Sustainable Control Handbook Osha

6/25/12
Sustainable Control Handbook Osha
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Chapter 1 Dust and Its Control What Is Dust? Dust consists of tiny solid particles carried by air currents. These articles are formed by a disintegration or fracture process, such as grinding, crushing, or impact. The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) defines dust as finely divided solids that may become airborne from the original state without any chemical or physical change other than fracture. A wide range of particle sizes is produced during a dust generating process. Particles that are too large to remain airborne settle while others remain in the air indefinitely.
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Dust is generally measured in micrometers (commonly known as microns). Some common objects and their size in microns are listed below. m Red blood corpuscles Human hair Cotton fiber 8 50-75 15-30
How Is Dust Generated? Dust is generated by a wide range of manufacturing, domestic, and industrial activities. Construction, agriculture, and mining are among the industries that contribute most to atmospheric dust levels. In minerals processing operations, dust is emitted
When ore is broken by impact, abrasion, crushing, grinding, etc. Through release of previously generated dust during operations such as loading, dumping, and transferring Through recirculation of previously generated dust by wind or by the movement of workers and machinery
The amount of dust emitted by these activities depends on the physical characteristics of the material and the way in which the material is handled.
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Types Of Dust Fibrogenic dust, such as free crystalline silica (FCS) or asbestos, is biologically toxic and, if retained in the lungs, can form scar tissue and impair the lungs' ability to function properly. Nuisance dust, or inert dust, can be defined as dust that contains less than 1% quartz. Because of its low content of silicates, nuisance dust has a long history of having little adverse effect on the lungs. Any reaction that may occur from nuisance dust is potentially reversible. However, excessive concentrations of nuisance dust in the workplace may reduce visibility (e.g., iron oxide), may cause unpleasant deposits in eyes, cars, and nasal passages (e.g., portland cement dust), and may cause injury to the skin or mucous membranes by chemical or mechanical action. From an occupational health point of view, dust is classified by size into three primary categories:

Respirable dust Inhalable dust Total dust
Respirable Dust Respirable dust refers to those dust particles that are small enough to penetrate the nose and upper respiratory system and deep into the lungs. Particles that penetrate deep into the respiratory system are generally beyond the body's natural clearance mechanisms of cilia and mucous and are more likely to be retained. MSHA defines respirable dust as the fraction of airborne dust that passes a size-selecting device, having the following characteristics: Aerodynamic diameter m (unit density spheres) 2.0 2.5 3.5 5.0 Percent passing selector 90 75 50 25
10.0 Inhalable Dust
The EPA describes inhalable dust as that size fraction of dust which enters the body, but is trapped in the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. The median aerodynamic diameter of
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trapped in the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. The median aerodynamic diameter of this dust is about 10 m. Total Dust Total dust includes all airborne particles, regardless of their size or composition.
Why Is Dust Control Necessary? Although unavoidable in many minerals processing operations, the escape of dust particles into the workplace atmosphere is undesirable. Excessive dust emissions can cause both health and industrial problems:
Health hazards - Occupational respiratory diseases - Irritation to eyes, ears, nose and throat - Irritation to skin
Risk of dust explosions and fire Damage to equipment Impaired visibility Unpleasant odors Problems in community relations
Of greatest concern is the health hazard to workers who are excessively exposed to harmful dusts. In order to evaluate the severity of health hazard in a workplace, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has adopted a number of standards, commonly known as threshold limit values (TLV's). These values are used as guides in the evaluation of health hazards. TLV's are time-weighted concentrations to which nearly all workers may be exposed 8 hours per day over extended periods of time without adverse effects. MSHA uses these TLV's for health hazard evaluation and enforcement.
Health Hazard Factors Not all dusts product the same degree of health hazard; their harmfulness depends on the following factors:
Dust composition
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