3GPP LTE - 조봉열

5.
3GPP LTE
Brian (Bong Youl) Cho brian.cho@intel.com
May 2008
Contents
Technology Evolution for 4G 3GPP HSPA Evolution 3GPP LTE Requirements 3GPP LTE Network Architecture 3GPP LTE PHY Feature Overview 3GPP LTE PHY Specifications 3GPP SAE
May 2008
Technology Evolution for 4G
May 2008
IMT-2000 / IMT-Advanced Capabilities*
IMT-Advanced

Target Data rates up to 100Mbps for high mobility Target Data rates up to 1Gbps for low mobility The data rate targets are subject to further research and investigation
* ITU-R, ITU-R RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1645: Framework and 4 overall objectives of the May 2008 future development of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000, ITU-R, 2003
ITU-R
ITU Radiocommunication Sector - Study Groups
ITU Radiocommunication Sector - Study Group #5
May 2008
IMT-Advanced Schedule*
ITU-R WP5D 08 09 10 11
Workshop
Proposal Evaluation Consensus Building (CB)
IMT. RADIO
IMT. RSPEC
RA 11
Requirements Evaluation methods
IMT.RADIO : IMT-Adv. Framework document IMT.RSPEC : IMT-Adv. Core Specification
Technology submission by the 6th WP5D meeting (by the end of 2009) Technology evaluation by the 8th WP5D meeting (by the middle of 2010) including
the revision of the proposed technologies
The release of the 1st version of IMT-Advanced Recommendations by the 10th

WP5D meeting (the early 2011) but to be approved at RA-11.
May 2008
4G Technology Evolution Path

3G
2005 2006
3.5G~3.99G
2007-2009
4G?
2010+
3G Technology Evolution WCDMA (R99) EVDO R.0 HSDPA (R5) EVDO R.A HSPA+ (R7/R8) 3GPP LTE (R8) EVDO R.B 3GPP2 UMB LTE-Adv?
(R9)
Wi-Fi OFDM
802.16e OFDMA
802.16e MIMO-OFDMA
(R1.0)
WiMAX2 ?
(R2.0)
Broadband Wireless Technology Evolution
May 2008
(General) Technology Evolution

WiMAX/LTE/UMB have
WiMAX/HSDPA/ EVDO/LTE/UMB have
Tolerance to Multipath and Self-Interference Scalable Channel Bandwidth Orthogonal Uplink Multiple Access Support for Spectrally-Efficient TDD Frequency-Selective Scheduling Fractional Frequency Reuse Fine Quality of Service (QoS) Advanced Antenna Technology
AMC H-ARQ Fast Scheduling Bandwidth Efficient Handoff
Old 3G Standards
May 2008
Why Ultra High Speed System (e.g. 4G)?
Simple Calculation! 650 MB = 650 x 8 Mbits (650 x 8) Mbits / 3.6 Gbps = 1.4 sec But not a realistic usage model.
May 2008
Why Ultra High Speed System (e.g. 4G)?
* , , , 3G/4G , , 2008
May 2008
10
3GPP HSPA Evolution
May 2008
11
3GPP Standards Evolution

DL PDR: 50 kbps UL PDR: 21 kbps
GPRS
EGPRS
SAIC PS Handover
GERAN
GERAN Evolution
MSRD Dual Carrier
Ongoing GERAN Evolution
UMTS WCDMA
R5 HSDPA
DL PDR: 14 Mbps UL PDR: 384 kbps
(5MHz)
(5MHz)
R6 HSUPA
DL PDR: 14 Mbps UL PDR: 5.7 Mbps
(5 MHz)
R7 HSPA Evolution
DL PDR: 28.8 Mbps UL PDR: 11.5 Mbps
(5 MHz)
R8 HSPA Evolution
DL PDR: 43.2 Mbps UL PDR: 11.5 Mbps
Ongoing HSPA Evolution
(5 MHz)
(1.25-20MHz) (1.25-
LTE Feasibility Study
DL PDR: 100 Mbps UL PDR: 50 Mbps
(1.25-20MHz) (1.25-
R8 LTE/SAE
3GPP LTE-Adv
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009+
May 2008
12
HSPA+
Peak Data Rate of HSPA+ (with 5MHz BW) HSPA (R6) DL UL 14.4 Mbps 5.76 Mbps HSPA+ (R7) 28.8 Mbps(1) 11.52 Mbps(2) HSPA+ (R8) 43.2 Mbps(3) 11.52 Mbps
(1) MIMO SM doubles the peak data rate (2) 16QAM doubles the peak data rate (3) 64QAM can deliver (6/4) times more bits than 16QAM
May 2008
13
3GPP LTE Requirements
May 2008
14
3GPP Specifications
LTE Study Phase (Release 7)

TR TR TR TR 25.813, 25.814, 25.912, 25.913, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN: Radio interface protocol aspects Physical layer aspects for E-UTRA Feasibility study for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN Requirements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN
LTE Specifications (Release 8)

TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission and reception TS 36.104, E-UTRA: BS radio transmission and reception TS 36.201, LTE Physical Layer - General Description TS 36.211, Physical channels and modulation TS 36.212, Multiplexing and channel coding TS 36.213, Physical layer procedures TS 36.214, Physical layer Measurements TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN: Overall description; Stage 2 TR 36.803, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission and reception TR 36.804, E-UTRA: BS radio transmission and reception TR 36.938, Improved network controlled mobility between LTE and 3GPP2/mobile WiMAX radio technologies TR 36.956, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Repeater planning guidelines and system analysis TS 22.278, Service requirements for the Evolved Packet System (EPS) TS 23.401, GPRS enhancements for E-UTRAN access TS 23.402, Architecture enhancements for non-3GPP accesses
SAE Study Phase and Specifications (Release 8)

May 2008
15
3GPP LTE
LTE focus is on:
enhancement of the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) optimisation of the UTRAN architecture
With HSPA (downlink and uplink), UTRA will remain highly competitive for
several years
LTE project aims to ensure the continued competitiveness of the 3GPP

technologies for the future

Motivations
Need for PS optimized system
Evolve UMTS towards packet only system
Need for higher data rates

Can be achieved with HSDPA/HSUPA and/or new air interface defined by 3GPP LTE
Need for high quality of services

Use of licensed frequencies to guarantee quality of services Always-on experience (reduce control plane latency significantly) Reduce round trip delay
Need for cheaper infrastructure

Simplify architecture, reduce number of network elements Most data users are less mobile
May 2008
16
LTE High Level Requirements

Reduced cost per bit Increased service provisioning more services at lower cost with better user experience Flexibility of use of existing and new frequency bands Simplified architecture, Open interfaces Allow for reasonable terminal power consumption
May 2008
17
Detailed Requirements*
Peak data rate

Instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100 Mb/s within a 20 MHz downlink spectrum allocation (5 bps/Hz) Instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 50 Mb/s (2.5 bps/Hz) within a 20MHz uplink spectrum allocation)
Control-plane latency
Transition time of less than 100 ms from a camped state, such as Release 6 Idle Mode, to an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH Transition time of less than 50 ms between a dormant state such as Release 6 CELL_PCH and an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH
Control-plane capacity
At least 200 users per cell should be supported in the active state for spectrum allocations up to 5 MHz
User-plane latency
Less than 5 ms in unload condition (ie single user with single data stream) for small IP packet
* 3GPP TR 25.913, Technical Specification Group RAN: Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), Release 7, Version 7.3.0, March 2006.
May 2008
18
Detailed Requirements
User throughput
Downlink: average user throughput per MHz, 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA Uplink: average user throughput per MHz, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink Downlink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA ) Uplink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink E-UTRAN should be optimized for low mobile speed from 0 to 15 km/h Higher mobile speed between 15 and 120 km/h should be supported with high performance Mobility across the cellular network shall be maintained at speeds from 120 km/h to 350 km/h (or even up to 500 km/h depending on the frequency band) Throughput, spectrum efficiency and mobility targets above should be met for 5 km cells, and with a slight degradation for 30 km cells. Cells range up to 100 km should not be precluded.
May 2008
Spectrum efficiency

Mobility

Coverage
19
Detailed Requirements
Spectrum flexibility
E-UTRA shall operate in spectrum allocations of different sizes, including 1.25 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz in both the uplink and downlink. Operation in paired and unpaired spectrum shall be supported
Co-existence and Inter-working with 3GPP RAT (UTRAN, GERAN) Architecture and migration
Single E-UTRAN architecture The E-UTRAN architecture shall be packet based, although provision should be made to support systems supporting real-time and conversational class traffic E-UTRAN architecture shall support an end-to-end QoS Backhaul communication protocols should be optimized Enhanced support for end to end QoS Support of load sharing and policy management across different Radio Access Technologies Minimize the number of options No redundant mandatory features
Radio Resource Management requirements
Complexity

May 2008
20
LTE System Performance
Peak Data Rate

baseline
baseline
VoIP Capacity
* (LGE), Basics and Core Technologies of 3GPP LTE Physical Layer, 3 , Aug. 2007
May 2008
21
LTE System Performance contd
Downlink Spectral Efficiency
Uplink Spectral Efficiency
May 2008
22
3GPP LTE Network Architecture
May 2008
23
E-UTRAN Architecture*
* 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2, Release 8, V8.3.0, Jan. 2008.
May 2008
24
Functional Split b/w E-UTRAN and EPC*
* 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2, Release 8, V8.3.0, Jan. 2008.
May 2008
25
3GPP LTE PHY Feature Overview
May 2008
26
Shift of Key Technologies in LTE*
* (LGE), 3GPP LTE, KRnet 2007, June 29 2007 May 2008
27
LTE PHY Key Features
Downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

Less critical AMP efficiency in BS side Concerns on high RX complexity in terminal side
Uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-FDMA)

Less critical RX complexity in BS side Critical AMP complexity in terminal side (Cost, power Consumption, UL coverage)
Support FDD (frame type 1*) & TDD (frame type 2 for TD-SCDMA) User data rates
DL (baseline): 172.8 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW w/ 2x2 SU-MIMO UL (baseline): 86.4 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW w/ non-MIMO or 1x2 MU-MIMO
Radio frame: 10 ms (= 20 slots) Sub-frame: 1 ms (= 2 slots) Slot: 0.5 ms TTI: 1 ms HARQ retransmission time: 7 or 8ms Modulation
DL/UL data channel = QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
May 2008
28
LTE PHY Key Features contd
MIMO SM (Spatial Multiplexing), Beamforming, Antenna Diversity Min requirement: 2 eNB antennas & 2 UE rx antennas
DL: Single-User MIMO up to 4x4 supportable UL: 1x2 MU-MIMO, Optional 2x2 SU-MIMO 12 subcarriers with subcarrier BW of 15kHz 24 subcarriers with subcarrier BW of 7.5kHz (only for MBMS) Frequency selective (partial band) Frequency diversity by frequency hopping Intra-TTI: UL (once per 0.5ms slot), DL (once per 66us symbol) Inter-TTI: across retransmissions Packet only no circuit switched voice or data services are supported Voice must use VoIP Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network To support a Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast System (MBMS) Time-synchronized common waveform is transmitted from multiple cells for a given duration
Resource block

Subcarrier operation

Frequency hopping

Bearer services

MBSFN

May 2008
29
DL/UL Data Channel Modulation

111
101
10
111
010 110
11
111 101 111
000
001
011
010
110
00
01 01
11
10
001
011
000
00
64-QAM
16-QAM
QPSK
May 2008
30
E-UTRA Frequency Band*
May 2008
* 3GPP TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission and reception, Release 8, V8.1.0, March 2008
31
E-UTRA Channel Bandwidth*
May 2008
32
EARFCN*

E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number* NDL is DL EARFCN and NUL is UL EARFCN
* UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN)
May 2008
33
OFDM
Advantages
Easily adapt to severe channel conditions without complex equalization Robust against narrow-band co-channel interference Robust against ISI and fading caused by multipath propagation High spectral efficiency Efficient implementation using FFT Low sensitivity to time synchronization errors Low sensitivity to DC noise Efficient in MIMO processing Tuned sub-channel filters are not required (unlike conventional FDM) Facilitates Single Frequency Networks, i.e. transmitter macrodiversity
Disadvantages
Sensitive to Doppler shift & frequency synchronization problems Inefficient transmitter power consumption, due to linear power amplifier requirement Generic data rate loss and power loss due to CP (Cyclic Prefix)
May 2008
34
CDMA vs. OFDM(A)

CDMA
( ) MIMO
OFDM(A)

May 2008
35
OFDM in Communication Systems

WiBro (Mobile WiMAX) 3GPP LTE 3GPP2 UMB DAB, DVB-T, DVB-H T-DMB MediaFlo IEEE 802.11a WLAN xDSL PLC Etc
May 2008
36
OFDMA
What is OFDMA?
OFDM Access Orthogonal FDMA
The advantages of OFDMA

Scheduling: TDMA + FDMA BW Scalability MS Power Concentration in Uplink Frequency Diversity through distributed subcarrier allocation Frequency Selective Scheduling Gain through adjacent subcarrier allocation Flexible Frequency Reuse Factor to Reduce Interference Etc
May 2008
37
SC-FDMA Transmitter
SC-FDMA is a new hybrid modulation technique combining the low PAR single
carrier methods of current systems with the frequency allocation flexibility and long symbol time of OFDM OFDM = DFT-SOFDM
SC-FDMA is sometimes referred to as Discrete Fourier Transform Spread

Signal at each subcarrier is linear combination of all M symbols
Coded symbol rate= R
Spreading
DFT
Msymbols Low PAPR Size-M
Sub-carrier Mapping
IFFT
CP insertion
High PAPR
Size-N
38
Low PAPR
May 2008
SC-FDMA Tx/Rx Chain
May 2008
39
Detailed PHY Specifications
May 2008
40
LTE Layer1 TS in 3GPP

TS 36.201, LTE Physical Layer - General Description, Release 8, V8.1.0, Nov.
2007.
TS 36.211, Physical channels and modulation, Release 8, V8.2.0, March 2008 TS 36.212: Multiplexing and channel coding, Release 8, V8.2.0, March 2008 TS 36.213: Physical layer procedures, Release 8, V8.2.0, March 2008 TS 36.214: Physical layer Measurements, Release 8, V8.2.0, March 2008 TS 36.300: E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2, Release 8, V8.4.0,
March 2008.
May 2008
41
Layer1 Service to Higher Layer

Error detection on the transport channel and indication to higher layers FEC encoding/decoding of the transport channel Hybrid ARQ soft-combining Rate matching of the coded transport channel to physical channels Mapping of the coded transport channel onto physical channels Power weighting of physical channels Modulation and demodulation of physical channels Frequency and time synchronisation Radio characteristics measurements and indication to higher layers Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna processing Transmit Diversity (TX diversity) Beamforming RF processing. (TS 36.100 series)
May 2008
42
Physical Layer Specifications

To/From Higher Layers
36.212
Multiplexing and channel coding
36.211
Physical Channels and Modulation
36.213
Physical layer procedures
36.214
Physical layer Measurements
May 2008
43
Frame Structure
Generic frame structure

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms #0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
One subframe
where, Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) seconds Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms the smallest time unit in LTE
There is alternative frame structure only applicable to TDD
May 2008
44
Frame Structure TDD
For TD-SCDMA support
May 2008
45
DL Physical Channels

PDSCH (Downlink Shared Channel)
Carries DL-SCH and PCH
PBCH (Broadcast Channel)

4 subframes within a 40 ms interval 40 ms timing is blindly detected
PMCH
Carries MCH
PCFICH (Control Format Indicator Channel)

Informs UE about the number of OFDM symbols used for PDCCHs transmission in every subframe
PDCCH (Downlink Control Channel)

Informs UE about resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH HARQ information related to DL-SCH UL scheduling grant
PHICH
Carries HARQ ACK/NACKs in response to UL transmission
May 2008
46
DL Physical Signals
Reference Signals
Cell-specific RS, associated with non-MBSFN transmission MBSFN RS, associated with MBSFN transmission UE-specific RS
Synchronization Signals
Carries frequency and symbol timing synchronization
May 2008
47
DL Slot Structure
Tslot
DL N RB : Downlink bandwidth configuration, RB expressed in units of N sc
RB N sc
: Resource block size in the frequency
DL N symb
domain, expressed as a number of subcarriers

DL N symb : Number of OFDM symbols in an
DL RB k = N RB N sc 1
downlink slot
DL RB N symb N sc
DL RB N RB N sc
(k , l )
RB N sc
May 2008
l=0
l=
DL N symb
k =48 0
Definitions
Resource Grid

DL RB DL Defined as N RB N sc subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb OFDM symbols in time domain
DL The quantity N RB depends on the UL transmission BW configured in the cell and shall fulfill
DL 6 N RB 110
DL The set of allowed values for N RB is given by TS 36.101, TS 36.104
Resource Block
Defined as
DL RB N sc consecutive subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb consecutive OFDM
symbols in time domain Corresponding to one slot in the time domain and 180 kHz in the frequency domain
Resource Element
Uniquely defined by the index pair
(k, l )
DL DL RB in a slot where k = 0,..., N RB N sc 1 and l = 0,..., N symb 1
are the indices in the frequency and time domain, respectively
May 2008
49
DL Physical Channel Processing

code words Modulation Mapper Layer Mapper Scrambling Modulation Mapper Precoding
Resource element mapper
layers
Resource element mapper
antenna ports OFDM signal generation
Scrambling
OFDM signal generation
scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a

physical channel
modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several
transmission layers
precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for

transmission on the antenna ports resource elements
mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port
May 2008
50
Modulation
May 2008
51
DL Layer Mapping and Precoding
Explained in MIMO session
May 2008
52
BCH on PBCH
To broadcast a certain set of cell and/or system-specific information
Requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell
Single (fixed-size) transport block per TTI (40 ms) No HARQ, Tail biting convolution code Cell-specific scrambling, QPSK only, Tx diversity(1,2,4) 6 RBs = 72 subcarriers (excluding DC)
Physical Layer Model for BCH transmission
May 2008
* (LGE), 3GPP LTE PHY Layer Specification and Technology, 4 , Feb. 2008
53
PDCCH

First n OFDM symbols Scheduling assignment
Transport format, resource allocation, HARQ info related to DL-SCH,PCH Transport format, resource allocation, HARQ info related to UL-SCH
Aggregation of Control Channel Elements (CCE, e.g. 36RE in 5MHz) PDCCH formats (36.212) Cell-specific scrambling, QPSK modulation Tx diversity, the same antenna ports as PBCH RE quadruplet (4 REs)
4 frequency-contiguous REs not used by RS, PCFICH or PHICH Time first frequency next indexing
Cell-specific cyclic shift mapping
May 2008
54
PHICH

HARQ ACK/NAK in response to UL transmission PHICH group
Multiple PHICHs mapped to the same REs (CDM & I/Q)
HI codewords with length of 12 REs = 4 (spreading) x 3 (repetition) BPSK modulation with I/Q multiplexing
e.g. SF4 x I/Q = 8 PHICHs in normal CP
Cell-specific scrambling Orthogonal sequence: Walsh sequence

Sequence Index = PHICH number within the PHICH group (0~7 or 0~4)
Tx diversity, the same antenna ports as PBCH 3 groups of 4 contiguous REs (not used for RS and PCFICH)
May 2008
55
DL OFDM Signal Generation
OFDM Parameters
0 t < (N CP ,l + N ) Ts
N = 2048 for f=15kHz N = 4096 for f=7.5kHz
Check with resource block parameters

(160+2048) x Ts = 71.88us (144+2048) x Ts = 71.35us 71.88us + 71.35us x 6 = 0.5ms
Normal Cyclic Prefix = 160 Ts = 5.2 us Extended Cyclic Prefix = 512 Ts = 16.7 us Extended Cyclic Prefix for MBMS = 1024 Ts = 33.3 us
May 2008
56
UL Physical Channels & Signals

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel)
Carries UL-SCH
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel)

Carries HARQ ACK/NAKs in response to DL transmission Carries Scheduling Request (SR) Carries CQI, PMI and RI
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)

Carries the random access preamble
UL Signals
An uplink physical signal is used by the physical layer but does not carry information originating from higher layers UL RS (Uplink Reference Signal) for PUSCH, PUCCH UL Sounding RS not associated with PUSCH, PUCCH transmission
May 2008
57
UL Slot Structure
Tslot
UL N RB : Uplink bandwidth configuration,

RB expressed in units of N sc
RB N sc : Resource block size in the frequency
UL N symb
UL RB k = N RB N sc 1
domain, expressed as a number of subcarriers

UL RB N symb N sc
UL N symb
: Number of SC-FDMA symbols in an
uplink slot
(k , l )
RB N sc
May 2008
l=0
UL RB N RB N sc
k =58 0
l=
UL N symb
Definitions
Resource Grid

UL UL RB Defined as N RB N sc subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb SC-FDMA symbols in time domain
UL The quantity N RB depends on the UL transmission BW configured in the cell and shall fulfill
UL 6 N RB 110
UL The set of allowed values for N RB is given by TS 36.101, TS 36.104
Resource Block

UL RB Defined as N sc consecutive subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb consecutive SC-FDMA
symbols in time domain Corresponding to one slot in the time domain and 180 kHz in the frequency domain
Resource Element
UL RB Uniquely defined by the index pair (k, l ) in a slot where k = 0,..., N RB N sc 1

UL and l = 0,..., N symb 1
are the indices in the frequency and time domain, respectively
May 2008
59
Physical Layer Processing of PUSCH
Scrambling Modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols Transform precoding to generate complex-valued modulation symbols Mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols to resource elements Generation of complex-valued time-domain SC-FDMA signal for each antenna port
May 2008
60
PUCCH

Carries ACK/NACK, CQI and SR (Scheduling Request) Modulation by CAZAC CS sequences (+ Orthogonal Covering) Symbol mapping of BPSK or QPSK PUCCH is never transmitted simultaneously with PUSCH from the same UE 2 consecutive PUCCH slots in Time-Frequency Hopping at the slot boundary
May 2008
61
UL SC-FDMA Signal Generation

This section applies to all uplink physical signals and physical channels except the physical random access channel SC-FDMA parameters
0 t < (N CP ,l + N ) Ts where N = 2048
Check with numbers in Table 5.2.3-1.

{(160+2048) x Ts} + 6 x {(144+2048) x Ts} = 0.5 ms 6 x {(512+2048) x Ts} = 0.5 ms
May 2008
62
PRACH

Five types of preamble formats 6RB (72 subcarriers) Higher layers control the preamble format Preamble format is given below
May 2008
63
Random Access Procedure*

#1: PRACH Preamble Transmission
One of 64 sequences partitioned from 838 ZC-ZCZs on a cell-basis
#2: RA Response
Timing Adjustment, Temp_ID, Resource Allocation Grant for M3
#3: RRC Signalling

Mobile terminal ID (C-RNTI if connected before)
#4: Contention Resolution Message to the UE

UE eNB
Random Access Preamble
Random Access Response
Scheduled Transmission
Contention Resolution
May 2008
64
* 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2, Release 8, V8.4.0, March 2008.
Interaction model between L1 and L2/3 for Random Access Procedure*
May 2008
65
DL Reference Signals
Three types of downlink reference signals are defined:

Cell-specific reference signals, associated with non-MBSFN transmission MBSFN reference signals, associated with MBSFN transmission UE-specific reference signals
Objectives
Downlink channel quality measurement Downlink channel estimation Cell search and initial acquisition
Numerology
Use of Known reference symbols Insertion in the first and third last OFDM symbol of each slot One RS per DL antenna port (1, 2, or 4)
May 2008
66
Cell-Specific Reference Signals

Normal and extended CP
504 unique Cell ID: 168(N1) Cell ID groups, 3 (N2) Cell ID within each group Cell ID = 3xN1+N2 = 0 ~ 503 index 504 pseudo-random sequences One to one mapping between the Cell ID and Pseudo-random sequences Transmit on antenna port {0, 1, 2, 3} Cell-specific Frequency Shift (N1 mod 6) (effective with RS boosting) 1 RE shift from current RS position in case of next Cell ID index
Pseudo-random sequence generation

rl ,ns (m) =

1 2
(1 2 c(2m)) + j
1 2
(1 2 c(2m + 1)),
max, m = 0,1,...,2 N RB DL 1
is the slot number within a radio frame. is the OFDM symbol number within the slot. The pseudo-random sequence c(i) is a length-31 Gold sequence.
May 2008
67
DL Reference Signals Mapping

R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0 l =6 l=0 l =6
l =0
Resource element (k,l)
R0
R0
R1
R1
R0
R0
R1
R1
Not used for transmission on this antenan port
R0
R0
R1
R1
Reference symbols on this antenna port
R0
l =0
R0
l=6 l =0 l=6 l=0
R1
l =6 l =0
R1
l =6
R0
R0
R1
R1
R2
R3
R3
R0
R0
R1
R1
R2
R0
R0
R1
R1
R2
R3
R3
R0 l =0
R0 l =6 l=0 l =6 l=0
R1 l=6 l =0
R1 l=6 l=0
R2
l =6 l =0
l =6
l =0
l =6 l=0
l =6
even-numbered slots
odd-numbered slots
even-numbered slots
May 2008 odd-numbered slots
even-numbered slots
odd-numbered slots
even-numbered slots
68
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 0
Antenna port 1
Antenna port 2
Antenna port 3
UL Reference Signals
Two types of uplink reference signals are supported:

Demodulation reference signal, associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH Sounding reference signal, not associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH
The same set of base sequences is used for demodulation and sounding reference signals
May 2008
69
Synchronization Signals
504 unique physical-layer cell identities

168 unique physical-layer cell-identity groups (0~167) 3 physical-layer identity within physical-layer cell-identity group (0~2)
Primary synchronization signal

The sequence used for the primary synchronization signal is generated from a frequency-domain Zadoff-Chu sequence
j un ( n +1) 63 e d u (n) = u ( n +1)( n + 2) e j 63 n = 0,1,...,30 n = 31,32,...,61
For frame structure type 1, the primary synchronization signal shall be mapped to the last OFDM symbol in slots 0 and 10 The sequence shall be mapped to the resource elements according to
ak ,l = d (n ),
DL RB N RB N sc k = n 31 + , 2
DL l = N symb 1,
n = 0,...,61
May 2008
70
Synchronization Signals contd
Secondary synchronization signal

The sequence used for the second synchronization signal is an interleaved concatenation of two length-31 binary sequences The concatenated sequence is scrambled with a scrambling sequence given by the primary synchronization signal The combination of two length-31 sequences defining the secondary synchronization signal differs between subframe 0 and subframe 5 according to
( s0m0 ) (n)c0 (n ) in subframe 0 d ( 2n) = ( m ) s1 1 (n)c0 (n ) in subframe 5 ( ( s1 m1 ) (n)c1 (n )z1 m0 ) (n ) in subframe 0 d (2n + 1) = ( m ) (m ) s0 0 (n)c1 (n )z1 1 (n ) in subframe 5
where
0 n 30
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Synchronization Signals contd
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PSS

Repeat the same sequence twice Half-frame timing Cell ID detection within a cell ID group (3 hypotheses) Cell ID Length-62 frequency-domain Zadoff-Chu sequence Antenna port not specified (any port) 6 RBs = 72 subcarriers (excluding DC)
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SSS

Frame boundary detection (2 hypotheses) Cell ID group detection (168 hypotheses) Cell ID group / Pseudo-Random Sequence CP detection (blind) Interleaved concatenation of two length-31 binary sequence The sequences defining the SSS differs between slot 0 and slot 10 The same antenna port as for the primary sync signal 6 RBs = 72 subcarriers (excluding DC) Frame timing
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LTE Cell Search
DL Signals used for cell search

Primary synchronization signals (PSCH) Secondary synchronization signals (SSCH) Broadcasting channel (BCH)
To broadcast a certain set of cell and/or system-specific information
PSCH
Carries 3 hypotheses (cell ID within a cell group ID)
SSCH
168 (cell gr. ID) x 2 (frame boundary) x N (antenna config. for PBCH) hypotheses
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(cf) WCDMA Cell Search Procedure

Terminal power on
Detect strongest PSCH
Get slot synch from PSCH
Get PICH code group info from SSCH

1 code group has 8 PN codes. 64 code groups have 512 PN codes in total.
Get PN code info by evaluating all 8 PN codes in code group Get system info from PCCPCH
Wait while monitoring SCCPCH
May 2008
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LTE Cell Search contd*
May 2008
77
DL Frame Structure Type 1*
May 2008
* Moray Rumney (Agilent), Concepts of 3GPP LTE, Live Webinar, Sep. 20th, 2007.
78
DL Frame Structure Type 1 contd*
May 2008
79
UL Frame Structure Type 1*
May 2008
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UL Frame Structure Type 1 contd*
May 2008
81
LTE Subcarrier Operation*
Two Approaches
Distributed Frequency diversity Not used anymore for PUSCH transmission Localized Frequency selective gain with channel dependent scheduling (Multi-user diversity)
* (LGE), 3GPP LTE, KRnet 2007, June 29 2007 May 2008
82
LTE Scheduling

Multiuser diversity Frequency diversity scheduling
UEs are allocated to distributed resource blocks (combs) Not available in UL
Frequency selective scheduling: user specific

Each UE is allocated its individual best part of the spectrum Best use of the spectrum OFDMA exploits channel capacity Sufficient feedback information on channel conditions from UE required
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LTE Link Adaptation*
Purpose
Guarantee the required QoS of each UE User data rate, packet error rate, and latency Maximize the system throughput.
Three Link Adaptation Techniques

Adaptive transmission bandwidth Averaged channel conditions, UE capability and Required data rate considered Fast Freq. Selective Fading channel dependent scheduling Transmission power control Guarantee the required packet error rate and bit error rate Tradeoff between fairness and system throughput Adaptive modulation and channel coding rate (AMC) Increases the achievable data rate (frequency efficiency) according to the channel conditions
Considerations
Control Update Interval Signaling overhead performance enhancement
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Channel Coding

Turbo code interleaver
QPP (quadratic polynomial permutation) interleaver
Applied channel coding scheme
May 2008
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Transport Channels*
Downlink Broadcast Channel (BCH) Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) Paging Channel (PCH) Multicast Channel (MCH) Uplink Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH) Random Access Channel(s) (RACH)
* 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2, Release 8, V8.4.0, March 2008. May 2008
86
Logical Channels
Control Channels Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Paging Control Channel (PCCH) Common Control Channel (CCCH) Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Traffic Channels Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)
CCCH DCCH DTCH
Uplink Logical channels
RACH
UL-SCH
Uplink Transport channels
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Guideline for E-UTRAN UE capabilities*

The definition of the following UE classes are proposed
Note: For simplification reasons, the table only depict the UE capabilities in terms of uplink and downlink peak data rates supported. However, it should be noted that further discussion on other features is expected once the work progresses.
It may require further discussion whether there be a need for an additional

terminal class between 2 Mbps and 50 Mbps classes. discussions in 3GPP RAN working groups.
The above given data rates are indicative and should be subject for further The definition of the required parameters/features is for further study for each
of the classes. For instance, half-duplex UEs form a specific category that may be frequency band specific.
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3GPP SAE
May 2008
89
SAE (System Architecture Evolution)

SAE focus is on:
enhancement of Packet Switched technology to cope

with rapid growth in IP traffic
higher data rates lower latency packet optimised system
through
fully IP network simplified network architecture distributed control
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Functional Split b/w E-UTRAN and EPC
May 2008
91
Functional Split
eNB
Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink (scheduling); IP header compression and encryption of user data stream; Selection of an MME at UE attachment when no routing to an MME can be determined from the information provided by the UE; Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway; Scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated from the MME); Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information (originated from the MME or O&M); Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling. NAS signalling; NAS signalling security; Inter CN node signalling for mobility between 3GPP access networks (terminating S3); UE Reachability in ECM-IDLE state (including control and execution of paging retransmission); Tracking Area list management; PDN GW and Serving GW selection; MME selection for handovers with MME change; SGSN selection for handovers to 2G or 3G 3GPP access networks; Roaming (S6a towards home HSS); Authentication; Bearer management functions including dedicated bearer establishment.
MME: 3GPP TS 23.401

May 2008
92
Functional Split contd
Serving Gateway (S-GW): 3GPP TS 23.401

Local Mobility Anchor point for inter-eNodeB handover; Assist the eNodeB reordering function during inter-eNodeB handover Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility ECM-IDLE mode downlink packet buffering and initiation of network triggered service request procedure; Lawful Interception; Packet routeing and forwarding; Transport level packet marking in the uplink and the downlink Accounting on user and QCI granularity for inter-operator charging; UL and DL charging per UE, PDN, and QCI (e.g. for roaming with home routed traffic). Per-user based packet filtering (by e.g. deep packet inspection); Lawful Interception; UE IP address allocation; Transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink UL and DL service level charging, gating control, and rate enforcement as defined in TS 23.203 DL rate enforcement based on AMBR DHCPv4 (server and client) and DHCPv6 (client, relay and server) functions; The network does not support PPP bearer type in this version of the specification. Pre-Release 8 PPP functionality of a GGSN may be implemented in the PDN GW.
PDN Gateway (P-GW): 3GPP TS 23.401

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93
Non-roaming architecture for 3GPP accesses*
UTRAN SGSN GERAN S3 S1-MME MME S11 "LTE-Uu" UE E-UTRAN S1-U S10 S6a PCRF S12 S4 Serving Gateway S5 Gx PDN Gateway SGi Rx HSS
Operator's IP Services (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)
* TS 23.401, GPRS enhancements for E-UTRAN access (Release 8), V8.1.0, March 2008
May 2008
94
Heterogeneous access system mobility*
May 2008
* 3GPP TS 22.278, Service requirements for the Evolved Packet System (EPS), Release 8, V8.4.0, Dec. 2007
95
Mobility b/w E-UTRAN and WiMAX*

The following high level requirements will be supported:
It shall be possible for the operator to provide the UE with access network information pertaining to supported WiMAX access technologies. The access network information may also include operator preferences based on available WiMAX access technologies. The information may be restricted to the access technologies, based on the UEs current location and preferences The evolved 3GPP system shall support bidirectional service continuity between WiMAX and E-UTRAN. The evolved 3GPP system shall support seamless voice service continuity between E-UTRAN and WiMAX in both directions. The evolved 3GPP system shall support the above mentioned mobility scenarios for UEs with single radio and dual radio solutions. The solution should have minimum impact on deployed WiMAX systems.
* 3GPP TR 36.938, Improved Network Controlled Mobility between E-UTRAN and 3GPP2/Mobile WiMAX Radio Technologies, V8.0.0, March 2008.
May 2008
96
Handover Architecture*
Architecture for optimized handover between mobile WiMAX and 3GPP access
WiMAX ASN Mobile WiMAX IP Access
X101
Non-3GPP Networks
FAF
HPLMN or VPLMN
Ta*
3GPP AAA Server/Proxy
X200 UE S301 MME
S2a
3GPP Access
Serving GW
S5
PDN GW
SGi
May 2008
97
Handover Architecture contd*

Architecture for optimized handover between mobile WiMAX and 3GPP
using L2 Tunneling
May 2008
98
Current Status
Dual radio mobility will be considered in Release 8

Single radio mobility is pushed out to Release 9
May 2008
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Summary
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100
Key Messages

3GPP LTE towards 4G 1-node RAN architecture common in the industry OFDM & OFDMA SC-FDMA (pros and cons) LTE Frame Structure, Slot Structure LTE Reference Signal & Synchronization Signal LTE Cell Search SAE to embrace all kinds of RAT
May 2008
101
May 2008
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3GPP LTE - 조봉열

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3GPP LTE - 조봉열

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5.

Technology Evolution for 4G

IMT-2000 / IMT-Advanced Capabilities*

ITU Radiocommunication Sector - Study Group #5

Proposal Evaluation Consensus Building (CB)

Requirements Evaluation methods

IMT.RADIO : IMT-Adv. Framework document IMT.RSPEC : IMT-Adv. Core Specification

The release of the 1st version of IMT-Advanced Recommendations by the 10th

4G Technology Evolution Path

Broadband Wireless Technology Evolution

(General) Technology Evolution

WiMAX/HSDPA/ EVDO/LTE/UMB have

AMC H-ARQ Fast Scheduling Bandwidth Efficient Handoff

Why Ultra High Speed System (e.g. 4G)?

Why Ultra High Speed System (e.g. 4G)?

3GPP HSPA Evolution

3GPP Standards Evolution

DL PDR: 236 kbps UL PDR: 118 kbps

Ongoing GERAN Evolution

Ongoing HSPA Evolution

LTE Feasibility Study

DL PDR: 100 Mbps UL PDR: 50 Mbps

3GPP LTE Requirements

LTE Study Phase (Release 7)

LTE Specifications (Release 8)

SAE Study Phase and Specifications (Release 8)

LTE project aims to ensure the continued competitiveness of the 3GPP

Need for higher data rates

Need for high quality of services

Need for cheaper infrastructure

LTE High Level Requirements

Peak data rate

Radio Resource Management requirements

LTE System Performance

Peak Data Rate

LTE System Performance contd

Downlink Spectral Efficiency

Uplink Spectral Efficiency

3GPP LTE Network Architecture

Functional Split b/w E-UTRAN and EPC*

3GPP LTE PHY Feature Overview

Shift of Key Technologies in LTE*

* (LGE), 3GPP LTE, KRnet 2007, June 29 2007 May 2008

LTE PHY Key Features

Downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)

Uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-FDMA)

LTE PHY Key Features contd

DL/UL Data Channel Modulation

E-UTRA Frequency Band*

E-UTRA Channel Bandwidth*

* UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN)

CDMA vs. OFDM(A)

OFDM in Communication Systems

The advantages of OFDMA

SC-FDMA is sometimes referred to as Discrete Fourier Transform Spread

Coded symbol rate= R

SC-FDMA Tx/Rx Chain

Detailed PHY Specifications

LTE Layer1 TS in 3GPP

Layer1 Service to Higher Layer

Physical Layer Specifications

Generic frame structure