English for Maths III

Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships

1. Because he was tired, he scored poorly on the exam, ___ into the university. a. this will cause him to not be admitted b. this is a fact which will cause him to not be admitted c. a fact which will cause him to not be admitted d. a fact which will cause him to not admit 2. ___ the TOEFL with a score of 550, he will be admitted into the university. a. Now that he passes b. That he has passed c. Now, he has passed d. Now that he has passed 3. Since July 4th is a holiday, ___ have to go to work. a. so we do not b. we do not c. as a result, we do not d. thus, we do not 4. Yousef went back to Saudi Arabia ___ to take care of some business in his company. a. and he needed b. because he needed c. which he needed d. because he need 5. ___, he will return back to the United States to study English. a. Had Yousef taken care of his business in Saudi Arabia b. Now that Yousef has taken care his business in Saudi Arabia c. Now that Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabia d. Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabia but 6. ___ have to work today, we should go to Laguna Beach. a. For we do not b. We do not c. Since we do not d. Since we do no 7. Fabiana will not go to work today ___ a bit ill. a. , she is b. because she c. because she is

d. which is she is 8. ___, the temperature should begin dropping. a. Now that the sun setting b. Now that the sun set c. The sun setting d. Now that the sun has set 9. ___ is important since most professional jobs require writing skills. a. Learn how to write b. Learning how write c. Learning how to write d. Learning how to write it is 10. ___, the research paper is beneficial to students since it requires them to critically think, read, and write about a specific body of knowledge in which they have an interest. a. A requirement at most universities b. It is a requirement at most universities c. A requirement at most universities it is d. Requirement at most universities 11. ___ over, I am ready to enter the job market, so I will begin to send out my rsum to prospective employers. a. Now that my universities studies have been b. Now, that my universities studies are c. Now that my universities studies are d. My universities studies are 12. Waldo, ___, has learned a great deal of English since he came to the U.S. a. he is a practicing lawyer from Chile b. who a practicing lawyer is from Chile c. a practicing lawyer from Chile d. a practicing lawyer from Chile who 13. Because of the extreme fatigue ___ a marathon, most runners must train for several months before they are sufficiently conditioned. a. which involved in running b. involving in running c. involved in running d. involved in run 14. ___ fifty-five miles per week for ten consecutive weeks, you are ready to run a marathon. a. You have trained at a rate of b. Now that you have trained at a rate of

c. Now that you have trained at a rate of so d. Now that you train at a rate 15. He hasn't lifted any weights ___ his right arm. a. since he injures b. since he injured c. since he injure d. , he injured 16. ___ any trout yet, she is going to change the bait she is using. a. Because Ivy has not catched b. Ivy has not caught c. Because Ivy has not caught d. Because Ivy had not caught 17. Alfredo, ___ high academic aspirations, cannot pay his tuition now that his father is unemployed. a. has b. who he has c. who has d. have had 18. ___ Asian economic crisis, it has been very hard for Ai and her family to pay their bills. a. The b. Because the c. Since the d. Since 19. Halle Berry faces legal problems because she was ___ information with the injured driver. a. involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging b. involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchange c involved in a car accident and leaves the scene without exchanging d. involve in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging 20. Now that India is approaching one billion people, it will soon surpass China as the world's most populated country, ___. a. a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists like b. this is a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike

c. which a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike d. a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike Task: Underline all the cause and effect language

Adverb Clauses - Cause and Effect Relationships (cdcbcccdcacccbbccccd) Because he was tired, he scored poorly on the exam, ___ into the university. a. this will cause him to not be admitted b. this is a fact which will cause him to not be admitted c. a fact which will cause him to not be admitted d. a fact which will cause him to not admit ___ the TOEFL with a score of 550, he will be admitted into the university. a. Now that he passes b. That he has passed c. Now, he has passed d. Now that he has passed Since July 4th is a holiday, ___ have to go to work. a. so we do not b. we do not c. as a result, we do not d. thus, we do not Yousef went back to Saudi Arabia ___ to take care of some business in his company. a. and he needed b. because he needed c. which he needed d. because he need ___, he will return back to the United States to study English. a. Had Yousef taken care of his business in Saudi Arabia b. Now that Yousef has taken care his business in Saudi Arabia c. Now that Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabia d. Yousef has taken care of his business in Saudi Arabia but ___ have to work today, we should go to Laguna Beach. a. For we do not b. We do not c. Since we do not d. Since we do no Fabiana will not go to work today ___ a bit ill.

a. , she is b. because she c. because she is d. which is she is ___, the temperature should begin dropping. a. Now that the sun setting b. Now that the sun set c. The sun setting d. Now that the sun has set ___ is important since most professional jobs require writing skills. a. Learn how to write b. Learning how write c. Learning how to write d. Learning how to write it is ___, the research paper is beneficial to students since it requires them to critically think, read, and write about a specific body of knowledge in which they have an interest. a. A requirement at most universities b. It is a requirement at most universities c. A requirement at most universities it is d. Requirement at most universities ___ over, I am ready to enter the job market, so I will begin to send out my rsum to prospective employers. a. Now that my universities studies have been b. Now, that my universities studies are c. Now that my universities studies are d. My universities studies are Waldo, ___, has learned a great deal of English since he came to the U.S. a. he is a practicing lawyer from Chile b. who a practicing lawyer is from Chile c. a practicing lawyer from Chile d. a practicing lawyer from Chile who Because of the extreme fatigue ___ a marathon, most runners must train for several months before they are sufficiently conditioned. a. which involved in running b. involving in running

c. involved in running d. involved in run ___ fifty-five miles per week for ten consecutive weeks, you are ready to run a marathon. a. You have trained at a rate of b. Now that you have trained at a rate of c. Now that you have trained at a rate of so d. Now that you train at a rate He hasn't lifted any weights ___ his right arm. a. since he injures b. since he injured c. since he injure d. , he injured ___ any trout yet, she is going to change the bait she is using. a. Because Ivy has not catched b. Ivy has not caught c. Because Ivy has not caught d. Because Ivy had not caught Alfredo, ___ high academic aspirations, cannot pay his tuition now that his father is unemployed. a. has b. who he has c. who has d. have had ___ Asian economic crisis, it has been very hard for Ai and her family to pay their bills. a. The b. Because the c. Since the d. Since Halle Berry faces legal problems because she was ___ information with the injured driver. a. involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchange b. involved in a car accident and leaves the scene without exchanging c. involved in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging d. involve in a car accident and left the scene without exchanging

Now that India is approaching one billion people, it will soon surpass China as the world's most populated country, ___. a. a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists like b. this is a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike c. which a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike d. a fact which has alarmed geographers and environmentalists alike

CHART 17-2: USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT There are differences among the ways to say because. Because makes the most direct or explicit cause-and-effect statement. Since means because it is a fact that or seeing that it is true that. For example: Since youve done this before (a known fact), could you please show me how? Because, but not since, can ask about an unknown cause. For example: Did he stay home because he was tired? Now that is special to present-time, known reasons. It indicates that a situation has changed. Punctuation follows the same guidelines with these adverb clauses as with others. (And they are only guidelines, not rules. There are wide stylistic variations in comma usage with adverb clauses. This text simply presents the most usual patterns.) Other cause-and-effect subordinating conjunctions you may wish to introduce in an advanced class are as, as/so long as, and inasmuch as. They are similar to since: they express a cause that is a known fact. As has many uses. Students might be interested in knowing that one use is to express cause and effect. In their own writing, however, they might prefer to use because, since, or now that in order to ensure clarity. Inasmuch as is generally found only in formal writing and is relatively infrequent. EXERCISE 3, p. 362. Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect. (Chart 17-2) You might ask for two different versions of the response to a few items to show the use of a comma whenever the adverb clause precedes the independent clause. ANSWERS: [The adverb clauses are underlined.] 3. Cold air hovers near the earth because it is heavier than hot air. 4. Since you paid for the theater tickets, please let me pay for our dinner. 5. Now that Larry is finally caught up on his work, he can start his vacation tomorrow. [be caught up on =
have no tasks left to do] 6. Because ourTV set was broken, we listened to the news on the radio.

7. My brother got married last month. Now that hes a married man, he has more responsibilities. 8. Since oil is an irreplaceable natural resource, we must do whatever we can in order to conserve it. 9. Do you want to go for a walk now that the rain has stopped? 10. Many young people move to the cities in search of employment since 184 CHAPTER 17, Adverb Clauses there are few jobs available in the rural areas. 11. Now that the civil war has ended, a

new government is being formed. 12. Since ninety-two thousand people already have reservations with an airline company for a trip to the moon, I doubt that Ill get the chance to go on one of the first tourist flights. EXERCISE 4, p. 363. Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect. (Chart 17-2) SAMPLE COMPLETIONS: [The adverb clauses are underlined.] 1. Now that Ive finally finished cleaning my room, I can watchTV. 2. The teacher didnt collect the papers because the exercise is not going to be graded. 3. Since its too expensive to fly across the country, we are going by bus. 4. Jack cant stay out all night with his friends now that he is working the night shift. 5. Since we dont have class tomorrow, we can stay up later tonight.

Adverb clauses Because is an adverb. But because of is a preposition. PART I: Adverb Clauses 1. Introduction: Examples: When she was in Miami, she visited many friends. She visited many friends when she was in Miami. When she was in Miami: is an adverb clause. She visited many friends: Independent clause. An adverb clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause. When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause, a comma is used to separate the clauses. When the adverb clause follows, usually no comma is used. Examples: Because she wanted to visit her friends, she went to Miami. She went to Miami because she wanted to visit her friends. Like when, because introduces an adverb clause. The words used to introduce adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunction. Time: After, before, when, while, as by the time (that), whenever, since, until, as soon as, once, as so long as. Cause and effect: Because, since, now that, as so long as, inasmuch as, so (that), in order that. Opposition: Even though, although, though, whereas, while. Condition: If, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing (that), Provided (that), in case (that), in the event (that). 2.Time relationships with adverb clauses. Examples: After she (had) came, she turned on the radio. After she comes, she will turn on the radio. Before she came, she (had) turned on the radio. Before she comes, she will turn on the radio. The adverb clause contains a present tense while the independent clause contains a future time.

When When When When When

he he he he he

came, she was turning on the radio. came, she had already turned on the radio. came, she turned on the radio. was out, she turned on the radio. comes tomorrow, she will turn on the radio.

While she was listening to the radio, he knocked at the door. As she was listening to the radio, he knocked at the door. As, while = during this time. By the time he came, she had already listened the news. By the time he comes, she will listen the news. By the time = one event is completed before another event. She listens to the radio whenever he comes. Whenever = every time when She stayed at home until he came. Until = till = to that time and then no longer. She hasnt listened to the radio since he came. Since = from that time to the present. As soon as he knocks at the door, she will turn off the radio. Once he knocks at the door, she will turn off the radio. As soon as = once = when one event happens, another Event happens soon afterwards. He wont come as long as she smokes. He will never come so long as she doesnt call him. As long as = so long as = during all that time, from beginning to end. 3.Cause and effect relationships with adverb clauses. Because: Examples: Because he wanted to visit his friends, he went to Miami. He went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends. Since: Examples: Since she never heard about cloning, she decided to not speak about it. Since = because Now that: Now that he has a lot of money, he can afford a new computer. Now that = because now. It is used for present and future situations.

As: As they graduated, they were looking for jobs. As = because As/so long as: As long as he works for this company, he cant learn anything. As/so long as = because Inasmuch as (very formal): Inasmuch as anybody is responsible, the situation becomes worse and worse. Inasmuch as = because Part II: Other Ways of Showing Cause and Effect Relationships: 1. Such that and so that: Such that encloses a modified noun: Such + adjective +noun + that So that encloses an adjective or adverb: So + adjective + that So + adverb + that Examples: Because the exam was easy, they could pass it. (1) It was such easy exam that they could pass it. (2) The exam was so easy that they could pass it. (3) (1), (2) and (3) have the same meaning. So that is used with many, few, much and little. Examples: They worked so hard that they passed the exam. She made so many mistakes that she failed the exam. He had so much time that he went to hike. They have so little work to do that they share it. He has so few books that he wants to buy some. Sometimes in speaking, that is omitted. The exam was so easy that I could pass it. I had so much time that I went to hike. 2.Using In order to: In order to = to. It is used to express purpose. It answers the question Why? Examples: He went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends. He went to Miami (in order) to visit his friends. Dont use for with a verb to express purpose. Sometimes we use for to express purpose but with a noun.

He went to Miami for business. 3. Using: So that: So that = in order to So that = in order that. So that + can: So that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability is being expressed. Examples: He is going to make a registration in order to be able to take courses. He is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses. So that + could: Could is used after so that in past sentences. Examples: He repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use it. He repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it. May and might may also be used after that, but are not as common as can and could. So that + will: The use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does something in order to make sure that something else is the result. Examples: She fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desert. She fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desert. So that would: Would is used in past tense. Examples: Last week, he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure that it would be ready by eleven. Last week, he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would be ready by eleven. 4.Using: because of and due to: Examples: Because she was sick, she didnt come to attend the speech. Because of her sickness, she didnt come to attend the speech. Due to her sickness, she didnt come to attend the speech. Because is an adverb. It introduces an adverb clause. It is followed by a subject and verb. Because of and due to are prepositions. They are followed by a noun object. Sometimes, usually, in more formal writing, due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that.

Due to the fact that she was sick, she didnt come to attend the speech. 5. Using therefore: Examples: He passed his exams because he worked very hard. Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb) He worked very hard. Therefore, he passed his exams. He worked very hard. He, therefore, he passed his exams. He worked very hard. He passed his exams, therefore. A semicolon may be used instead a period: He worked very hard; therefore, he passed his exams. Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore: He worked very hard. Consequently, he passed his exams. A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair. It shows the relationship of the second idea to the first idea. A transition is movable within the second sentence. 6. Punctuations: Adverb clause: Examples: Because she was sick, she didnt come to attend the speech. She didnt come to attend the speech because she was sick. An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clause. A comma is used if the adverb clause comes first. Preposition: Because of her sickness, she didnt come to attend the speech. She didnt come to attend the speech because of her sickness. A preposition is followed by a noun, not by a subject and verb. A comma is usually used if the prepositional phrase precedes the subject and verb of the independent clause. Conjunction: She was sick, so she didnt come to attend the speech.

A conjunction comes between two independent clauses. Usually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction. Transition: He worked very hard. (;) Therefore, he passed his exams. He worked very hard. (;) He, therefore, he passed his exams. He worked very hard. (;) He passed his exams, therefore. Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses. A comma may not be used to separate the clauses. Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence. PART III: Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases 1.Changing time clauses to modifying phrases: Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases. The way is the same as changing adjective clauses: Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of the dependant clause: Adverb clause: While she was going home, she runs into a friend. Modifying phrase: While going home, she runs into a friend. If there is no be form of a verb, omit the subject and change the verb to -ing: Adverb clause: Before he came, he called us. Modifying phrase: Before coming, he called us. While he was reading a book, she knocks at the door. This adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clause because the two clauses have different subjects. While Frank was reading, he felt very upset. While reading, Frank felt very upset. When Safia was arrived at home, she began to call on her daughter. When arrived at home, Safia began to call on her daughter. When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase, the noun in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause. 2. Expressing the idea of During the same time in modifying phrases: Examples: While he was reading, he felt very upset. While reading, he felt very upset.

Reading, he felt very upset. Going home, she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk. Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time) 3. Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases: Because is not used in a modifying phrase. It is omitted, but the resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship. Because he worked, he didnt come to attend the speech. Working, he didnt come to attend the speech. Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of because. Because she has moved, she doesnt remember the way to the market. Having moved, she doesnt remember the way to the market. Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because, but also of before. Because he was unable to afford the truth, he lied a lot. Being unable to afford the truth, he lied a lot. Unable to afford the truth, he lied a lot. The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being. The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear.

Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effectbecause Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. He went to bed because he was sleepy. An adverb clause may come in front of or after the independent clause. Notice the punctuation in examples a and b. since Since he wasn't feeling well, he decided to stay home and not go to school. In example "c" since means because. now that Now that the semester is finished, I'm going to rest a few days and then take a trip.In example "d" now that means because now. Now that is used for present and future situations. as As she had nothing to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie. In example "e" as means because. as/so long as As long as (So long as) you're not busy, could you help me with this work? In example "f" as long as means because. inasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote. In example "g" inasmuch as means because. Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech. Exercise 7 Directions: Using the given information, make sentences using now that. Jose used to take the bus to school, but last week he bought a car. Now he can drive to school. Now that Jose has a car, he can drive to school. You just had your sixteenth birthday. Now you can get a driver's license. Now that you are ________________________________________________________ We have to wear warm clothes. It's winter now. ________________________________________________________________________ Bob used to live in the dorm, but a couple of weeks ago he moved into an apartment. Now he can cook his own food. __________________________________________________________________________ Whew! I've finally finished painting the house. Now I can go fishing. __________________________________________________________________________ I can get a job as a bilingual secretary. I know English now. __________________________________________________________________________ My brother got married last month. He's a married man now, so he has more responsibilities. __________________________________________________________________________ Do you want to go for a walk? The rain has stopped. ___________________________________________________________________________ It's been a long, hard week, but final exams are finally over. We can relax. ___________________________________________________________________________ The civil war has ended. A new government is being formed. ___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 8 Directions: Complete the following. As long as its such a nice day, why don't ___________________________________________

As long as the movie is free, let's _________________________________________________ As long as it's raining, I think I'll __________________________________________________ As long as the coffee is already made, I guess I'll _____________________________________ As long as you're here, why don't ________________________________________________ As long as you're up, would you mind _____________________________________________ Exercise 9 Directions: Combine the given ideas by using since. Also, decide which sentence might be found in somewhat formal writing and use inasmuch as. Monday is Dan's birthday. Let's give him a party. _________________________________________________________________________ Monday is a national holiday. All government office will be closed. _________________________________________________________________________ The guys I live with don't know any Chinese. I have to speak English with them. _________________________________________________________________________ Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource. We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it. __________________________________________________________________________ Maria, maybe you could help me with this calculus problem. You're a math major. __________________________________________________________________________ Many young people move to the cities in search of employment. There are few jobs available in the rural areas. __________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 10 Directions: Complete the following Punctuate carefully. Now that I____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ The teacher didn't________________________________________because ______________________________________________________________________________ ________ Since heavy fog is predicted for tonight _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ He was not admitted to the university inasmuch as _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Elmer can't stay out all night with his friends now that_____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Since we don't have class tomorrow ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Inasmuch as her application arrived after the deadline____________________________________

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