Chapter 1

Problem Solutions
1.1
E / 2 kT
ni = BT 3 / 2 e g
(a)
Silicon

1.1

exp
2 ( 86 106 ) ( 250 )
= 2.067 1019 exp [ 25.58]
ni = 1.61 108 cm 3

(i)

ni = ( 5.23 1015 ) ( 250 )

(ii)

ni = ( 5.23 1015 ) ( 350 )

(b)

GaAs

(i)

ni = ( 2.10 1014 ) ( 250 )

3/ 2

1.1

exp
2 ( 86 106 ) ( 350 )
= 3.425 1019 exp [ 18.27 ]
ni = 3.97 1011 cm 3
3/ 2

3/ 2

1.4

exp
6
2 ( 86 10 ) ( 250 )

= ( 8.301 1017 ) exp [ 32.56]

ni = 6.02 103 cm 3

(ii)

ni = ( 2.10 1014 ) ( 350 )

3/ 2

1.4

exp
2 ( 86 106 ) ( 350 )

= (1.375 1018 ) exp [ 23.26]

ni = 1.09 108 cm 3

1.2

Eg
ni = BT 3 / 2 exp

2kT

1.1
1012 = 5.23 1015 T 3 / 2 exp

2(86
10
)(
T
)

a.

6.40 103
1.91 104 = T 3 / 2 exp

By trial and error, T 368 K

b.
ni = 109 cm 3

1.1

109 = 5.23 1015 T 3 / 2 exp

2 ( 86 106 ) (T )

6.40 103
1.91 107 = T 3 / 2 exp

By trial and error, T 268 K

1.3
Silicon

ni = ( 5.23 1015 ) (100 )

(a)

3/ 2

1.1

exp
6
2 ( 86 10 ) (100 )

= ( 5.23 1018 ) exp [ 63.95]

ni = 8.79 1010 cm 3
ni = ( 5.23 1015 ) ( 300 )

(b)

3/ 2

1.1

exp
2 ( 86 106 ) ( 300 )

= ( 2.718 1019 ) exp [ 21.32]

ni = 1.5 1010 cm 3
ni = ( 5.23 1015 ) ( 500 )

(c)

3/ 2

1.1

exp
6
2 ( 86 10 ) ( 500 )

= ( 5.847 1019 ) exp [ 12.79]

ni = 1.63 1014 cm 3

Germanium.

ni = (1.66 1015 ) (100 )

(a)

3/ 2

0.66
= (1.66 1018 ) exp [ 38.37 ]
exp
2 ( 86 106 ) (100 )

ni = 35.9 cm 3
ni = (1.66 1015 ) ( 300 )

(b)

3/ 2

0.66
= ( 8.626 1018 ) exp [ 12.79]
exp
2 ( 86 106 ) ( 300 )

ni = 2.40 1013 cm 3
ni = (1.66 1015 ) ( 500 )

(c)

3/ 2

0.66
= (1.856 1019 ) exp [ 7.674]
exp
2 ( 86 106 ) ( 500 )

ni = 8.62 1015 cm 3
1.4
a.

N d = 5 1015 cm 3 n type

n0 = N d = 5 1015 cm 3
n 2 (1.5 10 )
p0 = 4.5 10 4 cm 3
p0 = i =
5 1015
n0
10 2

N d = 5 1015 cm 3 n type

b.

no = N d = 5 1015 cm 3
ni = ( 2.10 1014 ) ( 300 )
= ( 2.10 1014 ) ( 300 )

3/ 2

3/ 2

1.4
exp

6
2(86 10 )(300)

(1.65 10 )
12

= 1.80 106 cm 3
6
ni2 (1.8 10 )
=
p0 = 6.48 10 4 cm 3
p0 =
15
5 10
n0
2

1.5

(a)
(b)

n-type
no = N d = 5 1016 cm 3
10
n 2 (1.5 10 )
po = i =
= 4.5 103 cm 3
no
5 1016
2

no = N d = 5 1016 cm 3

(c)

From Problem 1.1(a)(ii) ni = 3.97 1011 cm 3

( 3.97 10 )
=

11 2

po

= 3.15 106 cm 3

5 1016

1.6
a.

N a = 1016 cm 3 p type

p0 = N a = 1016 cm 3
n 2 (1.5 10 )
n0 = 2.25 10 4 cm 3
n0 = i =
1016
p0
b.
Germanium
N a = 1016 cm 3 p type
10 2

p0 = N a = 1016 cm 3
ni = (1.66 1015 ) ( 300 )
= (1.66 1015 ) ( 300 )

3/ 2

3/ 2

0.66

exp
2 ( 86 106 ) ( 300 )

( 2.79 10 )
6

= 2.4 1013 cm 3
13
n 2 ( 2.4 10 )
n0 = i =
n0 = 5.76 1010 cm 3
p0
1016
2

1.7
(a)
(b)

p-type
po = N a = 2 1017 cm 3
10
ni2 (1.5 10 )
no =
=
= 1.125 103 cm 3
po
2 1017
2

(c)

po = 2 1017 cm 3

From Problem 1.1(a)(i) ni = 1.61 108 cm 3

(1.6110 )
=

8 2

no

1.8
(a)

2 10

17

= 0.130 cm 3

no = 5 1015 cm 3
10
ni2 (1.5 10 )
po =
=
po = 4.5 104 cm 3
no
5 1015
2

(b)

no  po n-type

(c)

no N d = 5 1015 cm 3

1.9
Add Donors
a.
N d = 7 1015 cm 3

Want po = 106 cm 3 = ni2 / N d

b.

So ni2 = (106 )( 7 1015 ) = 7 10 21

Eg
= B 2T 3 exp

kT

2
1.1

7 1021 = ( 5.23 1015 ) T 3 exp

6

( 86 10 ) (T )

By trial and error, T 324 K

1.10
I = J A = EA

I = ( 2.2 )(15 ) (104 ) I = 3.3 mA

1.11
J 85
=
E 12
= 7.08 (ohm cm) 1
J =E =

1.12
g

1
1
1
Na =
=
e p N a
e p g (1.6 10 19 ) ( 480 )( 0.80 )

N a = 1.63 10 16 cm 3

1.13
= e n N d
Nd =

e n

( 0.5)

(1.6 10 ) (1350 )
19

N d = 2.31 1015 cm 3

1.14
(a) For n-type, e n N d = (1.6 10 19 ) ( 8500 ) N d
For 1015 N d 1019 cm 3 1.36 1.36 104 ( cm )
(b) J = E = ( 0.1) 0.136 J 1.36 103 A / cm2
1.15
J n = eDn

dn
n
= eDn
dx
x

10 15 10 2
= (1.6 10 19 ) (180 )
4
0.5 10
J n = 576 A/cm 2
1.16

J p = eD p

dp
dx

1
x
= eD p (10 15 ) exp
Lp
Lp

(1.6 10 ) (15) (10 ) exp x

19

Jp =

15

Lp

10 10 4

J p = 2.4 e

x / Lp

J p = 2.4 A/cm2

(a)

x=0

(b)

x = 10 m

J p = 2.4 e1 = 0.883 A/cm 2

(c)

x = 30 m

J p = 2.4 e3 = 0.119 A/cm 2

1.17
a.

N a = 1017 cm 3 po = 1017 cm 3

6
ni2 (1.8 10 )
no =
=
no = 3.24 105 cm 3
po
1017
2

b.

n = no + n = 3.24 10 5 + 1015 n = 1015 cm 3

p = po + p = 1017 + 1015 p = 1.01 1017 cm 3

1.18
(a)

N N
Vbi = VT ln a 2 d
ni
(10 16 )(10 16 )
= 0.697 V
= ( 0.026 ) ln
(1.5 10 10 )2

(b)

(10 18 )(10 16 )
= 0.817 V
Vbi = ( 0.026 ) ln
(1.5 10 10 )2

(c)

(10 18 )(10 18 )
= 0.937 V
Vbi = ( 0.026 ) ln
(1.5 10 10 )2

1.19
N N
Vbi = VT ln a 2 d
ni

a.

(1016 )(1016 )
Vbi = 1.17 V
Vbi = ( 0.026 ) ln
6 2
(1.8 10 )

b.

(1018 )(1016 )
Vbi = 1.29 V
Vbi = ( 0.026 ) ln
6 2
(1.8 10 )

c.

(1018 )(1018 )
Vbi = 1.41 V
Vbi = ( 0.026 ) ln
6 2
(1.8 10 )

1.20

N a (1016 )
Na Nd

Vbi = VT ln 2 = ( 0.026 ) ln
10 2
(1.5 10 )
ni

For N a = 1015 cm 3 , Vbi = 0.637 V

For N a = 1018 cm 3 , Vbi = 0.817 V
Vbi (V)
0.817

0.637

1015

1016

1018 Na(cm3)

1017

1.21

T
kT = (0.026)

300
T
kT
(T)3/2
200
0.01733
2828.4
250
0.02167
3952.8
300
0.026
5196.2
350
0.03033
6547.9
400
0.03467
8000.0
450
0.0390
9545.9
500
0.04333
11,180.3

1.4

ni = ( 2.1 1014 )(T 3 / 2 ) exp

6
2 ( 86 10 ) (T )

N N
Vbi = VT ln a 2 d
ni

T
200
250
300
350
400
450
500

ni
1.256
6.02 103
1.80 106
1.09 108
2.44 109
2.80 1010
2.00 1011

Vbi
1.405
1.389
1.370
1.349
1.327
1.302
1.277

Vbi (V)
1.45
1.35
1.25

200

250

300

1.22
V
C j = C jo 1 + R
Vbi

1/ 2

350

400

450

500 T(C)

 (1.5 10 16 )( 4 10 15 )
= 0.684 V
Vbi = ( 0.026 ) ln

(1.5 10 10 ) 2
1

C j = ( 0.4 ) 1 +

0.684

1/ 2

(a)

C j = ( 0.4 ) 1 +

0.684

1/ 2

(b)

C j = ( 0.4 ) 1 +

0.684

1/ 2

(c)

= 0.255 pF
= 0.172 pF
= 0.139 pF

1.23
(a)

V
C j = C jo 1 + R
Vbi

1 / 2

For VR = 5 V, C j = (0.02) 1 +

0. 8

1 / 2

= 0.00743 pF
1 / 2

1. 5
For VR = 1.5 V, C j = (0.02) 1 +
= 0.0118 pF

0. 8
0.00743 + 0.0118
C j (avg ) =
= 0.00962 pF
2
vC ( t ) = vC ( final ) + ( vC ( initial ) vC ( final ) ) e t /

where
= RC = RC j (avg ) = (47 103 )(0.00962 1012 )
or

= 4.52 1010 s
Then vC ( t ) = 1.5 = 0 + ( 5 0 ) e ti /

5
+ r /
5
= e 1 t1 = ln
1.5
1.5
10
t1 = 5.44 10 s
For VR = 0 V, Cj = Cjo = 0.02 pF
1/ 2
3.5
For VR = 3.5 V, C j = ( 0.02 ) 1 +
= 0.00863 pF

0.8
0.02 + 0.00863
C j (avg ) =
= 0.0143 pF
2
= RC j ( avg ) = 6.72 1010 s

(b)

vC ( t ) = vC ( final ) + ( vC ( initial ) vC ( final ) ) e t /

3.5 = 5 + (0 5)e t2 / = 5 1 e t2 /

so that t2 = 8.09 10

10

1.24
(1018 )(1015 )
= 0.757 V
Vbi = ( 0.026 ) ln
(1.5 1010 )2

a.
VR = 1 V
1

C j = (0.25) 1 +

0.757

1/ 2

= 0.164 pF

f0 =

1
2 LC

( 2.2 10 )( 0.164 10 )

12

f 0 = 8.38 MHz
b.

VR = 10 V
1/ 2
10

= 0.0663 pF
C j = (0.25) 1 +

0.757
1
f0 =
3
2 ( 2.2 10 )( 0.0663 1012 )

f 0 = 13.2 MHz
1.25

V
I = I S exp D
VT

a.

VD
1 0.90 = exp

VT

V
exp D = 1 0.90 = 0.10
VT
VD = VT ln ( 0.10 ) VD = 0.0599 V

b.
IF
IR

VF
exp
I
VT
= S
IS
VR
exp
VT

0.2
1 exp
1

0.026
=
0.2

1 exp 0.026 1

2190
1

IF
= 2190
IR

1.26
a.

0.5
I (1011 ) exp
I = 2.25 mA
0.026
0.6
I = (1011 ) exp
I = 0.105 A
0.026
0.7
I = (1011 ) exp
I = 4.93 A
0.026
b.
0.5
I (1013 ) exp
I = 22.5 A
0.026
0.6
I = (1013 ) exp
I = 1.05 mA
0.026
0.7
I = (1013 ) exp
I = 49.3 mA
0.026
1.27
(a)
150 10

I = I S eVD / VT 1
6

= 10

11

(e

VD / VT

1 1011 eVD / VT

 150 106
Then VD = VT ln
11
10
Or VD = 0.430 V

150 106
= (0.026) ln

11

10

(b)
150 106
VD = VT ln

13
10

Or VD = 0.549 V

1.28

0.7
103 = I S exp

0.026
I S = 2.03 10 15 A
(b)
VD
I D ( A ) ( n = 1)

I D ( A )( n = 2 )

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7

9.50 10 14
4.45 10 12
2.08 10 10
9.75 10 9
4.56 10 7
2.14 10 5
10 3

1.39 10 14
9.50 10 14
6.50 10 13
4.45 10 12
3.04 10 11
2.08 10 10
1.42 10 9

ID(A)
4.68 1011
2.19 109
1.03 107
4.80 106
2.25 104
1.05 102
4.93 101

log10ID
10.3
8.66
6.99
5.32
3.65
1.98
0.307

ID(A)
4.68 1013
2.19 1011
1.03 109
4.80 108
2.25 106
1.05 104
4.93 103

log10ID
12.3
10.66
8.99
7.32
5.65
3.98
2.31

(a)

1.29
(a)
I S = 10 12 A
VD(v)
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
(b)
I S = 10 14 A
VD(v)
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70

1.30
a.
V VD1
ID2
= 10 = exp D 2

I D1
VT

VD = VT ln (10) VD = 59.9 mV 60 mV

b.

VD = VT ln (100 ) VD = 119.7 mV 120 mV

1.31
(a) (i)

(ii)

I
VD = Vt ln D
IS
VD = 0.669 V

150 106
= ( 0.026 ) ln

15
10

25 106
VD = ( 0.026)ln

15
10

VD = 0.622 V

(ii)

0.2
12
I D = (1015 )exp
= 2.19 10 A
0.026
ID = 0

(iii)

I D = 10 15 A

(iv)

I D = 10 15 A

(b) (i)

1.32
I
VD = Vt ln D
IS

2 103
=
= 0.6347 V
.
(0
026)
ln

14
5 10

2 103
= 0.5150 V
VD = (0.026) ln
12
5 10
0.5150 VD 0.6347 V

1.33
V
I D = I S exp D
Vt
1.10
21
12 103 = I S exp
I S = 5.07 10 A
0.026

(a)

(b)

1.0
I D = ( 5.07 1021 ) exp

0.026
I D = 2.56 104 A = 0.256 mA

1.34
(a)
(b)
(c)

1.0
7
I D = 1023 exp
= 5.05 10 A
0.026
1.1
5
I D = 1023 exp
= 2.37 10 A
0
.
026

1
.
2

3
I D = 1023 exp
= 1.11 10 A
0.026

1.35
IS doubles for every 5C increase in temperature.
I S = 10 12 A at T = 300K
For I S = 0.5 10 12 A T = 295 K
For I S = 50 10 12 A, (2) n = 50 n = 5.64
Where n equals number of 5C increases.
Then T = ( 5.64 )( 5 ) = 28.2 K
So 295 T 328.2 K

1.36
I S (T )
= 2T / 5 , T = 155 C
I S (55)
I S (100)
= 2155 / 5 = 2.147 109
I S (55)
VT @100C 373K VT = 0.03220
VT @ 55C 216K VT = 0.01865

I D (100)
= (2.147 109 )
I D (55)

0.6
exp

0.0322
0.6
exp

0.01865

( 2.147 10 )(1.237 10 )
( 9.374 10 )
9

13

I D (100)
= 2.83 103
I D (55)
1.37
3.5 = ID (105) + VD

V
ID
I D = 5 109 exp D VD = 0.026 ln
9
0.026
5 10
Trial and error.
VD
ID
VD
5
0.50
0.226
3 10
0.40
0.227
3.1105

5
0.250
0.228
3.25 10
5
0.229
0.2284
3.27110

5
0.2285
0.2284
3.2715 10
(a)

So VD 0.2285 V
I D 3.272 105 A

(b)

I D = I S = 5 109 A
VR = ( 5 109 )(105 ) = 5 104 V
VD = 3.4995 V

1.38
I
10 = I D ( 2 10 4 ) + VD and VD = ( 0.026 ) ln D12
10
Trial and error.
VD(v)
ID(A)
VD(v)
0.50
0.5194
4.75 104
4
0.517
0.5194
4.7415 10
0.5194
0.5194
4.740 104

VD = 0.5194 V
I D = 0.4740 mA
1.39

I s = 5 10 13 A
R1  50 K


1.2 V



VD


R2  30 K
ID

RTH  R1  R2  18.75 K


VTH



VD


ID

R2
VTH =
R1 + R2

30
(1.2) = (1.2) = 0.45 V
80

I
0.45 = I D RTH + VD , VD = VT ln D
IS
By trial and error:
I D = 2.56 A, VD = 0.402 V

1.40
 VD  VD


VI


I1

1K
IR

I2


V0


I S = 2 10 13 A

V0 = 0.60 V

V
0.60
I 2 = I S exp 0 = ( 2 1013 ) exp

0.026
VT
= 2.105 mA
0.6
= 0.60 mA
1K
I1 = I 2 + I R = 2.705 mA

IR =

I
VD = VT ln 1
IS
= 0.6065

2.705 103
(0.026)
ln
=

13
2 10

VI = 2VD + V0 VI = 1.81 V
1.41
(a) Assume diode is conducting.
Then, VD = V = 0.7 V
So that I R 2 =

0. 7
23.3 A
30

1.2 0.7
50 A
10
Then I D = I R1 I R 2 = 50 23.3
I R1 =

Or I D = 26.7 A
(b) Let R1 = 50 k Diode is cutoff.
30
(1.2) = 0.45 V
30 + 50
Since VD < V , I D = 0
VD =

1.42
5 V

3 k

2 k
ID

VB VAVr

VA

2 k

2 k

A&VA:

5 VA
V
= ID + A
2
2
A& VA Vr

(1)

(2)

5 (VA Vr )

+ ID =

(VA Vr )

2
2
5 (VA Vr ) 5 VA VA VA Vr
+
=
So
3
2
2
2
Multiply by 6:
10 2 (VA Vr ) + 15 6VA = 3 (VA Vr )

25 + 2Vr + 3Vr = 11VA

Vr = 0.6 V
(a)

11VA = 25 + 5 ( 0.6 ) = 28 VA = 2.545 V

5 VA VA

= 2.5 VA I D Neg. I D = 0
2
2
Both (a), (b) I D = 0

From (1) I D =

VA = 2.5, VB =

2
5 = 2 V VD = 0.50 V
5

1.43
Minimum diode current for VPS (min)
I D (min) = 2 mA, VD = 0.7 V
I2 =

0.7
5 0.7 4.3
, I1 =
=
R2
R1
R1

We have I1 = I 2 + I D

4.3 0.7
=
+2
R1
R2
Maximum diode current for VPS (max)
P = I DVD 10 = I D ( 0.7 ) I D = 14.3 mA

so (1)

I1 = I 2 + I D
or
9.3 0.7
=
+ 14.3
(2)
R1
R2

Using Eq. (1),

9.3 4.3
=
2 + 14.3
R1
R1

R1 = 0.41 k

Then R2 = 82.5 82.5

1.44
(a)

Vo = 0.7 V
5 0.7
I=
I = 0.215 mA
20
10 0.7
(b)
I=
I = 0.2325 mA
20 + 20
Vo = I (20 K) 5 Vo = 0.35 V
(c)
(d)

10 0.7
I = 0.372 mA
5 + 20
Vo = 0.7 + I (20) 8 Vo = +0.14 V
I =0
Vo = I (20) 5 Vo = 5 V
I=

1.45
(a)
VD
0.6
0.482
(b)
Vo
0.5
0.484
(c)

5 = I ( 2 109 ) + VD

ID

2.2 104
2.259 104

10 = I ( 4 10 4 ) + VD

VD = ( 0.026 ) ln
12
2 10
VD
Vo = VD = 0.482 V
0.481
0.482
I = 0.226 mA
I

VD = ( 0.026 ) ln
12
2 10
VD
VD = 0.483 V

2.375 104
2.379 104

I = 0.238 mA
Vo = 0.24 V

VD = ( 0.026 ) ln
12

2
10

VD
VD = 0.496 V
I

0.496
I = 0.380 mA
3.808 104
4
0.496
Vo = 0.10 V
3.802 10

10 = I ( 2.5 10 4 ) + VD

Vo
0.480
0.496

(d)

I = I S I = 2 1012 A
Vo 5 V

1.46
(a)

0.4834
0.4834

Diode forward biased VD = 0.7 V

5 = (0.4)(4.7) + 0.7 + V V = 2.42 V

P = I VD = (0.4)(0.7) P = 0.28 m

(b)
1.47

0.65
= 0.65 mA = I D1
1
= 2(0.65) = 1.30 mA

I R 2 = I D1 =

(a)

ID2

ID2 =

VI 2Vr V0 5 3(0.65)
=
= 1.30 R1 = 2.35 K
R1
R1

0.65
= 0.65 mA
1
8 3(0.65)
ID2 =
I D 2 = 3.025 mA
2
I D1 = I D 2 I R 2 = 3.025 0.65
I D1 = 2.375 mA
IR2 =

(b)

1.48

d =

a.

VT
(0.026)
=
= 0.026 k = 26
1
I DQ

id = 0.05 I DQ = 50 A peak-to-peak
vd = id d = (26)(50) A vd = 1.30 mV peak-to-peak
For I DQ = 0.1 mA d =

b.

(0.026)
= 260
0. 1

id = 0.05 I DQ = 5 A peak-to-peak

vd = id d = (260)(5) V vd = 1.30 mV peak-to-peak

1.49
RS

a.


d





diode resistance rd = VT /I

VT /I
rd
vd =
vS = V
rd + RS
T + RS
I
VT

vd =
vs = vo
VT + IRS

b.

RS = 260

vS


v0 VT
v
0.026
=
0 = 0.0909
=
vS VT + IRS 0.026 + (1)(0.26)
vS
v
v
0.026
I = 0.1 mA, 0 =
0 = 0.50
vs 0.026 + ( 0.1)( 0.26 )
vS
I = 1 mA,

I = 0.01 mA.

v0
v
0.026
=
0 = 0.909
vS 0.026 + (0.01)(0.26)
vS

1.50
V
I I S exp a
VT

, Va = VT ln

IS

100 106
pn junction, Va = (0.026) ln

14
10

Va = 0.599 V
100 106
Schottky diode, Va = (0.026) ln

9
10

Va = 0.299 V

1.51
Schottky
pn junction
I

V
Schottky: I I S exp a
VT

I
0.5 103
Va = VT ln = (0.026) ln
7
5 10
IS
= 0.1796 V
Then
Va of pn junction = 0.1796 + 0.30

= 0.4796
I
0.5 103
=
V
0.4796
exp a exp

0.026
VT
I S = 4.87 10 12 A

IS =

1.52
(a)

 VD 
I1

0.5 mA

I2

I1 + I 2 = 0.5 10 3

V
5 108 exp D
VT

VD
12
3
+ 10 exp = 0.5 10
V

V
5.0001 10 8 exp D = 0.5 10 3
VT
0.5 103
VD = 0.2395
VD = (0.026) ln
8
5.0001 10
Schottky diode, I 2 = 0.49999 mA

pn junction, I1 = 0.00001 mA
(b)
 VD1 
I

 VD2 

0.90 V

V
V
I = 10 12 exp D1 = 5 108 exp D 2
VT
VT
VD1 + VD 2 = 0.9

V
0.9 VD1
1012 exp D1 = 5 108 exp

VT
VT

0.9
VD1
= 5 108 exp

exp
VT
VT
2V 5 108
0.9
exp D1 =
exp

12
0.026

VT 10
5 108
+ 0.9 = 1.1813
2VD1 = VT ln
12
10

VD1 = 0.5907 pn junction

VD 2 = 0.3093 Schottky diode

0.5907
I = 1012 exp
I = 7.35 mA
0.026
1.53
R  0.5 K
V0

VPS  10 V



VZ

IZ

VZ = VZ 0 = 5.6 V at I Z = 0.1 mA
rZ = 10

I Z rZ = ( 0.1)(10 ) = 1 mV

VZ0 = 5.599
a.
RL
IZ =

10 5.599
4.401
=
= 8.63 mA
R + rZ
0.50 + 0.01

VZ = VZ 0 + I Z rZ = 5.599 + ( 0.00863)(10 )
VZ = V0 = 5.685 V

RL
IL

11 5.599
= 10.59 mA
0.51
VZ = V0 = 5.599 + ( 0.01059 )(10 ) = 5.7049 V

b.

VPS = 11 V I Z =

9 5.599
= 6.669 mA
0.51
VZ = V0 = 5.599 + ( 0.006669 )(10 ) = 5.66569 V

VPS = 9 V I Z =

V0 = 5.7049 5.66569 V0 = 0.0392 V

c.

I = IZ + IL
V0
V V0
V VZ 0
IL =
, I = PS
, IZ = 0
RL
R
rZ

10 V0 V0 5.599 V0
=
+
0.50
0.010
2
10 5.599
1
1
1
+
= V0
+
+
0.50 0.010
0.50 0.010 2
20.0 + 559.9 = V0 (102.5)
V0 = 5.658 V

1.54
a.

9 6.8
I Z = 11 mA
0.2
PZ = (11)( 6.8 ) PZ = 74.8 mW
IZ =

12 6.8
I Z = 26 mA
0.2
b.
26 11
%=
100 136%
11
PZ = ( 26 )( 6.8 ) = 176.8 mW
IZ =

%=

176.8 74.8
100 136%
74.8

1.55
I Z rZ = ( 0.1)( 20 ) = 2 mV
VZ 0 = 6.8 0.002 = 6.798 V
a.
RL =
10 6.798
I Z = 6.158 mA
0.5 + 0.02
V0 = VZ = VZ 0 + I Z rZ = 6.798 + ( 0.006158)( 20 )
IZ =

V0 = 6.921 V
b.

I = IZ + IL

10 V0 V0 6.798 V0
=
+
0.50
0.020
1
10 6.798
1
1
1
+
= V0
+
+
0.30 0.020
0
.
50
0
.
020
1

359.9 = V0 (53)
V0 = 6.791 V
V0 = 6.791 6.921

V0 = 0.13 V
1.56

For VD = 0, I SC = 0.1 A

0.2

+ 1
For ID = 0 VD = VT ln
14
5 10

VD = VDC = 0.754 V