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5.1 Organizing the elements 5.2 The Modern Periodic Table 5.3 Representative groups
Section 5.1
Organization of the Elements
Mendeleevs Proposal
Elements arranged in rows based on increasing mass. Elements with similar properties are in same column.
Chart was a Periodic Table/ DEF. arrangement of elements in columns based on a set of properties that repeat.
Mendeleevs Prediction
Table incomplete elements not yet discovered Left spaces in table for undiscovered elements
match between Mendeleevs predictions and the actual properties of new elements showed how useful table was.
Section 1 Assessments
Section 5.2
The Modern Periodic Table
Repeating patterns
Elements in same column are related because properties repeat in regular intervals
Listed in order of increasing number of protons Properties of the elements repeat. Periodic Law- when the elements are arranged in order of increasing number of protons, the properties tend to repeat in a pattern
Element Key
Important information about an element is given in each square of the periodic table:
For example: Carbon 12.01 Carbon has an atomic number of 6 (or has 6 protons), an atomic mass of 12.01 and a symbol of C
Atomic Mass
Metals
Majority of elements Luster shiny. Ductile drawn into thin wires. Malleable hammered into sheets. Conductors of heat and electricity. Include transition metals bridge between elements on left and right of table
Non-Metals
Properties are generally opposite of metals Poor conductors of heat and electricity Low boiling points Many are gases at room temperature Solid, non-metals are brittle (break easily) Chemical properties vary
Metalloids
Have properties similar to metals and nonmetals Can conduct heat and electricity like metals but not as good
12343210
Section 2 Assessment
Quick Lab p. 135 Section Assessment Questions 1-8 p. 138 Mark Metals, Nonmetals, and metalloids
Section 5.3
Representative Groups
Valence electrons
The electrons in the outermost energy level Responsible for most of the chemical properties When two atoms interact, the outside electrons are the ones affected Elements in a group have similar properties because they have same number of valence electrons
Alkali Metals
- one electron in their outermost shell or one valence electron - soft, silver-white, shiny metals - bond readily with other substances - never found uncombined in nature - samples must be stored in oil to keep them from combining with water or oxygen - most reactive metals - Reactivity increases down a group
Magnesium
Used to make steel (lighter metal without sacrificing strength) Key role in photosynthesis (found in chlorophyll) Found in bones and teeth Chalk, limestone, coral, pearls, toothpaste, plaster
Calcium
Boron Family
-have 3 valance electrons
Boron hard and brittle never found uncombined in nature found in borax used to make heat resistant glass (used in laboratories)
B
Boron
10.81
Boron Family
Aluminum most abundant metal in earths crust found in a mineral called bauxite extremely important metal for industry, light, strong and slow to corrode
13
Al
Aluminum
26.98
Carbon Family
-
Have 4 valance electrons Can either gain 4 electrons or lose 4 electrons Most compounds in the body contain carbon Silicon 2nd most abundant element in Earths crust Silicon used to tip saw blades
Nitrogen Family
-
Have 5 valence electrons Tend to gain 3 electrons Nitrogen and Phosphorous used in fertilizers Phosphorous used in matches
Oxygen Family
-
Have 6 valence electrons Tend to gain 2 electrons Oxygen most abundant element Sulfur used in fertilizers Oxygen needed to for digestion
Halogen Family
-have 7 valence electrons -most active nonmetals -never found free in nature -react with the alkali metals quite easily -when halogens react with metals they form compounds called salts -Fluorine is the most active halogen
Halogens cont
Fluorine
compounds used in toothpaste Chlorine used to kill bacteria Iodine keeps thyroid gland working properly
Other Areas
Transition
Section 3 Assessment
Questions 1-12 p. 145 Exploration Lab: Predicting the Density of an Element