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Group
of productive organizations that produce or supply goods, services, or sources of income. Manufacturing of goods or services within a category. Refers to the production of an economic good (either material or a service) within an economy. Commercial production and sale of goods.
WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY
The word Psychology developed from Greek word: psyche + logos in which psyche = mind or Soul and logos = Science. The Science of Human mind or it is the study of Human Behavior. The Science of behavior & mental processes. Its both an academic & applied field. Goal is to benefit the society. Incorporates research from the social sciences, natural sciences & humanities such as philosophy.
INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY
The study of people at work in industry or in business. The application of the knowledge of psychology to the industrial situations. Study of principles & practices that affect the behavior of human beings. Concerned with the entire spectrum of human behavior. In the words of BLUM M.L, Industrial Psychology is simply the application or extension of psychological facts and principles to the problems concerning human relations in Business and Industry.
INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Father of Industrial Psychology Hugo Munsterberg Emphasis on how to use human resources to increase efficiency and productivity
INDUSTRY/ ORGANIZATION
Study of human behavior in industrial organizations. Study of people as individuals and in groups and of their relationships. Also concerned with the physical aspects of the work environments. Aims at removing every negative factors which hamper workers. Aims to give the worker greater physical & mental ease at work. Study of behavior in work settings and the application of psychological principles to change work behavior. Development/ discovery of scientific psychological principles at work.
It suggests techniques of motivating the individual employees. It helps in taking personnel decisions like selection, training, performance appraisal, and counseling. It also studies man-machine system so as to design layout of equipment for the convenience of employees. Helping people do their jobs helping employers treat employees fairly helping make jobs more interesting and satisfying helping workers be more productive
Treating people from diverse backgrounds fairly selecting people for jobs providing training rewarding promotions/raises assessing performance accurately
To investigate in an unbiased manner the ways in which psychological problems are handled at present. To develop new method and to modify the methods which have been tried out and evaluated. To formulate certain principles which will help in the solution of human relation problems
Management
Human
Hawthorne
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
Also called Taylorism Theory of management that analyze and synthesize workflow. Application of principles & methods of science in the field of management to manage business or industry. Its the art of knowing best & cheapest way. The use of scientific methods to determine the one best way for a job to be done. Finding the most efficient methods of production, scientific selection and training of workers. Use of scientific methods in decision-making for solving management problems. Objective was to improve economic efficiency, especially labor productivity.
- Harlow Person
The Father of Scientific Management Maximize worker capacity and profits PROBLEM: Get employees to work at their maximum capacity PRIMARY FOCUS: TASKS
Underlying Themes
Managers are intelligent; workers are and should be ignorant Provide opportunities for workers to achieve greater financial rewards Workers are motivated almost solely by wages Maximum effort = Higher wages Manager is responsible for planning, training, and evaluating
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Use of scientific method Replacement of obsolete production and management techniques Based on Experimentation and Research in production and management Concerned with joint efforts of management and workers Based on rational approach to motivation of workers
Separation of planning from doing Standardization Selection and training Differential piece-rate plan
To Employers/ Workers
Replacement of traditional thumb rule method by scientific investigation Proper training and selection of workers Establishment of harmonious relationship Equal division of responsibilities Standardization Utilization of resources Scientific determination of fair days work a worker can do Constant guidance and detailed instruction Opportunity for training and development Incentive wages to the workers Better working conditions Less fatigue in work
BENEFITS
To
Society
Better quality products at lower costs Higher standard of living of people Increased productivity Industrial peace Technological development
Speeding up of workers Boredom No scope for initiative Unemployment Exploitation of workers Weakening of trade unions Expensive process Reorganization Lack of control Mechanical approach Monotony Lack of proper motivation
HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS
George Elton Mayo & other researchers from Harward Business School of U.S.A. investigated into the human aspects of work & working conditions at Hawthorne Works of Western Electric Company, Chicago. Study of different aspects of human behavior Examination of productivity, work conditions and their effect on the organization.
HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS
Illumination
Experiments Relay Assembly Test Room Experiment Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiment Personnel Counseling Programme Mass Interview Programme
Illumination Experiment
Purpose to find out the effect of illumination on employee output or workers productivity. Studying the relationship between physiological variables and employee productivity
An organization is a psycho-social system. Human factor is the most important element in the social system. The behavior of an individual is dominated by the informed group of which he is a member. Workers are not merely rational economic beings motivated simply by money. Social & psychological factors exercise a greater influence on employee behavior & performance than physical conditions of work. Workers act or react not as individuals but as members of a group.