()

- &
Y


1 ........................................................................................................................................................................................1
2 ....................................................................................................................................1
2.1 ........................................................................................................................................2
2.2 ...................................................................................................................3
3 ........................................................................................................................................................5
3.1 .......................................................................................................................................................5
3.1.1 ................................................................................................................................5
3.1.2 .................................................................................................................................................6
4 ....................................................................................................................................................7
4.1 ...........................................................................................................................................7
4.2 ............................................................................................................................................8
4.2.1 (Depth First Search - DFS)..............................................................................................9
4.2.2 (Breadth First Search BFS).......................................................................................10
4.2.3 k (Iterative Deepening ID)..........................................................................10
4.2.4 (Bitirectional Search BiS).....................................................................................10
4.2.5 (Branch and Bound B&B)........................................................................10
4.3 .....................................................................................................................................10
4.4 ..........................................................................................................11
5 .......................................................................................................................................................11
5.1 .........................................................................................................................................................................12
5.2 ......................................................................................................13
5.3 ..........................................................................................................................................13
6 - ..........................................................................................................14
6.1 .........................................................................................................................................................................14
6.2 ................................................................................................................................................................................15
6.3 ........................................................................................................................................15
7 .................................................................................................................................................16
7.1 ................................................................................................................................................................16
7.1.1 .....................................................................................................................................................17
7.1.2 ..........................................................................................................................................18
7.1.3 ....................................................................................................................20
7.2 ..........................................................................................................................20
7.3 ...........................................................................................................................................................20
7.3.1 ........................................................................................................................................21
7.4 ......................................................................................................................................21
8 .......................................................................................................................................................22
8.1 ................................................................................................................................................22
8.2 ..........................................................................................................................23
8.3 .................................................................................................................................................................23
9 ................................................................................................................................................................23
9.1 . ................................................................................................................25
9.2 .............................................................................................................................................................25
9.3 .............................................................................................................................................................25
9.3.1 .......................................................................................................................................................26
9.3.2 ..................................................................................................................................................26
9.3.3 Bayes.....................................................................................................................................................26
9.3.4 ........................................................................................................................26
9.3.5 .....................................................................................................................................................26
9.3.6 ..........................................................................................................................26
10 ..................................................................................................................................27
10.1 ..................................................................................................................................................................27

10.1.1 .................................................................................................................................27
10.1.2 ...................................................................................................................................28
10.1.3 . ..................................................................................................................................30
10.1.4 ............................................................................................................31
10.2 ...............................................................................................................................................................32
10.2.1 ....................................................................................................................................32
10.2.2 ................................................................................................................33
10.3 .........................................................................................................................................34
10.4 ........................................................................................................................................................................34
10.4.1 ...............................................................................................................................................35
10.4.2 ...............................................................................................................................................................36
11 .....................................................................................................................................................37
11.1 .....................................................................................................................................................38
11.1.1 ...........................................................................................................................................39
11.1.2 ...............................................................................................................................................39
11.2 ................................................................................................................................................39
11.3 .........................................................................................................................................................40
11.4
...................................................................................................................................................................................................40
11.4.1 ........................................................................................................................41
11.4.2 ..........................................................................................................................................41
11.4.3 .................................................................................................................................................42
11.4.4 ....................................................................................................................................................42
11.4.5 ......................................................................................................................................43
11.5 .......................................................................................................................................................44
12 ........................................................................................................................................................45
12.1 ...............................................................................................................46
12.2 .............................................................................................................................47
12.3 ........................................................................48
12.4 ......................................................................................50
12.5 .....................................................................................................................................52
12.6 ...............................................................................................................................52
12.6.1 ..................................................................................................................................................52
12.7 ...................................................................................................................56
12.7.1 .......................................................................................................................................56
12.7.2 ......................................................................................................................................................57
12.7.3 ....................................................................................................................................................................57
12.7.4 ..................................................................................................................................................................57
12.7.5 ........................................................................................................................57
12.8 ...........................................................................................................................................................58
12.9 ..........................................................................................................................................................58
13 ..............................................................................................................................59
14 ......................................................................................................................................61
14.1 ............................................................................................................61
14.2 I BOMB...........................................................................................................................................................................62
14.3 ........................................................................................................................63

1
()
. 1956
, John McCarthy, Marvin Mincky, Claude Shannon
..
. 2000
, , ,
..
.
, . ,
, ...

.
.

2
.
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2


Alan Touring
1950 ( Touring test).
test
.

. Touring test
.

,
,
, ,
.

( natural language processing),
(knowlenge representation), (automated reasoning),
(machine learning), (machine vision)
(robotics).

2.2
,
Warren McCoulloch Walter Pitts 1943

.
1956 Dartmouth,
, Allen Newell Herbet Simon , logic
theorist, Russell
Whitehead principia mathematica.
MacCarthey
.
Newell Simon, (general
problem solver, GPS). GPS
.
3

 1958 MacCarthey : Programmes with common

sense, advise taken,
, () .

,
.
1963 stanford research institute, robot, Shakey,
.
1968 Tom Evans analogy
(IQ test).
1965 Weizenbaum,
,
.
,
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(expert systems).
dentral .

.
.
1981 .
prolog
.
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9

4.2.2 (Breadth First Search BFS)

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BFS .
.

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18

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.
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22

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.

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26

 ,
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27

 :
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5:

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(Syntactic Analysis)
(Sentantic Analysis)
28

 (Pragmatic Analysis)
.

10.1.2.1

-
.
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.

.
.
3. :
.

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29


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International Joint Conference On Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)
The Europian Conference On Artificial Intelligence (ECAI)
The Conference Of The American Association For Artificial Intelligence(AAAI)
() ,
() .
:
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence (ELSEVIER)
Intelligent Systems (IEEE)
Al-Magazine (American Association For Artificial Intelligence)
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research (MORGAN KAUFMANN)
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www.Wikipedia.com/Artificial+inteligence

65