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( : ) HCl
( : ) H2SO4
H3PO4
HCl
HNO3
HBr
H2SO4
HI
CH3COOH
Physical properties of acids
-1
-2 ( )
-3
-4
-
-5
1-
OH-
( NaOH ) .
NaOH
Ca(OH)2
:
KOH
Ba(OH)2
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-2-
Exercise
* Key words
Base
Physical properties ..
Acid
*
-1
...................................
-2
...................................
-3 ...................................
-4
...................................
...................................
-5 ...................................
-6 ...................................
-7
...................................
...................................
...................................
*
-1
..............................................................................................................................
-2
..............................................................................................................................
-3
..............................................................................................................................
-4
-3-
* :
* :
( )C
( )
()
( )
( )
( )
* :
( )
( )
( )
( ( ))
( ( ))
-4-
Exercise
Key words
Acid
Base
Indicator
*
-1
-2
...............................................................
...............................................................
*
-1
-2
...............................................................
...............................................................
*
-1
-2
.............................. .................................
...............................................................
*
-1
-2
...............................................................
...............................................................
-1
..........................................................................................................................................
-2
....................................................... .....................................................................................
-3
........................................................................................................................................
-4
-5
-6
...........................................................................................................................
....................................................... .........................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
-5-
* : pH Scale
. pH Scale ( ) 14 0
pH = 7
pH 7
pH 7
pH
pH
: pH pH
( = 7 = 6.6 = 2.5 = 3 = 7.7
= 9 = 13 = 0.5 = ) 12
* pH [ ] H+
pH
. pH
-6-
Exercise
Key words
Bases ..
pH scale ..
Acids ..
*
-1 .................................
-2
-3 pH
.................................
.................................
.................................
-4 pH 7
-5 pH 7
.................................
.................................
* pH
* pH
-1 ( )
= pH
................
-2 ( )
= pH
................
-3 ( )
= pH
................
-4 ( )
= pH
................
-7-
-1
-2 : pH meter
Indicators
0.01
pH
( )
* : Indicators
( ) pH
acidic basic . neutral
:
-1 :
-2 :
pH
pH
Litmus
pH
Universal indicator
Methyl orange
-8-
Exercise
Key words
Indicator . Acidic.
Basic .
Litmus.
Neutral
*
......................................................................... .............................................................................................................................
*
-1 ..................................
-2
-3
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
( )
*
-1
..................................
( / / )
-2
..................................
( / / )
-3
-4
..................................
..................................
-9-
( / / )
( / )
* :
+
NaCl +
H2O
( ) +
HCl + NaOH
+
CaSO4 + 2 H2O
- 10 -
H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2
* ) : ( NH4OH
+
+
HCl + NH4OH
NH4Cl + OH
+
+
H2SO4 + 2 NH4OH
( NH4)2SO4 + 2 H2O
- 11 -
.
+
* :
+
2 NaCl
+
H2
+
2 HCl
+
2 Na
+
MgCl2
+
H2
+
2 HCl
+
Mg
+
CaSO4
+
H2
+
+
Ca
- 12 -
H2SO4
Exercise
Key words
Chemical properties
Neutralization
*
-1
-2
...................................
...................................
...................................
-3
...................................
*
-1 +
...................................
-2 +
-3
...................................
-3
-4 +
...................................
...................................
+
+
...................................
...................................
- 13 -
............................
-4
Reaction with carbonates & bicarbonates
* :
+ +
2 HNO3 + Na2CO3
+
2 NaNO3 + H2O + CO2
+
2 NH4Cl + H2O + CO2
+ +
2 HCl + ( NH4)2CO3
+
Na2SO4 + 2 H2O + 2 CO2
+ +
H2SO4 + 2 NaHCO3
- 14 -
Exercise
Key words
Ammonia ..
Carbonate
*
-1
-2 ................................
-3 +
....................................
................................
................................
.................................
- 15 -
-2
-3
-1 :
-2
-3
-4
- 16 -
Exercise
Key words
Hydrogen gas
Properties ..............................
*
-1
................................................................................................................................
-2
................................................................................................................................
-3
................................................................................................................................
*
........................................................................... .............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................
........................................................................... .............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................. .......................................................
.......................................................................................... ..............................................................................................................
................................... ........................................ .............................................................................................................................
........................................................................... .............................................................................................................................
........................................................ ............................................................................................................................. ...................
.............................................................................................................................. ..........................................................................
*
....................................................................................................................................... .................................................................
- 17 -