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CHAPTER 3
3.6 ECOLOGY
(AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM)
GENERAL VIEW
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remain cold.
- As a result, water temperature in lakes is stratified, especially in
summer and winter.
- In the ocean and most lakes, a narrow stratum of rapid
temperature change called a thermocline separates the more
uniformly warm upper layer from more uniformly cold deeper
waters.
16.In aquatic biomes, community distribution is determined by depth of the
water, distance from shore, and open water versus bottom.
17.In marine communities, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and many fish
species live in the relatively shallow photic zone.
18.The aphotic zone contains little life, except for microorganisms and
relatively sparse populations of luminescent fishes and invertebrates.
ii. Wetlands
iii. Streams
iv. Rivers
v. Estuaries
vi. intertidal biomes
vii. oceanic pelagic biomes
viii. coral reefs
ix. Marine benthic biomes.
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LAKES
1. Freshwater lakes vary greatly in oxygen and nutrient content.
2. Oligotrophic lakes are deep, nutrient poor, oxygen rich, and contain
little life.
3. Eutrophic lakes are shallow, nutrient rich, and oxygen poor.
4. In lakes, the littoral zone is the shallow, well-lit water close to shore.
5. The limnetic zone is the open surface water.
6. The benthic zone is inhabited by assorted invertebrates whose species
composition depends partly on oxygen levels. Fishes live in all zones
with sufficient oxygen.
7. Human impact: runoff from fertilized land and dumping of wastes lead
to nutrient enrichment algal blooms, oxygen depletion and fish kills.
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WETLANDS
1. Wetlands are areas covered with sufficient water to support aquatic
plants
2. They can be saturated or periodically flooded.
3. Wetlands include marshes, bogs (sphagnum mosses), and swamps
(woody plants).
4. They are among the most productive biomes on Earth and are home
to a diverse community of invertebrates and birds.
5. Because of the high organic production and decomposition in
wetlands, their water and soil are low in dissolved oxygen.
6. Wetlands have a high capacity to filter dissolved nutrients and
chemical pollutants.
7. Humans have destroyed many wetlands, but some are now protected:
Protect against erosion caused by wave pressure.
Protective barrier for coastal communities living near the
mangrove forest-Tsunami.
Provide water storage area that reduce flooding and improve
water quality.
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ESTUARIES
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INTERTIDAL BIOMES
4.
5.
6.
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1. The oceanic pelagic biome is the open blue water, mixed by winddriven oceanic currents.
2. The surface waters of temperate oceans turn over during fall through
spring.
3. The open ocean has high oxygen levels and low nutrient levels.
4. This biome covers 70% of the Earths surface and has an average depth of
4 000 meters.
5. Animals: highly motile animals such as whales + dolphin; Phytoplankton,
zooplankton (Float)
6. Human impact: Overfishing has depleted fish stocks in all earths ocean,
which have also been polluted by waste dumping.
CORAL REEFS
1. Coral reefs are limited to the photic zone of stable trophic marine
2.
3.
4.
5.
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1. The marine benthic zone consists of the seafloor below the surface
waters of the coastal or neritic zone and the offshore pelagic zone.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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(Benthos)
Keys.)
8. Human Impact:
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EXERCISE
1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
All of the following apply to the deepest zone of a large lake EXCEPT
Effective recycling of minerals
Anaerobic conditions
No light penetration
Few organisms other than bacteria live here.
[AS/APR 2006/BIO200]
[AS/APR 2006/BIO200]
[AS/APR 2006/BIO200]
[AS/APR 2007/BIO200]
5.
A.
B.
C.
D.
6.
A.
B.
C.
D.
7.
A.
B.
C.
D.
[AS/OCT 2007/BIO200]
[AS/OCT 2007/BIO200]
[AS/APR 2008/BIO200]
8.Draw and fully label the zonation in the marine environment and state one
type of community present in each zone. (9 marks)
CHAPTER 3.6 [INTRODUCTION OF TISSUES, CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS AND ECOLOGY]
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[AS/OCT 2006/BIO200]
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CHAPTER 3.6 [INTRODUCTION OF TISSUES, CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS AND ECOLOGY]
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[AS/APR 2007/BIO200]
10. Describe coral reefs in terms of their composition, distribution and the
factors that favour their high productivity. (7 marks)
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[AS/OCT 2007/BIO200]
Aquatic ecosystem
Freshwater ecosystem
i. Flowing water ecosystem
ii. Fresh water lakes
iii. Fresh water wetlands
Estuaries
i. Salt marshes
ii. Mangrove forest
Marine ecosystem
i. Intertidal zone
ii. Benthic environment
iii. Neritic province
iv. Oceanic province
[check on nutrient concentration, oxygen concentration, light penetration,
distribution of organism, special character of each ecosystem]
~Campbell,Reece (2008), 8th edition, Benjamin Cummings (Pg:1161)
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