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Understanding Functions
You also should know that you can enter a cell reference using a mixed-reference format. In this format, you anchor either the cells row (by placing the dollar sign in front of the row address onlyfor example, B$6) or its column (by placing the dollar sign in front of the column address onlyfor example, $B6).
Functions are formulas that Excel has predefined. Excel has various function categories, including the following:
Text Logical Information Lookup and reference Date and time Math and trigonometry Statistical Financial Database and table
Insert Function
1. Select the cell in which you want to use the function. 2. Enter the formula up to the point where you want to insert the function. 3. Click the Insert Function button in the formula bar. 4. The Insert Function dialog box appears
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5. Click All. 6. In the Select a Function list, click the function you want to use. 7. Click OK. Excel displays the Function Arguments dialog box. 8. For each required argument and each optional argument you want to use, enter a value, expression, or cell reference in the appropriate text box.
The string you want to convert to lowercase For example, the following formula converts the text in cell B10 to lowercase: =LOWER(B10)
text
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The UPPER() Function The UPPER() function converts a specified string to all-uppercase letters: UPPER(text) Text The string you want to convert to uppercase For example, the following formula converts the text in cells A5 and B5 to uppercase and concatenates the results with a space between them: =UPPER(A5) & & UPPER(B5)
The PROPER() Function The PROPER() function converts a specified string to proper case, which means the first letter of each word appears in uppercase and the rest of the letters appear in lowercase: PROPER(text) Text The string you want to convert to proper case For example, the following formula, entered as an array, converts the text in the range A1:A10 to proper case: =PROPER(A1:A10)
The TRIM() Function You use the TRIM() function to remove excess spaces within a string: TRIM(text) Text The string from which you want the excess spaces removed
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The REPT() Function: Repeating a Character The REPT() function repeats a string a specified number of times: REPT(text, number) text The character or string you want to repeat Number The number of times to repeat text
=REPT(|, B4)