Queen Mary, University of London B.Sc.

Examination MAS114 Geometry I

18 May 2006, 14.3016.30

The duration of this examination is 2 hours. This paper has two Sections and you should attempt both Sections. Please read carefully the instructions given at the beginning of each Section. Calculators are NOT permitted in this examination. The unauthorised use of a calculator constitutes an examination oence.

c QMUL, University of London 2006 1

SECTION A Each question carries 8 marks. You should attempt ALL questions.

1 3 2 1. Let A = and B = 4 2 1 2 For each of the following expressions, expression has no meaning: (i) A + B; 2. (ii) AB; (iii) BA;

1 0 . 1 either evaluate the expression or explain why the (iv) A1 .

(i) By reducing to echelon form, determine all solutions to the following system of 3x 3y x 2y + + 4z z = = 3 . 2

linear equations:

(ii) What does your answer to (i) tell you about the intersection of the two planes dened by the equations above? 2 3 1 3. Let A = 2 2 3 . 1 1 5 (i) Calculate det(A). (ii) Is A invertible? Why or why not? 4. Let u = (1, 2, 3) and v = (5, 1, 2). Calculate the following:

(i) u v; (ii) |u|; (iii) cos , where is the angle between u and v; (iv) a vector equation for the line through the point P = (1, 2, 3) in the direction of v. 5. Consider the ellipse x2 y2 + = 1. 9 4 (i) Sketch this ellipse, giving the co-ordinates of the ends of both the major and the minor axes. (ii) Determine the eccentricity and the foci of this ellipse.

SECTION B Each question carries 20 marks. You may attempt all questions. Except for the award of a bare pass, only marks for the best 3 questions will be counted.

6.

Let A, B, C be subsets of a set X.

(i) Dene the union and the intersection of A and B, and the complement of A (in X). (ii) Without using truth tables, prove that A (B C) = (A B) (A C). (iii) Recall that A \ B = A B . Apply this, the result of (ii) and one or both of the de Morgan Laws to prove that A \ (B C) = (A \ B) (A \ C). (iv) Let V be the set of all row vectors (a, b, c), such that a, b, c {2, 1, 0, 1}. (a) Determine |V |. (b) Write down u and v such that u R3 \ V , v V and u + v V . 7. (i) Dene the transpose AT of an m n matrix A.

(ii) Prove that for an mn matrix A and an np matrix B, we have that (AB)T = B T AT . (iii) Dene what it means for an n n matrix A to be invertible, and if A is invertible, what is meant by the inverse of A. (iv) Prove that if A and B are invertible n n matrices then (a) AT is invertible, and 8. (b) AT BA1 is invertible.

(i) Dene what is meant by an eigenvalue of an n n matrix A, and what is meant

by a corresponding eigenvector. (ii) An n n matrix A is nilpotent if Ak = 0nn for some positive integer k. Prove that if is an eigenvalue of a nilpotent n n matrix then we must have = 0. (iii) Prove that if an n n matrix A has = 0 as one of its eigenvalues then A is not invertible. 2 1 . Calculate the characteristic polynomial and the eigenvalues of 3 2 A, a (non-zero) eigenvector for each eigenvalue, and an invertible matrix S and a diagonal (iv) Let A = matrix D such that S 1 AS = D. Next question overleaf 3

9.

(i) Dene the vector product u v of two vectors u and v in terms of their lengths,

directions and the angle between them. (ii) Suppose we x the origin O, take points U, V, W so that OU V W is a parallelogram, let u be the position vector of U and w be the position vector of W . Apply your denition in (i) to prove that |u w| is equal to the area of OU V W . (iii) For each of the following statements, say whether it is true or false and justify your answer: (a) if u and v are vectors such that u v = 0, then we must have u = 0 or v = 0; (b) if u is a vector such that u v = 0 for every vector v, then we must have u = 0; (c) (u v) w = u (v w) for all vectors u, v, w. (iv) Find a Cartesian equation for the plane through the point P = (1, 2, 3) and parallel to u = (1, 2, 1) and v = (1, 1, 0).

End of Examination Paper