 7 .kfLo r Yn 350 `H m r nJ o Hn Un Qu bo
u
u
7
? mr Up u co r pe p Lp Gn n rdG Oo n Yn en *
aCG
.mnr oL pa q p nr c Om n Yn sco op r nSr GnC - GC
..................... 7 .....................
.....................
4
7 .....................
.qH SQ EG G MC
q G -
................. OY
................. OY
350 = ................................. OY
o SCG -
?
350
7
qdG LGY OY
d SG AGLCG OY
(q Sq dG hH e)
.q OdG dG
q e LGdG OY
CG
.aq dG dG
q e LGdG OY
....... =
....... =
4 jq dG
5
.z(p nr n rdG 4 ) upe 1200 pd n p n an o op er GnC p sdG u pdn rdG p nr n rdG 9
o ar n U'':
n o pgGn Hr GE p n nb
9
? o op r jn nnc p sdG t pdn rdG o nr n rdG en *
? o an n Un p sdG t pdn rdG o nr n rdG en *
303
q LdG IqcG
14
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
4 OY q dG
6 q dG
aCG
.mnr Lo pa q p nr c Om n Yn s co
o p r n Sr GnC - GC
......................
......................
......................
......................
.
q H SQ EG G MC
q G -
e 1200................. ......
? ..................... ......
? ..................... ......
.Sq dG Y GOYG x SJ hH oSCG -

qH G
d SG AGLCG OY
(q Sq dG hH e)
H aU qdG G
CG
H c qdG G
*
*
....... =
....... =
5 jq dG
.Sq dG o q j e pSGdG e m GfCG pKd nM
l qa N
q
Y
O
Q
b
Y
.2 27000 p r
n rdG Gngn o Mn n pe o or nJ
? pSG
n n p rdG n pe m nr f u opd pn s n o rdG pMn n p rdG
o r bn en *
304
M
: dG
Vjq dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
dG Gqce
q dG
q dO
SCG H
CG
.(O qdG Sq dG) qG Hq dG e o un n o rdG

o Qp r jo n (1
15 OY q LdG IqcG
hCq G C G
AKCG q SJ hL qG j *
.FG
q M
e Y ) q SJ hL AH Y qG Qj n (2
.(YJh GOW SG OGYCG
16 OY q LdG IqcG
,q HdG
qG Qj (1
qdG C G
q ,q G)
q O qdG Sq dG q UN
q
.(q Sq dG HGq dG hL QSG Y qG Qj *
17 OY q LdG IqcG
.FG
q M AKCG q SJ
(LG M)
.GOW SG jQGG qG q (1
18 OY q LdG IqcG
XJh f gaW IGhe jJ Y qG Qj n (2
.q SqdG HGq dG Y dG jW
dqdG C G
IGhe SG Y qG Qj *
.FG
q M AKCG f gaW
19 OY q LdG IqcG
f Y qbj jOG MCG Y dG qCG qG Qj (1
HGq dG C G
.f gaW IGhe jd NBG EG jOG MCG M qG j *
S q dG M e d H q G
: dq dG
q O qdG
19 OY qLdG IqcG
305
: dG
Vjq dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
dG Gqce
q dG
q dO
SCG H
CG
q dH qG jOG H FdG bdG o un n o rdG

o Qp r jo n (2
.jq FG Y dG ,q G dG) dG qS
(q dG
20 OY q LdG IqcG
,q UCG QGG) jq FG q dG
aH qG jOG H FdG bdG o un n o rdG
o Qp r jo n (3 QGG ,jq Fe f Y q dG QGG
.eq dGh
(jG
eq dGh aG
21 OY qLdG IqcG
.(eq dG ,aG ,YdG
q q e)
: M Sq dG XJ Y qG Qj (4
q q dG dG
q G dG
22 OY q LdG IqcG
306
q LdG IqcG
15
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
q O qdG Sq dG q JCG - 1.1
1 jqdG
.qe 200 MGdG SGq dG K
.qdG hG J qGC - GC
H SGq qdG K
SGq dG OY
.pGn dG
s nneGnC * enn rdG oVn GnC hn oMp nGoC soK gn Op n Yn nYn pSG
n s ordG nn nK Iq e qc orp bGnC -
= 4
= 3
= 2
= 1
: nYn ors nnJ gn Op n Yn nYn pSG

n s ordG nn nK Iq e qc nn b GnPEG @@@
f OdG f
.pGn dG
s n en GnC * n en nn rdG o Vn GnC hn n hn r
n rdG oMp nGC -
Op n n rdG p rnf pa n o n nK jo p r d
u mpdn eo Om n Yn pa pSG
n s ordG On n Yn Iq e q c
o Hr n Vn n sco *
f
2 jq dG
(2 500 u co pa lIn
n T)
n : n n pds dG nIn Yp nrdG po jr s dG Qp
n Tr GnC pSG
n n Zp n r Yp
l san n n n Yr G
.q dG p hGJ q GC - GC
10 000
5 000
2 500
1 000
2H MG
500
ShG jq dG QTCG OY
.
o pr n Sr GnC hn oMp nGoC s oK aGG po jr s dG Qp
n Tr GnC Op n Yn nYn n Mn n p rdG Iq e q c o rp bGnC -
=
...............................nYn ors nnJ Iq e qc porjs dG Qp nTr GnC Op n Yn nYn n nMn p rdG or nn b GnPGE p *
307
q LdG IqcG
15
: dG
Vjq dG
1 bQ C G
1 bQ q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
pGn dG
s n en GnC * n enn rdG o Vn GnC hn n hn r
n rdG oMp nGoC -
.Op n n rdG p rnf pa po jr s dG Qp
n Tr GnC Oo n Yn
o VGnC p r ru pd mpdn eo Om n Yn pa n Mn n p rdG
o Hr n Vn n sco
3 jqdG
(68 U 5 S VjdG c) .zp pbs dG npe 300 m Un Tr GnC pn r n pd mn sWn oe pnr cn orUo oLp r nr nj{ : w pfGrn nM nnb
.pds dG p hn r
n rdG n p r nJ t pJGoC - GC
120
4
300
5
1200
10
dH G bq dG o c
UTCG OY
.(CN hCG GU) cCGh j q Iq e q c q CG

.OdG f nYn ors nnJ d aGG p Un Tr nC G Op n Yn nYn n nn r nr o rdG p pbs dG n nrco Iq e qc pa or nb GnPGE p *
.Op n n rdG p rnf pa n nn r n r o rdG p pbs dG n nr co VCG Om n Yn pa p Un Tr nC G On n Yn
o Hr n Vn n sco *
.OdG f Y n G bq dG c obCG OY Y UTCG OY b n sco *
4 jq dG
p n n eo pGQn Gn r pe oojn
: GOk r nW p r n S
.OdG f
o r Ln hn p Nn BG nYn n go n Mn GnC
o n nn b n sco
Op n n rdG p rnf pa o Nn BG
n p VCG Om n Yn pa n go n Mn GnC
o Hr n Vn n sco
.OdG f Y NBG o bCG d
q d OY Y gMCG b qc
.pds dG p hn r
n rdG n p r nJ t pJGoC hn (3 , 2 , 1) pn pHdG
s p jpQn s dG ndGE p Oo Yo GnC *
308
q LdG IqcG
15
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
GOW Se
qdG
GQGG
SGq dG K *
SGq dG OY *
(1 jq dG)
2H MG *
jq dG QTCG OY *
(2 jq dG) ShG
G bq dG c *
UTCG OY *
5 jq dG
.kqe q dG n jJ e x c id jr GC a p pFKdG d fqcH
o Qr e
p hs Cn Gy psct dyG pa @
pfsdyG psct dyG pa @
H qdG
q dG OY
H qdG
q dG OY
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
50
100
150
200
225
240
245
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
.pHn Ln GE p o uYn GoC hn (n hr GnC r n nf) `H mIs en u co pa

o Lp GoC *
: gn Op n Yn n en GOk r nW
o S
n n n jn p n t dG o n nK p hs nC G p sct dG - GC
............................................. snC
............................................. snC
fp sdG p sct dG ap -
309
q LdG IqcG
16
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
.J q GC h q SJ hL HCG - 2.1
1 jq dG
.k qe 420 mn r Hn p Hn Qr nC G o n nK
? mn rnH 5 ,mn rnH 10 ,n rnH 6,p rnn rnH on nK ne

dG K
SG GQGG
dG OY
.o n p r nJ t pJGoC hn p r n n jp npH v pS
o n nJ khn r Ln pHr GnC
1 j qdG
H dG K
dG OY
H dG K
dG OY
................
p noj
ooS
................
................
p n jo
o o S
................
................
................
p n jo
o o S
p n jo
o o S
................
................
................
p n jo
o o S
................
2 j qdG
2 jqdG
.c 100 p rnpd p jprprdG npe 8 nJQn sSn op r nnr J
? YdG
q q e H c 250 qK ,c 50 qK ,c 200 p rnpd o nnr nr o rdG p jprprdG o sp cn ne ? HdG
q YdG
q q e H 24 qK , 12 p jprprdG npe p rnnpdsdG p rnnu nrdpH o Yn orn rdG o an n n rdG ne j e q GC - GC
................................
SG GQGG
................................
.n p r nJ t pJGoC hn p r n n jp npH v pS
o n nJ khn r Ln pHr GnC -
310
q LdG IqcG
16
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
1 j qdG
....................
....................
................. *
................. *
................
p noj
oS
................
................
p n jo
o S
p n jo
o S
p n jo
o S
................
................
................
................
................
p n jo
o S
p n jo
o S
2 j qdG
................
................
................
................
3 jq dG
zjq dG e c 25 jq dG e dG
q Gg e MGdG Qo dG jo { Ie MU b
? jq dG e c 75 Y d eRqdG jq dG q q c e *
? QG jq dG Gg e c 600 oJ qdG jq dG q q c e *
.j e q GC - GC
.......................................
SG GQGG
.......................................
.J q CGh MG j qdH v pS
o n nJ khn r Ln pHr GnC -
................. *
................. *
................
p noj
oS
................
................
p n jo
o S
p n jo
o S
................
................
................
4 jq dG
p n jo pn p
(p p r s dG nYn U 1 n o S
n rdG U 50 t co ) pds dG p r n rdG p sSo
n n Mn n pdp r n pd k p nr J q Qn r pe Sn r eo s Yn GnC
.U 10 h U 12 p p r s dG Gngn nYn gn Gn r Ho dG
q np n r eo p n r pSG
r Yn nb *
? p n r pSG
r pYn npd ps p p
n rdG pGn r o rdG en 311
q LdG IqcG
16
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
. 3 h 4 ps p p
n rdG gn Gn r Ho hn p rdG
s np n r eo pan r oZ ? de J nYn gn Gn r Ho en : p jn en t pJGoC - GC
..................
SG GQGG
..................
.pndnCr n rdG u Mn pa o o p n Yr GnC q K pds dG s pS
o n s dG n hn r
n rdG pHr GnC -
................. *
................. *
................
................
................
................
................
................
................
................
................
................
: qcJCG
: v pS
o n nJ khn r Ln n pHr nC
p n n o rdG p jr Qn Gn r o rdG
.p r n S
o s n nJGnC - GC
p n jo p sdG On n rdGhn ndhoC G pn pFnrdG n pe GOk n Yn ) n r pf o p n Yr GnC -
.(pn pfsdG pn pFnrdG n pe o o S
312
q LdG IqcG
17
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
.q HdG
: O qdG Sq dG q UN
q q UG
q
q q JCG - 1.2
1 jq dG
.gOY e GOW Sj FKdG f K
: e
5
250
20
1 000
3
150
6
300
4
200
2
100
qdG OY
H K
.SG dG eY hCG dG
q eY cCG q K IGe q c bq dG OdG q CG - GC
250
20
1 000
3
=
150
20
200
200
2
100
.
n q dG SG q GC q K oMp nGoC -
p n n o rdG Op Gn Yr nC G n pe p r n nrp Sp pa
: Yk n pJhn GOk r nW pn S
p n o rdG On n n rdG sEp an Om n Yn pa p r n nrp dG
..........in Nr oC G pnrp dG
u pa o nd
n S
u in Mr GE p r pe GOk n Yn
o Hr n Vn GnPGE p *
................................................................................................
pnrp dG
u pa..................................sE p a Om n Yn nYn p r n nrp dG
u in Mr GE p r pe GOk n Yn
o r nn b GnPGE p *
...........................................................................................in Nr oCG
313
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
17
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
2 jq dG
.YdG
q q e H pYn orn rdG pan n n rdG n en GOk r nW
o S
n n n nJ lIQn s Sn n op r n nr J psdG p jpr prdG o s p cn
p n o rdG pn r p rdG n peYn hr GnC pr dG
.p r n nrp dG
u in Mr GE p pa n o
r n rdG On n n rdG t pJGoC hn
n S
s n peYn mIs en u co pa
o o cr GnC *
24
6
100
250
18
150
qdH G jdG q q c
edH YG aG
3 jq dG
.pgr s dG Ap en r pe Gk r pd 15 ppp r nJ n r Yp p rfQn nC G p gr Rn r pe c 10 q c j
.nn r p rdG phGnC
n r dG
s mIs en u co pa kp r n r eo pds dG p hn r
n rdG n p r nJ t pJGoC *
40
10
15
4
9
18
dH qG QCG gR q q c
qdH Y G
gq dG Ae q c
q
4 jq dG
.mIn Mp Ghn s p n n pH m GDn So u co r Yn
o Lp GoC
? k r Hn 12 o n nK en .k upe 420 mn r Hn p Hn Qr nC G o n nK - GC
.............................................................................................................
? m ShDo co 4 o n nK en .n pfnfOn 6 Sk rCcn 12 o n nK -
.............................................................................................................
.mr Tn s co Qx b x pden m nr en Qp Nn Ou yG nYn pHGnC
o Xp Gn jo -
? Gk r Tn 24 n r Hn JGn Nn q eo o or n Sn r cn .Qn jOp 900 m o Tr GnC 6 n r Hn JGn Nn s eo
r nnHn
.............................................................................................................
314
q LdG IqcG
17
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
.q G q UG
: q O qdG Sq dG q UN
q
q q JCG - 1.2
1 jq dG
(1 OY o hn r
n rdG) ppd oW n en GOk r nW
o S
n n n jn p Tn o rdG e f o n nK
(2 hG) YdG
q q e H pYn orn rdG pan n n rdG n en GOk r nW
o S
n n n jn man n en p rnpd o Rp sdG o en s dG
2 OY hG
1 OY hG
5 7 2 3 YdH
q RqdG eq dG
400 560 160 240 dH YdG aG
11 3 7 4 H TdG oW
88 24 56 32 Qjq dH TdG K
.
o Sj j e q GoC h dhG eq C JCG - GC
1 OY hG
. 32 h
d SG qdG H
o dG Sa
h 7 d qdG H dG g 3 *
7 : cCa
3 = - 7
=
=
24 32 32
.
h 32
d SG qdG o Sa 7 h
d qdG o g 11 *
7
11 = 7 +
: cCa
=
=
+ 32
88
32
2 OY hG
. 240 h
d SG aG H
o dG Sa
h 5 eq dG H dG g 2 *
5 : cCa
2 = - 5
=
=
160 240 240
.
h 400 d SG aG o Sa 2 h
eq dG o g 7 *
2
7 = 2 +
: cCa
=
=
+ 400
560
400
315
q LdG IqcG
17
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
.
n q dG SG q GC h oMCG -
p nno rdG Op Gn Yr nC G npe p rnnrp Sp pa

:Yk npJhn GOk r nW pnS
.iNCG d rSG ........................ oSoj p rnnrp dG
u in rMGE p jOY *
.iNCG d rSG .....................dG oSoj p rnnrp dG
u in rMGE p jOY H dG *
2 jq dG
p n n eo ndhoC G dG
.mhn r Ln u co pa pn pfsdG dG
q Op Gn Yr GnC n en GOk r nW l n S
q Oo Gn Yr GnC
1 OY hG
2 OY hG
70 20 IGG dG OY
10 18 14 4 f MG dG OY
5
25
qdH dG q q c
3
15 gqaJ qdG ShDdG OY
.
o Sj j e q GoC h dhG eq C JCG - GC
1 OY q Sq dG hG
2 OY q Sq dG hG
18
10
+
+
8
=
14
2
=
14
+
+
3 = 5
25 *
3 = 5
25 *
.q SJ hL qc J qGC -
316
q LdG IqcG
17
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
.p qH fKCGh GdH qdG n c q j hL QGq L qj

.dGh dG
q q Y SG hO hG Gg n J q CG *
900
800
700
8400
400
7 200 6 000
300
200
2400
GdH qdG c
qH K
1200
4 jq dG
pa n nHn hn O 450 m o Tr GnC 3 n r Hn Up Qn n nHn r n nd .mr Tn u co pjn n pf pa Qx nb m nr en Qp Nn Ou y H pr n rdG n en pe ufGE p { : pHGnC n nb *
.zO 1 350 m o Tr GnC 9 pr nX
.mIn Mp Ghn ms p n n pH m GDn So u co r Yn
o Lp GoC
? Qp Nn Ou G n pe m o Tr GnC 6 n r Hn pHGnC o Up Qn en
.................................................................................... .....................
? Qp Nn Ou G n pe Gk r Tn 12 n r Hn pHGnC o Up Qn en
..................................................................................... .....................
.( jH) ? Qp Nn Ou G n pe Gk r Tn 15 n r Hn pHGnC o Up Qn en
..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
317
q LdG IqcG
17
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
.q Sq dG HGq dG : q O qdG Sq dG q UN
q q JCG - 1.2
1 jq dG
.hG q j e a pGQdG OY e GOW Sj q S x M dG
q OY
5
25
6
30
4
20
3
15
2
10
1
5
q dG
q q G GQdG OY
q dG
q q G dG
q OY
.jAGG MCGh f gaW IGhe q c MCG - GC
5
25
2
10
4
20
3
15
= 25 * 2
= 10 * 5
3
15
2
10
= 15 * 2
= 10 * 3
= 20 * 3
= 15 * 4
.SCG K jAGL q c H = hCG = n SG n edG VCG -
10 * 5
25 * 2
15 * 4
20 * 3
10 * 3
15 * 2
.dEG UJ
q qdG p Sp G p
q Up e qcC JC q Sq dG hG e iNCG k eCG o No BG -
2 jq dG
lYp Hn o s Yn GnC p sdG p hn r
n rdG Gngn pa n pMn n pe p r bn n en GOk r nW
o S
n n n jn qdG
q n n nK sGnC pn pHdG
s pn jp sdG Op n pYr ypH
o prKGoC - GC
.w Qp sYn
150
75
120
60
100
50
Hq G H qdG
q Me b
QjO dCG H qdG
q K
80
40
318
q LdG IqcG
17
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
q dG
n Sp G q GC -
dG
q Gg Y Hc q c pa
=
.Sh................... hj aW...................
3 jq dG
.pn Sp s dG Oq Gnn G n pe 60 nYn p oG pn Ur GnC pMn GnC r pe 100 t co p

r nJ
p n o rdG n nr ordG pn pHdG
.nHn o rn rdG n n S
s pn jp sdG Op n pYr ypH mndMn u co pa
o o Mr GnC
dG
j qdG
.G e 150 `pd SG Sq dG Oq GG c *
60
*
=
100
150
Sq dG Oq GG e 45 `pd SG G c *
45
.G e 125 `pd SG Sq dG Oq GG c *
*
.Sq dG Oq GG e 105 `pd SG G c *

*
60
100
60
=
100
125
105
60
=
100
4 jq dG
.Yd q UCG qdG e GOW SJ q dG o b
5
40
3
24
25
100
Qjq dH q dG b
Qjq dH q UCG qdG
.HdG
q j qdG OYH p hG Gg J qCG *
319
18
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
1 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
q LdG IqcG
q SqdG HGq dG qNCG

=
f H cC
q G
.qe 4 800 ShDc 6 K 1

? qdG Gg e ShDc 9 K e *
dCG
. f H cC
q Gh GOW Se jQGe q JCG - 1 - 3
.hG q YCGh dCe qc GC bCG *
SG jQGG Y qYCG
............ K *
............ OY *
qjGC 6 Iq MGdG dG Y S 8 eY j 2
.SCG
? SCG Y YS OY e *
.......... qq c *
......... qq c *
Ae e Gd 15 J Y QCG gR e c 10 J 3
.gq dG
Ae e Gd 18 Y d eRqdG QCG gR qq c e *
? gq dG
............ OY *
............ OY *
......... dG *
........ dG *
qS M p jG d J w Q e S
l e q YCG 4
: qdG dG
(qdG Y U 2 `H q G U 50 qc)
Y b qCG Y qHG aZ d q G dG e *
? U 12 q dG Gg
320
18
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
1 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
q LdG IqcG
q SqdG HGq dG qNCG
f H cC
q G
SG jQGG Y qYCG
................ *
................ *
................ *
................ *
................ *
................ *
................ *
................ *
dCG
YH KCG qdG qdG d IRe oMU Qq b 5

: JRe LGh Y n dqdG aqdG qa
J q UCG qdG e % 25 J
K Ic AGT Y H oq qdGy qdG b e *

? GQjO 140 q UCG
4
`H MU MGp .GQb 75 `pH m UqLGE o HU Qq bo 6
5
.jqdG H qq dG g
? jqdG H H G UqLEG qq c e *
.bO 75 Iq e c 100 IQqS b 7

YdG
q q e H bO 45 b qdG aG e
? HdG
q
? eCG c qdG G e *
3
.eCG c e
q e gh qe 2400 oaU 8
7
321
19
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
2 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
q LdG IqcG
H H 6 K *
GDdG
q Y LCG
.....
=
H H 9 K *
..... =
dH eRqdG jq dG qq c *
.....
Gg LqdG OY *
eG
Y G
jq dG qq c *
q
.dH
.....
.....
G Gg VY b *
.H
.....
=
=
4
7
25
100
? G Gg VY b e *
4
.dW b VY bh 28 H e W b 4
7
O Y e % 25 a qe feG T 240 R LGp 3

.TG
q
? eG Gg LqdG OY e *
.jq dG e c 24 Y Y jq dG e c 100 J 2
Gg e c 60 Y d eRqdG jq dG qq c e *
? jq dG
jq dG qq c e *
Gg e c 225 e Y G
q
? QG jq dG
.qe 420 H 4 K 1
? H 9 qK H 6 K e *
dCG
.hG q YCGh dCe qc GC bCG *
.q SqdG HGq dG MCGh f gaW IGhe cC

q G -2 - 3
............ b *
............ b *
............ OY *
............ OY *
............ c *
........... c *
............ K *
............ OY *
f gaW IGhe cC
q G SG jQGG cCG
?
?
322
19
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
2 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
q LdG IqcG
e qdG qdG b *
.H q dG qjGE
..... =
SSh fJ H aG *
.dH
q jG g Y
.....
aG g YS q e *
.dH YdG
q
.....
?
1
1 000 000
?
15
=
100
............ *
............ *
............ dG *
............ dG *
........... QGe *
............ qdG *
.c 12 ae d bO 20 IOdG aM J
q 7
? YdG
q YS q e e *
: qdG dG qS M eSe jN 6
U 1 000 000 Sj jG Y U 1 q c)
(G
.c 140 SSh fJ H aG *
? jG g Y jG Jg H aG g e -
J q dG a qe 2400 K H c jTGp 5
.q G K e % 15 Qb
? q dG qjEG e qdG qdG b e *
323
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
20
4 OY C G
2 OY q dG
q dG Y q dG QGG / UCG QGG) jq FG q dH qG jOG H bdG q JCG - 2.4

.(jG QGG/jq FG
1 jq dG
: aqdG g Y Mh GRG iMEG LGh Vhe m GhH MCG YCG
O 60 : q UCG qdG @
% 30 : q dG f @
O 18 : q dG QGe @
O 42 : jG qdG @
.ddeh QGe q c H H HQCG - GC
jG QGG
q dG QGe
q UCG QGG
jG qdG
qjFG qdG Y qdG QGG
q UCG qdG
.QGe q c n SG q dG cCG -
SG qdG
QGG
Qjq dH q dG QGe
Qjq dH jG dG
Qjq dH UCG qdG
. dqdG QGG Iq e q c OLC (- hCG +) SG edH f q c VYC

q Gh MCG -
jG qdG
q dG QGe
324
q UCG qdG
q LdG IqcG
20
: dG
Vjq dG
4 OY C G
2 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
2 jq dG
.dG Y S pJe p H KCG

q dG mIRe
n
o MU Qq b
.Iq e q c SG jq OdG IQdG HH hG Gg n J q CG
QjqdH jG dG
QjqdH qdG QGe
QjqdH qUCG qdG
..................
12
45
m W oIc
105
25
..................
m c oIc
34
..................
48
mH a
..................
29
99
mIGC eyG a
.Sj QGe q c HQCG -

jG qdG e AL
q dG QGe
q dG QGeh jG qdG
qUCG qdG e AL
jG QGG
q UCG QGG
q dG QGeh
q UCG qdG H dG
3 jq dG
.q UCG qdG e % 10 f q L IOjR Y qXjh q dH '''q dedG'' ILCG Q
q q dG MCG j
: LqK Y qY l a g
b 12 Y aq dG
O 840 : q UCG dG @
% 10 : IOjq dG f @
O 84 : IOjq dG QGe @
O 924 : jG qdG @
325
q LdG IqcG
20
: dG
Vjq dG
4 OY C G
2 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
.ddeh QGe q c H H HQCG - GC
jG QGG
q UCG QGG
IOjq dG QGe
jG qdG
IOjqdG f Y qdG QGG
q UCG qdG
.dG hCG dG
q EG AqdG hO QGe q c n SG jq OdG IQdG cCG -
SG qjOdG IQdG
QGG
Qjq dH IOjq dG QGe
QjqdH jG dG
Qjq dH UCG qdG
p edH mf q c VYC
(- hCG +) pSG
q Gh MCG -
jG qdG
qUCG qdG
IOjq dG QGe
4 jqdG
.qdH J qdG ;qdedG'' pILCG p H M le g
Qjq dH jG qdG
Qjq dH IOjq dG QGe
Qjq dH q UCG qdG
..................
396
792
8
36
..................
80
..................
720
q FHc a
q FHc ICae
GdCH RJ
.mIq e q c SG pjq OdG pIQdG pHH p hG Gg n J q GC - GC

.Sj QGe q c HQCG -
qUCG qdG e AL
IOjqdG QGe
jG qdG e AL
q UCG qdG
IOjqdG QGeh jG qdG
jG qdG
IOjq dG QGeh
q UCG qdG
326
q LdG IqcG
20
: dG
Vjq dG
4 OY C G
2 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
5 jq dG
.pGRG iMEG mVhe mqde mILCG Y oqoS la g
q RZ be
VH aq dG
.......: q UCG qdG
% 20 qdG f
O 120 : q dG QGe
O 480 jG qdG
RJ
b 12 Y aq dG
O 700: q UCG qdG
% 10 IOjq dG f
.......: IOjq dG QGe
.......: jG qdG
q Fa b
VH aq dG
O 500 q UCG qdG
% 15 q dG f
.......: q dG QGe
.......: jG qdG
.qd kIgL nd paqdG g n bqdG pG qCG *
327
q LdG IqcG
21
: dG
Vjq dG
4 OY C G
3 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
q e ,RqdG eq dG ,YG aG) eq dGh aH qG jOG H bdG q JCG - 3.4

.(UdG eR / fG eR / YdG
q
1 jq dG
.SG bq dH qe m Ga q c q YCG - GC
.O 25 h 15 YdG
q ,O 50 h 18 YdG
q
......................... Ua bU
EG q e ............... fJ
e Ql b fG *
n
n
(n b ,n H) pSG pIQdG pHH m SG q c q GoC -
.UdG YS ............... JCJ fG o YS *
.fG YS ................ JCJ UdG YS *
2 jq dG
: q dG hG q jo e JaM e Y q aVEG GH IdG d q dG o cT eb dG Y S
UdG YS
...............
12 YdG
q
...............
IdG
q Iq e
fG YS
YS 6
YS 3
YS 7
MU 8 YdG
q
.............
13 YdG
q
qJp G
H" EG fJ e
bW EG fJ e
b EG fJ e
.hG J q GC - GC
( - , +) SG edH qdG VYC
q G-
UdG YS
Iq dG I
q e
fG YS
.eq d Jje Hc S aqdG f SCG -
328
q LdG IqcG
21
: dG
Vjq dG
4 OY C G
3 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
..... =
.eq dG e GOW
o SJ o aG
aG : pHdH
n dP Y q YCG
eq dG
.G n q dG g Iq e q c YCG *
.YS 3 c 240 IQq S J - GC
? YdG
q q e H YS 5 YG o aG e *
?
*
: PEG
.kbO 75 c 90 l aM
r n b -
? YdG
q q e H c 36 p d eRqdG q eq dG Iq G e *
..... =
..... =
: PEG
.c 8 ae d k bO 20 jG Sh aM J
q -
? jG Sh pYdG
q aG g pYS q e e *
?
*
: PEG
:
n q dG Sp G q GC h MCG - O
: YdG
q q e hCG q eq dG Iq G hCG n aG
n MC
(f gaW IGhe)
: jhe f cC
=
q G - GC
: s Sq dG .................. MCG -
4 jq dG
mYS q aG g a c 260 Y o J qdG QH EG q e jq G e IQq S fG MU 9 YdG
q
.YdG
q c 65 `pd mhe
? IdG
q g o bG q eq dG Iq G e - GC
.........................................................
329
q LdG IqcG
21
: dG
Vjq dG
4 OY C G
3 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
?
n QH EG
r Uh n e -
........................................................
5 jq dG
he mYS q n aG g ra c 420 `H Y o o J qdG fJ
EG qe H"
n
n pje e lIQqS fGp
.MGSd O 30 j qdG qbJ bh 15 pYdG
q Uhh pYdG
q c 70 `pd
? pIdG
q g o bG o qeq dG oIq G e - GC
...........................................................................................
? oH" n je IQqdG
q g QOnZ e -
...........................................................................................
6 jq dG
.14 YdG
q n Ua c 108 `H Y J qdG QH je EG k q e LH pje e
l GQq O n fyG MU 10 YdG
q
? j qdG bSyG qdG o q eq dG Iq G e - GC
...........................................................................................
? YdG
q GQq q dG Gg YSo q e e -
...........................................................................................
330
q LdG IqcG
22
: dG
Vjq dG
4 OY C G
4 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
SCGh qdG
q de q JCG - 4.4
1 jq dG
1
100
qdG
q : de J Y CGb
: Sj j e qGC - GC
.VQCG Y U ...........Sj QdG Y U ........... qc

dd OY q c HQCGh q dG Gg REG G qdG
q MCG -
1
q G dG
q dG Y dG
100
2 jq dG
.hG Gg J q CG
dde
qdG
q
G ............... Sj q dG Y .......
q c
......... ............. Sj ....... Y .......
q c
G U 200 000 Sj jG Y U 3
q c
G U 300 Sj q dG Y U 2
q c
1
200
qdG
q M VQCG b J
1
1 000 000
qS jN
.............................
..............................
3 jq dG
(q UCG) q G dG EG (J Y) q q dG dG f g qdG
q
3
qdG
q M dG
q e VQCG d lJ n p GoC
1 000
.qdG g OY qc de cCG - GC
........................................ @
........................................ @
3
1 000
.G g MCG -
331
q LdG IqcG
22
: dG
Vjq dG
4 OY C G
4 OY q dG
FG qM SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
qdG dH
dH
qdG
q VQCd G
q
q VQCd
q qdG qdG dH
q VQCd
q dG
q qdG dH
q VQCd G
q
2 000
3 000
(= hCG =) SG edH q dG VYC

q G q K Hc q c q G d SG q q dG dG q GC @
.......
2000
3
1000
.......
3000
3
1000
.Hc q c q q dG dG
q U e qCG @
..........
..........
............... =
................
............... =
................
4 jqdG
.MCG q K a G OdG d Hc q c HQCG
dH
q q q dG dG
dH
q q qdG dG
dH
q q G dG
=
1000
4
1
200
1
200
=
1800
1
300
5 jq dG
.
1
150
qdG
q M q Qe Se CG jG de J
.3 h 4 dH
q q dG Gg Y GH e T G @ GC
? d q G GdH e
4,2 h 7,5 H q G gGH dG
q e SG Yb @
? q dG Gg Y q q dG gGH e
332
: dG
Vjq dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
dG Gqce
q dG
q dO
SCG H
CG
O d
hCq G C G
q dG AGh dG
q AG H q G q ( 1
.
q dG jq Y jOY L qG jo *
23 OY q LdG IqcG
: NBG e gMCG W hCG
q dG OdG bQCG e bQ
q c H bY qG Hj (2 AG bQCG OY cj GOdG .qj qdG dGh
.
q dG
AG bQCG OY j GOdG 24 OY q LdG IqcG
.
q dG
3
jOdG
dG
AG
bQC
G
OY
H
q
(
q
q
.jq dG
25 OY q LdG IqcG
f OMBG de EG Nq dG b UdG qG j (4
.q dG
26 OY q LdG IqcG
OdG
qdG C G
q dG AGh dG
q AG H qG q (1
.
q dG W hCG jOY L qG oj *
27 OY q LdG IqcG
gMCG j e Y NBG e O Y
.qW U NBGh qjY
FL Re
q Y OY dG
q OdG CG qG Qj (2
..QUCG
q dG
28 OY q LdG IqcG
333
q LdG IqcG
23
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
.W hCG L q Y REG b q Y OY q dG AGh dG

q AG H q eG - 1.1
1 jq dG
q dG hG J q GC - GC
0,025
6,45
075
q dG OdG
dG
q DhL
q dG DhL
24,7
12
67
135
9
2 jq dG
. U OY cCG gMCG jOY EG q Y OY q c qaCG
= 84,05
= 6,45
= 24,7
.SG q dG OdH Hc qc qCG

.......... = 0,035 + 0
.......... = 0,56 + 48
.......... = 0,8 + 135
3 jq dG
.NGO hCG hG
n QN s dG On dG Iq e q c cCG
q dG OdG
BG. BG
GdG
.................
OMBG
QYCG
e AGLCG e AGLCG
FG
dCG
30,5
.................
110,78
.................
0,043
334
q LdG IqcG
23
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
4 jq dG
.q dG Op dG p bQCG e m bQ tc qj qdGy dG nSG qe Ga qc cCG
0 , 3 1 4
5 2 , 0 4 7
... ...... ...... ......

...... ......
...... ...... ...... ...... ......

...... ......
8 , 3 5
...... ...... ......
......
5 jqdG
.OY q c OMBG bQ IFGH MCG
0,074
3 056,75
5,738
305,6
57,38
6 jqdG
.RG hL n q dG Iq e q c cCG - GC
.RG p hL nQN qY qc CG -
hG QN q dG
RG hL qdG
e
GY
OMBG
QYCG
q dG
e AGLCG e AGLCG
FG
dCG
..................
....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
..................
....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
3,28 + 6,47
..................
..................
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
..................
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
8,4 - 92,75
..................
..................
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
..................
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
+
..................
335
512,7 + 6,345
q LdG IqcG
23
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
.
n q dG Sp G t pJGC h oMCG -
.......... qdG gq M ............Vh e qcC JCG jq dG OGYCG f W hCG L q Y C

.hCq G gq M
7 jqdG
.gCG qK q OdG Vd kah qY qc cCG
85 - 396,84
..................
..................
..................
87,205 + 182,45
29,6 - 77,56
7,46 + 25,8
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
8 jq dG
.q HdG G GHo H qH o qJ l q FMEG
l e g
d qS OY
FGG qS OY
`H FGG qS OY e UCG
jq QG qS OY j
.f e 24,610 f e 20,390 `H q fq dG
q fq dG jq QG qS OY
f e 9,910
.d qS OYh FGG qS OY MCG - GC

SH Y q YCGh .d qS OYh q fqdG jq QG qS OY H k bY o LhCG -
z................`H...........................j{ hCG z.............`H...............Y................q j{
336
q LdG IqcG
24
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
.W hCG L q Y REG Y qj qdG dGh q dG OdG bQCG e m bQ q c H bY HQCG - 2.1
1 jq dG
.OY q c EG q dH u dG AG n Re UCHh dG
q AG n Re NCH dCq G - GC
.bQ q c qj qdGy pdG SyG qe Ga q c cCG -
8 , 4 5
2 9 , 0 7 3
...... ...... ...... ...... ......
...... ......
...... ...... ......

......
8 0 5 , 8 0 5
3 0 8 , 7
...... ...... ...... ...... ......

...... ......
... ...... ...... ......

...... ......
2 jq dG
.o nNp GO hCG RG hL
n QN On dG Iq e q c cCG
q dG OdG
GdG
.................
e AGLCG e AGLCG
FG
dCG
OMBG
QYCG
63,7
.................
4,718
.................
605,45
337
q LdG IcG
24
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
3 jqdG
.ppRG hL qdG Iq e qc cCG - GC

.RG hL QN qY qc CG -
hG QN q dG
RG hL q dG
e
GY
OMBG
QYCG
q dG
e AGLCG e AGLCG
FG
dCG
..................
....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
..................
....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
6,45 + 27,8
..................
..................
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
..................
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
15,7 - 84,35
..................
..................
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
..................
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
3,245 + 207,5
..................
4 jq dG
.go CG q K q OdG p Vd kah q Y q c cCG
18,65 - 305,8
19,68 + 197,3
45,7 - 163,85
8,72 + 27,45
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
338
q LdG IcG
24
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
5 jq dG
.q HdG G GH qH qJ l q FMEG
l e g
d qS OY
`H FGG qS OY e UCG
f G H 24,610
FGG qS OY
qjQG qS OY j
H 20,390 `H qfqdG
f G
qfqdG qjQG qS OY
f G H 9,910

SH Y q YCGh d qS OYh q fqdG jq QG qS OY H k bY o LhCG -
z.............`H............................j{ hCG z.............`H...............Y................q j{
339
q LdG IqcG
25
1 OY C G
3 OY q dG
: dG
Vjq dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
.L hCG W q Y REG b jOdG q dG AG bQCG OY H SC

q G - 3.1
1 jqdG
.13 dH SQGh n MCG e H aG
.iNCG GMH paG g b ocCG - GC
................. = cO ................. = g
13
c ................. = c .................. = c .....

.GdG
q eCG * edG VCGh MCG -
: q Y Od q dG AG bQCG qj qdG dG
q @@@
q dG Op dG n b q j
q dG Op dG n b q j
.dG Gg e dG f IOYEH dP qU e qcC JCG -
................ = U ................ = SO 35
................ = ................. = ......
2 jq dG
.q dG hG J q GC - GC
dCG e AGLCG OY FG e AGLCG OY
QYCG OY
OMBG OY
42,752
53,07
85,4
56
.q dG SG q GC h MCG -
....................qJ CG hO .........a oj CG Od q dG AG ZQdG dG @@@
340
q LdG IqcG
26
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
3 OY q dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
= hCG = n SG n edG jOY q c H cCG - GC
3,75
37,00
8,04
8,4
6,50
6,5
56,070
56,7
14,80
14,800
3,750
37
SG bq dH f qc VYC
q G -
81,
= 81,
6,3
= 81
= 6,3
= 6,3
4 jq dG
.b q ZCG CG hO jOY q c q dG AG bQCG OY H SC
q G
39
8,625
231,040
401,05
53,4
96,057
68,73
16,8
5 jq dG
.gCG q K q Y q c q M q dG AG bQCG OY H SC
q G - GC
27,25 - 307
68,245 + 213,8
26,75 - 97,5
26,8 + 48,67
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
.q dG SG q GC -
@
.ZQa de qc ...........HH W hCG L qY q M q dG AG bQCG H SC
q G@@
341
q LdG IqcG
25
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
3 OY q dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
6 jq dG
qdG dG h g 2,7 hCq G dG e q dG q Y .g 8 SQ e e HJ qdG j qdG W b

.dqdG dG Y GqGC h g 2,85
? dqdG dG j qdG g e pIq G paG o W b e *
342
q LdG IqcG
26
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
4 OY q dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
.OMBG de EG Nq dG b G hCG qdG q Y f UdG VGnC - 4.1
1 jqdG
.qdG f e SG fe UdG VCGh qY qc oMCG
387,6
109,8
277 8
137,65
205,83
343 48
96,500
38,750
57 750
23,427
8,500
31 927
2 jq dG
: WG q dG Jg oMCG
fe d UdG
623,605
84,250
539 355
q HM CN
327,855
128,63
4564,85
UdG gEG
.EG H q Y q c HQCG -
.jCG jg bCG q M H YCGh q dG g q GC -
EG Nq dG b q dG e f e U dG VCG MW hCG qj dG Op G YCGp L nA KCG @@@

....................de
343
q LdG IqcG
26
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
4 OY q dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
.q OdG Vd ah q Y q c CG
86,750 - 437
87,215 + 413,6
175,420 - 604,8
130,8 + 728,45
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
4 jqdG
.q HdG G GH H qH qJ qFMEG le g
d qS OY
`H FGG qS OY e UCG
f G H 24,610
FGG qS OY
jq QG qS OY j
H 20,390 `H q fq dG
f G
q fq dG jq QG qS OY
f G H 9,910

: SH Y q YCGh d qS OYh q fqdG jq QG qS OY H k bY o LhCG -
z................`H............................j{ hCG z.............`H...............Y................qj{
344
q LdG IqcG
27
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
OY NBGh U OY jq M MCG W hCG L q Y REG Y q dG AGh dG

q AG H q eCG - 1.2
.q Y
1 jq dG
.OY q c UCH q dG AGh NCH dG
r AG dCq G
7 , 0 0 0
7 0 8 , 2 9
5 9 0 , 0 8 5
8 0 , 2 5
2 jqdG
: qdG hG J qCG
237
24
000
15,07
0
008
3,615
0
815
OdG
76,35
dG
q DhL
q dG DhL
45
36
.SCGh MCG -
. ......................... q dG DhL..................... OY g q W U OY q c
3 jq dG
.o nNp GO hCG RG hL
n QN On dG Iq e q c cCG
e AGLCG e AGLCG
FG
dCG
dG OdG
GY
OMBG
.................
QYCG
7,35
.................
0,735
.................
82
.................
345
q LdG IqcG
27
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
4 jq dG
.RG hL q dG Iq e q c GoC - GC
.RG hL nQN qY qc GoC -
hG QN q dG
e
q dG
RG hL qdG
GY
OMBG
QYCG
e AGLCG e AGLCG
FG
dCG
..................
....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
..................
....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
125 + 62,7
..................
-
..................
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
..................
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
37,5 - 384
..................
..................
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
..................
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
48,35 + 605
..................
5 jq dG
.q OdG Vd ah q Y q c CG
476 + 56,375
47,5 - 600
58,65 + 436
87 - 348,65
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
346
q LdG IqcG
27
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
6 jq dG
Y GqGC h qdG dG g 3h hCq G dG g 2,75 e q dG q Y .g 8 je q FQ m QT W b

o
.dqdG dG
? dqdG dG p j qdG g e Iq G paG b
o e @
347
q LdG IqcG
28
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
U NBGh q Y OY jq M MCG L hCG W q Y REG Y jq Y GOY dG

q OdG YCG - 2.2
.q W
1 jq dG
.RG p hL QN Om Y q c cCG - GC
q dG OdG
GY
OMBG
1
1
1
2
2
2
0
0
0
7
7
7
5
5
5
QYCG
e AGLCG e AGLCG
FG
dCG
0
0
0
0
= hCG = SG edH f qc VYC

q G-
27,00
27,0
105,000
27 @
105,0
105 @
2 jq dG
.q G H e q dG hG J q CG
e AGLCG OY e AGLCG bQ e AGLCG OY e AGLCG bQ
dCG
dCG
FG
FG
37 280
3 728
348
QYCG OY
QYCG bQ
372
37,28
48
246
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
28
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
3 jqdG
.Se bH f qc VYC
q G - GC
27 =
27,
, 00 = 370
3,
=
, 00 =
5,4 = 5,4
29
3, 4
= 3, 04
2,8
205,
2,8
= 205
4 jq dG
.o e x c n b n q ZCG CG hO jOY u c u dG AoG p bQCG OY r H SC
q G - GC
0,185
173
61,255
3,4
47
8,35
32,5
7,35
.e x c n b n q ZCG CG hO jOY q c p bQCG OY r H SC

q G-
5,3
27,65
123,40
170
36,87
48
8,47
13,85
5 jqdG
.LQN qK RG hL qY qc CG
GY
OMBG
QYCG
e AGLCG e AGLCG
FG
dCG
..................
....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
..................
....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
835 + 87,345
..................
-
..................
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
..................
...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
..................
349
315,750 - 878
q LdG IqcG
28
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG
6 q dG
6 jqdG
q OdG Vd ah dqdG qdG CG
347 + 76,85
85 - 249,85
18,35 + 457
76,8 - 735
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
7 jq dG
a qU dP KEG qS .O 536,785 `pH Qo q G qJe a n s jo CG b GQk jO 135 dG UQ c{ : HCG b
z ? e qdG
q S H jG UQ e ioJ .O 78 qdG bh O 126,250 hCq G b
.dGDS Y HCG LCG @
350
: dG
Vjq dG
qjdG OGYCG VCG
6 q dG
dG Gqce
q dG
q dO
SCG H
CG
dG
q de qG qj (1
(5 S fhe)
q
5 OY q LdG IqcG
hCq G C G
dG
q q Y QNG qG jo *
.dCe
q M AKCG
.Gq G e U Z GOY QGe QGJ qG qj (2
29 OY q LdG IqcG
,q jq dG) dG
qdG C G
q q U
q N XJ Y qG Qj ( 1
.GAGL M (q q dG ,q jRq dG jOY AGL M qG jo *
(5 S fhe)
q
(5 S fhe)
q
.MGh bQ hP e
q c
25 OY q LdG IqcG
dG
dqdG C G
q UM qG qj (1
Y Y ZQa OMBG de qG j *
.ec Fe hCG Q dG
q G Y bQ dG
q
Y ZQa GdGh OMBG de
32 OY q LdG IqcG
.QdG
q e bQ dG
q
Vj OY dG
HGq dG C G
q r peY MCG V qCG qG Qj (2
.q dG f Y d OdG f Y UG b UdG Vh qG j *
O Y
q Y O Y V U M
30 OY qLdG IqcG
.q W U
eG C G
OY dG
q qY r eY e qc V qCG qG Qj (2
d jOdG jg AGL Y dG
q UM b Vj UdG Vh qG j *
.qdG f Y NBG
q Y O Y V U M
.
q Y
31 OY q LdG IqcG
351
q LdG IqcG
29
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
: dG
Vjq dG
qjdG OGYCG VCG
6 q dG
. q Y eY MCG V Y dG
q de q JG - 2.1
1 jq dG
.jq dG HUn Y
r e o FY Y
r
q qdGy pjq dG o q q c g
180
180
180
.o FY Y
q qdG jq dG q q c MCG - GC
............................................
.pdd e q c HQCG -
540
180
AGLCG OY
MGdG AG b
AGLCG b
.jq dG e g 1,8 o MGdG AYdG j -

................................................ : ddH n o FY Y
q qdG jq dG q q c MCG
.SG H Iq e q c q GC - O
AGLCG b
AGLCG OY
MGdG AG b
2 jq dG
dH 1,852 q dG o G
.jq H m eCG 4 H Y t jDhr t dG qCG jq G
q pIq dG n dG n YGoC
? edH pjn hD t dG OGeyG o ae g e *
AGLCG b
AGLCG OY
MGdG AG b
....................................................................................: n SG q dG
o o cCG -
352
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
qjdG OGYCG VCG
6 q dG
29
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
3 jq dG
.p r SG p r dG r p dG
q jr OdG H q Y Om Y q c MCG - GC
> 2,4 >
> 3,75 >
> 12,3 >
.hG q GC q K hCq G dG
q q G G MCG -
> 25,35 >

5 h
10
HGq dG IMdG QYCG 5 h GMh 3 4 > 3,5 > 3
........... IMdG ......... h JMh
> 2,4 >
......................................
> 3,75 >
h
h
.................. ..................
> 12,3 >
.................. ..................
> 25,35 >
3,5
2,4
3,75
12,3
25,35
4 jq dG
..hG q GC q K p hCq G dG
q n q G n G MCG
3 h
10
5 > 4,3 > 4 4,3
eG IMdG QYCG 3h GMh 4
>
>
7 IMdG e jq Fe GAL 25h GMh 6
>
>
10 IMdG e q dCG GAL 230 h GMh 9
>
>
16 IMdG QYCG 7 h IMh 15
>
>
31 IMdG e jq Fe GAL 45 h IMh 30
5 jq dG
AGLCG b
?
.qe 5 000 jq dG pjR e pMGdG qdG K

? e 3,5 K e @
MGdG AG b
.q dG hG J q GC -CG
AGLCG OY
4 AG
h AGLCG 3
5 000
.jH jq dG Gg e 3,5 K MCG -
= (
5 000 ) + (
+ 3) * 5 000
* 5 000) = (
=
353
3,5 * 5 000
: dG
Vjq dG
qjdG OGYCG VCG
6 q dG
q LdG IqcG
29
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
jH qG
= (
=(
= (
=(
.....
.....
=(
= (
*
*
) * .....
) * .....
) + (
=
) + (
)+(
+ ) * .....
AG
AG
AGLCG OY
> 5,75 >
>
hCq G
MGdG AG b
8400
..........
..........
h GAL .... ..........
>
.......
h AGLCG ....
> 3,4 >
.......
AG e 100 h AGLCG ....
2
2 > 1,2 > 1
= (
10 + 1) * 8400 *
8400
10 080 = 2 * 10
+ (1 * 8400) AG 2 h MGh AL ....
10
qdG
10 080 = 1,2 * 8400 *
.....
.....
.....
.....
6 jqdG
.q G G MCG - GC
.phG J qGC h dCe qc GC bCG -
dCG
m U e MGdG G oj
.qe 8400 `H TdG e
? TdG Gg e 1,2 K e *
: MqdG MCG b
q eh GQg 3,4 b YhQG MG b{
zGQb 42 e MGdGQdG fEG
? Y
q qdG dG c e*
.eGZ 920 p jq dG jR e MGdG qdG c

? pjq dG jR e 5,75 c e *
C e .qe 5000 `H jq dG jR e MGdG qdG j

. 0,9 S IQhQb e FdG
? jq dG e qq dG g K e *
354
q LdG IqcG
29
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
: dG
Vjq dG
qjdG OGYCG VCG
6 q dG
7 jqdG
.AGdG OGYE n pJnLnM H

n q nJ k Fbh O 30 a e k qjnf k bQh qeoCG sS
J Y oSh ch e GZdG K YH qc eCG FdG Y qSh pLG g AbyH b
.FdG Y qe g e n pK
.mYH qc K MC
c 1,750 / O 12 : hN @
o G - GC
.qe 5 840 qeGC EG LQoC S qdG qG nG qGC oKCG -
c 2,5 / e 640 : WW @
c 3,25 / e 480 : WH @
355
q LdG IqcG
30
4 OY C G
1 OY q dG
: dG
Vjq dG
qjdG OGYCG VCG
6 q dG
q W U OY q Y OY V q Y CG - 1.4
1 jq dG
dq dG q dG
q U e qcC JCG - GC
240
1 2 0 0 0 1000 * 1 2
2 5 0 0 100 * 2 5
*
3
*
* 4 *
* 2
4
2
720
4 8 0 0 0 1000 * 4 8
5 0 0 0 100 * 5 0
10 *
24
* 3
10 * 7 2
.nqdG Sp G qGC h MCG -

.OdG f ........................ UG qE a OY dG
q q Y eY MCG
o HV GPEG @@@
? hCG q dG UM f Y C
q dM q c fqdG pq dG U o aCG GPe -
.........................................................................................................
.IYdG g
q U e qcCJC Sjo dq dG eCG q GC - O
14000
4
5 6 00 0
14
* 4
3200
3
9 60 0
32
* 3
230
*
2
460
23
* 2
n q dG Sp G q GC h MCG - `g
.....................Y UG ......... OY dG
q q Y r eY MCG
o HV GPEG @@@
.q dG o f q J q M
356
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
qjdG OGYCG VCG
6 q dG
30
4 OY C G
1 OY q dG
2 jq dG
....... = 1 000 * 26,257
....... = 100 * 8,75
....... = 10 : 846
....... = 1 000 : 2589
AGL q c MCG - GC
....... = 10 * 5,7
....... = 100 : 364
.pSG OdH mf q c VYC
q G-
235 =
* 0,235
278 =
* 27,8
236,7 =
: 2 367
0,785 =
: 785
345 =
6,42 =
* 3,45
: 642
.e pSG pG Iq e q c * pedG p VH hL q c q YCG q K oMCG -

MGh bH UdG j
q dG AG f
bQCG 3 `H UdG j
q dG AG f
bH UdG j
q dG AG f
10 * dG OdG
100 * dG OdG
1000 * dG OdG
MGh bH UdG j
dG
q AG f
bQCG 3 `H UdG j
dG
q AG f
bH UdG j
dG
q AG f
10 : dG OdG
100 : dG OdG
1000 : dG OdG
3 jq dG
.w Y Ol Y dM q c hCG q dG q M o MCG
.hCG f f Y MC fqdG q dG Iq e q c q GC -CG
3
2
235
............. 1000 * 3,237
............. 100 * 6,45
*
*
* 4 *
* 5
4
5
3
12,948
32,25
:100
:1000
357
1
10 * 23,5
* 3
70,5
:10
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
qjdG OGYCG VCG
6 q dG
30
4 OY C G
1 OY q dG
.hCG q dG f f Y d JYyG qdGy j qdG q HCGh MCG -

U OY q W U OY Y MC .........hCG ........ hCG ....... q dG OdG HV @@@
. ......................Y UG ............ h qdG CG qK x W
.q dG hG q YCGh n HdG
q eCG MCG -
3 dG
2 dG
1 dG
hd q dG AG bQCG OY
Ud q dG AG bQCG OY
4 jq dG
.q Y OY V q Y q c q M MCG
.dG
q UM SG fe UdG VCGh q Y q c MCG - GC
0,847
*
32
1694
2 541
27 104
6,8
*
24
272
136
163 2
2,785
*
7
19 495
358
37,45
*
6
22 470
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
qjdG OGYCG VCG
6 q dG
30
4 OY C G
1 OY q dG
.hG SG fe UdG VCGh qY qc MCG -
7 835
32
15 670
23 505
25,0720
6 483
*
4
2593,2
6 483
*
4
259,32
6 483
*
4
25,932
.q Y gMCG jOY V UM UdG Vd IYb SCG -
5 jqdG
.q OdG Vd ah dqdG qdG CG
33 * 0,092
36 * 275,8
25 * 26,83
5 * 3,250
6 jqdG
.AGdG OGYE n pJnLnM H
n q nJ k Fbh O 30 a e k qjnf k bQh qeoCG sS
J Y oSh ch e GZdG K YH qc eCG FdG Y qSh pLG g AbyH b
.FdG Y qe g e n pK
.mYH qc K MC
o G - GC
c 1,750 / O 12 : hN @
.qe 5 840 qeGC EG LQoC S qdG qG nG qGC oKCG -
c 2,5 / e 640 : WW @
c 3,25 / e 480 : WH @
359
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
qjdG OGYCG VCG
6 q dG
31
4 OY C G
2 OY q dG
.jq Y jOY V UM UdG be q JCG - 2.4
1 jqdG
.dqdG HdG qU e qcC JCG - GC
2
8
(100 *10) *
20
600
400
(10 *10) *
100 *
10 *
8000
10 *
10 *
=
30
20
4
15
(100 *100) *
150000
300
12
5
100 *
100 *
(100 *10) *
12 000
500
10 *
100 *
=
400
30
.
n q dG SG q GC h n HdG
q HdG MCG -
jo n UG qE a O Y dG
q q Y r pe Y em e Y q c
o H V GPEG @@@
.....................................
? hCG q dG UM f Y C
q e q c fqdG q dG U aCG GPe -
..................................................................................... .
p dq dG eCG q GC - O
.dP
q U e qC
o Sj
1400
* 300
420 000
*
14
2300
* * 3 *
20
:
42
46 000
*
23
* * 2
:
46
120
* 3 0
3 60 0
*
12
* * 3
:
.n pdq dG Sp G q GC h MCG - `g
360
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
qjdG OGYCG VCG
6 q dG
31
4 OY C G
2 OY q dG
Y n UG ................. O Y dG
q q Y r pe Y em e Y q c
o H V GPEG @@@
.q dG f n q J q M jr OdG jg ..........................
2 jqdG
.AGL qc oMC
o G - GC
.......... = 1 000 * 6,235
.............. = 100 * 7,85
.............. = 10 * 78,5
.pSG OdH mf q c VYC
q G-
385 =
273 =
* 0,385
8445 =
* 27,3
* 84,450
647 =
* 6,47
* 3,700
37 =
3 jqdG
.jq Y e qc e hCG qdG eY
.dG neYh dG
q p eY m e qc qCG
324
*
36
1944
972
11664
412
*
23
1236
824
9476
*
*
:
*
*
2
3,24
* 3,6
1944
972
11,664
1
245
*
23
735
490
5635
4
0,412
* 2,3
1 236
824
0,9476
361
432
245
2160
1728
864
105840
*
*
:
*
*
24,5
* 2,3
735
490
5 6 ,3 5
4,32
* 2,45
2 1 60
1728
8 64
10,5840
q LdG IqcG
: dG
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qjdG OGYCG VCG
6 q dG
31
4 OY C G
2 OY q dG
.j e q GoC h n HdG
q eCG MCG -
OY U OY Y d ...........hCG ..........hCG ....... q Y OY q c Hr V @@@
HQdG
q ..............Y UG ............h q dG g fCG q K U
.q dG hG q YCGh dM q c q UCG q dG MCG -
HGq dG G dqdG G qdG G
hCq G G
1 Od q dG AG bQCG OY
2 Od q dG AG bQCG OY
dG
q U qdG AG bQCG OY
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@
bQCG OY ......................... `d mhe dG
q U q dG AG bQCG OY @ @
2 Odh 1 Od ...........................
4 jq dG
.dG
q UM SG fe UdG VCGh q Y q c MCG
0,502
*
4,7
3514
2008
23594
4,27
*
3,4
1708
1281
14518
3,26
*
2,43
9 78
1304
652
79218
362
7,8
5,2
1 56
39 0
4056
q LdG IqcG
31
4 OY C G
2 OY q dG
: dG
Vjq dG
qjdG OGYCG VCG
6 q dG
5 jq dG
.n hG q YCGh Iq e q c q dG MCG - GC
3,05 * 5,67
7,5 * 0,372
6,5 * 27,9
6,7 * 8,32
o q dG
AG bQCG OY
Ud q dG
.dEG UJ
q qdG FqdG qU e qcC JCGh qdG g CG -
6 jq dG
.AGdG OGYE n pJn LMn H
n q nJ k Fbh O 20 a e k jq nf k bQh eq oCG sS
J Y
o Sh ch e GZdG K YH q c eCG FdG Y
q Sh pLG g AbyH b
.FdG Y q e g e n pK
c 2,3 / O 6,4 :S @
.mYH q c K MC
o G - GC
c 1,5 / O 0,640 : WW @
.O 2,760 eq GC EG LQoC S qdG
q G n G qGC
o KCG -
c 3,25 / O 0,480 : WH @
363
: dG
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6 q dG
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q dG
q dO
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CG
: dG de qG Qj (1
hCq G C G
FqdG
dG qY QNyG qG oj *
jRqdG
.FG qM AKCG
(5 S fhe)
q
38 OY qLdG IqcG
qY Y HLEG qJ GDS jJ Y qG Qj (2
.b qY hCG J
(5 S fhe)
q
48 OY q LdG IqcG
qFL b qY qc gj qdG IMdG qG Qj (1

qdG C G
.dG qY REG AKCG (...QYCG ...G ,BG) AGh dG
q AG H qG q *
.dG QN
q dG
32 OY q LdG IqcG
.q W U OY
dqdG C G
q d Ye hCq G dG
q qG j (1
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e cCG Sb dG dG q Y e qG ej
q q G j *
.dG
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(5 S fhe)
q
42 OY qLdG IqcG
.bdGh SdG H bdG qG qj (1
(5 S fhe)
q
63 OY q LdG IqcG
364
HGq dG C G
he d H Y qG j
*
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(5 S fhe)
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40 OY qLdG IqcG
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q
45 OY q LdG IqcG
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MCG Y dG qG j *
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.(bdG
bQCG
SOdG
q Y OY q W U OY qc qCG qG Qj (1
q C G
.QUCG
q AG Y q G bq j *
q dG FL dG
e
q c b q Y REG AKCG Qd
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33 OY q LdG IqcG
dG q UN
iMEG XJ Y qG Qj (1
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q
q C G
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.q W iNC H
q Y OY S b b
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34 OY qLdG IqcG
365
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
6 q dG
32
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
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q AG H q eCG - 1.2
1 jq dG
.dEG QG bq dG qj qdG dG SyG mq e Ga q c e cCG - CG
3 0 4 , 0 8 7
2 8 4 , 2 5
......
......
...... ...... ...... ...... ......

...... ...... ......
...... ...... ......

......
......
.q G H e q dG hG J q GC -
Je OY
FGLCG OY
q dCG
FGLCG OY
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jq FG
OMBG OY JGY OY
207 560
20 756
207
2075
207,56
850,065
20
2 jqdG
.q W U OY Sbh q Y OY ee eq e b qY qc
: qG GdG e Iq e qc cCGh qY qc MCG - GC
.qFL b qc IG IMdG
.qFL b qd aGG QG qj qdG dG SyG
.....
27 8,3 8
5
..... 2 8
5 5, 676
QYCG 3 3
..... 3 8 .......
..... 3 0 .......
0
73 6,5
13
..... 1 6
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e
GY
.....
QYCG
.......
.......
3
24 5,3
.......
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GY
.......
366
q LdG IqcG
: dG
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6 q dG
32
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
.LQN qj qdG dGh q FL b gYCG qdG IMdG H bdG RHC H HQCG q K MCG -
LQN
OMBG de
q FG dG e
G IMH
LQN
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q FG dG e
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G de
q FG dG e
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LQN
GdG de
q FG dG e
QYCG IMH
LQN
q dCG AGLCG de
q FG dG e
jq FG AGLCG IMH
LQN
jq FG AGLCG de
q FG dG e
q dCG AGLCG IMH
.oSj j e qGC h MCG -
dG TCG CG bh ........IMH dG n fCG CG H dG QN UdG VCG @

@@
...................IMH
3 jq dG
.fe UdG Vh Y dG
q bh qfGC qGE q Y OY eq e b q Y q c QN
.q Y q c b QN fe UdG VCG - GC
24 : 2458,8
18 : 121,410
8 : 43 8,8
4 : 250,8
dG q Y
10245
6745
5485
627
(q Y OY) LQN
.dEG UJ
q qdG FqdG qU e qJC qdG g CG -
367
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
6 q dG
32
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
4 jq dG
:JBG hG q j e dG f d j OU e q c dG e fCG 3 jH qa b
"O
UqLEG
qJ
9
124,650
15
273,75
18
427,5
...............
...............
...............
dG f
IAG jOdG
q OY
dH IA jOdG
q c
dH GA MGdG hdG
q c
.fe cCGh f qc e GA MGdG hdG

q c MCG - GC
: qdG hG J qGC -
"O
UqLEG
qJ
1,5
..................
1,750
..................
2,5
..................
368
dG f
dH ZQa hdG
q c
dH bG
q adG
q dG c
q LdG IqcG
: dG
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6 q dG
33
6 OY C G
1 OY q dG
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1 jq dG
.bQCG e OY q bCH RG hL QN OY q c cCG - GC
RG hL QN OdG
GdG
OMBG
QYCG
2
2
3
3
3
3
8
8
5
5
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AGLCG
qjFG
AGLCG
qdCG
0
0
0
0
0
0
= hCG = SG edH f q c VYC

q G-
35,000
280,000
35,00
280,00
35,0
280,0
35 @
280 @
.nqdG Sp G qGC -
.......... H dG FL Re............................OY g q W U OY q c @
@@
....................................
2 jq dG
AGLCG OY AGLCG bQ AGLCG OY AGLCG bQ
QYCG OY QYCG bQ
q dCG
q dCG
jq FG
jq FG
76,25
78
.q dG SG q GC h MCG -
CG hO ...........a cCG CG o (U hCG q Y) Od q dG AG ZQdG dG @@@
.............................qj
369
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
6 q dG
33
6 OY C G
1 OY q dG
3 jq dG
27
27,
1,
8,
.Se m bH f q c VYC
q G
6,7
= 6,7
805,
805
297
297,
4 jq dG
e = * M q Y QGh q W U GOY SdGh G dq dG q dG e q Y q c
.q dG q dG REH dEG UJ
q qdG q dG
q U e qCG q K q Y q c CG @
97
....... = 8 *.......
99
....... =
4 *.......
61
....... = 4 *.......
5 jq dG
.Ff
q U e qCG q K e = * j M n dq dG pq dG GoC
250 : 58 199
400 : 3900
370
24 : 5022
q LdG IcG
33
: dG
Vjq dG
6 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
6 jq dG
q q dG g e c 8 UfEG EG q VG G Gg c qh QjO 100 `H RG e q q c AGTG Y J FH Y

.O90 aOh
?Qjq dG H RG e GZdG AGT o K e @ GC
.iNCG jH qdG Gg MCG @
.q q dG ec H H GQjO 18 Qb q L HQ e qS qdG GZdG H K o FdG V @
.Qjq dG H FdG V qdG GZdG H K Oq MCG @
.qdG Gg iNCG jH Oq MCG @
371
q LdG IcG
: dG
Vjq dG
6 q dG
34
7 OY C G
1 OY q dG
q Y OY Sb b q Y CG - 1.7
1 jqdG
.bqdG OdH Hc qc qGC - GC
* 0,327
327 =
327 =
* 3,27
327 =
* 32,7
2 jqdG
.qgP QG M e q dG qd iNGoC mHc Y Iq e qc HCG - GC
..... = 100 : ..... = 50 : 450
..... = 10 : ..... = 5 : 90
..... = 10 : ..... = 5 : 420
..... = 100 : ..... = 25 : 200

.dP EG H UJ
q qdG j qdG q HCG -
.dG QN q j q M ................ f ......... h ...........

o HV
@@@
3 jqdG
. dG nQN oocCGh qY qc GoC - GC
9 : 73,8
8 : 43,2
4 : 28,36
2 : 3,4
...........
...........
...........
...........
. cCGh qY uc pb nQN qgP LC HdG

q jqdG SCG -
0,4 : 2,836
0,009 : 0,0738
0,2 : 0,34
0,08 : 0,432
...........
...........
...........
...........
.dP EG H UJ
q qdG j qdG q HCG -
372
q LdG IcG
34
: dG
Vjq dG
7 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
........
o HVh q W U GOY
n d ...... hCG .... hCG .... SdG HV @@@
.............. q M .............f
4 jq dG
QN MCG q K q W U OY Sb iNCG Hc Y b q Y q d oHCG HdG
q jq dG Y GOYGp
.dG
..... = 9 : ..... = 0,09: 3,546
..... = 12 : ..... = 1,2 : 8,4
..... = 124 : ..... = 1,24 : 3,906
..... = 25 :..... = 2,5 : 26,75
5 jqdG
.dqdG qdG RE HdG
q jqdG o SCG - CG
63
47,46
2,25
... *
.....
225
1,05
48,75
:*
-*
.....
105
0,5
.....
.dEG UJ
q qdG Fq dG
q U e qCG -
..... = 2,25 * .....
..... = 1,05 * .....

373
..... = 0,5 * .....
q LdG IcG
34
: dG
Vjq dG
7 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
n q dG SG q GC -
q W U d ......hCG ...... hCG ........ Ho VCG w Y Ol Y Sb b q Y C @@@

...........................pa n G
o VCGh
6 jq dG
.ndq dG q dG CG
4,75 : 155,8
2,5 : 30,75
1,3 : 162,5
0,024 : 18
0,205 : 52,07
7 jq dG
.hG q j e dG
q f e JdG e q q c 3 SCG Gg N jTGp
MCG
3,25
3,770
G
1,750
2,240
KEG
2,5
3
dG
dH q q dG
Iq dH qdG
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q Gg H j q GC @ GC
.HLEG qYCG ? K cCH JdG e dG
q Gg H j q GC @
374
b f
: dG
Vjq dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
dG Gqce
q dG
q dO
SCG H
CG
.MG e qG Qj (1
35 OY qLdG IqcG
hCq G C G
Me M qG jo *
.MG b GMh SH T
: Y qG Qj (2
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.Se b IMh SH T Me jJ -
36 OY q LdG IqcG
T H IG dG IMh H bY qG Hj (3
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37 OY qLdG IqcG
hLh GWCG b GMh hL H q G j ( 1
qdG C G
.MG b GMh
b Y q dG qG jo *
38 OY q LdG IqcG
(jq dG) iNCG IMH T Me
MG b bQCG e bQ
q c H bY qG Hj (2
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39 OY qLdG IqcG
b GMh H FdG bdG qG Qj
(3
q
.gqJG MG
40 OY q LdG IqcG
q MdG MG b GMh H bdG qG Qj (4
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41 OY q LdG IqcG
375
q LdG IqcG
35
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
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1 jq dG
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: q dG SG q CGh MCG -
................................. p WCG g m T *
............................ `H Oh .......................... e Al L g m T o Me *
2 jq dG
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q Hq e Ge eq G TCG e T u c pMe b
n
o MC
o G - GC
Me b
............. IMH...........
............. IMH...........
............. IMH...........
............. IMH...........
376
dG
q
q LdG IqcG
35
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
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6 q dG
3 jq dG
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4 jq dG
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q Y n eSG TCG MCG
dG
dG
b
q
q dG
q dG
q
4
3
1 Me
2
IMdH
IMdH
3
IMdH
377
q LdG IqcG
36
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
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6 q dG
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1 jqdG
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n oMC
o G - GC
IMdG
IMdG
*
`g
GC IMdG *
GC
O
: O GC G Me b *
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................ : GC IMdH
................ : GC IMdH
.............. : IMdH
.............. : IMdH
................ : IMdH
................ : IMdH
.dP EG H UJ
q qdG j qdG qHCG -
........................................................................................................
2 jq dG
U 1 dG
q g Y IN q c b f
U
378
GC
q LdG IqcG
36
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
: PEG ........... 1
dG
q Hq e Me a U 1 dG
q g Y IG W b - GC
..................... H
..................... H
: O GC Hq G Me b
o *
: U S G Me b
o *
: PEG ....... 1 dG
q qHe pMe b
o j SO 1 `H dG
q g Y IN qcVY
q GPEG -
..................... H
: O GC Hq G Me b
o *
..................... H
: U S G Me b
o *
: PEG ....... 1 dG
q Hq e pMe b
o j 1 `H dG
q g Y IN q c b VY
q GPEG -
..................... H
: O GC Hq G Me b
o *
..................... H
: U S G Me b
o *
3 jq dG
dG
q M SG dG qe Ga q c cCG - GC
2 1 , 2U 1 , 2SO 1 , 2 1
Me b
..........
...........
U 1 V b Hq e
SO 1 V b qHe
...........
1 V b Hq e
...........
1 V b Hq e
Hq G d SG dG qe Ga q c cCG -
2 1 Me b j.......................... V b He
q
2cO 1 Me b j......................... V b He
q
2g 1 Me b j......................... V b He
q
2c 1 Me b j......................... V b He
q
379
q LdG IqcG
36
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
4 jq dG
.Me d SG IMdH T q c HQCG

2SdH Me b
H GH e
2cdH Me b
dH
q V b Hq e
2H Me b
jq dH GH e
2dH Me b
ejq dG V b Hq e
5 jq dG
.SG dG IMh HH Iq e q c q CG
................................. H 12 aZ Me b *
....................... H 12 qT IQU Me b *
.......................... H 12 e jM Me b *
................................. H 12 M Me b *
................................. H 9 IL Me b *
............................ H 6 YW bQh Me b *
6 jq dG
.Me q d jq dG dG Iq e q c cCG
..................... H
ShQq dG Yb Me b
o *
..................... H
IQq dG
q Me b
o *
pYdG H Me b
o *
..................... H
..................... H
SQG MS Me b
o *
qG e Me b
o *
..................... H
( cCG) TCG g e T q c Me b
o *
....................... *
....................... *
380
........... *
q LdG IqcG
37
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
3 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
.pjr n r Ho IG dG IMh M T Me b IMh QNCG - 3.1
1 jq dG
.U 1 mT u c Y pIn ro rdG p W b
o
: Sj e Iq e q c q GC q K MCG - GC
1
.2U
GC
1
.2U
......... 3 : Hq G V b
o *
......... 4 : O GC G W b
o *
......... 1 : dG
q Hq e Me b
o *
......... 2 : O GC G VY b
o *
......... : Hq G Me b
o *
......... 1 : dG
q qHe Me b
o *
......... : O GC G Me b
o *
.hG q YCGh dG
q Y pIG p W b Iq e qc qZCG -
VY b
O GC G
W b
O GC G
G Me b
O CG
Me b
dG
q Hq e
Y IG W b
dG
q
SO 1
1
1
cO 1
Hq G V b Hq G Me b dG
q Hq e Me b dG
q Y IG W b
SO 1
1
g 1
1
381
q LdG IqcG
37
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
3 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
2 jq dG
.Me d SG IMdH T q c HQCG - GC

2dH Me b
dH
q GH e
2cdH Me b
H GH e
2dH Me b
Sq dH GH e
2H Me b
cq dH GH e
2SdH Me b
dH GH e
3 jq dG
.SG dG IMH Iq e q c q CG
MG b
..........12
2cO 4
2SO 6
.......... 9
2g 12
...........25
3 h 4 H gGH dG
q e aZ
2 ......... `H V b dG
q qHe VQCG b
2 h 3 ..........`H gGH dG
q e bQh
3 Sq dH V b dG
q Hq e IL
3 h 4 ........ `H GH dG
q e M
5 dH
q V b dG
q Hq e q T IQU
382
q LdG IqcG
37
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
3 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
4 jq dG
: o d
n q dG YEG w QqY l ch VY
d YEG
: GZR H Ad U VQCG b 3
.2 ............... Meh 15 VYh cO 3 dW dG
q e hCG dG *
.2 510 Meh .............VYh cO 3 dW dG
q e fqdG dG *
2cO 3 Meh 15 VY h.............. dW dG e dqdG dG *
q
.QcG H qjQdG dcdH qJG eCG q j e a
.YEG Gg b q c EG q dH bq dG G q CG *
383
q LdG IqcG
38
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
.MG b GMh Re hL qCG - 1.2
1 jqdG
.Iq e qc SCGh qdG hG q YCG - GC
SG
Me b
iNCG IMH
V b
iNCG IMH
Me b
qHe V b
SO ............ = 1
2
2SO ............ = 2 1 SO .......
SO ......... 2 .........
U ............ = SO 1
2U .......
2U ........... = 2SO 1
U ......... 2SO .......
SO 1
............ = U 1
2
2 ............ = 2U 1 .........
.........
2U ........
U 1
............ = cO 1
2 ............ = 2cO 1
.........
2cO ........
cO 1
cO ......... 2g .........
g 1
g ......... 2c .........
c 1
2 .........
cO ............ = g 1
2
2cO ............ = 2g 1 cO .......
g ............ = c 1
2g ............ = 2c 1
2g .......
2 jq dG
.HdG
q jq dH e
o Sj Hc q c q CG - GC
.......... = U 1
U.......... = SO 1
SO.......... = 1
2.......... = 2U 1
2U.......... = 2SO 1
2SO.......... = 2 1
g.......... = c 1
cO.......... = g 1
.......... = cO 1
2g.......... = 2c 1
2cO.......... = 2g 1
2.......... = 2cO 1
.SCG q K MCG -
............................................... ...............................................................
............................................... ...............................................................
384
q LdG IqcG
38
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
.hG o o cCG q K pSG Op dH IGhe q c q CG - GC

2c
2g
2cO
2SO
2U
IGhG
2SO 100 = 2 1
00
2U ...... = 2SO 1
2 ...... = 2U 1
2 ...... = 2cO 1
2cO ...... = 2g 1
2g ...... = 2c 1
? hG Gg e mde q c Hc o oJ bJ cCG g e -
.pGWCG p b pGMh p hr L rYn on qeC p hG Gg nY nSG njqdG oNOGoC -
? GWCG b GMh hL e de q c Hc bJ o cCG g e - O
4 jqdG
.LQNhCG hG MG b Iq e qc cCG
p hn r
n rdGy
n Qp Nn pMn n p rdGy
o r bn
2c
`Y
2g
BG
`Y
2cO
BG
`Y
BG
2
`Y
2SO
BG
`Y
BG
2U
`Y
BG
1 2 5
.................
2SO 84
.................
9 5
2 2370
1 0 4 6
.................
2cO 3705
.................
3 4 6
385
2
`Y
BG
q LdG IqcG
38
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
5 jq dG
.hG SQ hO SG pdG SG mq e Ga q c cCG - GC

2SO
1 7 6 2 5
............
............ ............
............ ............
2cO
1 0 8 9 5
3 4 0 8
}
}
}
}
............
............
2 3 6
2U
}
}
}
}
............
............
3 2 7 4
............
............ ............
.nSG dG nIMh Iq e q c cCGh MCG -
............ 1 3 5 7 8
............ 2 8 3 5
............ 3 6 5
2cO
2c
2SO
6 jq dG
.hG SQ hO n SG IMdG mq e Ga q c cCG - GC
.....75 h .... 20 = 2SO 2075 ....... 35 h ..... 6 = 2cO 635 ....... 78 h ....... 2 = 2 278
.....95 h .... 157 = 2 15 795 ....80 h ... 137 = 2cO 13 780 ....... 58 h ..... 60 = 2 6058
7 jq dG
hG SQ hO iNCG IMH Iq e q c b q c Y q YCG
2cO .........
2cO .........
2 500 de pjM Me b
2g 12 M Me b
2 .........
2 20h 2cO 1 qT Me b
2 .........
2cO .........
2cO 7 h 2g 2 qMa VQCG Me b
2U.....h 2 .......
2U .........
2U 30 h 2SO 6 bQh Me b
2 .........
386
q LdG IqcG
38
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
8 jqdG
.25 h 38 cq dH oGoH dG
q oe mjR oM
.2 500 qc mIT p q h hqdH U 10 l She Qo TCG
? qU qc QTCG OY e *
.........................................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
387
q LdG IqcG
39
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
.MG b GMh hL qj qdG dGh Me b bQCG e bQ q c H bY HQCG - 2.2
1 jq dG
.NGO hCG hG QN Iq e q c pMG b
n
o cCG - GC
p hn r
n rdGy
n Qp Nn pMn n p rdGy
o r bn
2c
`Y BG
2g
`Y BG
2cO
`Y
BG
.................
2
`Y
2SO
BG
`Y
BG
2U
`Y BG
2
`Y
BG
3 8 4
2U 536
.................
1 0 5 7
2cO 98
4 7 9
.................
2cO
3098
7 0 6
.................
2g 4005
2 jq dG
.hG SQ hO SG dG n SG qe m Ga q c
o cCG - GC
2
1 7 6 2 5
2SO
............
............ ............
1 0 8 9 5
............ ............
2cO
3 4 0 8
}
}
}
}
............
............
2 3 6
2U
}
}
}
}
............
............
3 2 7 4
............
............ ............
.nSG dG nIMh Iq e qc cCGh MCG -
............ 2 8 3 5
............ 1 3 5 7 8
......
1 0 6 2 3 5
}
2g
388
2cO
}
2c
............ 3 6 5
2SO
q LdG IqcG
39
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
.hG SQ hO n SG IMdG mq e Ga q c cCG - GC

.....80 h .... 30 = 2SO 3080 ....... 47 h ..... 5 = 2cO 547 ....... 54 h ....... 3 = 2 354
.....65 h .... 124 = 2 12 465
....850 h ... 1 = 2 10 850 ....... 75 h ..... 50 = 2 5075
4 jqdG
hG SQ hO iNCG IMH Iq e qc b qc Y qYCG - GC
2cO .........
2cO .........
2 500 de pjM Me b
2g 12 M Me b
2 .........
2 20h 2cO 1 qT Me b
2 .........
2cO .........
2cO 7 h 2g 2 qMa VQCG Me b
2U.....h 2 .......
2U .........
2U 30 h 2SO 6 bQh Me b
2 .........
2 cO 6 dG Ic e Me b
2 .........
5 jq dG
.25 h 38 cq dH o GHo dG
q o e mjR o M
.2 500 q c mIT p q h hq dH U 10 l She Qo TCG
?
q U q c QTCG OY e *
.........................................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
.........................................................
389
q LdG IqcG
40
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
3 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
. GMh SH T Me b Y q YCG - 3.2
1 jqdG
.Iq e qc SCGh qdG hG q YCG - GC
SG
2SO ...... = 2 1
2U ...... = 2SO 1
2...... = 2U 1
2 ...... = 2cO 1
2cO ...... = 2g 1
2g ...... = 2c 1
Me b
iNCG IMH
2SO .......
2U .......
2 .........
2 .........
2cO .......
2g .......
V b
Me b Hq e V b
iNCG IMH
SO ......... 2 .........
1
U ......... 2SO .......
SO 1
......... 2U ........
U 1
......... 2cO ........
cO 1
cO ......... 2g .........
g 1
g ......... 2c .........
c 1
.IGhe q c E j qdG f YCG -

: e
Me b
iNCG IMH
2U 10 000
SG
2U 10 000 = 2 1
V b
iNCG IMH
U 100
V b
Hq e Me b
2 1
2cO........... = 2c 1
2........... = 2g 1
2........... = 2 1
2........... = 2c 1
2SO........... = 2cO 1
2........... = 2SO 1
2 jq dG
.Im Ghe q c q CG - GC
.SG dG eH hCG dG
q p eH f q c VYC
q G-
*
2
.......
2g
2U
.......
=
:
390
q LdG IqcG
40
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
3 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
2cO .......
2c
2SO
.......
2cO
*
2
.......
.......
2c
3 jq dG
.iNCG IMH Me q c b Y q YCG
Me b
............ 2 dH
q
Me b
............ 2Sq dH
IQq dG Me b
4 2H
Me b
............ 2 dH
q
Me b
............ 2H
bQh Me b
6 2Sq dH
Me b
............ 2 cq dH
Me b
............ 2H
M Me b
12 2dH
Me b
............ 2dH
Me b
............ 2 cq dH
jb Me b
9 2d
391
q LdG IqcG
40
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
3 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
4 jqdG
: d n pdqdG nYEG q QY lch VY
d YEG
: d Vhe HH VQCG b 3
..................... 2cq dH Meh 20 h 45 H gGH dG
q e hCG dG *
..................... 2H Meh 8 h 15 cq dH gGH dG
q e fqdG dG *
. ..... 2H Meh 4 dH V b dG
q Hq e dqdG dG *
.QcG H jq QqdG dcdH qJG eCG q j e a
.YEG Gg b q c EG q dH bq dG G q CG *
392
q LdG IqcG
41
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
4 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
q MdG MG b GMh q JCG - 4.2
1 jqdG
.d pSG pG ma qc VCG - GC
12
15
500
QBHh 1200 2H n pMe b

o m VQCG b *
2H Me b jM *
QBdHh
500
q
QdHh 150 000 2H n pMe b

o m VQCG b *
Se iNCH b IMh q c VYC
q Gh MCG -
2
.......
QBU
500
2g
.......
.......
GQg
15
2cO
.......
.......
GQBG
12
.Se iNCH b IMh q c VYC

q Gh MCG -
GQg
GQBG
12
.......
QBU
15
.......
500
.......
.nSG dG nIMh o e qe m Ga u c cCGh n hG MCG - O

......... ......... .........
2c
2g
BG
2cO
BG
BG
393
2SO
BG
BG
2U
BG
BG
q LdG IqcG
: dG
Vjq dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
41
2 OY C G
4 OY q dG
2 jq dG
.pSG OdH Hc q c q CG
2........... = BU 1
2g........... = Bg 1
2cO ........... = BG 1
2........... = 2g 1
2cO........... = 2g 1
2............ = 2cO 1
BU........... = Bg 1
BG.......... = Bg 1
BU........... = BG 1
2........... = Bg 1
2........... = BG 1
3 jq dG
.pUCG pqdH pGQBG OY m b q c dCq G - GC
2
1 2 0 7 5
3 2 7 0
2cO
6 8 5
2 3 5
.MCG qdH pGQdG OY b q c dCq G -
BG
2 0 5
2
2g
2cO
1 2 0 2 8
3 6 8
BG
3 6 5
4 2 8 5
4 jq dG
.
n SG On dG qe Ga q c cCG - GC
BG ...................... = 2 700 *
2 ................ h BG ............. = 2 635 *
2 ........................ = BG 12 *
2 ................ h BG ........... = 2
1 345 *
BG ................ h Bg ............. = BG 468 *
2 ................ h BG .......... = 2 13 725 *
2 .............. h Bg........... = 2 10 695 *
BG .................... = 2 2 500 *
BG ......................... = Bg 3 *
Bg ...................... = BG 400 *
394
q LdG IqcG
41
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
4 OY q dG
MG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
5 jq dG
.SG r dG jr OdG pHH m M q c q CG

BG .... > 2 2 185>BG ....
Bg ....> BG 576 > Bg...
BG .... >2 845 > BG ....
Bg .... > 2 12 850 >B g....
BG .... > 2 12 850 > BG ...
Bg ....> BG 2 084 > Bg....
Bg ....> BG 76 > Bg ...
BG .... >2 97 > BG....
6 jq dG
.d
n q dG nYEG q QqY l ch Vn Y
d YEG
: d Vhe HH VQCG b 3
..........QBH Meh 80 H V b dG
q Hq e : hCG dG *
..........QdH Meh 200 h 300 H gGH dG
q e fqdG dG *
.BG ..........h Bg......... Meh 100 h 135 H gGH dG
q e : dqdG dG *
.W ''qdG'' jq QqdG dcdH qJG eCG q j e a
.YEG Gg b q c EG q dH b
n q dG G q CG *
395
b f
: dG
Vjq dG
(q qdGh QdG) dG b GMh q JCG
6 q dG
dG Gqce
q dG
q dO
SCG H
CG
: Y qG Qj (1
.L c jd SG IMdG QNG .SG dG IMh SH L c jJ -
hCq G C G
L c jJ qG jo *
.SG dG IMh SH
42 OY qLdG IqcG
.dG b GMh Re hL qG qj (1
43 OY q LdG IqcG
qdG C G
c b Y q dG qG jo *
(jq dG) iNCG IMH L
dGh dG b bQCG e bQ
q c j bY qG Hj (2
.hG qj qdG
43 OY q LdG IqcG
b GMh H FdG bdG qG j (3
.gqJG dG
44 OY q LdG IqcG
G HQ Y GMdG f IQhV qG Qj (1
dqdG C G
FG M AKCG H AbG Y jq dH qG j *
.FG
q M AKCG
45 OY q LdG IqcG
396
q LdG IcG
42
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
p n eo m r bn In Mr ph p n r pSyr pH m r Lp n nr co Qo u bn GoC - 1.1

.mn S
1 jq dG
.
n pdPn n ner GnC n sco pfsdG p rdG
s pa pjphn jo p sdG p r n rdpH p hs nC G p rdG
s n pe m r bn s co
n Qn Rr GnC xn pH opHQr GnC - GC
1
c 1
c 100
1000
c 1000
10
.phs nC G p rdG
s pa pjphn jo p sdG p r n rdpH pfsdG p rdG
s n pe m r bn s co n n Mr GnC xn pH opHQr GnC -
.nn pds dG pHn n p rdG q pJGoC hn oMp nGoC -
....... = 1
c....... = 1
c....... = 1
....... = c 1
2 jq dG
p hn r
p n o rdG pnn rdG pa * n en nn rdG o Vn GnC - GC
n rdG n pe pS
1
c 1
1
M Y QbCG c
M Y QbCG c
.n p r Mn nYn Qo pbr GnC mnr co q c n en GnC * en nn rdG o Vn GnC -
c 10
50
725
c 4
1250
c 725
397
q LdG IcG
42
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
p n jo n pH p jn en t pJGoC -
.
o S
c....................
n o r bn n nr Mn o p n Sr GnC mnr co r
n bGnC *
.....................
3 jqdG
p hn r nrdG npe pS
p no rdG pnn rdG pa * n nenn rdG oVn GnC - GC
IQn q S
hN
W
GdH (g) c f
GZdH (g) c f
QdH (g) c f
q qdH (g) c f
4 jqdG
.L qd q jqdG dG eCG * n nenn rdG oVn GnC - GC
25
c 25
25
hN c b *
70
70
c 70
H c b *
c 3
IH c b *
c 2
MT c b *
c 1
AG e 100 c b *
c 3
a c b *
40
40
c 40
W c b *
398
q LdG IcG
42
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
5 jqdG
p no rdG pIn rMp rdpH m r Lp uco nrco

.pnS
n rbn tCG
........... 8 h ........ 1
......... 500 h ........ 3
......... 750 h ........ 0
............ 8 h ........ 2
........... 25 h ........ 9
:
n Mp Tn p nr co
o r bn
mn uHn pnr co
:
o r bn
: m
r nd pn rpb pnr co
o r bn
:
m pa pnr co
o r bn
: k jr R 1000 pnr co
o r bn
........ 3 : mo jr Rn pHn Un pnr co

o r bn
........ 6 : m Vp Qn pnr co
o r bn
mnn Sn pnr co
...... 125:
o r bn
........ 6 :
Nn pnr co
o r bn
mIQn s Sn pnr co
....... 6 :
o r bn
6 jq dG
.CG UCG q K Se Z b IMh q c eCG * edG VCG
E G UEG
23 m noJr Ho pho r Uo pnr co
o r bn
2 m SGs co nbQn hn pnr co
o r bn
c 7 m noJr Ho pHn Un pnr co
o r bn
1 Ap n rdG npe m rpd nrco
o rbn
125 mndnoJr oH pnrco
o rbn
.c 15 mn Mp Tn pndo Mo pnr co
o r bn
399
q LdG IcG
43
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 h1 OY q dG
6 q dG
.dG b GMh Re hL qCG - 1.2
qj qdG dGh dG bQCG e bQ q c H bY HQr GnC - 2.2

1 jqdG
.dP eCG qc qdG dG
q jhj qdG dH hCq G dG
q e b qc QRCG qH HQCG - GC
1
c 1
c 100
1000
c 1000
10
.phs nC G p rdG
s pa pjphn jo p sdG p r n rdpH pfsdG p rdG
s n pe m r bn s co n n Mr GnC xn pH opHQr GnC -
.nn pds dG pHn n p rdG t pJGoC hn oMp nGoC -
....... = 1
c....... = 1
c....... = 1
....... = c 1
2 jqdG
.nSG nIMdG mq e m Ga uc cCG - GC
.c GY , cO , , g , , , c
............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............
BG
GZdG
e
GZdG
GY
GZdG
OMBG
GdG e
GZdG
400
GY
GdG
GdG OMBG
q LdG IcG
43
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 h1 OY q dG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
.nNGO hCG hG
Iq e u c cCG - GC
n QN dG
n
c GY c
..............
35
..............
8
..............
c 247
..............
4 jq dG
.dG p bQCG e m bQ t c qj qdG dG SyG cCG
c
............
............
7
............
5
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
5 jqdG
.b qc G IMdG ocCGh MCG
............
............
6
c
............
............
............
............
401
q LdG IcG
43
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 h1 OY q dG
6 q dG
6 jq dG
.qe Ga q c SG IMdG cCG

........ 27 h........ 13 = c 1327
........ 24 h........ 1 = c 124
........ 500 h........ 1 = 15
........ 25 h........ 3 = c 3025
..... 65 h ..... 8 h..... 2 = c 2 865
........ 6 h........ 5 = 56
........ 7 h...... 15 = c 15 700
........ 5 h........ 12 = 125
7 jqdG
.iNCG IMh SH c qc b Y qYCG
j qdG
j qdG
c ......
15
c ......
1
c ...... h ...... c 925
c ......
4
......
c 1800
c ...... h ...... c 45
...... h ...... c 500
......
7h2
MT dM b
Aen 1000 nr co
o r bn
po jr s dG pjr Rn r pe 1000 pnr co
o r bn
q pFHn o r cn in o
r rdG pndo
o rdG
o r bn
mnZQp na mnMp Tn pnrco
o rbn
m rcn pnrco
o rbn
prn SEr G npe m Sncr GnC 10 pnrco
o rbn
m ap p nr co
o r bn
8 jq dG
: `H n o Mp Un n ns Mn .mn rWGnC 3 mn Mp n pd in o
r rdG o ndo
o rdG
.psdG
t npe n Wp nbn 7
.porjs dG prjRn rpe pfhn q oW
.c 765 n onrco mspfn r ne mnpe n jpQGnn b
.v pHn Mp pHn Ln GE p o uYn GoC ? ppn Mp n pd in o
r rdG n ndo
o rdG n n n MyG p gn *
402
q LdG IcG
44
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
3 OY q dG
6 q dG
.mn p n r eo mGn Mn hn p n r pSyr pH mnr co p r bn r Yn o u Yn GoC - 3.2

1 jq dG
p n o rdG On n n rdG ps n o rdG p Gn n rdG pa Qm nWGE p u co n Np GOn
.
n S
o o cr GnC - GC
.....
.....
.....
.( 10 * , 100 * , 1000 *) SG edH f q c VYC

q G-
2 jq dG
. 1 pIn Mp Grn dG nr co
n pFnnd pa
n Qn rn dG l s Yp n Up l n Ss Dn eo
o o
u J
.pds dG p hn r
dH n o nr co
8
1300
pQdG Fd OY
dH n o nr co
600
3 jq dG
.pjr s dG n pe w oW n r pe x H mjn phMn pa ps pHhQo hoC G pGn ro rdG pMn GnC ndGE p po jr s dG pjr Rn p jpr n pH Qp
s q dG o Mn GnC n nb
.pds dG p hn r
24
jhG OY
q qdH jq dG c
dH jq dG c
60
dH jq dG c
12000
403
q LdG IcG
44
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
3 OY q dG
6 q dG
4 jq dG
jNCG jH mnr co u co p r bn r Yn o u Yn GoC

..............dH n o ndo Mo
.............. dH n o ndo Mo
3 mn Mp Tn o ndo Mo
..............dH n o nr co
.............. q qdH n o nr co
50 JH HU c
..............q qdH n o nr co
..............dH n o nr co
....... dH o bn s n o rdG q dG
......... dH bG
q q q dG
SEG e c 20 c *
c 1000
pjr Rn r pe 75 l Lp nJ
n s Sn
po jr s dG
5 jq dG
p n o rdG dG dG
.p r n S
q p jr On n n rdG pHn n p pH m r Mn s co t pJGoC
c....... >
14 > c.......
........ > c 2 375 > ........
........ >
3 > ........
........ > c 1 843 > ........
c....... >
4 > c.......
........ >
167 > ........
6 jq dG
.Sn o rdG IMdG pHn n p pH m r Mn s co t pJGoC
.....1101 >
11
> .....1099
........16 > c 1 547 > .......15
........4 >
32
> ........3
........ 3 > c 2 785 > ........2
.....5001 >
>
........ 21 >
....4099
404
207 > .......20
q LdG IcG
44
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
3 OY q dG
6 q dG
7 jqdG
: `H n oMp Un n ns nM mn rWGnC 3 mnMp n pd in o

r rdG o ndo ordG
.psdG
t n pe n Wp n bn 7
.po jr s dG pjr Rn r pe r pfhn q oW
.c 765 n o nr co ms pfn r en mn pe n jpQGnn b
.v pHn Mp pHn Ln GE p o uYn GoC ? ppn Mp n pd in o
r rdG n ndo
o rdG n n n MyG p gn *
405
q LdG IcG
45
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
AbG Y jqdG
..........EG MC
q G*
...................
...................
..........EG MC
q G*
...................
...................
..........EG MC
q G*
...................
...................
..........EG MC
q G*
...................
...................
dCG
.mGnDSo rYn p nHnLE p G n rYp p nordG p rbn Ip n rMph r

n nf o p nYr GnC - 1 - 3
.dG b GMh m ndnCr ne uco ap o uSn GoC - GC
.phn r nrdG n p r nJ tJp GoC -
jqdH bCG
GZdG e 350 `H W dG n ep n W b 5 lq an ns Sn 1
MGrdG
? nW nnrdG rnH on nK ne *
n Sp m Sncr GnC ap rn Vp ho .m n rWGnC 7 `H m r bn o nHUn rQn u bo 2

.c 50 p MGrn dG
? kr bn Ip nAor n rdG p Sncr Cn G Oo n Yn ne *
.GQk nrbp 15 m nMp n dp in o

r rdG o ndo ordG 3
p rn SEr G p Sncr Cn r
p qdG c 50 GnP
n bCn G Oo n n rdG ne *
? n or nM n op r oj
orep ns Sn .p UsLE p G nep m n rWGCn 7 jqdG H ap san op r nj 4
: dp Gn sdG nYn
GQk nrbp 15
c 1250
? jqdG H ap rndGRn ne p sdG UsLE p G sp cn ne *
406
q LdG IcG
45
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
AbG Y jqdG
..........EG MC
q G*
...................
...................
..........EG MC
q G*
...................
...................
..........EG MC
q G*
...................
...................
jqdH bCG
o ndnCr n rdG
nep Gn nH 10 `H n oMp Un n ns nM 8h 1 nZQp na Mp Tn o nrco 5

p rjRn rep
36 n nrco rQn n
n a p nrordG r
o nf n nd p orjs dG
.c 50h
? p Mp Grn dG p ep r prdG o nrco ne *
p rn Sr Ep pH Im Qn n Yp p GQn oL o np rnJ rns nnJ 6

.p n n rdG nep ker nj 45
k cp 24 q n oe p r nrdG ap Am npH p ndhoe os Yo n ndnNp nnr nSr Gp

p rn SEr G nep
.c 50 p MGrn dG o nrco
p rn Sr E p G nrco Oo u nMGCo
? Ap nprdG nep o nnMr n rdG p p gn n rns nnJ p sdG
(41 U 5 S Vjq dG c)
p Qn Rr nC G
p dG
n pH On hu Ro p sdG p r sdG nn nM
q osu cn p p gn 7
: p sjnC G p nMGnC ap p nr ordG oSo
hQq dG
GdG
jOq dG
qqdG
c 450 h 2 c 3 725 c 85 h 25 c 75 h 4
: p nj ne tpJGoC
p nr f rpe p r nrdG npdPn pa pQn Rr nC G pn dG
s npe qu cn rcGnC rnfnc *
.............
.......................................................snC
407
Sg
: dG
Vjq dG
jGhq dGh VCG bCG EG GOSG qe HCG
6 q dG
dG Gqce
q dG
q dO
SCG H
CG
.(q jJ) gL SQ EG G j Y qG Qj (1
46
OY qLdG IqcG
qG AH MGe q J Y qG Qj (1
47
OY q LdG IqcG
: UG
jGhq dG iMEG AH Y qG Qj (2
q
(45 , 30 ,
48
60 , 90)
OY q LdG IqcG
dM dqdG jGhq dG a b qJ Y qG Qj (3
.ee jNCG jhGq dG b j
49
hCq G C G
G QNG qG oj *
.SG
OY qLdG IqcG
408
qdG C G
MGe e Me qG jo *
.qG AH
q LdG IqcG
46
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
jGhq dGh VCG bCG G GOSG qe HCG
6 q dG
.AdG REG b q jJ SQ EG G MC
q G - 1.1
1 jq dG
: a `g qe
U 3 = `g , U 4 = , U 6 = `g
q jq dG Sq dG Y G MC
q G - GC
AdG Me cPCG -
`g
2 jqdG
S
: a U S qe
45 = S U , U 3 = S , U 5 = U S
q jqdG Sq dG Y G MC
q G - GC
.AdG Me cPCG -
3 jq dG
: a GC qe
60 = CG ,30 = CG , U 5 = CG
q jq dG Sq dG Y G MC
q G - GC
.AdG Me cPCG -
CG
4 jq dG
`g jhGq dG Fb `g qe
U 3 = `g , U 4 = `g
gL SQ EG G MC
q G - GC
.AdG MGe cPCG -
qG Gg HCG -
.AdG
q U e qCG - O
409
q LdG IqcG
47
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
qe AH MGe q JCG - 1.2
1 jq dG
: a GC qe
U 3 = CG , U 4 = , U 6 = CG
q jJ SQ EG G MC
q G - GC
.q jq dG Sq dH e 5 EG 1 e bQCG SH qG Gg AH MGe qJQCG -
U 3 YTh ' CG' gce fK IFGO HCG
U 6 dW b ]CG[ e b SQCG
] [ h ] CG[ dG
q SQ q CG
U 4 YTh gce IFGO HCG
.JFGq dG WJ q dG Oq MCG
.HdG
q MGd ah qG Gg HCG -
2 jqdG
: a `g qe
U 4 = , 60 = `g , U 5 = `g
q jJ SQ EG G MC
q G - GC
.q jqdG Sq dH e 4 EG 1 e bQCG SH qG Gg AH MGe qJQCG -
U4 = M ' ' q dG ' ' SCGQ qdG jhGq d NBG dG
q Y Oq MCG
60 a bh ' ' SCGQ jhGR HCG
] `g[ dqdG dG
q SQCG
.U 5 = `g M ' `g'' q dG ' ' SCGQ qdG jhGq dG V MCG Y Oq MCG
.HdG
q MGd ah `g qG HCG -
410
q LdG IqcG
47
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
3 jqdG
: a qe
45 = , 60 = , U 5 =
q jJ SQ EG G MC
q G - GC
.q jq dG Sq dH e 4 EG 1 e bQCG SH qG Gg AH MGe qJQCG -
( [ V MCGh ' ' SCGQh 60 b jhGR HCG
( [ V MCGh ' ' SCGQh 45 b jhGR HCG
U 5 gW b ] [ e b SQCG
jhGq dG V WJ ' ' q dG Oq MCG
.HdG
q MGd ah qG HCG -
4 jq dG
: a O S qe
.75 = S O , 45 = O S , U 6 = S
LQq dH O S MCG - GC
q jJ SQ EG G MC
q G-
qJe qG Gg AH MGe cPCG -
.JOq M qdG MGG EG GOSG AdG CG - O
.AdG qU e qCG - `g
411
q LdG IqcG
48
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
6 q dG
.LQO 90 a b jhGR HG - 2.2

.LQO 45 a b jhGR HCG
1 jqdG
''CG'' qdG U G Y q OdG S G HCG
*
GC
2 jq dG
.G G MCH dCq G
*GC
( CG) G
*GC
(CG[ G f
*GC
(CG [ G f
3 jq dG
.''''h ''`g'' (CG) G J ''CG'' gce IFGO SQCG - GC
*GC
.''`g''h '''' (CG) G J ''''gce IFGO SQCG -
*GC
412
q LdG IqcG
48
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
6 q dG
4 jq dG
''`g'' qdG e ]CG[ e b S G Y Oq MCG - GC
`g
*
.] GC [ G d q OdG SG
q U G HCG -
? S G EG q dH U G q GPe -
5 jq dG
.Fb jhGR V MCG g q e e f q c
.dM qc NBG dG
q HCG
GC
`g
LQO 90 = CG
LQO 90 =
LQO 90 = `g
6 jq dG
.LQO 90 a b ] `g , `g[ jhGR HCG - GC
.(S `g[ e
q HCG -
: j e q GC -
.LQO.......... = S `g , LQO............ = S `g
413
q LdG IqcG
48
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
6 q dG
7 jq dG
.LQO 45 a b ] , O [ jhGR HCG - CG

.AdG MGe Oq MCG -
8 jqdG
M ''CG'' jhGq dG Fb GC qe HCG - GC
.LQO 45 = GC , U 5 = CG
414
q LdG IqcG
48
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
6 q dG
.LQO 60 a b jhGR HG - 2.2

.LQO 30 a b jhGR HCG
1 jq dG
.VCG je GC qe HCG - GC
( hCG f) `H LCG q K .qG Gd qdG jGhq dG fQ T bQh SCG -
: je VCG jG qG qdG jGhq dG
.LQO 180 qe jGhR bCG -
GC qG jGhR bCG q CG
LQO ....... = CG , LQO ....... = CG , LQO ....... = CG
: q dG SG q GC - O
................... VCG jG qG jGhR
.LQO ............ VCG jG qG jGhR e jGhR qc b
2 jq dG
.LQO 60 a b ] `g , `g[ jhGR HCG - GC
.jhGq dG g e
q (S `g[ HCG -
: j e q GC -
.LQO ......... = S `g , LQO .......... = S `g
3 jqdG
.LQO 30 a b ]O S , S[ jhGR HCG - GC
.FH MGe Oq MCG -
4 jq dG
: M `g qe HCG - GC
.LQO 30 = `g , LQO 60 = `g , U 6 = `g
.HLEG qYCG ? `g qG f e -
415
q LdG IqcG
49
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
3 OY q dG
6 q dG
.jNCG jGhq dG b EG GOSG q dqdG jGhq dG b Oq MCG - 3.2

1 jq dG
3
jGhq dG J H T bQh Y qG Gg jGhR fCG - GC

.IMGh jhGR Y d IQhe qdG
eSG Y gV Y
q qdG jhGq dG qGC e qcC JCG -
.IMGh
: j e qGC -
LQO.................. : qe jGhR bCG
2 jqdG
: JBG hG J q CG
LQq dH 3 jGhq dG a b LQq dH 2 jGhq dG a b LQq dH 1 jGhq dG a b
1
30
45
45
60
90
75
qG
qG
qG
3 jq dG
: a S qe
.LQO 75 = S , LQO 60 = S , U 5 = S
? ] S , S[ jhGq dG a b e - GC
. S qG AH MGe Oq MCG -
.qG Gg HCG -
416
Sg
: dG
Vjq dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
dG Gqce
q dG
q dO
SCG H
CG
hCq G C G
: VCG jRGe H qG oj
50 OY q LdG IqcG
VCG RGe qG : e KEG hCG dq dG q UG
iMEG qG j (2
q
G
jdG qUN
- CG
q
qHG VCG q UN
-
q
.Jq UNh
T
q
q c H bY qG Hj (1
51
OY q LdG IqcG
q jJ SQ EG G j Y qG Qj (1
52
OY q LdG IqcG
VCG RGe SQ MGe q J Y qG Qj (2

53
OY q LdG IqcG
(LG M)
RGe Sd SG q UG
q J Y qG Qj (3
q
.gQSGh VCG
57, 56, 55, 54
OY q LdG IqcG
(LG M)
417
qdG C G
jRGe SQ qG jo *
.VCG
Sg
: dG
Vjq dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
dG Gqce
q dG
q dO
SCG H
CG
: NB RGe e SQ Y qG Qj (4
ee f e hCG
e Y H (5 dG
q LdG IqcG
q fhe)
q
.e a b jhGR SQ Y qG Qj (5
(5 dG
q LdG IqcG
q fhe)
q
.e d
q OdG SG
q AH Y qG Qj (6
3
OY q LdG IqcG
418
q LdG IqcG
50
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
.VCG jRGe q UN
q q JCG - 1.1
1 jq dG
.q YHQ HQCG TCG e T qc
: Y Fc q YHQ qd HGq dG SCGq dG
.. e Qq Gh (CG) d RGG G - GC
.CG e Qq Gh ( ) d RGG G -
.q YHQ q d HGq dG SCGq dG Oq MCG @
2
q YHq dG
CG
q YHq dG
CG
q YHq dG
q YHq dG
CG
CG
419
q LdG IqcG
50
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
2 jq dG
jq dG EG GOSG q YHq dG q UG
qaJ qc hG e SG ceCG * edG VCG - GC
q
. 1 OY HdG
.(SG q SdG IGOCH Iq e q c SCG)
GdG
jGhq dG
VCG
f
YHq dG Gee je Wj Fb dG HG HQCG HG HG
G
ee je je je jRGe
1
YHq dG
YHq dG
YHq dG
YHq dG
: hG e d SG G q YHQ q c f cCG -
.qe ,VCG RGe ,e , qHe
.HQCG q YHq dG H ce q UG
a J OY q c UCH dCq G -
q
.JBG SG qGC h hG qeC JCG - O
: H qC VCG RGe HQCG q YHq dG e q c

................... h.............He V qc ............................................ jdG -
420
q LdG IqcG
50
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
.YH T q c HQCG
Geeh je oGb q YHQ

e Wjh
jee Zh je Z oGb q YHQ
e Wjh
VCG RGe
jee Zh je o Gb q YHQ
e Wjh
q e
Geeh je Z o Gb q YHQ
e Wjh
jGhRh je HQCG YVCG q YHQ
Fb
jGhRh je HQCG YVCG q YHQ

Fb Z
qHe
e e je HQCG YVCG q YHQ

Ieeh
Zh e e je YVCG q YHQ
Iee
421
q LdG IqcG
51
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
.VCG q UN hCG jdG q UN

q EG GOSG VCG RGe q JCG - 2.1
1 jq dG
: qGC h RGe qc qeCJCG
(e e je / je) : VCG qUN
q (Iee Z / Iee)
(je Z / je) : jdG q UN (jee Z / Gee)
GdG
VCG
dG
q
VCG RGe
q G
Hq G
422
q LdG IqcG
51
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
2 jq dG
.e e jRGe YVCG q YHQ q c

: jb q UN
q hCG YVCG q UN
q EG GOSG YHq dG f qe Ga q c cCG
.(VCG RGe ,qe ,qHe ,e)
eJ GPEG
GdG
jdG q UN
q
VCG q UN
q
GdG
je Z jee Z -
dG dG
q
je Z jee Z -
jJ GPEG
de V
jJ GPEG
GdG
423
eJ GPEG
de V
q LdG IqcG
51
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
: HLEG qYCGh q YHQ q c f cCG

VCG q UN
q EG GOSG - GC
jdG qUN
q EG GOSG -
........................................ : o Yf @
...................... : VCG qUN
q
........................................
...................... :jdG q UN
q
........................................
........................................ : o Yf @
...................... : VCG q UN
q
........................................
...................... :jdG q UN
q
........................................
........................................ : o Yf @
...................... : VCG q UN
q
........................................
...................... :jdG q UN
q
........................................
........................................ : oYf @
...................... : VCG q UN
q
........................................
...................... :jdG q UN
q
........................................
424
q LdG IqcG
52
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
G Sq dG CG -
Sq dG MGe Oq MCG -
`g
dCG
1
RGe S
e Gb VCG
: ah f
U 4 = S
U 6 =
LQO 60 = S
RGe
: a VCG
U 4,5 =
U 3,5 =
.LQO 70 =
RGe S O `g
: a VCG
U 4 = `g
U 3 = S `g
.LQO 60 = S `g
.Sq dG CG qK q jJ SQ EG VCG RGe e MCG -1 -2

.hG J qGC qK dCG Iq e qc GC bCG @
G cCG - CG
.......................... O
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
425
q LdG IqcG
52
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
G Sq dG CG -
S
Sq dG MGe Oq MCG -
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
qe SQCG - GC - 3
q b dG
q je
: M qFq dG
U3 =
U 4 =
qdG qYCG -
qG Y d
: a qe S O `g
U 5 = O `g
U 3 = S
Gb qe 1
G Y
: ah h S
U 4 =
U 5 =
dCG
.Sq dG CGh q jJ SQ EG qe e MG
q -1 -2
`g
q jqdG Sq dG Y G cCG - GC
S
426
q LdG IqcG
52
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
G Sq dG CG -
Sq dG MGe Oq MCG -
`g
S qe SQCG - GC -3
q b dG
q je
M qFq dG
U3 = S
U 4 = S
G SQ qGC -
Gb M Q S
. Wj
Gb e O S
f Wj
U 5 = S ah
LQO 70 = O S
Gb e S O `g
G Y
: M h
U 4 = O `g
dCG
.Sq dG CGh q jJ SQ EG e e MG
q -1 -2
q jqdG Sq dG Y G cCG - GC
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
P
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
427
q LdG IqcG
53
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
.VCG RGe SQ MGe Oq MCG - 2.2
CG
1 jq dG
: a O GC VCG RGe
.LQO 60 = O GC , U 3 = GC , U 5 = O GC
.Sq dG Y SG G cCG - CG
O GC VCG RGe SQ MGe qJQCG -
O
.7 EG 1 e bQCG SH
.U 5 = O CG M O q dG '' GC '' SCGQ qdG jhGq d qdG dG
q Y Oq MCG
(O GC = ) U 5 YTh gce IFGO SQCG
.U 3 = CG M q dG GC SCGQ qdG jhGq dG V MCG Y Oq MCG
.LQO 60 a bh GC SCGQ jhGR SQCG
(CG = O) U 3 YTh O gce IFGO SQCG
] O[ h ] [ dG
q SQCG
.SQ qdGG JFGq dG WJ f q dG Oq MCG
.JOq M qdG MGd ah O GC VCG RGe SQCG -
2 jq dG
. S VCG RGe SQ q GC - GC
U 3,5
65
U 6
S
.Sq dG Gg EG MGe Qq MCG -
428
q LdG IqcG
53
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
3 jqdG
: a O S VCG RGe
LQO 75 = S , U 4 = , U 6 = S
.
q H SQ EG G MC
q G - GC
O S , O MCG -
.O S VCG RGe SQCG -
.Sq dG MGe Qq MCG - O
4 jq dG
60
: a O VCG RGe
. qdG Wj GdG 60 = O , U 5 = O , U 6 = : j e q GC - GC
................ =
,
............ =
................ =
,
............ = O
.HLEG qYCG .O VCG RGe SQCG -
5 jq dG
: M S h `g qe HCG - GC
U 2,5 = `g h
,
U 2 = `g S
, U 3,5 = h S
.S O `g VCG RGe b ] S[ h ]O `g[ WJ f h qdG -
.S O `g VCG RGe SQ q CG
429
q LdG IqcG
53
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
.q G SQ MGe Oq MCG - 2.2
1 jq dG
Gee (2
(GU hCG C N) `H LCG

: q G Gb
je (1
e We (3
: q G VCG
Iee (2
je (1
e We (3
2 jq dG
: ah Weh eq G G H e e Y Gb q G
U 6 dG dG b
U 5 dG
q dG b
q G SQCG - GC
.Sq dG MGe Qq MCG -
S
430
q LdG IqcG
53
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
3 jqdG
: a Q q G
U 5 = Q
,
U 7 =
.q jq dG Sq dG Y SG G cCG - CG
bQCG SH q G Gg SQ MGe qJQCG -

.4 EG 1 e
Q q G VCG SQCG
Q
'''' h '''' f S G Y Oq MCG
U
.U 3,5 Y e q c J
f jee Uh S e SQCG
U 2,5 Y e qc J ''Q'' h '''' f U G Y Oq MCG
.MGG d ah Q q G SQCG -
4 jqdG
: a S qG
U 4 =
, U 6 = S
q jJ SQ EG G MC
q G - GC
.q jq dG Sq dG EG GOSG q G Gg SQCG -
.SQ MGe Qq MCG -
5 jqdG
: a dG
q je O GC qe HCG - GC
U 6 = O
, U 4 = OCG = CG
.O `g GC q G Y d `g q dG q YCG -
? q G Gg b e -
431
q LdG IqcG
53
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
.G SQ MGe Oq MCG - 2.2

1 jq dG
Y Gb S G
. q dG Weh U h G
G Gg SQ q GC - GC
.Sq dG MGe Qq MCG -
2 jq dG
: a e
LQO 60 =
, U 6 =
.jb WJ f
.q jqdG Sq dG Y SG G cCG -CG

G SQ MGe qJQCG -
.5 EG 1 e bQCG SH
. We e Y d jCGe Mf e SCGQ qdG jhGq dG V Oq eCG
.f 4 G J U 3 YTh gce IFGO SQCG
.LQO 60 a bh SCGQ jhGR SQCG
. G VCG SQCG
. , , , Gq dG Y g qdG G e IFGq dG WJ f Oq MCG
.JOq M qdG MGd ah Sq dG CG -
432
q LdG IqcG
53
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
3 jqdG
LQO 75 = T
: a Q T G
.jb WJ f ,
U 8 = T .q jJ SQ EG G MC
q G - GC
Sq dG CG -
.Sq dG MGe Qq MCG -
4 jq dG
: M q Fq dG q b dG
q je O Q qe SQCG - GC
U 6 = Q
, U 4 = QO
.O UQ G b ]O U[ h ]Q[ WJ f q dG -
.G Gg SQ EG MGe Qq MCG .G Gg SQ q GC -
433
q LdG IqcG
53
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
.Hq G SQ MGe Oq MCG - 2.2
1 jq dG
.(GU hCG C N) `H LCG - GC

...........
je
...........
Gee
Hq G Gb
........... e We
.] [ G d q OY Se
q U G -
. Q qHG SQ qCG
2 jqdG
S
: a S O `g Hq G
U 6 = O `g
.q jq dG Sq dG Y SG G cCG - CG
SH S O `g Hq G SQ MGe qJQCG -
.4 EG 1 e bQCG
`g
.S O `g qHG VCG SQCG
. f jee e SQCG
jeG G e IFGq dG WJ f q SCG
.S , O , , `g Gq dG Y g qdG
(3 = 2 : 6) dH
q YTh q dG gce IFGO SQCG
.f 4 jeG G a
.JOq M qdG MGd ah Sq dG CG -
434
q LdG IqcG
53
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
.U 7 = d Q qHG
.q jJ SQ EG G MC
q G - GC
. Q qHG SQ MGe Qq MCG -
. Q qHG SQCG -
4 jqdG
.a dG
q jeh jhGq dG Fb S qe SQCG - GC
.U 3,5 = S =
.Q S qHG b ]Q [ h ] S[ WJ f -
.Hq G Gg SQ EG MGe Qq MCG .Hq G Gg SQ q GC -
435
q LdG IqcG
54
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
3 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
q jqdG Sq dG qGC -
RGe
: a VCG
U 4,5 =
U 3,5 =
.LQO 70 =
..................: VCG @ RGe S

............................. e Gb VCG
: ah f
.................. : GdG @
U 4 = S
.............................
................... : jGhq dG @
U 6 =
............................. LQO 60 = S
..................: VCG @
.............................
.................. : GdG @
.............................
................... : jGhq dG @
.............................
RGe S O `g
..................: VCG @
: a VCG
.............................
U 4 = `g
.................. : GdG @
.............................
U 3 = S `g
`g ................... : jGhq dG @ .LQO 60 = S `g
.............................
.gSCGh VCG RGe SQ qj qdG qUG

qJG -3 -2
q
.hG J qGC qK SG G VCG RGe SQ qj qdG qUG
Oq MCGh dCG Iq e qc GC bCG @
q
qUN
q qc Oq MCG - GC
dCG
VCG RGe SQ qj
G Sq dG CG -
436
q LdG IqcG
55
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
3 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
q jqdG Sq dG qGC -
S
S
`g
3
..................: VCG @ S qe SQCG - GC q b dG
q je
.............................
M qFq dG
.................. : GdG @
U
3 = S
U 4 = S
.............................
................... : jGhq dG @ G SQ qGC -
Gb M Q S
.............................
. Wj
2
..................: VCG @
e O S
.............................
.................. : GdG @ f Wj Gb
............................. U 5 = S ah
................... : jGhq dG @
LQO 70 = O S
.............................
..................: VCG @
............................. Gb e S O `g
.................. : GdG @ G Y
.............................
: M' '''' h '' ''
................... : jGhq dG @
U 4 = O `g
.............................
.gSCGh e SQ qj qdG qUG

qJG -3 -2
q
.hG J qGC qK SG G G SQ qj qdG qUG
Oq MCGh Iq e qc dCG GC bCG @
q
qUN
q qc Oq MCG - GC
dCG
G SQ qj
G Sq dG CG -
437
q LdG IqcG
56
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
3 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
`g
q jqdG Sq dG qGC -
S
: a qe S O `g
U 5 = O `g
U 3 = S
..................: VCG @ qe SQCG - GC b dG je

............................. q : Mq FdG
q q
.................. : GdG @
U3 =
U 4 =
.............................
................... : jGhq dG @ qdG qYCG -
qG Y d
.............................
..................: VCG @
.............................
.................. : GdG @
.............................
................... : jGhq dG @
.............................
..................: VCG @ Gb qe
............................. G Y
: ah h S
.................. : GdG @
.............................
U 4 =
................... : jGhq dG @
U 5 =
.............................
.gSCGh q e SQ qj qdG q UG
q JG -3 -2
q
.hG J qGC qK SG G qG SQ qj qdG qUG
q
qUN
q qc Oq MCG - GC
dCG
qG SQ qj
G Sq dG CG -
438
q LdG IqcG
57
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
3 OY q dG
SQCGh VCG jRGe qUN

q q JCG
6 q dG
G Sq dG CG -
q jqdG Sq dG qGC -
Q
U
a qHe O U
U 5 = O
..............: VCG @ Fb qe - GC
q jeh jhGq dG
......................... dG
U 2 = : M
.............. : GdG @
'''' qdG qYCG -
.........................
qHG Y d ''Q'' h
............... : jGhq dG @
Gb qdG Q
.........................
Wj
..............: VCG @
.........................
.............. : GdG @
.........................
............... : jGhq dG @
.........................
..............: VCG @
Gb qHe Q
.........................
.............. : GdG @ S G Y
......................... U 4 = ah U h
............... : jGhq dG @
.........................
.gSCGh qHe SQ qj qdG qUG

qJG -3 -2
q
.hG J qGC qK SG G qHe SQ qj qdG qUG
q
qUN
q qc Oq MCG - GC
dCG
qHG SQ qj
439
: dG
Vjq dG
qjFG qdG SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
dG Gqce
q dG
q dO
SCG H
CG
.jq Fe f SG jQGG qG Qj (1
58
hCq G C G
QGG M qG jo *
.jq Fe d aGG
OY q LdG IqcG
M S qdG G q J Y qG Qj (2
.jq FG q d aGG QGG
59
OY qLdG IqcG
qdG C G
hL AH eq e jq Fe f QSG Y qG Qj (1
.q SJ jOG MCG M qG oj *
: qjFe H qG
q UCG QGG
jG QGG
60 OY q LdG IqcG
IOjq dG QGe
qdG QGe
.bdG Y q VjQ q dG Y qG Qj (1
dqdG C G
(...................EG.............. f) jq Fe f M qG jo *
(100 ee d iNCG Hc OjEGh
46
OY q LdG IqcG
440
58
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qjFG qdG SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
q LdG IqcG
eq e qjFe f SG jQGG qJCG -1 -1

.hG J qGC h S qc GC bCG @
dG
O 70 : q UCG qdG
% 30 : `q dG f
? qdG b e
....... : q UCG qdG

%25 : `q dG f
O 50 : `q dG b
? q UCG qdG e
3
.360 qFGHG SQe eJ OY
OY e % 45 fEG OY qoj
H fEG OY e.eqdG
? SQG
4
................... : 1QGG
gQY Y a c 550 bf c
AGLCG.................... q
.c e %10 AGdG
q
.................. :2 QGG
? Ja qdG dG e
AL.................... q
................... :1QGG
GAL.................... q
.................. :2 QGG
AL.................... q
................... : 1QGG
GAL.................... q
.................. :2 QGG
AL.................... q
................... : 1QGG
GAL.................... q
.................. :2QGG
AL.................... q
G SJ hL AH qjFG qdG SG GQGG

................
.... 100 ................
.... 25 ................
.... 100 ................
q dH qdG b @
.... 30
q dH q UCqdG @
fEG OY
x
SQG H fEGOY @ .... ....
eqdG OY
.... ....
G M
.............................. @
.............................. .... .... ................
.... .... ................
441
q LdG IqcG
58
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qjFG qdG SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
2 jq dG
. 500 c qWe Ia fe
q g
fG
q qH
.........
IHq dG
% 20
qdG
q
% 30
G
q
IdG c e jq FG q dG
hG J qGC - GC
.MCGh HGq dG OdG de cCG q K q dG dqdG OdG Iq e q c q GC -
?
=
............................... c @
.....................................
...
=
30
100
100
dH fG
q H c @
q
.....................................
20
100
............................... c @
.....................................
3 jqdG
.a q c bq dG G MCG
............................................... @
...............................................
O 180. : q UCG qdG

%20 : `q dG f
O....... : jG qdG
............................................... @
...............................................
....... : q UCG qdG

%30 : `q dG f
O 60 : `q dG b
............................................... @
...............................................
O...... : q UCG qdG

%25 : `q dG f
O 300 : jG qdG
442
- GC
59
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qjFG qdG SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
q LdG IqcG
G SqdG XJ
.... .... ................

.... .... ................
................................. @
...................................
.... .... ................

.... .... ................
................................. @
...................................
.... 25
................
................
q UCG qdG @
.... 100
.... 25
................
................
................................. @
.... 75
dG
O 75
% 30 : `q dG f
? qdG b e
..........
.O 50 YH qdG b
? q UCG qdG e - GC
? jG qdG e -
%25 : `q dG f
? q UCG qdG e
%20 : `q dG f
O 40 : `q dG b
.qjFG qd aGG QGG M YCS qdG G qJCG -2 -1

1 jqdG
.hG J qGC h S qc GC bCG @
................... : 1QGG
GAL.................... q
.................. :2 QGG
AL.................... q
................... :1QGG
GAL.................... q
.................. :2 QGG
AL.................... q
................... : 1QGG
GAL.................... q
.................. :2QGG
AL.................... q
G S qdG G qjFG qdG SG GQGG

................................. @
................................. @
- GC
................................. @
-
................................. @
443
q LdG IqcG
59
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qjFG qdG SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
2 jq dG
O 100 `H Qq G qG G Nq Jh q dG
q NG e %80 FY jQe q
.hG Gg jq FG q dG q GC - GC
q dG
QNOq G
jQG
q NG
% ..........
% ..........
% ..........
(HdG qGC ) ? Fd q dG
q NG e -
(HdG q GC ) ? FY jQe b e -
fG
q q H
% 50
IHq dG
..........
3 jq dG
. qWe Ia fe
q g
G
q
IdG c e jq FG q dG
.qdG
q e 180 IdG g qJ
qdG
q
%30
hG J q GC - GC
? IdG g c e -
..........................................................
? IdG g qJ qdG IHq dG c e -
..........................................................
? fG
q q H c e - O
..........................................................
444
q LdG IqcG
60
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qjFG qdG SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
.q SJ hL AH jq Fe f SCG - 1.2
1 jq dG
.aGG qjFG qdH Iq e qc qCG
%25 `H J
% ...... : jG qdG
- GC
% ...... :
q UCG qdG
% ...... :
q dG
2 jq dG
.Sj Iq e q c q CG
.c e % 30 q Ia qdG
q c - GC
% ............ : IdG d jq FG q dG
.AL
q a
%............ : qdG d qjFG qdG
................... e GAL
q a
%............ : IdG fe
q q H d jq FG q dG
................... e GAL
q a
.VG dG
q fQe %15 H dG
q g qa -
% ............ : VG dG
q qjFG qdG
.AL
q a
% ............ : G IOjq d jq FG q dG
................ e GAL
q IOjq da
% ............ : dG
q g jq FG q dG
.GAL
q a
445
q LdG IqcG
60
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qjFG qdG SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
GhS
3 jq dG
O 80 : q UCG qdG
O 25 q dG f
O 20 : q dG b
O 60 : jG qdG
.aGG qjFG qdH qGC - GC
......... : q UCG qd jq FG q dG
.......... : jG qd qjFG qdG
.HdG
q G EG GOSG JBG q SqdG hG qGC -
...........
...........
...........
20
100
...........
AGLCG OY
q dH d aGG G
.qdG dG
q OGYCG e YJh GOW Se hCq G dG
q OGYCG qGC e qCG -
4 jq dG
qe g e M q UCG K e%18 gGTG qdG YdG Y AGOCd qjFG qdG qC H jM LJ YCG
.hG GH
jG dG
AGOCG b
q UCG qdG
...........
q dH aGG G
36
200
aGG jq FG q dG
% ...........
% ...........
% ...........
.hG J q GC - GC
.HdG
q G EG GOSG JBG q Sq dG hG q GC -
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
AGLCG OY
q dH d aGG G
.qdG dG
q OGYCG e YJh GOW Se hCq G dG
q OGYCG qGC e qCG -
446
q LdG IqcG
60
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qjFG qdG SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
Ic
5 jq dG
O 200 : q UCG qdG

% 20 qdG f
40 : q dG b
O 160 : jG qdG
: aqdG MCG - GC
.HdG
q G EG GOSG JBG q Sq dG hG q GC -
q dG
jG
...........
...........
q UCG
...........
...........
...........
...........
AGLCG OY
q dH d aGG G
. jH aqdG e q c
q U e qC HdG
q q Sq dG hH SCG -
q dH q dG QGe
q dH jG qdG
q dH q UCG qdG
6 jq dG
dG b jhe bCG 6 Y bdG G aH dGh VH K e %30 aOh HSM HCG iTGp
.O 120 MGdG
? SG Gg K e
447
q LdG IqcG
61
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qjFG qdG SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
jq Fe f MCG - 1.3
1 jq dG
qdG e
.hG qj e VQCG b Mqa 4 SJ

1 qdG e
2 qdG e
qdG e
dG qH
dG e
14
50
1
5
dG
dG
1
4
.100 ee q Y q c OY U e qc Y qYC bqdG OdG qCG

3
qdG e
100
2 qdG e
14
50
100
1
5
qdG e
100
1
4
2 jq dG
.Iq e q c q Sq dG HGq dG MCG
36
48
100
7
28
3
20
100
100
100
8
20
3 jq dG
fEG OY
QcqdG OY
b eJ OY
10
15
25
.HG q dG Iq e q c cCG
: dG eJ OY EG QcqdG OY f @
: dG eJ OY EG fEG OY f @
: QcqdG OY EG fEG OY f @
448
: fEG OY EG QcqdG OY f @
q LdG IqcG
61
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qjFG qdG SqdG qXhCG
6 q dG
4 jq dG
. 500 c qWe Ia fe
q g
fG
q q H
IHR
qS
250
100
150
G
q
dH dG
.HG q dG dM q c cCG - GC
IdG c EG qdG
q c f
IdG c EG IHq dG c f
IdG c EG fG
q H f
q
: IdG c EG IHq dGh qdG

q c f
: fG
qH c EG qdG
q
q c f
(MG MGH e) IdG c EG q dH jq Fe f U e

q q c c cCG -
100
150
500
qdG
q
IHq dG
fG
q q H
5 jqdG
qjQGOEG
25
q J q Y
20
q J Z q Y
15
10
5
0
OY
q dG
jq FG q dG
% ................
jq FG q dG
%................
qjFG qdG
%................
dG
q
e q d AMEG
q dG qG q
.G Gg jq QGOEG Od jq FG q dG MCG - GC
Gg q q dG q dG Od jq FG q dG MCG -
G
Gg qqdG Z q dG Od qjFG qdG MCG -
G
q q dG Zh q q dG q dG Od jq FG q dG MCG - O
.G Gg
449
Sg
: dG
Vjq dG
qe Me b MG
6 q dG
dG Gqce
q dG
q dO
SCG H
CG
: qG Qj (1
hCq G C G
SG dG
Me b M qG jo
q
.qe
d aGG JQG
62
OY qLdG IqcG
Meh qe Me H FdG bdG qG Qj (2

.e
63
OY q LdG IqcG
qdG C G
: qG Qj (1
e Meh qe Me H FdG bdG
H MCG M q G jo
.qG Hh G Gg H H bdG
.MG b e bfG qe
63
OY qLdG IqcG
450
q LdG IqcG
62
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qe Me b MG
6 q dG
.qe d aGG JQG q JCG - 1.1

1 jq dG
.hG J qCGh SG Sq dG qeCJCG
CG
d HG dG
q
SCGq dG
qG
GC
GC
] [
] [
] [
2 jq dG
qdG H d aGG JQGh V qc dCq G - GC
`g
IOq M jGhR
q Y
qe
CG
Le jGhR iMEG q Y qe
''CG'' Fb qe
.JMe qSCGh qe qc YJQG qeC JCG -

451
`g
q LdG IqcG
62
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qe Me b MG
6 q dG
3 jqdG
]S GC [ , ] [ , ]`g [ JYJQG GC qe
.d aGG JQH V qc HQCG @
]S GC [
] GC [
] [
] CG[
]`g [
] [
4 jq dG
.]S [ JYJQG MCGh Fb `g qe
.SH e hG J q GC @
..............
..............
..............
qG V
..............
..............
..............
d aGG JQG
5 jq dG
`g
jH GC qG Me b MCG - GC
U 5
U
5,
......................................... @
U 4
......................................... @
CG
U 7
. jhGq dG Fb `g qG -
jH Me b MCG
U 4
U 3
......................................... @
U 2,4
`g
......................................... @
U 5
452
q LdG IqcG
63
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qe Me b MG
6 q dG
e Meh qe Me H bdG q JCG - 2.1

Me b e bfG qe H MCG MCG - 1.2
1 jq dG
.SCGh HG qG fQ T bQh Iq e q c SCG - CG
.e O GC @
.O qd ............. O CG qG @
= O CG qG Me @
O CG G Me
= O qG Me @
CG
.................. Me
e `g @
. qd je qG @
. qd je qG @
= 2 qG Me @
........... Me
= 3 qG Me @
........... Me
4
3
`g
= `g qG Me @
........... Me
qcJCG -
e Me f hJ qe Me
453
q LdG IqcG
63
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qe Me b MG
6 q dG
2 jq dG
.dG
q Me b Iq e qc MCG - GC
1
.2dH
q O CG G Me b @
.2dH
q CG qG Me b @
....................................................
U 3
....................................................
.2dH
q O CG qG Me b @
....................................................
.2dH
q `g G Me b @
....................................................
`g `g
....................................................
.2dH
q `g qG Me b @
.....................................................
U 4
`g
3
U 2
O
.2dH
q S O `g G Me b @
U 3
.2dH
q qG Me b @
.....................................................
CG
U 5
`g
U 5
2 jq dG
.q Va q c bq dG bCG q GC h Sq dG MCG
4 q VdG 3q VdG 2q VdG 1q VdG
........
5
70
CG ........
6
........
........
........
7
6
........
........
454
4
3
........
........
q dH CG qG IYb W b
q dH IYd aGG JQG W b
2dH O CG G Me b
2 dH CG qG Me b
Sg
: dG
Vjq dG
qG ,VCG RGe Me b MG
6 q dG
dG Gqce
q dG
q dO
SCG H
CG
: bGe Iq Y VCG RGe JQ qCG qG Qj

(1
hCq G C G
q
VCG RGe NGO
: qG jo
.VCG RGe QN
RG e M e b M @
.VCG
64 OY q LdG IqcG
e b fG j dG MCG M @
: VCG RG qCG qG Qj
(2
q
.MG
je Z YJQG
GYb 4
65
OY q LdG IqcG
VCG RGe Me b M IYb qG qj (3

66
OY qLdG IqcG
.dGh
q qdG H bY qG Hj (1
51
LG M
OY q LdG IqcG
68hCG 67 OY q LdG IqcG
e bfG q G Me b M IYb qG qj (2
.jb
67 OY qLdG IqcG
.VCG RGe qG qCG qG Qj
(3
q
68
OY q LdG IqcG
455
qdG C G
: qG jo
.q G Me b M @
e b fG j dG MCG M @
.MG
q LdG IqcG
64
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qG ,VCG RGe Me b MG
6 q dG
LQNh NGO VCG RGe JQG q eCG - 1.1

1 jqdG
.U 2 Y jh d RGe G
.U 3 Y jh U d RGe S G
? O GC dG
q f e - GC
........................................
? ]CG[ d
q aGG YJQG b e -
...................
? ] [ d
q aGG YJQG b e -
U 2
...................
VCG RGe NGO JQG q c SQCG - O
.eq b qdG dG
q U e qCGh
CG
S
U
3
2 jq dG
VCG RGe `g
`g
. bGe 3 ] `g[ d
q aGG `g VCG RGe JQG SQCG - GC
. bGe 3 ] [ d
q aGG `g VCG RGe JQG SQCG -
456
q LdG IqcG
64
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qG ,VCG RGe Me b MG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
.U d RGe S G
CG
U 3
U 4
U 3
`g
.VCG RGe `g - GC
............................................... : Me b MCG
.VCG RGe O GC -
............................................... : Me b MCG
457
q LdG IqcG
65
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qG ,VCG RGe Me b MG
6 q dG
VCG RGe YJQG q JCG - 2.1
1 jq dG
.U d RGe S G
d RGe G
U .] GC [ d aGG JQG SQCG - GC
q
] [ d
q aGG JQG SQCG -
..SCGh YJQG QbCG -
je YJQG
je Z YJQG
CG
2 jq dG
.VCG RGe `g
U
U 3
U 4
4,5
U 6
`g
. jH `g VCG RGe Me b MCG @ GC

...........................................................................
...........................................................................
. `g VCG RGe b MCG -
...........................................................................
3 jq dG
.O GC VCG RGe T VQCG d qe SQGg

.VQCG e dG g b MCG @
25
15
30
CG
458
q LdG IqcG
66
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
3 OY q dG
qG ,VCG RGe Me b MG
6 q dG
.VCG RGe Me b MCG - 3.1

1 jqdG
.VCG RGe O GC @
.e 1 `g `g GC @
: j e q CGh Sq dG eq C JCG - GC
: dG
q IH VCG RGe IYb W b
: dG
q IH G W b
: dG
q IH VCG RGe JQG b
: dG
q IH G VY b
: dG
q HH VCG RGe Me b
: dG
q HH G Me b
: SCGh MCG -
GC
JQG
GC
`g
1 `g
VCG RGe
= G Me b
..............................................
= VCG RGe Me b
..............................................
2 jqdG
Y
YVCG MCH dCGh qe VCG RGe q c e bGp
q qdG G SQCG .e Y a
q
.dM q c
`g
U
S
459
q LdG IqcG
64
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
qG ,VCG RGe Me b MG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
.VCG RGe `g h O GC dG
q e q c
`g
GC
U 3
U 3
U 5
.T q c Me b MCG
. `g Me b
.............................................
.O GC Me b
.............................................
4 jq dG
5
VCG RGe T VQCG dqe SQ Gg

.O GC
.VQCG e dG g b MCG @
15
30
GC
460
q LdG IqcG
67
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qG ,VCG RGe Me b MG
6 q dG
.jdG EG GOSG q G Me b MG - 2.2

1
Sq dG
5
2
GC
2
.q e `g @
.e O GC @
.GWCG d IMh dG
q IN @
.MG d IMh dG
q HJ @
: j e q GC h 1 OY Sq dG eq C JCG - GC
...... : q d dG dG W b
`g
`g
...... : O GC G W b
...... : q d dG
q dG W b
...... : O GC G VY b
Sq dG
1 jq dG
GC
.......... =
.j e q GC h 2h 1Sq dG eq C JCG -
Me .......... `g qG Me q
.O GC G
= O GC G Me
............ = .......... * ...........
.......... x ..........
..........
= `g q G Me
.jb EG GOSG qG Me IYb SCG -
.......... x ..........
..........
= q G Me
2 jq dG
: d qe T QqdG e b
4 Sq dH dG
6 Sq dH dG dG b
q dG b
.QqdG e dG g Me b MCG
461
q LdG IqcG
67
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
2 OY q dG
qG ,VCG RGe Me b MG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
q e O GC
.MG G e dM q c JBG hG ZGa
C eCG
dG
3
40
.......
30
H dG dG b
.......
30
20
H dG
q dG b
500
600
.......
2H MG b
4 jq dG
.VCG RGe a e e jRGe YVCG qG
: a q e `g @
30 = , 40 = `g
24 = ]U S[ JQG b
: a q e O GC @
5 = GC , 6 = O , 8 = GC
O
`g
GC
`g
S
: MCG @
.Me b - GC
. b -
462
: MCG @
O GC q G Me b - GC
.] `g[ YJQG b -
q LdG IqcG
68
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
3 OY q dG
qG ,VCG RGe Me b MG
6 q dG
.YJQG EG GOSG q G Me b MCG - 3.2

1 jq dG
.VCG RGe a e e jRGe YVCG qG
q e `g @
U 3,9 = ]U S[ YJQG b
VCG RGe O GC @
`g
U 3,5
U 4
U 6
GC
.Me b MCG @
.Me b MCG
..............................................@
.............................................. @
2 jqdG
: a q e
30 = , 40 =
24 = ] `g[ YJQG b
.Me b MCG - GC
. b MCG -
`g
463
q LdG IqcG
68
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
3 OY q dG
qG ,VCG RGe Me b MG
6 q dG
3 jq dG
.JQG ] `g[ a q e O S
.MG G e dM qc hG ZGa GC eCG
S
`g
dG
3
20
.......
150
.......
24
.......
80
60
.......
H ] S[ dG dG b
H ]O [ dG
q dG b
.......
.......
.......
H ] S[ dG
q b
.......
14,4
48
H ] `g[ JQG b
50
60
.......
H q G b
2H G Me b
4 jq dG
O .O GC e T QqdG e b Sq dG q
gMCGh `g q e T b ebGp
.q N QWEH
? QWEG Gg W b e @
`g
U
SO 9
SO 7,2
SO 12
GC
464
: dG
Vjq dG
MWCGh qjdG OGYCG LCG
6 q dG
dG Gqce
q dG
q dO
SCG H
CG
.Gh dG e qc de qG Qj (1
69
OY q LdG IqcG
hCq G C G
qY hCG G qY qG oj @
.eGh dG Y qdG
: H bdG qG Qj (2
.jq c jOY Lh
q c OY cJ
.NBG e
q c OY Wh
q c OY J
70 OY qLdG IqcG
: Y qG Qj (1
qdG C G
.cCG hCG qjc jOd qMe e OjEG
OGYCG ee MJ qG jo *
.q e
c
Od
iNC
G
Hc
OjE
G
q
.jq c
71 OY qLdG IqcG
.
q c OY g q W U OY
q c qCG qG Qj (1
72 OY q LdG IqcG
.
q c OY g
q Y OY qc qCG qG Qj (1
73 OY q LdG IqcG
dqdG C G
G q Y REG Y qG Qj @
MCG j dM qdG q Y hCG
NBGh q W U GOY jq M
.jq c GOY
HGq dG C G
G qY REG Y qG Qj @
MCG j dM qdG q Y hCG
.qjc GOY NBGh qjY GOY jq M
CG qJ qdGh G q Y e qc qCG qG Qj (1
eG C G
.IMdG H qe qjdG OGYCG J q Y hCG G q Y q G j @
H qJ jq c OGYCG Y qdG
.IMdG
74 OY q LdG IqcG
465
q LdG IqcG
69
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
d aGG Sq dG EG GOSG qY qc qCG 2
1
2
=
+
1
3
=
+
1
4
2
3
=
+
5
2
=
+
5
7
4
2
=
+
2
6
=
+
6
8
(q FGO Ub : IMdG) 3
(qHe Me : IMdG) 2
(e Me : IMdG) 1
Sq dG
.Gh dG e qc de q JG -1 -1
.Sj qGC h Iq e qc Sq dG qeCJCG : 1 jqdG
IMdG EG qdH fG
q AGLCG OY Y qYCG 1
.je AGLCG
EG IMdG fCGq L
.IMdG e je AGLCG
qfdq
.IMdG
fG
q AGLCG q
.je AGLCG
EG IMdG fCGq L
.IMdG e je AGLCG
qfdq
.IMdG
fG
q AGLCG q
.je AGLCG
EG IMdG fCGq L
.IMdG e je AGLCG
qfdq
.IMdG
fG
q AGLCG q
466
q LdG IqcG
69
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
2 jq dG
.jNCG q Y e SCG q K AGdG

q aqdG Y eq G q dG Iq e q c q CG
7
=
9
4
9
11
9
=
20
20
2
5
12
12
3
5
5
=
12
3 jq dG
.MCG
5
9
4
9
3
6
1
6
8
1
17
5
8
7
8
4
2
+
11
11
5
11
8
18
+
=
2
25 25
467
q LdG IqcG
69
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
4 jq dG
.jq YJ qJe dGZ

OY q c Ye cCG - GC
q
.jOY q d dG
q Z e Ye hCq G dCq G -
3 `pd Ye
4 `pd Ye
4 `pd Ye
10 `pd Ye
@
@
@
@
5 jq dG
.jOY q d dG
q Z e Ye hCq G LC HdG
q j qdG f q SCG
20 h 8 20 h 5 6 h 7 10 h 8 6 h 8
GOdG
dG
q Z d e Ye hCq G
4h6
6 jq dG
.q G H q c OY q d iNCG Hc LhCG
x
= 3
48
8
x
= 5
24
6
x
= 3
12
4
x
7 jq dG
.jq c jOY q c e e Ye hCq G LhCG - GC
.jq c jOY q d JjL Hc LhC G YG qXhCG -
7
6
13
15
5
12
......
5
8
5
6
......
3
8
3
4
......
5
6
......
468
jq dG GOdG
e dG
q Z e Ye hCq G
JjG jq dG HdG
q LdG IqcG
69
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
8 jq dG
.eG MJ H MCG
jq OdG GQdG MCG
eG Mq hCG
jq OdG GQdG
3
4
2
3
3
4
7
6
( 16
( 34 + 23 ) 2312
3
7
+
4
8
9 jq dG
: JBG q dG Y q dG
q NO FY q J
.AGd q dG
q Nq dG
5
12
.iNCG jQd q dG
q Nq dG
1
3
.q dG
q QNOq d qG G
? jq T q dG
q QNOq G b q qdG q dG OdG g e @
469
q LdG IqcG
70
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
6 q dG
.G q Yh q c OY cJ
. qdG qYh q c OY J
H bY HQCG - 2.1
1 jqdG
.Sq dG EG GOSG Hc q c q GC q K Sq dG Iq e q c eq CJCG
2
+
5
=
5
3
5
3
=
5
5
5
8
8
8
=
8
3
=
8
5
=
8
7
5
10
=
5
3
=
5
7
=
5
=
+
470
.e Me : IMdG @
2
5
5
5
.FGO Ub : IMdG @
8
8
7
5
10
5
e b W : IMdG @
q LdG IqcG
70
: dG
Vjq dG
1 OY C G
2 OY q dG
6 q dG
2 jq dG
MCG
7
9
8
17
4
9
,
,
8
18
+
=
2
25 25
5
6
1
6
5
8
7
8
4
2
=
+
11
11
3
11
3 jqdG
: JBG q dG Y q dG
q NO FY q J
.AGd q dG
q Nq dG
5
11
.iNCG jQd q dG
q Nq dG
4
11
.q dG
q QNOq d qG G
? jq T q dG
471
q LdG IqcG
71
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
MWCGh qjdG OGYCG LG
6 q dG
jq c OGYCG ee Mq hCG - 1.2
1 jqdG
.jq YJ qJe dGZ

OY q c Ye cCG - GC
q
.jOY q d dG
q Z e Ye hCq G dCq G -
3 `pd Ye @
4 `pd Ye @
4 `pd Ye @
10 `pd Ye @
2 jqdG
.jOY q d dG
q Z e Ye hCq G LC HdG
q j qdG f q SCG
20 h 8 20 h 5 6 h 7 10 h 8 6 h 8
GOdG
dG
q Z d e Ye hCq G
4h6
3 jq dG
.q G H q c OY q d iNCG Hc LhCG
x
3
=
48
8
x
= 5
24
6
x
= 3
12
4
x
4 jq dG
.jq c jOY q c e e Ye hCq G LhCG - GC
.jq c jOY q d JjL Hc LhC G YG qXhCG -
7
6
13
15
5
12
......
5
8
5
6
......
3
8
3
4
......
5
6
......
472
jq dG GOdG
e dG
q Z e Ye hCq G
JjG jq dG HdG
q LdG IqcG
71
: dG
Vjq dG
2 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
5 jq dG
.eG MJ H MCG
jq OdG GQdG MCG
eG Mq hCG
jq OdG GQdG
3
4
2
3
3
4
7
6
( 16
( 34 + 23 ) 2312
3
7
+
4
8
6 jq dG
: JBG q dG Y q dG
q NO FY q J
.AGd q dG
q Nq dG
5
12
.iNCG jQd q dG
q Nq dG
1
3
.q dG
q QNOq d qG G
? jq T q dG
473
q LdG IqcG
72
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
.q c NBGh q W U OY jq M MCG W hCG L q Y CG - 1.3

1 jqdG
.JBG HdG q GC - GC
12 = = 3
5 = 3 = 1
= 28 =
1
= = 5
3
10
: JBG SG q GC q K MCG -
. ............... ee .......................... OY g q W U OY qc @
. ................. OY g e .......................... H q c OY q c @
2 jq dG
.G f d jNCG Hc jOY q d LhCG - GC
15
4
10
8
11
2
3
3
7
2
5
GOdG
jOd jNCG HdG
3 jq dG
.MCG - GC
474
2
3
6
5
=(
=(
))-
( 37 - 87 )+ 3
1
5
+
=(
1
4
12 )
5
3
+
=(
2
4
5 )
q LdG IqcG
72
: dG
Vjq dG
3 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
4 jq dG
: JBG q dG Y q dG
q NO FY q J - GC
.AGd q dG
q Nq dG
5
12
.iNCG jQd q dG
q Nq dG
1
3
.q dG
q QNOq d qG G
? qjT q dG
5 jq dG
.cO
7
10
Ghq dG Hh cO
3
4
475
dG
q e H jq dG e cO 3 LJ
.q c OH d qG qq dG Y qYCG @
q LdG IqcG
73
: dG
Vjq dG
4 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
.q c NBGh q Y jq M MCG W hCG L q Y CG - 1.4

1 jqdG
.q c OY T q Y OY q c cCG - GC
= 15,7
= 0,125
= 3,45
= 0,3
................hCG ............. hCG ............ ee .............. OY g q Y OY q c @
2 jqdG
.jq Y jq c jOY gGq M j iNCG Hc jq OY IQY q d LhCG - GC
3
+ 0,75
8
12,05 + 3
2
1,3 + 2
5
3 jq dG
.jOY q d dG
q Z e Ye hCq G dM q c LhCG - GC
250 h 1000 8 h 100
8 h 10
20 h 10
4 h 10
GOdG
dG
q Z d e Ye hCq G
4 jqdG
.JBG hG J q CG
13
10 + 0 ,375
7
- 3,5
8
0,35 - 3
4
1,2 + 2
5
12 + 2
476
qdG
jq c GOY gGq M q dG
ed G YG
G f d gGq M q dG
q LdG IqcG
73
: dG
Vjq dG
4 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
5 jq dG
.MCG
1,250 +
8
5
1,05
( 45 + 34 )
0,375 -
7
4
3
+ 1,25
2
(3,6 + 0,125) 9
8
6 jqdG
(0,25 , 0,2 , 0,15 , 0,1) dq dG jq dG q q c iMEG dEG VCG .jR cO 34 Hh cO 1 S AYh
.Cea cq dG H
.qHM HLEG qYCG ? dEG gVCG qdG qq dG g e @
477
q LdG IqcG
74
: dG
Vjq dG
5 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
.MW hCG jq dG OGYCG L a qdG dG q JCG - 1.4

1 jqdG
1
4
.e 1 e q c U .G e G f VQh MC - GC
4
.qYCGh (GUhCG C N) `H LCG q K Sq dG eq C JCG @
.G f VQh MCG U
MCG e
VQ e
1
4
....................................................................................................... : qdG
...............................................................................................................
.G e jh e Z e O Sh j d -
. e 15 e qc aU
.qYCGh (GU hCG C N) `H LCG qK Sq dG qeC JCG @
1
5
jR e
1
5
.G f OSh jR aU
OS e
....................................................................................................... : q dG
...............................................................................................................
2 jq dG
O GC
O
= GC
GC
(GU hCG C N) `H LCGh Iq e qc Sq dG qeC JCG @
2
3
= GC
2
3
5
6
= GC
O 107 =
13 =
GC
1
3
5
6
O 16 = GC
1
6
7
10
O 101 = 101
478
q LdG IqcG
74
: dG
Vjq dG
5 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
( hCG f) `H LCG
2
5
:fK aU
: hCq G aU
: d G
q MG
: MqdG MCG b
bdG
q Od
q G MG q{
5
MGh G Me e 11
3 d G
zG Me e 11
q
d G
q MG MCG @
.SGdG
1
qK N aU .qde e eCG
.N
G q qdG q dG OdG e@
? aU qdG
.qde e eCG 2
3
.bdG 72 qK eCG e 7 aU
G q qdG q dG OdG e @
? aU qdG
dCG
.Sj hG q YCGh dCe qc GC bG : 3 jqdG
1
5
: hCq G aU
q c OY qc H qj qdG IMdG Iq e qc cCG
.............. .qjdG jOdG jg L
3
7
.............. IMdG H qj qjdG GOdG
2
7
5
: bq dG Od G
q MG
11
:fK aU
.............. .qjdG jOdG jg L
3
11
3
10
: d G
q MG
: d G
q MG
.............. .qjdG jOdG jg L

.............. .qjdG jOdG jg L
4
10
: MqdG MCG b
3
d G
q MG q{
10
d G
q MGh G Me
4
z.qG MG 10
d G
q MG MCG @
.YGQdG
q
479
q LdG IqcG
74
: dG
Vjq dG
5 OY C G
1 OY q dG
6 q dG
4 jq dG
.CG qYCGh (GU hCG C N) SG IQdG G q G eCG cCGh dCe q c GC b GC
q G
C N hCG GU
dCG
1
7 =
10
4 +
10
3
10
MU e H .jq dG e 80 H AYh
qdG dG h q q dG 3 hCq G dG
10
.q q dG 4
10
? G q q dG q qdG q dGOdG e @
2
4
= 7 +
15
15
4
15
15
15
JdG e qq c jqdG H qa
: e S
q
4
hCG Iq e qq dG 15
fK Iq e qG q q dG 7
15
q q dG q qdG q dG OdG e @
? dP KEG jq dG H qG
3
b
35 : G G Gg qj e M jW H he
: hG
6
= 14 +
35
35
15
35
3 dG
35
35
1 dG
2 dG
qG aG aG
2
5
aG 3
7
aG q qdG q dG OdG e @
? dqdG dG Iq G
5 jq dG
: JBG qdG Y a q f .O 800 `H Fd q dG
q Nq dG Qq j
.AGd Nq dG Gg 5
.iNCG jQd qG G
12
2
3
.q dG
q QNOq d q dG
q NO e FY qaJ e
? q dG
q QNOq p d qjT FY J
q qdG G b e @
480

Cours Maths6

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Cours Maths6

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f

EG QhG qj CG hO ,aVEH JGOGSG J jqdG eqd a

.q dGh qdGKEG hCG/h qdG AKCG JGqJh qG ANCG q J KEG qJ dG Gqce

bQCG 9 h 8 h 7 GP OGYCG q JCG

qjdG OGYCG qJCG

qjdG OGYCG WCGh LCG

gDhbCGh cCGh jq dG OGYCG cC

qJQCGh jq dG OGYCG QbCG

H cCGh qjdG qjdG OGYCG qJCG

qjFe f M SqdG qXhCG

MWCGh jq dG OGYCG LCG

OGYCG Y q dG XH Vjq dG Syd AEG qdGO e q Vh q M

GZdGh QdGh q qdG H bdG qXhCG

eq dG J qdG OGYCG WCGh LCG

eq dG J qdG OGYCG VCG

GAdG q OdG SGh

YVCGh jGhR bCG EG GOSG qe HCG

SQCGh VCG jRGe q UN

VCG RGe Me MCG

q FGq dG UdG Me MCG

MCGh q Gh G RGe q JCG

Vjq dG Syd AEG qdGO e q Vh q M

bQCG 9 h 8 h 7 GP OGYCG cCq G : dG

OGYCG Y qdG XH qdGO e qVh M

bQCG 9 h 8 h 7 GP OGYCG cCq G : dG

. ppdRp n n pd p r n pdn n eo p r n r pb u co n r Hn Ak na o o rJGnC m nbQr GnC 3 r pe p ncr GnC r pe kfns eo GOk n Yn

307 485 016

.d SG qdH qY sco xn pH opHQr GnC - 5

574 815 + 43 * 1 000 000

OGYCG Y qdG XH qdGO e qVh M

bQCG 9 h 8 h 7 GP OGYCG q JCG : dG

q G q dG dG q J U 4 dG MCH QG HM q YU SDq e MU OhCG - 6

GQjO fKh FSh dCG Nh S

705 062 000

(pQju dyG pn ppH) v par M

.HdG q GC q K OY cCG e q c NGO cCG - CG - 7

405 + (........ * 1 000) + (

* 1 000 000) = 7 840 590

* 1 000) = 76 315 807

* 1 000 000) = 405 056 405

SGbCG Y OYH HdG

7 840 590 (1)

76 315 807 (2)

.............. + .............. + .............. = 405 056 405 (3)

OGYCG Y qdG XH qdGO e qVh M

bQCG 9 h 8 h 7 GP OGYCG q JCG : dG

.q HdG G GH M 2001 d q FMEG

155 + 162 * 1000

325 * 100 000

741 + 2381 * 1000

244 * 100 000

850 + 710 * 1000

540 + 1 749 * 1000

455 + 1 032 * 1000

.q dG hG cCGh HdG g NCG - GC

2rdyG pn p pH o nMn p rdyG

OGYCG Y qdG XH qdGO e qVh M

bQCG 9 h 8 h 7 GP OGYCG q JCG : dG

OGYCG Y qdG XH qdGO e qVh M

bQCG 9 h 8 h 7 GP OGYCG q JCG: dG

OGYCG Y qdG XH qdGO e qVh M

bQCG 9 h 8 h 7 GP OGYCG q JCG : dG

.IU eRpQ Qp jO pFe q c