Académique Documents
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INDEX
I.INTRODUCTION 2 NEEDS OF GIS 3.SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER 4.ELECTRICAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM 5.CURRENT TRANSFORMER 6.GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER 7.ADVANTAGES OF GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER 8.INTER-CONNECTION TRANSFORMER 9.DISCONNECTOR AND EARTHING SWITCHES 10.INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF GAS INSULATED TRANSFORMER 11.V-I SENSOR CURRENT &VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT 12.SURGE ARRESTER CVT WAVE TRAP 13.ADVANTAGES OF GIS 14.DISADVANTAGES OF GIS 15.CONCLUSION 16.REFERENCE
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INTRODUCTION:
Gas Insulated Substations are high voltage Substations that are compact, requiring little maintenance when compared to air-insulated conventional Substations. Compressed Gas Insulated Substations (CGIS) consist basically a conductor supported on insulators inside an enclosure which is filled with sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6). The compactness is with the use of SF6 gas, which has high dielectric strength. The voltage withstand capability of SF6 Busduct is strongly dependent on field perturbations, such as those caused by conductor surface imperfections and by conducting particle contaminants. The contaminants can be produced by abrasion between components during assembly or operations. Electrical insulation performance of compressed gas insulated Substation is adversely affected by metallic particle contaminants. Free conducting particles, depending upon their shape, size and location, may lead to serious deterioration of the dielectric strength of the system and also one of the major factors causing breakdown of the system and leading to power disruption. These particles can either be free to move in the Gas Insulated Busduct (GIB) or they may be stuck either to an energized electrode or to an enclosure surface. The presence of contamination can therefore be a problem with gas insulated substations operating at high fields. If a metallic particle crosses the gap and comes into contact with the inner electrode or if a metallic particle adheres to the inner conductor, the particle will act as a protrusion on the surface of the ii electrode. Consequently, voltage required for breakdown of the GIS will be significantly decreased. Several methods have been used to reduce the effect of conducting particles, including electrostatic trapping, use of adhesive coatings, and discharging of conducting particles through radiation. Dielectric coating of a metallic electrode surface affects the particle charge mechanism.
The charge acquired by a particle, the equation of motion, the bounce and the drag are discussed by several authors. The present work makes use of the equation proposed by H. Anis, K.D.Srivastava and M.M.Morcos, it also includes the concept of random motion along
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axial direction. The random motion is due to the cross sectional irregularities of the metallic particles.
Present work analyses the movement pattern of metallic particles in Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) or Gas Insulated Busduct (GIB). In order to determine the particle trajectories in a GIB, an inner diameter of 55 mm and outer enclosure diameter of 152 mm were considered. Aluminum, Copper and Silver particles of 0.2 mm/12 mm (diameter/length) were considered to be present on the enclosure surface. The motion of the metallic particle was simulated using the charge acquired by the particle, the gravitational force on the particle, field intensity at the particle location, drag force, gas pressure, restitution co-efficient and the Reynolds number. The distance traveled by the particle, calculated using the appropriate equations, is found to be in good agreement with the published work for a given set of parameters. The results are also presented for other set of parameters.
In order to determine the random behavior of moving particles, the calculation of movement in axial and radial directions was carried out by Monte-Carlo technique. Typically for Aluminum particle for a given Busduct voltage of 100 kV RMS, the movement of the particle (0.25 mm/12 mm) for 1.5 s was computed to be 30.839 mm in radial and 841.12 mm in axial directions. Similar calculations are also extended for other types of voltages. Typical results for aluminum, copper and silver particles are presented in this thesis.
The effect of various parameters like radii and length of particles, co-efficient of restitution, pressure in the Busduct and the applied voltage has been examined and presented. Different metallic contaminants viz., Al, Cu and Ag have been considered for the above study. Typically a GIB of 55mm/152mm (inner conductor diameter is 55mm and outer enclosure diameter is 152mm) has been considered for a 132 kV system.
The thesis presents the movement pattern of metallic particles at different operating voltages in a Gas insulated Busduct (GIB) which has been simulated with and without enclosure coating. The purpose of dielectric coating is to improve the insulation performance. Free conducting particles situated inside the GIS enclosure decrease high local fields caused by conductor roughness. The coating reduces the charge on the particle colliding with the coated enclosure, which in turn reduces the risk of breakdown due to increase of the lift-off field of particles. The movement of a particle has been carried out not only by its electric field effect
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on the particle but also considers electromagnetic field and image charge effects. The simulated results are presented at Power frequency, lightning/switching impulse superimposed on power frequency, triangular, square and asymmetric voltages. Particle trajectories obtained for various voltages of aluminum, copper and silver particles are presented and duly discussed. Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) is a compact, multicomponent assembly enclosed in a ground metallic housing which the primary insulating medium is compressed sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas. GIS generally consists components Of 1. Circuit Breakers 2. Operating mechanism of circuit breaker 3. Current transformers 4. Disconnector 5. Maintenance Earthing switches 6. Fast acting Earthing switches 7. Voltage transformers 8. SF6 Bushing 9. Gas supply and gas monitoring equipment 10. Bus Bar 11. Voltage Transformer 12. Gas supply and Monitoring eqipment
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i. ii. iii.
Large cities and towns Under ground stations Highly polluted and saline environment Indoor GIS occupies very little space
iv.
Substations and power stations located Off shore Mountains and valley regions
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Explaination:
The SF6 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) contains the same compartments as in the conventional outdoor substations. All the live parts are enclosed in metal housings filled with SF6 gas. The live parts are supported on cast resin insulators. Some of the insulators are designed as barriers between neighboring modules such that the gas does not pass through them. The entire installation is sub divided into compartments which are gas tight with respect to each other. Thereby the gas monitoring system of each compartment can be independent and simpler. The enclosures are of non magnetic materials such as aluminum or stainless steel and are earthed. The gas tightness is provided with static O seals placed between the machined flanges. The O- rings are placed in the grooves such that after assembly, the O-rings are get squeezed by about 20%. Quality of the materials, dimension of grooves and O-seals are important to ensure gas tight performance of Gas Insulated Substation. Gas Insulated Substation has gas monitoring system. Gas inside each compartment should have a pressure of about 3kg/cm2.The gas density in each compartment is monitored. If the pressure drops slightly, the gas is automatically trapped up. With further gas leakage, the low pressure alarm is sounded or automatic tripping or lock-out occurs.
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Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) is an excellent gaseous dielectric for high voltage power applications. It has been used extensively in high voltage circuit breakers and other switchgears employed by the power industry. Applications for SF6 include gas insulated transmission lines and'gas insulated power distributions. The combined electrical, physical, chemical and thermal properties offer many advantages when used in power switchgears. Some of the outstanding properties of SF6 making it desirable to use in power applications are: V High dielectric strength V Unique arc-quenching ability V Excellent thermal stability V Good thermal conductivity
General Information:
Elimsan SF6 circuit breaker is equipped with separated poles each having its own gas. In all types of the circuit breakers, gas pressure is 2 bars (absolute 3 bars). Even if the pressure drops to I bar, there will not be any change in the breaking properties of the circuit breaker due to the superior features of SF6 and Elimsan's high safety factor for the poles. During arcing, the circuit breaker maintains a relatively low pressure (max 5-6 bars) inside the chamber and there will be no danger of explosion and spilling of the gas around. Any leakage from the chamber will not create a problem since SF6 can undergo considerable decomposition, in which some of toxic products may stay inside the chamber in the form of white dust. If the poles are dismantled for maintenance, it needs special attention during removal of the parts of the pole. This type of maintenance should be carried out only by the experts of the manufacturer. (According to ELIMSAN Arcing Products and Safety Instruction for Working on SF6 Circuit Breakers)
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closed. Thus, circuit breaker will be ready for opening. The mechanical operating cycle of the circuit breaker is (OPEN-3 Min CLOSE/OPEN-3 Min- CLOSE/OPEN) or (OPEN-0.3 secCLOSE/OPEN-3 Min CLOSE/OPEN). The second cycle is valid when the circuit breaker is used with re-closing relay. In that case, after the closing operation, the closing springs are charged by the driving lever or by driving motor (if equipped). Thus, the circuit breaker will be ready for opening and re-closing.
Auxiliary Switch:
The auxiliary switch mounted on the circuit breaker has 12 contacts. One of them is for antipumping circuit, four of them are allocated for opening and closing coils. The remaining 7 contacts are spare. Three of them are normally opened and four are normally closed. When it is necessary, the number of the contacts can be increased.
4- Voltages of opening and closing coils 5- Motor supply voltage (if equipped)
Commissioning:
The outer surfaces of epoxy insulating tubes of the poles are to be wiped out with a clean and dry cloth. The wiring and connections of the auxiliary circuit are to be carefully examined. DC voltage should be checked to see whether it is suitable for coil and motor or not (if equipped). The opening-closing coils are to be operated 15-20 times and the accuracy of the
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relay circuit is to be checked before energizing the circuit breaker. The circuit breaker is to be mounted with two MI2 bolts through its anchoring shoes. It should not move during operation. No excessive load should be exerted to the poles and if possible flexible cables should be used. The incoming and outgoing contacts must have clean surfaces and their contact resistance should be as low as possible. When connecting the circuit breaker to protection system and auxiliary supply, the cable cross sections should be according to the table given. The circuit breaker must be grounded through at least 16 mm steel tape (by cable shoe). After all, the following procedure must be performed: 1. Open the isolator of circuit breaker, 2. Prepare the circuit breaker for closing operation by driving mechanism, 3. Close the isolator of circuit breaker firmly, 4. Send the closing signal to the circuit breaker,
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Current tansformer:
Current transformers are used in electrical grids for measurement and protective applications to provide signals to equipment such as meters and protective relays by stepping down the current of that system to measurable values. Their role in electrical systems is of primary importance because the data sent by current transformers represent the heartbeat of the entire system. RHM Internationals proprietary dry type Current Transformers are unique as they provide a rugged, reliable option for high voltage metering and protection operations up to 550 kV.
Our high quality Current Transformers are based on a unique U-shaped bushing design for the primary winding. The bushing is a very fine capacitance graded insulator. In a new approach to dry designs, our advanced proprietary HV DryShieldTM composite insulation system uses reliable materials like PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) and silicon rubber to provide a low stress, uniform field distribution between the conductor and the outside structure.
The primary and secondary windings are independently sealed resulting in a totally weather resistant design. Oil or gas is not required for insulation. Therefore, our environmentally friendly Current Transformers completely eliminate the risk of explosion and toxic leaks.
Considering the difficulty for our customers to schedule circuit outages for routine upgrades and maintenance, the high cost of maintenance, and environmental issues, RHM Internationals Current Transformers provide exceptionally low cost of ownership and offer you peace of mind as they are truly maintenance free.
Customer benefits:
Totally safe
no risk of explosion
Totally maintenance free exceptional low cost of ownership Environmentally friendly no risk of toxic leak and recyclable insulation materials 2 to 3 times lighter than conventional oil or gas based products Mature and Innovative with unmatched quality records not a single failure in 20 000 HV DryShieldTM equipped products in the field
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A new approach to dry design without the limitations of conventional dry Current Transformers All products are developed and manufactured in an ISO 9001 certified plant and compliant to IEC and IEEE international standards.
Main Characteristics:
1.Performance:
Highest voltage for equipment: 40.5-550 kV Rated frequency: 50, 60 Hz
Rated primary current: 5-5000 A (up to 8000 A under specific conditions please contact us) Rated secondary current: 5 A, 1 A Rated output: 10-50 VA Accuracy class for measuring current transformer: 0.2S, 0.2, 0.5S and 0.5 class Instrument security factor: 5, 10 Accuracy class for protective current transformer: 5P, 10P and TPY (TPS, TPX and TPZ on demand) Accuracy limit factor for protective current transformer: 5,10, 15, 20, 30, 40 Secondary cores: 1-8
2. Environmental Condition:
Places of operation: Indoors and outdoors Environmental temperature: -45c [-49F] / +45c [113F] Altitude: <1000m above sea level (when higher than 1000m, specific design available. Please contact us) Pollution level: fully compliant to Class IV environments (IEC category very heavy pollution level)
and thermal stability test (36h according to standard but tested 72h for 550kV)
4. Routine tests: Before leaving the factory the following routine tests are carried out: on primary winding:
Power-frequency withstand test Power-frequency withstand test between sections of primary Partial discharge measurement Capacitance and dielectric dissipation factor measurement Verification of terminal markings
on secondary windings:
Power-frequency
withstand test
Power-frequency withstand test between sections of secondary windings Inter-turn over-voltage test Determination of errors
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Introduction:
Since gas insulated transformer does not need the conservator, the height of transformer room can be reduced. In addition, its non-flammability and non tankexplosion characteristics can remove the fire fighting equipment from transformer room. As a result, gas insulated transformer, gas insulated shunt reactor and GIS control panels can be installed in the same room. With such arrangement, a fully SF6 gas insulated substation can be recognized
The gas-forced cooling type was considered to be available for up to approximately 60MVA, while all other gas insulated transformer with higher ratings are liquid cooled. But the liquid cooling type has the disadvantage of a complex structure for liquid cooling. Thus, TOSHIBA began development of gas forced cooling type gas insulated transformer, making best use of accumulated experience, latest analyzing technique and the results of innovative research activities. As a result, TOSHIBA has delivered 275kV- 300MVA gas cooled and gas insulated transformer, of which its structure is as simple as the oil immersed type and is the largest capacity gas insulated transformer in the world.
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An autotransformer is an electrical transformer with only one winding. The winding has at least three electrical connection points called taps. The voltage source and the load are each connected to two taps. One tap at the end of the winding is a common connection to both circuits (source and load). Each tap corresponds to a different source or load voltage. An autotransformer for power applications is typically lighter and less costly than a two-winding transformer, up to a voltage ratio of about 3:1 beyond that range a two-winding transformer is usually more economical.
In an autotransformer a portion of the same winding acts as part of both the primary and secondary winding
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DISCONNECTOR AND EARTHING SWITCHES:Disconnectors and earthing switches are used to protect personnel while working on operational equipment and must therefore be very reliable and operationally safe even under adverse climatic conditions. Disconnectors and earthing switches are often offered as a combination of both. Disconnectors have to isolate downstream operational equipment i.e., de-energised equipment from the connected circuits. Thus they establish a visible isolating distance in air towards downstream operational equipment. The task of an earthing switch is to earth de-energised parts of the switchgear and in the case of multi-pole earthing switches to short-circuit them at the same time.
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Application:
Disconnectors and earthing switches are suitable for indoor installations up to 36 kV. Due to their cast-resin ribbed insulators, the disconnectors and earthing switches can also be used with high air humidity and occasional condensation, e.g., in tropical areas.
The devices are protected against corrosion. Steel parts are either galvanised and yellowpassivated, or electrostatically coated with epoxy-resin powder over a phosphate layer.
The switching devices can be installed in any position with horizontal shaft. Designs for installation with the shaft in vertical position are also available.
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Endurance:
Normally, disconnectors and earthing switches are operated very rarely. Therefore they are not designed for a high number of operating cycles. The mechanical endurance and the contact endurance are: 5,000 operating cycles for the disconnector 1,000 operating cycles for the earthing switch.
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The task of 3DD/3DE earthing switches is to earth deenergised parts of the switchgear and in the case of multi-pole earthing switches to short-circuit them at the same time.
Short-circuit capability:
The short-circuit capability of closed disconnectors and earthing switches is tested according to VDE. Due to the loopless circuit, the disconnectors need not be interlocked against being opened by short-circuit forces.
Earthing switches built on disconnectors or used as independent devices have to be interlocked in presence of peak withstand currents above 50 kA if the earthing switch is installed with the peak withstand current flowing through the earthing switch in direction 2 according to the drawing shown on the right. In this direction, strong opening forces are effective.
Sufficient interlocking is guaranteed for motor operating mechanisms as well as for selfblocking manual operating mechanisms (e.g., spherical joint mechanism). For earthing switches built on a disconnector, the mechanical interlock between the disconnector and the earthing switch is a simple means to exclude the disadvantages of the energy direction with opening force effect.
Description
Operating mechanisms
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A 180 turn of the crank produces a switching angle of 90 at the operating shaft. In the end positions of the switching device, the drive motor is de-energised via built-in position switches. If an AC motor operating mechanism is required, a rectifier is installed additionally.
The time from initiation of the command until reaching the end position or arrival of the feedback (total operating time) is 3 s as a maximum at the lowest value of the operating voltage.
used in switchgear with rated voltages above 1 kV. These switching rods are used to actuate the switching rod lever (available as an accessory) mounted on the operating shaft.
Switching rod levers made of insulating material are always used where the necessary minimum distances are not reached. For fixing in the end positions, an elastic latch is always provided for switching rod actuation (see interlocks).
Interlocks Latch:
For disconnectors and earthing switches a latch can be supplied, which latches tight in the end positions in an elastic way. Such a latch must be provided when these switching devices are operated manually with a switching rod.
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Mechanical interlocking:
Disconnectors with built-on earthing switch can be equipped with a mechanical interlock if the earthing switch is actuated by means of a switching rod.
Power-operated switching devices must be interlocked with the means belonging to the operating mechanism, i.e., actuation must be prevented. For this purpose, the part without power operating mechanism requires an auxiliary switch.
If neither the disconnector nor the earthing switch are power-operated, mechanical interlocking is possible in connection with an electromechanical lockout. The electromechanical lockout is then mounted on the disconnector.
Electromechanical lockout:
Electromechanical lockout devices can be installed on all disconnectors and earthing switches without power operating mechanism. The lockout devices block the switching devices in the end positions when the solenoid is not excited. In the intermediate position (faulty position) the lockout is not effective. The magnet coils are suitable for continuous operation.
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The opening of the line isolator or busbar section isolator is necessary for safety, but not sufficient. Grounding must be conducted at both the upstream and downstream sections of the device under maintenance. This is accomplished by earthing switches. Disconnect switches are designed to continuously carry load currents and momentarily carry short circuit currents for a specified duration. They are designed for no-load switching , opening , or closing circuits where negligible currents are made or interrupted (including capacitive current and resistive or inductive current , or when there is no significant voltage across the open terminals of the switch.
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MERITS IF GIT OVER OIT: Nonflammability Gas insulated transformers , using incombustible SF6 gas as insulation and cooling medium, enable to remove a fire fighting equipment from transformer room. Non Tank explosion - Pressure tank enables to withstand the pressure rise in case of internal fault. Compactness Since conservator or pressure relief equipment is not necessary, height of transformer room can be reduced approximately 2 2.5 meters.
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Easy installation oil or liquid purifying process is not necessary in case of gasinsulated 60 transformer. Easy inspection and maintenance work -Only SF6 gas pressure shall be basically
monitored during periodically inspection.
Current Measurement Current Sensor instead of Current Transformer The current sensor is based on a Rogowski coil (a coreless inductive current transformer). Voltage Measurement Voltage Sensor instead of Voltage Transformer The voltage sensor is based on a capacitive electrical field sensor (Capacitive ring sensor). The capacitive ring, which acts as a voltage sensor, also has a linear characteristic and is very simple in terms of the insulation.
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Lightning Arresters or Surge Arresters are always connected in Shunt to the equipment to be protected, they provide a low impedance path for the surge current to the ground
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. It traps Hi-frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/ tele protection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor 38 and LMU). This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom company network.
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Advantages of GIS:A GIS has many advantages over a conventional substation, including a space saving and flexible design, less field construction work resulting in quicker installation time, reduced maintenance, higher reliability and safety, and excellent seismic withstand characteristics. Aesthetics of GIS are far superior to that of a conventional substation, due to its substantially smaller size. A GIS can even be installed in a building, if desired. When all of these advantages are taken into consideration, a GIS is a cost effective alternative to a conventional substation that offers many benefits to the end user. i. Special Features:- Enhanced insulating properties and reduced long-term operational costs by means of sealed metal enclosure filled with SF6 gas. ii. Reliability:-Extensive experience in designing optimum phase and feeder spacing dimensions according to site conditions enable compact dimensions that reduce space requirements to less than 20% of conventional air insulated substations iii. Compact Design:-Ensured personnel safety by earthed enclosure, numerous interlocks and lockout devices. Increased stability during earthquakes with a low center of gravity. iv. Maintenance:-Virtual elimination of long-term maintenance costs and contamination of critical components by means of SF6 gas-filled metal enclosures, automatic monitoring of operating mechanisms and SF6 gas system. v. Efficient Installation:-Assembly at factory and shipment in one complete bay dramatically reduces installation time and customer's costs. vi. Environmental:-Minimized operation noise levels allow installation in urban and sub-urban indoor substations. Elimination of radio interference problems and individual painting of enclosures with the color of customer choice.. vii. Space Saving:- SF6 switchgear installations take up only 10% of the space required for the conventional installations. viii. Economical: - Initial high investment is required for installation but the cost can be comparable for the less maintenance, reliable, safe operation against conventional substation. Ability to interrupt out-of-phase ix. Compatibility:- It is incombustible, non toxic, colourless and chemically inert.
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x.
Low Weight:- due to aluminum enclosure, corresponds to low cost foundations and buildings.
xi.
The dielectric strength of SF6 gas at atmospheric pressure is approximately three times that of air.
It has arc-quenching properties 3 to 4 times better than air at equal pressure. Ability to interrupt short-line faults Overvoltage is kept to a minimum. Minimum gas leakage (less than 0.1% per year). The use of SF6 gas as an insulating medium in switchgear reduces the clearance distance between active and non-active parts of a switchgear facilitating the following advantages of gas insulated applications compared to air insulated applications: Less space requirements - especially in congested city areas Less sensitivity to pollution, as well as salt, sand or even large amounts of snow Less operation & maintenance costs
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Disadvantages with Air Insulated Substations:a) b) It requires huge amount of area . Cost is higher compared to Air Insulated Substation or conventional substation. Maintenance cost is more. c) Normally this type of substations are indoor type and requires separate building. Each and every component of substation is exposed to air and pollution. d) Maintaining Cleanliness is very important. Dust or moisture inside the compartment causes the flash overs so frequent flashovers and breakdown occurs. e) When fault occurs internally, the outage period will be very long. The damage effect will also be severe. f) Installation time is also more..
This is achieved by a sliding contact characterized by three defined positions: disconnector open / earthing switch closed disconnector closed / earthing switch open disconnector open / earthing switch open
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The use of one moving contact for the disconnector and the earthing switch inhibits simultaneous closed position of both switches. Combined disconnector and earthing switch is mounted at the front, and acts via bevel gears and an insulating shaft on the three parallel contact pins. Depending on the direction of movement the contacts act as disconnector or earthing switch (maintenance earthing switch). By means of a crank handle, manual operation of the combined disconnector and earthing switch is also possible.
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Conclusion
GIS are necessary for EHV&UHV and some important areas to be studied include more conservative designs better particle control&improved gas handling&decomposition product management techniques Achieving&maintaining high levels of availability requires a more integrated approach to quality control by both users and manufactures
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REFERENCE
I develop my this seminar report on GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION by using following web sites.
www.google.com
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