History of Cambodia

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1914
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qñaM2005 rkSasiT§i

Translation Series No.4 Documentation Center of Cambodia
Adhémard Leclère: History of Cambodia

Translated by Tep Mengkhean Edited by Youk Chhang Graphic by Kim Sovann Dany Cover and
Book design by Youk Chhang Printed in Cambodia 2005 Copyright
The History of Cambodia translation project was initiated in early Fall 2004 with personal support from the
author of the book. The publication was funded in 2004 by the author.
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
Searching for the truth.
Documentation Center of Cambodia
P.O. Box 1110, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Tel.: + 855 (23) 211-875
Fax.: + 855 (23) 210-358
Email: dccam@online.com.kh
Homepage: www.dccam.org
1- Cambodia - History. I. Tittle: Histoire du Cambodge depuis le 1er siècle de notre ère...
DS 554.5.L4 1975 959.6 73.1792 17
ISBN 0-404-54845-8
matika
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Gaedm:ar LWEkør
):arIs/ éf¶TI1 ExFñÚ qñaM1913
1
Revue scientifique
2
Bulletin de la Société d’Ethnographie de Paris
3
Revue de l’histoire du droit francais et étranger
buBVkfarbs;GñkERbsRmÜl
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4
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6
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sÁal;EteQµaHraCFanI)alGg;év EdlelakehAfa sa)an mann½yfaraCFanIrbs;ca b¤sanb:ueNÑaH. tamemIleTA KW
eQµaH san enHÉg EdlkøaymkCa cam:,a ehIyEdlBYkGñkniBn§Gar:ab;ehAfa hSag enAstvtSr_TI8.
8
erOgeRBgkm<úCaniyayfamanesþccam6GgÁesayraCü ehIymanBYkExµrecjmkBI\®TÞR)asß³ Ek,rTIRkúgEdløI
sBVéf¶ mksuMrs;enARtg;kEnøgEdlBYkeKerobcMrYceRscehIy eRkaymkBYkExµrenHRtÚvr:UvCamYyBYknaK bHe)arRbqaMg
edjBYkcamecjeTA. tamBYkbBaØvnþkm<úCamYycMnYnEdleCOeTAelIerOgeRBg )anerobrab;eTotfaBYkcam)aneKcxøÜneTA
dl;RbeTslav rYcbegáItrdæcM):asak;enATIenaH. erOgesþccam6GgÁBitCamansarsMxan;Nas; k¾b:uEnþerOgeRBgKµanGVICa
sMGagc,as;las;eT. eyIgnwgRtlb;mkemIlerOgenHeTot enAeBleRkay.
BkY lav
enABIxageCIgTwkdIEdlBYkExµr b¤km<úC³rs;enA manRbCaCnepSgeTotEdlminsUvCasuIvil½y
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erOgeRBgrbs;lavniyayfa BYkviRbCa ¬RkúmmnusSEdlmankarerobcMminTan;RKb;sBV¦
enARbeTslavmanedImkMeNItecjmkBIbuBVbursrYmEtmYy. BaküfaviRbCalavenH minEmnsMedAyk
EtRbCaCnlavsBVéf¶b:ueNÑaHeT KWrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgRbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgGagTenøemNamxagelIpgEdr
muneBlEdlBYkéfmkdl; BYkmYgenAtugkwg BYkm:g; BYkcavCI b¤BYkFuk muneBlC½yCmñHrbs;BYkg:amNn;
b¤GaNÑam RBmTaMgrdæsan muneBlBYksanEdlmanedImkMeNItéf mkdl;.
tamerOgeRBgTaMgenaH em²rbs;BYkeKmanzan³CaKYn EdlmanenAbnþrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enAlav
k¾dUcCaenAéf nigkm<úCapgEdr KWCazan³m®nþIfñak;Tab.
BkY mn b¤ )a: kan
BYkmnrs;enAelIRcaMgxagt,ÚgénTenø\ravtI nigTenøsalUGg;. eRkayBIerobcMksagraCFanIeb:hÁÚ
rYc BYkenHdak;eQµaHxøÜnÉgfa eb:hÁÚ Edr ehIy)anRtÚvBYkGWr:ubEkdak;fa):akan9vij edIm,IkuM[RcLMnwg
eQµaHraCFanI nigeQµaHRsukpg.
BYkenHeFVIdMeNIrecjmkBIrmBaØeTs ³ EdlsßitenAtammat;smuRTbwgháal;. enATIenaHmanTIRkúg
epSgeTot KWtav:y/ etNas;esrIm/ EmrKuy nigm:ata)an10 EdlkM)aMg)at;enABIeRkayekaHCaeRcIn
ry. tamBit BYkenHmanedImkMeNItenA\NÐa KWRbEhlCaenAtammat;smuRTkUr:Um:g;Edl b¤GUrIsSa Edl
BImunehAfakligÁ³11.BYkenH)anksagraCFanITImYyrbs;eKmaneQµaHfatalwg taMgBImunRKisþskraC
9
Baküeb:hÁÚenH RbEhlCaRtÚvnwgBaküéxesrbs;EpnTIpþÚelem nigBakübTsaTVIbrbs;BYkhiNÐÚ.
10
PasaGñkRsukehAfa tav:y/ Tn³RsI/ mnß nigmFm³.
11
kligÁ³CardæmYykñúg\NÐasm½yburaN sßitenAelIRcaMgxagekItén]bTVIb\NÐa Ebrmuxmkrk\NÐÚcinBImçagénQUg
smuRTbwgháal;. rdæenHmanRsuk3 EdleKehArYmKñafa éRtligÁ³ eRkaymkkøayCa tiligÁ³ b¤taligÁ³ TIbBa©b;Ca talwg
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eRcInstvtSr_eRkayeBl EdleKmkdl;\NÐÚcin eTIbBYkkligÁ³dUreQµaHeTACa mn/ m:g; b¤m:ag vij EdlCaeQµaHRsuk
cMNuH\NÐasm½yburaN KWrmnBaØ³ køayeTACarmBaØ³ Cam½j.
ehIyk¾RtÚv)aneKehAfatalwg²y:agenH rhUtdl;stvtSr_TI18 EtBYkGWr:ubehAfa taelog. KWcab;BI
raCFanIenHehIy EdlBYkeKecjeTAlukluyTwkdIsuvNÑPUmi KWRbeTsPUmaPaKxagt,ÚgsBVéf¶. enA
suvNÑPUmienH BYkkligÁ³EdlmkBIxagt,Úg nwgCYbCamYyBYkPUma EdlcuHmkBIxageCIg.
manBYktalwgmYycMnYn edIrkat;PñMetNas;esrIm eTArs;enARcbUkRcbl;CamYyRbCaCn Edlman
edImkMeNItCaExµrenARtg;TwkdIesomsBVéf¶. mYyRkúmeTotcuHeTAeRkameTAkan;eTobekaHm:aLakaeTArs;
enACamYyGñkRsukedImEdlmanrYceTAehIy.
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GaNÑameT.manRbPBedImecjBI\NÐa Rtg;nirtIRbeTscin BIsm½ykald¾yUrlg;mYy12 BYkenH)anmk
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begáItCakSRtRbeTs (Principauté) rbs;éf)ancMnYn6 enAstvtSr_TI2énskraCeyIg EdlBYkcindak;
eQµaHfa Nanqav mann½yfa kSRtTisxagt,Úg. eBlenaHBYkéfminTan;manKMnitcg;eFVIdMeNIrmkt,Úg
KWmkkan;\NÐÚcinenAeLIyeT. BYkenH RbEhlCaFøab;maneFVIcm,aMgCamYy nwgBYkPUmaxøHehIyenA
eBlenaH k¾b:uEnþ KµanÉksarNabBa¢ak;BIerOgenHeT enAstvtSr_dMbUg²énRKisþskraC ehIyvahak;
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enAstvtSr_TI7b:ueNÑaH.
cMENkTwkdIEdlsBVéf¶eyIgehAfaesomkalBIeBlenaHmanRbCara®sþrcY ehIy KWBkY Edlrs;enA
tammat;TenøemNamxageRkam dUcKñaeTAnwgRbCaCnEdlrs;enAtammat;TenøemKgÁxageRkam rIÉBYkEdl
rs;enAtammat;TenøemNamxagelI dUcKñaeTAnwgRbCaCnEdlrs;tammat;TenøemKgÁ kñúgRbeTslavEdr.
naeBlenaH tamemIleTAvahak;dUcCamanBYkbreTs cUlmkrs;layLMCamYyBYkExµrenARtg;
emNamPaKxageRkam nigkNþaleRsceTAehIy KWBYkmn EdleyIg)anerobrab;BIxagelIrYcehIy
BakükligÁ³ b¤køwgenH sBVéf¶RbCaCnkm<úCaeRbIsRmab;ehABYkhiNÐÚ rIÉRsukkøwgKWsMedAyk\NÐaCaTUeTA. TaMgGs;enH

KWedayehtufa BYkeKknøgmk Føab;manTMnak;TMngEtCamYyBYkhiNÐÚenAkUr:Um:g;Edl KWBYkkligÁ³enHÉg.
12
RbEhlCa 8stvtSr_ munRKisþskraC.
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dMbUgem:øH BYkmnExµrenHdUcCaR)akdxøÜneLIgCardæmincMNuH ehIyRbECgCamYynKrkm<úCa.dl;eBlEdl
BYkéf b¤esom cuHmkc,aMgdeNþImykTwkdIenH)an BYkéf b¤esomenH )anTTYlCamrtknUvkMhwgrbs;
RbCaCnEdlRtÚveKRtÜtRtaehIycab;bnþkarRbqaMgTl;nwgkarRtÜtRtarbs;Exµr rhUtdl;BYkeKTTYl)an
nUveCaKC½ymkTl;nwgsBVéf¶ KW7stvtSr_eRkayeBldeNþIm)an\nÞbtþCaelIkTI1.
bNaþ Rkmú ]bnei vsnh_ N
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nighiNÐÚ EdlecjpÞal;mkBIRbCMuekaH GaMgs‘uyLaMg nigkligÁ³ mktaMgenAtammat;smuRTxagt,Úg
nigxaglicén\NÐÚcinrYceTAehIy. eRkaymk BYkenH)anRcbl;layKñacUlCamYyGñkRsukedIm
KWBYkExµrenHÉg. KWRkúm]bnievsn_kligÁ³TaMgGs;enH ehIyEdl)anksagraCaNacRktUc² Rbkb
edayGarüFm’hiNÐÚ enAEpñkxagt,Úgén\NÐÚcin raCaNacRkTaMgenaHeRkaymkkøayCaRbeTskm<úCa b¤
RsukExµr. cMENkenAtammat;smuRTxaglicén\NÐÚcin EdlEbrmuxeTArkQUgsmuRTbwgháal;vij man
raCaNacRktUc² EdlBYkB½rTuyehÁ ehAfaEmrta)an/ EmrKuy/ tav:y/ etNas;esrIm RBmTaMgraCa
NacRktUc²enAtameqñrsmuRTxagekIténeTobekaHm:aLaka manlIhÁ½r b¤RsIFmµraCnKrCaedIm.
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kalBI2stvtSr_munRKisþskraC enAEb:kBay½BüéntugkwgsBVéf¶ manraCaNacRktUcmYy
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karRtÜtRtarbs;BYkGaNÑam EdlmkBIPaKxagt,ÚgénTenøy:g;esküag b¤Tenøexov. raCFanI KWPangU.
RBHraCamYyGgÁénraCaNacRkenH RBHnammn b¤ y:avCI )anRbkass®gÁamCamYycin rYcvay
deNþImyk)anExRtkVagTug ¬kalenaHmaneQµaHfa étevot¦/ ExRtkVages nigPUeKon ¬kalenaH man
eQµaHfa dugGU¦/ RBmTaMgrdætUc²mYycMnYneTot. RBHGgÁRtÚv)anRBHecAGFiraCcinTTYlsÁal;fa Ca
RBHraCaéng:anNam b¤GaNÑamEdr. GaNÑamnaeBlenaH KWtugkwgsBVéf¶enHÉg.
cab;BIeBlenaHmk raCaNacRkFuk eRkameQµaHfµIfa GaNÑam b¤g:anNam manTwkdIlatsn§wg
cab;BIRBMEdnPaKxagt,ÚgyunNan rhUtdl;QUgsmuRTtugkwg nigrhUtdl;RBMEdnPaKxageCIgnKrcam:,a
KWGaNÑamsBVéf¶.
raCaNacRkenH EdlcinehAfaNamEyb¤NamevotenAqñaM111 ¬mann½yfaTkSiNEbkExJk¦
bnÞab;mk )anRtÚvFøak;enAeRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;]tþmesniyemT½Bcin EdlRBHecAGFiraCcinEtgtaMg[
eFVICaecAhVayExRt. BYkenHRKb;RKgGMNact²Kña BI«Bukdl;kUn ehIyBRgwgGMNacEtkñúgRKÜsarÉg
y:agdUecñH.
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ehAfakVan; kñúgenaHman 4sßitenAcinPaKxagt,Úg 3enAtugkwgxageRkam nig2eTotenAtugkwgxagelI.
cMENkÉEpñkkNþalénraCaNacRkGaNÑam EdlesayraCüeday]braCcin manEckecjCa 3kVan; KW
kVan;y:avCI/ KUeCOn nigjútNam. kVan;TaMgenH eKehAfaTYgkVag eRkaymkkøayCa tugkwg EdlsBVéf¶
enHCaeQµaHrbs;RbeTsTaMgmUl nigsßitenAcenøaH yunNan lav QUgsmuRTtugkwg CYrPñMGaNÑam nig
mat;RckGaNÑam.
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GFiraCr:UmuaMg RBHnamfam:ak;GUEr:l ehIyEdlRbEhlminEmnmansBa¢atir:UmuaMgeT13 )anmkcuHsMeBA
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eRkaymk)andUreQµaHCaPUmavij.BYkenHcuHmkBITeI bkalBIrvag2b¤3stvtSr_mnu RKissþ kraCrYcmk
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13
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eBlfµI²enH BIeRBaHBYkenaHFøab;CacMNuHrbs;r:Um.
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sBVéf¶enH KWRbeTsPUmaPaKxagelIrYceTAehIy.
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)anerobrab;BIxagelIrYcmkehIy BYksanenHmanGm,ÚrCamYyBYkéfb¤esom.RbCaCnsanenHcuHmkBI
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EdlBYkPUmaenHkMBugvaydeNþImykTwkdIBIBYkmn b¤):akan EtRtÚvBYkmnvayedj[rt;eLIgeTAEpñkxag
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1
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etIRtÚvBnül;karEdl)at;Bakü b:UNn eTAedayrebobNa kñúgPasaniyay kñúgerOgeRBg b¤kñúgsilacarwk?
2
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RtaydugpU. cab;BIqñaM1701mk k¾ERbeTACa PUy:aDij rhUtmk.
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BYkelésþ3 EdlxusKñaq¶ayNas;nwgBakükm<úCa. elakvresnIy_Ék ehSrInI )ansnñidæanfa eQµaHenH
minEmnCaeQµaHEdlfatamBaküGñkRsukedImenaHeT EtKWCaBaküERbeTAvij. ebIniyaydUecñH elésþ
CaBaküRkikEdlmann½yfa ecar b¤ecarsmuRT. énAminTan;yl;enAeLIyGMBInirutþisa®sþ d¾buinRbsb;
EbbenH Et´hak;dUcCaTal;R)aCJ kñúgkarEdlcg;Bnül;BaküExµr EbrCaelcBakü elésþ eTAvij. Et
elakvresnIy_Ék)anrMlwkfa Bakükm<ú EdlmanenAkñúgsilacarwkCaeQµaHrbs;eTv³buBVbursrbs; km<ú
sV½ymÖú Edlmann½yfaekItmaneLIgedayxøÜnÉg eBalKW RBHRBhµ. ehIyBaküenHCaPasasM®sáwtman
n½yfa ecar b¤ecarsmuRT. edayehtuenH elakvresnIy_snñidæanfa BaküRkikfa elésþ RtÚvKñanwgBakü
km<ú BaküTaMgBIrm:at;enHmann½yfa ecar/ ecarsmuRT b¤ebIehacNas; k¾sMedAykBYkGñkEdlrs;enACa
RkúmRbdab;edayGavuFEdr. elaksnñidæanbnþeTotfa enARsukenH GñkRsukRbkbmuxrbrCaecarsmuRT
b¤ebIBuMenaHeT k¾RtÚvCakUnecArbs;emecarsmuRT b¤ecarbøn;tamsmuRTNamñak; EdlbuKÁliklkçN³ )an
rlub)at;tameBlevlaeTAehIy enAstvtSr_TI54.
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eRkaymkdUrCaExµr rYcCakm<úCavij5. EtvamanmUlehtuEdlGac[eCO)anfa Bakü{naK}enH minEmn
CaeQµaHedImEdleKehAxøÜneKenaHeT b:uEnþ KWCaBaküEdlBYknirRbevsn_hiNÐÚdak;[. BaküEdleKehA
3
RsukenHmanraCFanIeQµaH saeb sßitenAxageCIgéRBnKr. eQµaHenH RbEhlCaBaküm:aeL ehIydak;y:agenH
KWyktamTIRkúgsaebenAekaHs‘Um:aRta.
4
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PsþútagbBa¢ak;c,as;las;Edr.
5
enAkñúgsilacarwk eKsresr kmVúCa k¾b:uEnþkm<úCamaneKniymeRcInCag. maneKBnül;fa kmVúCa b¤km<úCa Gackøaymk
BIBaküm:aeLfa simbUC³ EdlCaeQµaH rbs;):aLM)ag kalBIyUryarNas;mkehIy ehIyEdlcinehAminc,as;fa
sanhVúsuI. ´min[témødl;karbkRsayenHeT EtéCOfa eTaHCaBakükm<úCakøaymkBIeQµaHCaPasam:aeLrbs;TIRkúg
mYy b¤k¾køaymkBIeTv³buBVburskm<úkþI BYkExµrTTYlykBaküenHsRmab;karcaru_elIfµ BIeRBaHvaeFVI[nwkeXIjCatisasn_mYy
én\NÐarbs;BYkGarüag ehIyeFVI[BYkeKmanRbPBedIméføfñÚr nigRbkbedayeCaKC½y. KWdUcKñaEbbenHÉg EdleRkay
mk BYkeKehAGgÁrFM b¤mhanKr fa Ca\®nÞR)asß³-\nÞ)aT EdlCaeQµaHrbs;TIRkúgmYyenAhiNÐÚsßan RbEhl 15KILÚ-
Em:Rt xagt,ÚgTIRkúgEdløI.
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Ebøk²Kña eTAtameBlevlaTIkEnøg nigtamRKamPasarbs;GñkRsuknImYy²KWmanBaküxm/ekAem/ekµn/
kµI/ KimI/ KYr/ ekµór/ kumar EdlCaBakütamPasaGñkviRbCaedIm6.
enAcMeBaHmuxBYkbreTshiNÐÚ EdlmanGarüFm’eCOnelOnCagBYkGñkrdævasI ¬GñkenAkñúgrdæ¦
EdlminsUvmanGavuFpg ehIyk¾GacCaGñkcUlcitþsnþiPaBCagpg min)anvaytbteT eKdkfyTuk
kEnøg[BYkenaH taMgTIlMenAksag)anCaRkúm]bnievsn_BaNiC¢kr EdleFVIdMeNIrecjcUlRsukeday
sßitenAdac;RsLHBIGñkRsukedIm EteRkaymk)ankøayeTACaemdwknaMRsukvij.
Rkúm]bnievsn_dMbUg²CaRkúm]bnievsn_BYkCVamkBIekaHCVa b¤BYkm:aeLmkBIekaHs‘Um:aRtaEdl)an
TTYlGarüFm’hiNÐÚrYcmkehIy. BYkRkúm]bnievsn_EdlmkbnÞab;eTot KWBYkhiNÐÚmkBIrdækligÁ³.
Éksarcin)anrkSaTuknUverOgr:avd¾sMxan;mYy EdlGacCakarcgcaMesssl;BIkarQøanBan
elIkTImYyrbs;BYkm:aeLmkelIkm<úCaenARtg;mþúMcUvduk BIeRBaHfamat;Bamrbs;TenøemKgÁkalBIeBlenaH
RbEhlCaenAx<s;CagsBVéf¶ ehIydIEdlGacsg;lMenAsßan)an enAkan;Etq¶aybnþic eTAxageCIg.
erOgr:avEdlBYkcin)anrkSaTukenaH )anRtÚveKerobrab;enAstvtSr_TI3énRKisþskraC k¾b:uEnþ erOgenaH
RbEhlCaGacmanb£sKl;taMgBI100 b¤200qñaMmun.
kalenaH RbeTsenHdwknaMedaykSRtImYyGgÁ RBHnamfa lIvyI7 ERbfasøwkRsUl. eBlenaH
manbursmñak;eQµaH hYnhVIú b¤ h‘uneTon EdleKarBbUCaRBhµBaØsasna eFVIdMeNIrmkBITisTkSiN KWecjBI
smuRTxagt,Úg8 mkctsMeBAenAnwgraCFanI ehIy)anvayQñHT½BEdlRBHnaglIvyI)anbBa¢ÚneTATb;
6
Bakü naK EdleKeRbICaRbéBNIsRmab;ehAGñkRsukedImrbs;nKreKakFøk GacnwgRtÚv)andak;[edayBYkhiNÐÚ taMg
EtBIeBlEdlBYkenHmkdl;dMbUgemø:H. enA\NÐa BaküenHCaeQµaHCnCatimYyRkúm EdlmanrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ KWBYkeK
manTIlMenA²cenøaHExRtQIttahÁúg nigGasam. BYkenHmanpÞHsg;benþIt dUcCapÞHBYkExµrEdr. maneKniyayfa BYknaK
enA\NÐaenH manGm,ÚrCaeCr:as b¤ siras EdlRbEhlKñanwgBakücar:ay nigsuWr:ay EdleKEtgB¤enAkm<úCa. car:ay Ca
eQµaHEdlCnCatiPaKticKYydak;[Exµr rIÉBakü suWr:ay CaBaküEdlBYkesÞóg nigBYkm:yenAPaKxagekItkUsaMgsuIn eRbI
sRmab;ehAExµr. dUecñH vaGacCakarRtwmRtÚv EdlfaBakünaKCaeQµaHEdlBYknirRbevsnþhiNÐÚdak;GñkRsukeKakFøk.
7
GñkxøHfaeQµaH edoblIeyI.
8
elak EBlIy:U )anrkeXIjÉksarEdlniyayfa RBahµN_enaHmkBI vUEvm b¤KI nigraCNacRkKav. CnenaH GaceFVI
dMeNIrmkBI\NÐa edayeFVIdMeNIrkat;tamRcksigðburI k¾b:uEnþéCOfaRKan;EtdwgfamkBITisxagt,Úg KWRKb;RKan;ehIy.
Tl;. eRkayBI)anerobcMRsuk[mansnþiPaBrYcehIy RBahµN_enaHk¾erobGaBah_BiBah_CamYyRBHnag
lIvyI rYceLIgesayraCüenAnKrhVÚNn EdlGñkRsukedImehAfa eKakFøk teTA.
dUcenHRBHnaglIvyIKWCaesþcesayraCüdMbUgenAnKreKakFøk. RBHraCaTI2KWRBH)aTh‘uneTon
EdlCaCnbreTs)anerobGaBah_BiBah_CamYyRBHnaglIvyI KWGacCam:aeL b¤CVa eRBaHeFVIdMeNIr
mkBITisxagt,Úg ehIyenABIt,Úgkm<úCaeBlenaHKWekaHCVa b¤ekaHs‘Um:aRta b¤ebIBuMenaHeT KWsigðburI.
RBH)aTh‘uneTon nigRBHnaglIvyImanRBHraCbuRtmYyRBHGgÁ. eBlRBHraCbuRtaenHceRmIn
RBHCnµFMeLIg RBH)aTh‘uneTon)anerobcMdIsamnþraCmYy manTIRkúg7 [RKb;RKgdIenHEdlCadIsamnþ
raCTImYyénRBHraCaNacRk. eRkaymk manesþcsñgraCübnþBIRBH)aTh‘uneTonmYyGgÁ RBHnam
h‘un):aghYg )aneRbIl,icbMEbkbM)ak;TIRkúgTaMg7 rYck¾vayykdak;CacMNuH eTIbRTg;cat;taMgRBHraCbuRt
RBHraCntþa [eTAesayraCüelITIRkúgnImYy²enaHeTot.srubmkdIsamnþraCmYyEdlRBH)aTh‘uneTon
)anerobcM[RBHraCbuRtrbs;RBHGgÁesayraCü EtesþcTwkdImYy²cg;erIxøÜn[)anÉkraCü )anRtÚv
RBHGgÁvaydak;CacMNuHeLIgvij rYcEbgEck[esþcRtaj;7rUbesayraCü.
RBHraCaGgÁenH)anRKgraCürhUtdl;RBHCnµ90RBHvsSaeTIbesayTivgÁteTA eBlenaHRBHraC
buRtTI2rbs;RBHGgÁ RBHnamfa pan; pan;9 RtÚv)aneRCIstaMg[eLIgesayraCübnþBIRBHbita. b:uEnþ
esþcGgÁenH min)anykcitþTukdak;nwgkic©karRbeTsCatieT RTg;)anRbKl;kic©karTaMgGs;[emT½BRBHGgÁ
eQµaH hVan;ecm:an; b¤ hVan;m:an; kan;kab;CMnYsvij ehIyRBHGgÁ)anesayTivgÁteTAeRkayBIesayraCü
)an3qñaM. eBlenaHesnamuxm®nþIk¾)anelIkemT½BhVan;m:an;[eLIgesayraCübnþ. karelIk hVan;m:an;
[esayraCüenH min)anTTYlkarKaMRTBImhaCneT CaBiessBIBYkesþcRtaj;EdlesayraCü nKrcMNuH
TaMgLay BIeRBaHÉksarcin)anbBa¢ak;fa eRkayBI)aneLIgesayraCüRBH)aThVan;m:an; d¾Gg;Gac
nigmansmtßPaB )aneFVIswks®gÁam vayb®gáabRbeTscMNuHTaMgLay [rabTabeLIgvij. emIleTA
RBHraCaGgÁenH CakSRtGg;Gackøahan nigCaGñkcm,aMgpg. RBHGgÁ)ancat;[ksagnavaFM² Edl
9
BaküenH EdlcinehAfahVan GaNÑamfapan eKeRbIsmÁal;zan³RBHraCa eRbób)aneTAnwgBaküRsI b¤RBH EdleKEtg
eRbIenAkm<úCa nigcam:,a G‘ÍcwgEdr. k¾b:uEnþBaküenH eKmin)aneRbIyUrb:unµaneT KWmaneRbIcMeBaHEtRBHraCakm<úCa3RBHGgÁ
b:ueNÑaHenAstvtSr_TI3 nigeRbIenAcam:,acab;BIstvtSr_TI3mk. ´mindwgfaBakü enHmanRbPBedImBIBaküsM®sáwt b¤cam
b¤m:aeL b¤k¾cin NamYym:at;eT. RbEhlCaBaküenHCakarGanBakü vrµ½n min)anc,as;k¾mindwg.
RBHGgÁCiHkat;smuRTeRCA² eFVIcm,aMgvayRbeTselIsBI10 kñúgenaH mYycMnYnFMsßitenAkñúgeTobekaH
EdlBYkGWr:ubehAfa m:aLaka.
RBHGgÁmanraCFanIEdlehA nigsresrtamPasacinfa tUmU10 enAcm¶ayRbmaNCa180KILÚ
Em:RtBImat;BamTenøemKgÁ nigmat;RcaMgøénTenød¾FMmYy EdlnavasmuRTGaccUlct)any:agRsYl.
RBH)aThVan;m:an; )anRbQYnenAeBlkMBugeFVIs®gÁammYy RTg;)ancat;[RBHraCbuRtc,g RBHnam
Kinecg bBa¢aT½BCMnYsRBHGgÁ ehIyRTg;TukRBHPaKienyüRBHGgÁRBHnamcan; CabuRtrbs;RBHGnuCkSRtI
RBHGgÁ [kan;T½B 2000nak; enAkarBarRBHGgÁ. RBHPaKienyüenH)aneqøótyk»kas EdlRBH)aT
hVan;m:an; RbQYn k¾RbkasxøÜnCa hVan;can; KWCaRBHraCaénnKrhVÚNn b¤b:UNn. rYcRBHGgÁ)ancat;kmøaMg
[eTAeFVIXatrC¢TayaT Kinecg edIm,IkuM[mkdeNþImraCüBIRBHGgÁvij RbEhlCaenAqñaM 230énRKisþsk
raC.
RBH)aThVan;m:an;enAmanRBHraCbuRtmYyGgÁeTot EdlenACaRBHraC»rsenAeLIy eBlRBHbita
suKt. eBlRTg;ceRmInv½yRKb;20RBHvsSa RBHGgÁk¾seRmccitþdeNþImraCüsm,tþiBIRBHeromCIdUn-
mYy Edl)anERCkraCü nigsmøab;RBHbitaRBHGgÁ. RBHGgÁkT½B eRCIserIsykBlTahansuT§EtGñk
Gg;Gackøahan rYceFVIXatRBH)aThVan;can;eTA. Rtg;enHeKmin)andwgfa etIRBHGgÁeFVIXatenAkñúgs®gÁam
ttaMgTl;muxKña b¤k¾enAkñúgkarlbvayRbhars¶at;²eT. eBlenaH emT½Brbs;RBH)aThVan;can; eQµaH
suIyun edayykelsfasgswkfVayRBHraCa )ansmøab;Xatkr rYcehIyk¾RbkasxøÜnCa hVan;suIyun11
CaRBHraCaénnKrhVÚNn enAqñaM250énRKisþskraC RtÚvnwgqñaM172énmhaskraC.
ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcinerobrab;GMBIRBH)aThVan;suIyunenH faCaesþcksagRbeTs ykcitþTuk
dak;nwgraCkic©xøaMgNas;. RTg;ebIksvnakar[RbCara®sþcUlKal;ral;éf¶ enAeBlRBwk nigéf¶Rtg;.
tamemIleTA RBHraCaEdlesayraCüenAnKrhVÚNnTaMgGs; rYmTaMgesþcERCkraCüpg suT§
EtmanExSelahitraCvgSEtmYy eRBaHeyIgmkdl;Bak;kNþalstvtSr_TI3ehIy ehIytamÉksar
Rbvtþisa®sþcin)anniyayfa bcäajatirbs;RBHnaglIvyI nigRBH)aTh‘uneTon )anRKb;RKgraCsm,tþi
10
RbEhlCaeQµaHBitR)akdKW tUm:UhU‘ EdlCaeQµaHtamPasam:aeLénTIRkúgmYyenAekaHCVa.
11
elak EBlIy:U kñúgesovePAeQµaHfa nKrhVÚNn )anbBa¢ak;tamsMdIelak qav:an fa esþcnKrhVÚNn )anbBa¢ÚnraCTUt[
eTAKal;esþcRsukcin enAqñaM243 nigeRkay²mkeTot.
enAhVÚNnGs;ry³kal2stvtSr_12.
ebIsinCakarRbkan;tamRbéBNIExµr EdlelIkeLIgfa manesþccam6GgÁesayraCümuneK enA
km<úCa -esþcTaMgGs;enaHmanRBHnamfa yUyUvrµ½nTi/ kvalraCkumar/ suriyavrµ½nTi/ Trni®nÞavrµ½nTi/ GaTitü
vrµ½nTi nigGsSék- CakarBit enaHmann½yfa RBHraCaTaMgGs;enaHCabcäajatirbs;RBHnag lIvyI nigCVa
h‘uneTon TaMgGs; ehIyminEmnCacameT eRBaHenAeBlenaHminTan;manBYkcamenAeLIy EtCa CVa b¤m:aeL
KWCaGm,ÚrCnEdleRkayBI)anRtÚvedjecjBIkm<úCaeTA )aneKceTAenAcM):asak;xageCIgkm<úCa b¤k¾
eTAenAxagekItRtg;EdlcinehAfa lInyI EdleRkaymkeTIbkøayeTACacam:,aenaHÉg. eQµaH cam:,a
enH ExµrenAcgcaMenAeLIy rhUtmkdl;2stvtSr_munenH.
ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcink¾manerobrab;CaeRcInEdr GMBIRsukhVÚNn eTaHbICakarerobrab;nImYy²
minRKb;RCúgeRCay ehIysresrenAeBlxus²Kñak¾eday EtebIykmkpþú¿Kña Gac[yl;dwg)anxøHGMBI
RbeTsenaH enAstvtSr_TI3 nigTI4. dUcenH vamansarsMxan;enAeBlenH EdlRtÚvGFib,aysegçbGMBI
ÉksarTaMgenaH.
ÉksarenaHniyayfa munEdlesþch‘uneTon mkdl; GñkRsukhVÚNneRcInsak;xøÜndUcEdlBYkPUma
nig lavenAGnuvtþrhUtdl;sBVéf¶. karsak;xøÜnenHhak;dUcCaKµaneToteTeBlEdlesþch‘uneTonmkdl;
EtGñkRsukenAedIrRsat minTan;manesøókBak;enAeLIy. esþch‘uneTon EdlecjmkBIRbeTsmYy
manGarüFm’rYcehIy mü:ageTotCaRBahµN_pg RTg;minsb,aycitþnwgeXIjRBHCayaenARsat dUecñHeT
RTg;k¾ykRkNat;mYypÞaMgmkesøók[ edayecaHRbehagkNþalsRmab;RckRBHeks13.
eRkaymk enAedImstvtSr_TI3 RsI²GñkRsukk¾Rbkan;yksemøókbMBak;enHrhUt ehIyesþc
12
edayehtuenH eKRtÚvbMePøcecalnUvkarEdlKitfah‘uneTon nigekaNÐBaØ³CamnusSEtmYy dUcEdl)anesñIeLIgeday
esøEhSl bnÞab;mk edayEBlIy:U nighVúINUt_. GñkTaMg2rs;enAcenøaHBIKñaRbEhl4stvtSr_y:agtic. elak EBlIy:U
dwgerOgenHc,as;Nas; eRBaHelak)anelIkBIGtßbTrbs;m:g;suIcan; Edlerobrab;GMBI esþcmYycMnYnEdlesayraCü
cenøaHBIh‘uneTon enAstvtSr_TI1 dl;ekaNÐBaØ³ EdleLIgesayraCüeRkayqñaM478 ehIymanTaMgniyayGMBIesþcERCk
raCü EdlesayraCüBI 222 dl; 280pg.
13
GñkR)aCJExµrniyayfa edayehtuenHehIy)anCaeRkay²mk®sþI²)anecorRkNat;enaH ehIyedrbEnßméd k¾)an
CaGavbMBg;Bak;rhUtmk. k¾b:uEnþkarelIkeLIg dUecñHminRtwmRtÚv eRBaHGavbMBg;enH eKeTIbEtBak;minTan;)an150qñaM
pgeT.
hVan; suIyun k¾)anhammin[Rbús²RsateTotEdreday[biT)aMgekrþ×xµasnwgRkNat;buwg EdlcinehAfa
eknm:an ehIyBYkm:aeLehAfakM)an14. BYkGñkmaneKeRbIRkNat;):ak; rIÉGñkRkeRbIRkNat;paDib.
ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcindEdlniyayfa GñkRsukhVÚNn KRKic sm,úrexµA ehIymansk;Rk-
15
j:aj; . BYkenHcUlcitþkarcaru_ nigcmøak;. ]bkrN_rbs;eKCaeRcIneFVIGMBIR)ak; eKbg;Bn§Camas/ R)ak;
b¤CaRKab;KC; nigTwkGb;. eKmanesovePA nigkEnøgsRmab;Tukdak;Éksar nigsmÖarepSg². eKman
GkSr ehIyeKcUlcitþRbCl;man; nigRbCl;RCÚk.
GñkRsukenHcUlcitþGnuvtþkars,fEs, nigkarsakl,gepSg² dUcCa[GñkCab;ecaTkan;EpøBUefA
EdlduteLIgRkhm ehIyedIr[)an7CMhan b¤dak;cieBa©ónb¤Bgman;enAkñúgTwkBuH ehIy[ykédlUkcab;
ykecjCaedIm. karGnuvtþn_EbbenH enAmaneKRbtibtþienAeLIy kñúgcMeNamCnCatiedIm. enAkm<úCa
eBlmunenHbnþic k¾enAmanGnuvtþEbbenHEdr.
ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcinerobrab;eTotfaenAmanviBaØasamYyeTotEdleKGnuvtþcMeBaHEtm©as;nig
´beRmIb:ueNÑaHkñúgkrNIsgS½yfaénaHlYcrbs; ³ KW[énaHsuIRsUv.ebIénaH)anlYcEmnRsUvnwgmut
mat;ecjQam b:uEnþ ebImin)anlYceT KWGacTMBaRsUvelbcUleBaHedayRsYl.
14
tamemIleTA karbiT)aMgEbbenH RbEhlCadUcGVIEdlburs²énviRbCaEdlrs;enAq¶ay²BITIRkúgkñúgRbeTs\NÐa
sBVéf¶ enAeRbIenAeLIy KWfaRkNat;mYy pÞaMgragCaRtIekaNEdleKdak;BIxagmux cugsgxagP¢ab;nwgExSruMB½T§cegáH Écug
mYyeTotP¢ab;nwgExSEdr Etvat;BIeRkamtamcenøaHePøA.
15
karerobrab; enHbBa¢ak;fa enAstvtSr_TI1énRKisþskraC GñkRsukhVÚNnCaRkúmmnusSeNRKItU. ebIdUecñHEmnenaH
)anesckþIfaGñkRsukenH)anTTYlkarvivtþn_y:agxøaMg eRBaHeKkRmnwgRbTHeXIjCnkm<úCaEdlmansk;rYjNas; sBVéf¶
enH. k¾b:uEnþkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnEdlminTan;suIvil½yTaMgGs;enAkñúg\NÐÚcin EdlCaGñkRsukedIm eKenAmaneXIjmanGñk
Edlmansk;rYj ehIyrYjxøaMgeTotpg. CaTUeTA BYkenHminmansk;bHeT KWeRcInEtrYjtic² Etsm,úrminexµAdUcBYkExµr
eBkeT. ´sUmEfmeTotfa kñúgsµartIrbs;GñkRsukenH karEdlmansk;rYjKWCasBaØabBa¢ak;faTabefak CaRbkarman
eRKaHfñak;. RbkarenHrwtEtmann½ydUecñHEfmeTotcMeBaHRsI² edayehtuenHehIy)anCaBYkeKEtgEtEsVgrkeRbg
mklabedIm,IeFVI[sk;laRtg;vij. mü:ageTot tamkarniyayt²Kña BYkExµredImmansm,úrexµAxøaMgCagExµrsBVéf¶.
vaCakarBitR)akdNas;fa ebIBYkExµrmanRbPBecjmkBIRbeTs\NÐa KWecjBIeqñrkUr:Um:gEdl b¤eqñrGUrIsSa b£k¾ecj
BImat;smuRTbwgháal;EmnenaH BYkenH R)akdCaexµACagBYkGñkRsukedImEdleKRbTHeXIjenA\NÐÚcin Biess KWkm<úCa
sBVéf¶ EdlmanEs,kelOgeTAeTot.
eBlenaHminTan;manKukdak;GñkeTaseT. Cn]RkidæRtÚve)aH[RkeBIsuI EdleKciBa©wmenAkñúg
RbLayCuMvijTIRkúg b¤stVsahav EdleKciBa©wmdak;kúñgRTúgBiess.
GñkRsukminCIkGNþÚgykTwkeT k¾b:uEnþeKmanRsHTwktamRkúmRKÜsar ehIyeRbIFugsRmab;dgTwk
ykmkeRbI kalNaeKRtÚvkar.
eKeKarBbUCaGaTieTBEdlrs;enAelIemX ehIysagrUbsMNaktMNagGMBIsMrwT§ EdlCYnkal man
muxBIr nigédbYn CYnkaleTot manmuxbYn nigédR)aMbI. tamBitTaMgGs;enH KWCabdimatMNag[GaTieTBén
RBhµBaØsasna EdlmandUecñHrhUtdl;sBVéf¶enA\NÐa nigmank,alminticCagédb:unµaneT. enAkm<úCa
eK)anrkeXIjbdimaEbbenHCaeRcIn EdleKykmkTukenAsarmnÞIrsBVéf¶.
RBHraCaCiHdMrI kalNaRtÚvyagecjBIvaMg. mehsI nigRsIsñMTaMgLay k¾dUecñaHEdr. kalNa
RBHGgÁRTg;Kg;TeRmtRBHkaybnþic bBaÄrCgÁg;sþaM ÉCgÁg;eqVgTmøak;dl;dI16. enABImuxRBHP½®kþRBHGgÁ
eKlatRkNat;s rYcdak;RBHraCsgðar PaCn_mas nigepIgduteQIRkGUb.
karbUCaexµac nigGaBah_BiBah_rbs;GñkRsukhVÚNn RbRBwtþeTAdUcenAlInyI b¤cam:,aEdr. eK
kan;Tukçedayekarsk; nigekarBukmat;. manviFIy:agsRmab;Tukdak;sB ³ e)aHsBcUlkñúgTwkTenø/ bUCa
edayePøIg/ kb;/ nigTukecalkNþalval[stVsuI. enHKWCaGVIEdlCnkm<úCaehArhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶fa
{karbMEbkFatuTaMgbYn}.
cugeRkaybg¥s; Éksarcin)ankt;smÁal;fa GñkRsukhVÚNnelaPln;Nas;. eKmineKarBBiFI b¤
criyaFm’GVIeT. TMenomTmøab;Kµan ehIykumarIk¾dUckumara eFVIGVItamEtGMeBIcitþ.
Éksark¾)anbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa nKrhVÚNn eBlenaHFMNas; latsn§wgBInKrcam:,aenAxagekIt
rhUtdl;TVarvtI17 enAxaglic - RbeTsenHKWGyuFüab¤esomsBVéf¶ eBlenaHRbEhlCaRKb;RKgeday
Rkúm]bnievsn_hiNÐÚmYyrYceTAehIy -niglatsn§wgrhUtdl;RBMRbTl;ExRteyNnanrbs;cin- KWExRt
kVagb‘íj rbs;tugkwgsBVéf¶18.k¾b:uEnþ vahak;dUcCaBi)aknwgeCONas; EdlniyayfaesþcénnKrhVÚNn
16
éCOfaenHKWCaGVIEdlExµrniyayfaGgÁúybt;eCIg kalNaeKGgÁúyelIkRmalRBM kenÞl b¤RkNat;
edaybt;eCIgTaMg2 RsbKñamkEtmçag.
17
TVarvtI mkBIsM®sáwt FVarvtI CaeQµaHTIRkúgEdleRkayBI)anksagrYceTACaGyuFüa.
18
ExRtenHBImuneQµaHfa süg;KüÜn rYc KavtU munnwgmaneQµaHfa eyNan enH.
EdlmanTItaMgenAtMbn;cUvduk b¤kñúgExRtéRBkb,as GacvatGMNaceTA)anq¶ayBIraCFanIEbbenH.
2- erOgeRBg
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CatiExµrpgEdr. erOgeRBgTaMgenaHmanRbCaRbiyPaBxøaMgNas; ehIy)anRtÚvRbCaCnExµreCOCak; nig
cat;TukdUcCaRBH»gáarrbs;RBH EdlBYkeKkarBary:agxøaMg fVIebIenAmankarRbTaMgRbeTIsKñaxøHk¾eday.
etIerOgeRBgTaMgGs;enaHRKan;EtCaerOgEdleKRbDiteLIgtamEtkarRsemIRsém KµanTak;Tin
eTAnwgehtukarN_Rbvtþisa®sþGVIesaH b¤y:agNa? minEmneT. tamemIleTA erOgeRBgTaMgGs;enaH
hak;dUcCamancMENkxøHCaerOgBittamRbvtþisa®sþ EdleKykmkRbDitbMepøIs pSMeFVI[manPaB
Gcäriy³xøH eTaHCaerOgTaMgenaHcab;kMeNItecjBIkarniTant²Kña BImat;mYyeTAmat;mYy rYc)anRtÚveK
RtgRtab;TukEtrcnabT b¤k¾CaRbvtþiBitBIburaNkal Edl)anrlubesÞIr)at;Gs;eTAehIykþI19.
eTaHCay:agNakþI fVIebIeKmineXIjmancMNarenAelIsilacarwk b¤k¾minmanerobrab;enAkñúgkMNt;
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erOgeRBgEdleK)ansresrkt;RtaTukmkfa BYkcammanvtþmanenAkm<úCamunBYk\NÐa. KWerOgTaMgGs;
enaH ehIyEdlCMruj[RbCaCnExµrbc©úb,nñh‘ankMNt;enAeBlEdleKCYbsilacarwkmYyfa silacarwk
enHCarbs;cam silacarwkenaHCarbs;Exµr. eKGacnwgTTYlsÁal;)andUcEdleK)aneXIjBIxagelIrYc
mkehIyfa BYkcam)anmkdl;km<úCamunBYkkm<úC³ edayKµanb:HBal;GVIdl;Rbvtþisa®sþ EdlEp¥keTAelI
kMNt;Rtarbs;BYkcin BIeRBaHfa kMNt;RtaTaMgenaH minEmnsuT§Eterobrab;R)ab;eyIgTaMgGs; GMBIGVIEdl
cin)andwgBIRbCaCnEdleKelIkeLIgenaHeT.
b:uEnþéCOfakarEdlcg;GHGagfaRbvtþisa®sþEdlTak;TgeTAnwgerOgeRBgBIr EdleyIg)andwg KW
erOgCVaRBahµN_ nigerOgRBHefagnagnaK Edlńwgerobrab;xageRkam KWCaerOgEdlekIteLIg bnþbnÞab;
Kña enAkñúgkSRtRbeTsEtmYy KWRBHraCaNacRkExµr BIeRBaHfa enAeBlenaHmankSRtRbeTsCaeRcIn
19
´manCMenOfaRBHraCaEdleyIgsÁal;RBHnamCaPasasM®sáwttamsilacarwk k¾RTg;manRBHnamCaPasasamBaØ
EdlRbCaCnniymehA dUcEdlmankñúgerOgeRBgG‘ÍcwgEdr k¾bu:EnþRBHnamenaHmin)anRtÚveKcarelIfµeT eRBaHCaRBHnam
eRkApøÚvkar.
eToteRkABI hVÚNn. ´Kitfa erOgEdlekItmankñúgkSRtRbeTsnImYy² dl;eBlyUreRkaymk k¾)an
køayeTARbvtþirYmrbs;RbeTsTaMgmUl. edayehtuenH RBwtþikarN_Rbvtþisa®sþEdlekItmaneLIg ehIy
Edlkb;)at;eTAtameBlevla mincaM)ac;RtÚvEteqøIytbKña nigekItmanbnþbnÞab;Kña edIm,IbBa¢ak;fa Ca
karBitenaHeT.
rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH mankarbBa¢ak;c,as;ehIyfa hVÚNn20 KWCaGaNacRkmYyEdlrYmpSMeLIg
edaykSRtRbeTsCaeRcIn EdlmanRBHraCaénkSRtRbeTstUmUCaGFiraC ehIyebIminEmndUecñH taMgBI
edImdMbUgmkeTenaH k¾cab;taMgBIeBlEdlRBH)aThVan;m:an; )aneFVIs®gÁamdeNþImTwkdImkEdr.
ehIy´k¾dUcCamanCMenOeRcInfa KWBYkm:aeL EdlCabuBVbursrbs;BYkcamenAeBleRkaymk Edl
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)ankekIteLIg y:agticNas;k¾2stvtSr_munkm<úCaEdr BIeRBaHeK)anrkeXIjsilacarwksM®sáwt Edl
manv½ycMNas;CageKenAkñúg\NÐÚcin enAcam:,aenHÉg. ebItamsilacarwkTaMgenaH RbeTscam:,a man
GriyF’meCOnelOnCaghVÚNn enAstvtSr_TI4.
GBM CI aV RBahN
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erOgTaMgenaH. erOgenHerobrab;GMBIkarlukluyrbs;esþch‘uneTon EdlyagmkBITisxagt,Úg dUcEdl
)anelIkenAxagelI. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday BYkCVaRBahµN_ b¤RBahµN_ enAekaHCVaTaMgenaH eFVIdMeNIr
ecjmkBIRbCuMekaHGaMgs‘ULaMg. BYkenaHRbEhlCabcäajatirbs;BYkRBahµN_RbmaNCa 2muWnRKÜsar
Edl)aneFVInirRbevsn_ecjBIRbeTs\NÐaenAedImmhaskraC mktaMgTIlMenAelIekaHCVa ehIypSBV
pSayRBhµBaØsasnadl;RbCaCnedImenATIenaH. erOgniTanerobrab;fa eRkABIRbCaCn b¤BYkBlTahan
nigBYksMeBA BYkRBahµN_EdlCaemeKTaMgenaH mansk;Evg mansm,úrexµA ehIy)anGHGagfa BYkeK
mkBInKrBaraNsI. erOgniTank¾)anerobrab;pgEdrfa nKrEdlBYkCVaRBahµN_TaMgenaH)anbegáIteLIg
KWnKreKakFøk KWRsukExµrenHÉg nigfa manRBHmhakSRtcam6RBHGgÁesayraCübnþbnÞab;Kña RBHmha
20
hVÚNn kñúgTIenH sMedAykEtEpñkxageRkam EdlrYmmanRbeTskm<úCabc©úb,nñ nigkUsaMgsuIn Etb:eNÑaH.
kSRtTaMgenaHCabcäajatirbs;RBHnaglIvyI nigRBH)aTh‘uneTon EdlCaCVa.
esþcC½yvrµ½n esayraCü50qñaM. tamerOgniTan RBHGgÁeKarBbUCaRBHvisÑú ehIyRTg;esayTi
vgÁteTA kñúgRBHCnµayu70qñaM.
raCbuRtrbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nRBHnam kvl³raCkumar )anesayraCübnþBIRBHbita ehIyeKarB
bUCafµsV½ymÖú21 Edlmann½yfa ekItmaneLIgedayÉg². RBHraCaGgÁenH esayraCü)an20qñaM.
RBHraCacamTI3 RTg;RBHnamfa suriyavrµ½n RTg;RKgraCü)an20qñaMEdr nigeKarBbUCafµsV½ymÖú
dUcKña.
RBHraCaTI4 RTg;RBHnamfa Frni®nÞ³vrµ½n. RTg;esayraCü)an20qñaM.
RBHraCaTI5 KWRBH)aTGaTitüvrµ½n esayraCü)an20qñaM.
RBHraCacamTI6 nigcugeRkayeK KWRBH)aTGsC¢½y EdlesayraCü)anEt11qñaMb:ueNÑaH.
erOgRBHefag
tamemIleTA erOgrbs;BYkhiNÐÚ sþIGMBIRBHefag k¾dUcCaerOgCVaRBahµN_Edr KWminEmnCakarRbDit
suT§saFenaHeT. ebIkuMKitGMBIPaBGs©arüEdleKbEnßm[ erOgenHhak;dUcCarMlwknUvehtukarN_Rbvtþi
sa®sþmYy enaHKWkarQøanBanrbs;BYkhiNÐÚ Edl)anmkvayykC½yCmñH rYcbeNþjBYkcamecjBI
nKreKakFøk.
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RBHraCbuRta5RBHGgÁ. RBHGgÁ)anEbgEckExRtx½NÐ4cMENk[RBHraCbuRtac,gTaMgbYnRKb;RKg É
RBHraCbuRtaeBAenACamYynwgRBHGgÁ. dl;eBlRBHraCbuRtaeBAenHceRmInv½yFMeLIg RBHraCak¾dak;
raCüfVayRBHraCbuRtaeBAenH [esayraCübnþBIRBHGgÁ. eFVIy:agenH)anesckþIfa RBHGnuCeBAenH
CaGFiraCelIRBHeromTaMg4RBHGgÁ. RBHerom3RBHGgÁyl;RBmTTYlyksßanPaBEbbenH b:uEnþ
RBHeromTI4RBHnamfa RBHefag minyl;RBmeT ehIyRTg;minRBmyagmkkan;\®nÞRbeTscUlrYmkñúgBiFI
21
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siv³ligÁ ehtuenHehIy)anCamanBaküfa fµ.
22
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RbCaCn RBHGgÁk¾ERbRBHT½y RKan;EtseRmcbeNþjRBHefag RBmTaMgbrivarTaMgGs;ecjBIRBHnKr
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mk KWCaraCFanIvyFbur³ KWRsukéRBkb,as sBVéf¶.
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enAelIelakenH EdlcUlmkRkabfVaybgÁ¿Kal;RBHGgÁ. RBHGgÁeRbób)aneTAnwgRBHGaTitü eTIbnwgrH
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énKuNFm’. eCaKC½yrbs;RBHGgÁmanBnøWcaMgdUcCaesVtcäRt ehIyraCFanImanBnøWPøWciBa©ac edaysña
RBHhsþd¾xøaMgkøarbs;RBHGgÁ. mharaCTaMgLayEdlcMNuHRBHGgÁ eKarBbUCaRBHGgÁ eRbób)an
eTAnwgeTvta RsIr)aM nigt®nþIkrenAsßansYK’eKarBbUCaRBHGaTitü}.
RBH)aTekaNÐBaØ³eKarBbUCaRBHsiv³. silacarwk)an[eyIgdwgfa RBHGgÁ)anksag nigsem<aF
ligÁRbmaNCa100enABaseBjEpndIenH eBalKW enAkñúgRBHraCaNacRkrbs;RBHGgÁ.
ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcinehARBHGgÁfakaveqnyU KWekaNÐBaØ³ tamRtkUlrbs;RBHGgÁ b¤k¾ehAfa
cUey):am:U KW C½yvrµ½n23 tamRBHnamrbs;RBHGgÁeBlRKgraCü ehIy)ankMNt;rC¢kalrbs;RBHGgÁ
cab;BIcugstvtSr_TI5 dl;edImstvtSr_TI6 BIeRBaHRBHGgÁ)anbBa¢ÚnsYysarGakrfVayesþcRkúgcin
2dg KWmþgenAqñaM483 nigmþgeTotenAqñaM503. RbeTscinEtgEtcat;TukRbeTsCitxag eTaHCaenA
q¶aybnþick¾edayfaCanKrcMNuH ehIy)andak;zan³fVayRBH)aTekaNÐBaØ³ faCa{]tþmesnIy_énTkSiN
snþiPaB CaRBHraCaénnKrhVÚNn}.
RBH)aTekaNÐBaØC½yvrµ½n )aneFVIs®gÁamCamYyRbeTscam enArvagqñaM484. GKÁraCTUt Edl
RBHGgÁ)anbBa¢ÚneTAKal;esþcRkúgcinnaeBlenaH KWedIm,IsuMCMnYyBIesþcRsukcineFVIs®gÁam.
GKÁraCTUtEdlRBH)aTekaNÐBaØC½yvrµ½n bBa¢ÚneTARbeTscinCaBuT§sasnikCnmñak; maneQµaHfa
skünaKesn rIÉraCsarEdlepJIeTAenaHCalixitsamBaØ bgðajGMBICIvitmnusSmñak; EdlRtÚvkarnUv
CMnYyCacaM)ac;. RBHraCsarenaH )anbgðaj[eyIgdwgGMBIRBwtþkarN_sMxan;mYy enARbeTscam:,a KWfa
RBHraCacameBlenaH CaesþcERCkraCü EdlmankMeNItCaExµr KWBIedImCaTaskr b¤ebIehacNas; k¾Ca
GñkbeRmIEdr ¬´¦. manÉksarxøHniyayfa esþccamenaH CaraCbuRtrbs;RBH)aTekaNÐBaØ³ manRBH
namfa KavQavLÚ. eRkayBI)anePosxøÜnecjBIhVÚNn ´beRmIenH)anbBa©úHbBa©ÚlBYkbHe)ar ehIyeFVI
dMeNIreTAkan;RbeTslIyI b¤cam EdlFøab;c,aMgcaj;mþgrYceTAehIyenAqñaM446 eday tan;hUeq rYck¾
eLIgRKgraCüxøÜnÉgeTA. BYkcameRkamrC¢kalénesþcERCkraCüenH Føab;)anvayRbhareTAelIk,Ün
23
GñkxøHniyayfa ekaNÐBaØ³ nigC½yvrµ½n CaesþcBIrRBHGgÁepSgKña. tamBit RBHnamTaMg2 CaRBHnamrbs;RBHGgÁ
Etmñak;.
dEgðraCTUt skünaKesn eBlRtlb;mkBIRbeTscinvijelIkTI1 bøn;ykRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs;Edlesþc
cin epJIfVayesþcnKrhVÚNn. RBH)aTekaNÐBaØ³ )anbBa¢ÚnraCTUteTAraykarN_fVayesþcRsukcin eday
TUlfa RTBüsm,tþiTaMgLayCaRTBürbs;esþcRsukcin nigTUlfa kñúgnamĆaesþccamenHRBegIykenþIy
min)anbBa©ÚnsYysarGakrfVayRBHecAGFiraCcineT. RBHraCsaresþchVÚNnEcgfa {ebIRBHGgÁCa
m©as; RTg;cg;cat;taMgRBHraCafµI[esayraCüenAnKrcam:,aenaH TUlRBHbgÁ¿Ca´TTYlRBHraCbBa¢aeday
eKarB}. raCsar)anbBa©b; edayesñIsuM[mankarcat;bBa¢ÚnT½BmYykg tamEhhmesþchVÚNnRKb;TisTI
edIm,Idak;eTasBYkk,t; nigCYyse®gÁaHGñksøÚtRtg;.
tamemIleTA esþccinRbEhlCa)anbBa¢ÚnT½BtamkaresñIsuMEmn ehIyenAeBlEdlnKrcam:,a
)anRtÚvb®gáabeFVI[mansnþiPaBrYcmk RBH)aTekaNÐBaØC½yvrµ½nk¾RtÚv)anesþcRsukcindak;RBHzan³
[Ca{]tþmesnIy_énTkSiNsnþiPaB CaRBHraCanKrhVÚNn}.
RBHraCaGgÁenH )anesayTivgÁtenAqñaM514énRKisþskraC RtÚvnwgqñaM436énmhaskraC.
4- ruRTvrµ½n
RBHraCbuRtac,grbs;RBH)aTekaNÐBaØC½yvrµ½n RBHnam ruRTvrµ½n -BYkcinehAfa lavtU):am:U-
CaRBHraCbuRtCamYynwgRsIsñMmñak; )aneFVIKutRBHGnuCEdlCaRBHraCbuRtrbs;RBH)aTekaNÐBaØC½yvrµ½n
CamYyRBHraCGKÁmehsI rYcehIydeNþImykraCüsm,tþi24.
ÉksarcinnaeBlenaH Elgerobrab;GMBIRBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBIRBH)aTekaNÐBaØC½yvrµ½n
eTotehIy. ebImanniyayBInKrhVÚNn KWmanerobrab;EtGMBITMenomTmøab; nigkarRbkbkic©karepSg²
dUcEdl´)anerobrab;BIxagelIrYcmkehIy. KµanniyayGVIEdlTak;Tgdl;RBwtþikarN_Rbvtþisa®sþ
b¤erOgr:avGVIsMxan;eT.
24
enAkñúg\NÐÚcin nigkm<úCaBImun kSRtamYyGgÁGacnwgRtÚveRCIserIs[eLIgesayraCü)an luHRtaNaEtRTg;CaraCbuRt
RbsURtBIm©as;kSRtIEdlCab;ExSRsLayCamYyRBHraCa )anesckþIfakareLIgsñgraCüRbRBwtþeTAtamExSRsLayxag
RsI. ebIeTaHCaRBHkSRtaenaHCakSRtac,gk¾eday EtebIRTg;CabuRtrbs;RsIsñM minGaceLIgesayraCü)aneT elIkElg
EtERCkraCü b¤RtÚveRCIserIspÞúynwgRkwtüRkm.
rhUtTal;Etdl;RKisþstvtSr_TI6 eTIbÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcinmanerobrab;GMBIsßanPaBneya-
)ayeLIgvij. enHKWmkBImanRBwtþikarN_F¶n;F¶rmYy )anekIteLIgenAhVÚNn EdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;
BaNiC¢kmµrbs;BYkcin.
CMBUkTI2
vyFbur³ nigsmÖúbur³
dUcEdl´)anniyayBIxagedImrYcmkehIy tamemIleTABYkcineRbIBakühVÚNnsRmab;ehATwkdI
TaMgmUl Edllatsn§wgBIsmuRTxagt,Úg nigBaménTenøemKgÁ rhUteTAdl;l,ak;exanenAxageCIg nigcab;BI
CYrPñMGaNÑamenAxagekIt EdlrYmmanTaMgTwkdIb‘íjFn;sBVéf¶pg rhUteTAdl;QUgsmuRTesom nigCYrPñM
etNas;esrIm enAxaglic ehIyGacrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgEdndIcMNuHhiNÐÚ manenA etNas;esrIm smuRT
EmrhÁúy tav:y nigm:ata pgEdr.
TwkdId¾FMeFgenHCaGaNacRkmYy RKb;RKgedayBYkhiNÐÚ eBalKW manRbCara®sþCaGñkRsukedIm
EdlkMBugEtTTYlykTMenomTmøab;RbéBNIBYkbreTs EdlmkQøanBan. mü:ageTot GaNacRkd¾FMenH
enAminTan;)anbRgÜbbRgÜmedayRBHraCahVÚNn mYyGgÁNamYyenAeLIyEdr. mankSRtRbeTsCa
eRcIn EdlkSRtmYyGgÁ² yl;RBmeFVICacMNuHnKrhVÚNn k¾edaysarRbeTsenHmanGMNacxøaMgkøaCag
eRBaHRKb;RKgmat;BamTenøemKgÁ. k¾b:uEnþ kSRtRbeTsnImYy²ÉkraCdac;²BIKña minmancMNuHKñaeT
KWsßitenAeRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;mhakSRtrbs;xøÜn EdlcMNuH[RBHraCahVÚNn.
mü:ageTot vahak;dUcCabNþakSRtRbeTsTaMgGs;enaH manesþcesayraCü b¤k¾emekayCakSRt
EdlmanQamC½rCahiNÐÚ ecjBIRtkUlEtmYy ebIehacNas; k¾cMeBaHbNþaRbeTsEdlenACab;nwgmat;
smuRTxagt,ÚgEdr. kSRtTaMgGs;enaHmanRBHzan³Ca {vrµ½n} mann½yfa {GñkkarBar}1. BYkeKeRcIn
1
Baküfa vrµ½n enH Cazan³sRmab;P¢ab;BIxagcugeQµaH BYkkSRtiy³ dUcCaBakü s’m½n sRmab;P¢ab;eTAnwgeQµaH
BYkRBahµN³ Bakü Kubþ³ sRmab;P¢ab;BIxagcugeQµaH BYkevsü³ nigBakü Tas³ sRmab;P¢ab;BIxagcugeQµaHrbs; BYksURT³
G‘ÍcwgEdr. vrµ½n dUcCa RBhµ½n nigs’m½nEdr KWpSMeLIgBIBakü vr³ mann½yfa RKbdNþb; lak;. rIÉBakü m½n CaBakü\NÐÚGWr:ub
RtÚvnwgBaküLataMgfa men dUcBaküfa ag-men, car-men, no-men KWCanamnbuMskligÁ kRmCanambuMligÁNas; nigCakarNnam
dUcCaBakü kar-man mann½yfaskmµPaB Bakü pre-man mann½yfa esñha. BaküenHk¾GacsMedAykvtßúEdleKeRbIsRmab;
eFVIskmµPaBGVImYypgEdr dUcBaküfa tokh-man mann½yfaRKab;BUC. BaküsM®sáwt vrµ½n Gacmann½yfa eRbIsRmab;karBar
dUcCaGavuFkarBar Exl eRbób)aneTAnwgBakü Kubti ERbfa karBar ehIy)ankøayeTACasMNg;karBar. n½yedImrbs;
BaküenH)anERbRbÜleTAtamBakükøaynImYy² dUcCa nm½n LataMgfa no-men ERbfanam Bakü EBkS as-men ERbfa emX.
Bakü nbMuskligÁ enH RtÚvKñanwgBaküCakarknam dUcCa RBhµ½n/ vrµ½n mann½yfa GñkEdlkarBar. RBhµ½n nigkSRtiy³
eKarBbUCaRBHsiv³ b¤RBHvisÑú k¾b:uEnþ RbCaCn)ankan;RBHBuT§sasnarYceTAehIy2.
tamemIleTA bNþakSRtRbeTsTaMgGs;enaH RbEhlCamanc,aMgKñaeTAvijeTAmkCajwkjab;
dUcenARbeTs)araMgkalBIsm½yyuKkNþalG‘ÍcwgEdr EdlesþcRtaj;c,aMgKñaeTAvijeTAmk EtRBHecA
GFiraC minmaneFVIGnþraKmn_GVIeT drabNaesþcRtaj;nImYy²enaHmin)aneKcevHecjBIkarRKb;RKg
rbs;RBHGgÁ b¤k¾min)anlHbg;katBVkic©CasmÖar³ b¤CasµartI EdlmanplRbeyaCn_dl;RBHGgÁeT.
mankSRtRbeTsBIrEdlRbkYtRbECgKñaCaBiess ³ mYyKWrdæEdlmanraCFanIenAvyFbur³ KWenARtg;
GgÁrburI ¬nKrraCburI¦ enAkñúgExRtéRBkb,assBVéf¶ EdlmansMNl;R)asaTenAeLIy. kSRtRbeTs
mYyeTotmanraCFanIenAsmÖúbur³ ¬mann½yfaraCFanIrbs;smÖú - KWRBHsiv³¦ EdlmantwktagR)asaT
esssl;enAsm,ÚrsBVéf¶ CaTIrYmRsukmYyenAkñúgExRtRkecH.
1- RsRI sTu vÞ rn½µ
enAstvtSr_TI5énskraC RBHraCaénnKrvyFbur³ ¬mann½yfanKrGñkRbmaj;¦ RBHnamRBH)aT
RsIRsuTÞvrµ½n ¬mann½yfa GñkkarBarBBYkevT¦ )anc,aMgbRgÜbbRgÜm ehIyesayraCüelIkSRtRbeTs
TaMgBIr.
2- RseI Rssvæ rn½µ
RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBIRBH)aTRsIRsuTÞvrµ½n manRBHnamfa RBH)aTRsIeRssævrµ½n ¬mann½y
fa GñkkarBard¾RbesIr¦.
ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcinenAcugstvtSr_TI6 )anniyayGMBIraCaNacRkfµI EdlekIteLIgBIkar
bRgÜbbRgÜmkSRtRbeTsTaMgBIr edaydak;eQµaHfa ecnLa. Éksar)anelIkeLIgfa raCaNacRkenH
BImunCacMNuHrbs;nKrhVÚNn ehIyRBHraCarbs;raCaNacRkenHRTg;manRBHzan³CaRBHGFiraC eTaHbI
KWCaCRmk ¬s’m½n¦ nigCaGñkkarBar ¬vrµ½n¦ rbs;BYkevsü³ Edlmanzan³ Kubþ³ mann½yfaGñkEdleKkarBar.

2
ekaHsirIlgáadUcCadUrkan;RBHBuT§sasnaenArvagqñaM430 ehIy CVa nigcam:,a k¾RbEhlCa)anTTYl\T§iBlnaeBlenaH
Edr.rIÉRbeTscinvij )anTTYlRBHBuT§sasna3stvtSr_rYcmkehIy ehIystvtSr_TI4 TI5 nigTI6 Casm½yEdlmha
raCcinbBa¢ÚnraCTUteTARbeTs\NÐacmøgKm<Ir nigeFVITsSnkic©eTAkan;TIkEnøgkMeNItrbs;RBHBuT§.
RBHGgÁcMNuH nigelIksYysarGakr[nKrhVÚNn k¾eday. RBHGgÁ)anvaydeNþImyksmÖúbur³ dak;
bBa©ÚlmkkñúgvyFbur³rbs;RBHGgÁ ehIyRbEhlCa)anvayykkSRtRbeTseRcIneTotpgEdr KWeday
ehtuenaH eTIbRBHGgÁRTg;Rbkan;ykRBHzan³CaRBHGFiraC eRBaHRBHGgÁ nigbuBVbursrbs;RBHGgÁ
)aneFVI[kSRtÉeTot²cUlmkCacMNuH.
3- RsvI rI vrn½µ
RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBIRBH)aTRsIeRssævrµ½n GacCaRBH)aTRsIvIrvrµ½n3 EdltamemIleTA
KWCaRBHraCacugeRkayrbs;vyFbur³ EdlelIksYysarGakrfVayRBH)aTruRTvrµ½n ¬mann½yfa Gñk
karBarruRT¦ énnKrhVÚNn CabcäajatiRBahµN_ekaNÐBaØ³.
3
RBHraCaGgÁenHminmanRBHnamenAkñúgbNþaRBHraCaénRbeTskm<úCa sm½ymunGaNacRkExµr rbs;elak m:aes<r:U eT.
´Kitfaelak m:es<r:UKYr Etrab;bBa©ÚlRBHGgÁpg.
CMBUkTI3
GMBIkm<úCa b¤ RsukExµr
4- RsPI vvrn½µ
RBHraCbuRt nigCaGñksñgraCübnþBIRBH)aTRsIvIrvrµ½n KWRBH)aTRsIPvvrµ½n ¬mann½yfa GñkkarBar
Pv³¦. RBHraCaGgÁenHkøahanelIsBIRBHbitarbs;RBHGgÁeTAeTot. eqøót»kasEdlRBH)aTruRTvrµ½n
esayTivgÁteTAenArvagedImstvtSr_TI7 RBHGgÁ)ancab;eFVIkarvayRbhareTAelInKrhVÚNn kan;kab;
raCFanI rYc {deNþImGMNacRbkbedayvIrPaB}. bnÞab;mk GaRs½yedayPaBGg;Gacrbs;Blerh_
rbs;RBHGgÁ RTg;)anRbmUlykbNþardæTaMgLayEdlFøab;cMNuHnKrhVÚNnBImun EdlRbEhlCa
kMBugEterIbRmHxøÜnrkÉkraCüCamYynwgRBwtþikarN_EdlekIteLIgfµI² dak;mkeRkamGaNaBüa)alrbs;
RBHGgÁvij.
sIlacarwk)anBiBN’naBIRBHraCaGgÁenHfa {CaGñkcm,aMgd¾Gg;Gackøahan/ CavIrbursmancitþ
sb,úrs minecHcaj; viesseRbób)aneTAnwgPñMRBHsuemru_/ Cab;Gm,ÚrRBHGaTitü/ Gacvayb®gáabTaMg
sRtÚvxagkñúg1 nigxageRkA)an/CaRTmak;dMrId¾BUEk/CaGñkdak;TanEdlmanRBHhsþesImCanic© - GaRs½y
edayTwkEdleKcak;elIRBHhsþ ral;eBlEdlRTg;dak;Tan2. silacarwk)anbEnßmeTotfa TIkEnøgNa
EdlRBHGgÁRTg;)aneRbIRBHkayBldeNþImyk)an ehIyTIenaHnwgRtÚv)anTTYlnUvkarsenþasRbNI
BIRBHGgÁ ehIybNþasRtÚvTaMgLay naMKñamkfVaybgÁ¿Kal;RBHGgÁenAkñúgRBHraCvaMg eTaHCaGñkTaMgenaH
min)anRtÚvRBHGgÁvayb®gáab[cuHcaj;kñúgs®gÁamk¾eday3.
RBH)aTPvvrµ½nRbEhlCa)anvatRBHnKrrhUtTl;PñMdgErk ehIy)anvayb®gáab {bNþaesþcPñM}
eBalKW bNþaviRbCaminTan;suIvil½y Edlrs;enAtamdgPñM nigx<g;rab dUcCasBVéf¶enHEdr tamemIleTA KW
BYkCg Edlrs;enAsm,ÚrkñúgbNþaExRtxaglic cab;BIEkbenAmat;QUgsmuRTesom rhUtdl;PaKxagelI
cnÞtab‘un kñúgenaH manTaMgCYrPñMxaglicExRteBaFisat;pgEdr nigBYks‘ULag b¤LaghYg EdlCabuBVburs
1
KWBYkbHe)ar minEmntNða dUcEdlGñkxøHbkERb enaHeT.
2
tamsilacarwkPñMhan;C½y.
3
silacarwkGgÁCMnIk.
rbs;BYkm:y b¤mø:y b¤r:m:ysBVéf¶ Edlrs;enAelICRmalCYrPñMGaNÑam enAcenøaHnKr cam:,a nigkm<úCa.
mansilacarwkmYy caru_kñúgrC¢kalrbs;RBHraCaGgÁenH CasilacarwkEdlmanv½ycMNas;CageK
enAkm<úCa ehIyEdleKrkeXIjenAkñúgExRt)at;dMbg Etq¶ayBIraCFanI KWenArhUtdl;ExRt éRBkb,as
)anbBa¢ak;BIehtukarN_xagelIenH. RBH)aTPvvrµ½n RTg;RbEhlCa)anelIkT½BeFVIs®gÁamq¶ay eTATis
xageCIg edIm,IvayykbNþaRbeTsenAxagt,ÚgPñMdgErk nigRbmUlykhVÚNnxagt,Úg TaMgmUl dak;enA
eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RBHGgÁ. enAeBlenaH vahak;dUcCafabNþaRbeTsEdleyIg ehAsBVéf¶faCa
esom EdlcinehAfa eQTU )aneqøótyk»kasenaH kñúgeBlEdlRBH)aTPvvrµ½n CaRBHraCaén vyF
bur³ eFVIs®gÁamdeNþImykhVÚNn edIm,IerIbRmHecjBIGaNaBüa)alrbs;esþctUmU ehIyRbkasÉk
raCü. ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcin)an[eyIgdwgfa raCaNacRkeQTU EdldMbUgeLIy CardæÉkraC
bnÞab;mk )anRtÚvhVan;m:an; b®gáabdak;[cMNuHnKrhVÚNn naeBlenaHTTYl)annUvesrIPaB eLIgvij.
edayehtuenH manraCaNacRkFM²BIrekIteLIgenAedImstvtSr_TI6 CaCMnYsnKrhVÚNn4 KW ecnLa
EdleRkaymkkøayCakm<úCa nigeQTU EdleRkaymk KWRbeTsesom.
enAeBlEdlesþcRsI Pvvrµ½n RTg;esayTivgÁteTA eK)anRbemIlfa RBHGgÁRTg;)aneTAcab;
kMeNItÉsßansYK’rbs;RBHsiv³ eRBaHRBHGgÁRTg;Rbkan;ykRBHnamfa CaPv³ EdlCaRBHnammYyrbs;
RBHsiv³ ehIyeK)anfVayRBHnamfa CaPv³bT.
Km<IrvisÑúburN³ hak;dUcCamanniyayBIRBH)aTPvvrµ½nenHpgEdr Rtg;vKÁsþIBIskáTVIb EdleyIg
)an eXIjBIxagelIrYcmkehIy KWCaeQµaHsMedAyk km<úCa enHÉg eday)anelIkeLIgfa RBHraCaRTg;
RBHnamfa Pvü³ RTg;)anerobcMRBHraCaNacRkrbs;RBHGgÁCa3Rsuk EdlmaneQµaHfa ClT³/ kumar³
4
KWenAsm½yenaHehIy EdlÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcinQb;ehARbeTsEdlBYkeKEtgdak;eQµaH[fa {RBHraCaNacRk
énmnusSRsat} faCa hVÚNn eTotehIy²EbrmkehAfab:UNnvij. elak EBlIy:U kñúgesovePArbs;Kat;eQµaHhVÚNn
Rtg;TMB½rTI284 )anniyayfa ´Kitfa {RBHraCaNacRkénmnusSRsat}enH minEmnCa eQµaHrbs;RsukeT KWRKan;Et
CakarehAedayBYkcinEdlPJak;ep¥IlnwgeXIjGñkRsukKµansemøókbMBak;b:ueNÑaH. mü:ageTot cink¾manehARsukeRcIneTot
dUecñHEdr. eTaHCay:agNakþI eQµaHEdlcindak;[km<úCanaeBlenaH minEmnCaeQµaHEdlGñkRsukdak;xøÜnÉgeT TaMg
eQµaHecnLaTaMgeQµaH hVÚNn KWGñkRsukmin)ansÁal;dUcKña. minmanÉksarbBa¢ak;fa eQµaHTaMgGs;enH)anRtÚveK
cgcaMenAkñúgRbéBNIrbs;RbeTseT ehIyeQµaHenaHesateTotk¾KµanRbhak;RbEhlGVIsUm,IEtbnþic eTAnwgBaküExµr
b¤hiNÐÚ b¤m:aeL Edr.
nigsukamar³. elakvresnIy_Ék ehSrInI )anpÁÚpÁgRsukTI1eTAnwgecnLaTwk KWEdndIsNþTenøemKgÁ/ rIÉ
RsukTI2 nigTI3k¾CaRsukenAPaKxagt,Úgkm<úCaEdr. Km<IrvisÑúburN³)anRbedAEfmeTotfa RsukenaH
manCYrPñMEdlmaneQµaHfa ]T½yKirI/ süam³ nigGasþ³KirI EdleFVI[eyIgnwkeXIj dl;]T½y³/ esom
nigelésþ EdleyIg)aneXIjBIxagelIrYcmkehIy ehIyEdlCaeQµaHrbs;km<úCa nig]bsm<½n§esom
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11
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13
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14
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15
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17
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18
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20
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EdlelIkT½Bqøgkat;RBMEdneTAeFVIs®gÁamCamYytugkwg. RTg;)andeNþImykExRtkVagNan EdlCa
RsukkMeNIt dak;bBa©ÚlmknKrcam:,a enAqñaM347.
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fahVan;hVÚ ehIyenAeRkamraCesþcGgÁenHkgT½Bcin-tugkwg deNþImykkVagNn;vij)an edayrujRcan
[camdkfyeTAenAÉlInyIvij.
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qñaM399. rC¢kalenHRbkbeTAedayPaBvwkvr enATIbBa©b;RBHraCak¾RtÚveFVIXatedaybuRtesþchVÚNn
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énRKisþskraC.
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karlM)akCaxøaMgkñúgkarerobcMsNþab;Fñab; nigdeNþImykRsukmkvij. eRkayBIseRmctameKal
bMNgenHrYc RBHraCaRTg;esayraCü)anb:unµanqñaMbnþeTot rYck¾esayTivgÁteTAenAqñaM421. RBHraC
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RBHnam hVanTU )aneLIgesayraCübnþ edayykRBHnamdUcRBHbitaEdr.
enAstvtSr_TI5 silacarwk)anniyayGMBIRBHraCamYyRBHGgÁEdlmanRBHnamCaPasasM®sáwt
fa KgÁaraCa b¤KegÁsVr³. silacarwkniyaybnþeTotfa RBHraCaGgÁenH)an {cakecalraCsm,tþi
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3
tamÉksareQµaH {kMNt;RtasþIGMBIkUsaMgsuIn} enAkñúg Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, XXXIe année, 1774.
nighVany:agm:ay k¾b:uEnþKµanÉksarbBa¢ak;GMBIerOgenHeT.
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TYt rbs;RBH)aT rdæavrµ½nEdl)anesayraCübnþmk tamBaküsilacarwkfa {RTg;)anTTYlykGERmkd¾
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-hVantav esayraCüsñgBIRBHbitaenAqñaM446.
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-hVantageknEQn CaCnbreTs ERCkraCüenAqñaM491.
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ERCkraCü rYcsuKtenAqñaM498.
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ehIyenAesayraCüenAeLIyenAqñaM514.
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-kavCILÚfULÚ):am:U ¬KuRsIruRTvrµ½n¦ esayraCüqñaM530-534.
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braC½ykñúgs®gÁamRbqaMgnwghVÚNnrYmnwgcin b¤y:agNaenaHeT.
eTaHCay:agNak¾eday ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþGaNÑam)anerobrab;fa enAqñaM390énRKisþskraC
bNþaExRtPaKxagt,ÚgGaNÑam ¬GaNÑameBlenaH KWtugkwg¦ RtÚvrgkarvayRbharBIBYkcam Edlman
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raC.
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RbQYnrhUtdl;esayTivgÁt.
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esayraCübnþbnÞab;Kña\tdac; enAstvtSr_TI5 nigTI6. ebIG‘Ícwg etIesþcpamLÚdat4tamRbvtþisa®sþ
GaNÑam nighVany:agm:ay tamÉksarcin EdlesayraCübnþbnÞab;KñaEdrenaH RtÚvesayraCüenAqñaM
Na? b¤mYyeQµaHTaMgBIrenH CaeQµaHEdlRbCaCnehAtamPasasamBaØ sMedAykRBH)aT ruRTvrµ½n nig
4
BaküpamCakarcmøgrbs;GaNÑamBIBakücin hVan. pamLÚdat RtÚvnwgeQµaHtamcinehAfa hVanh‘Uta.
RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþ b¤munRBHGgÁ?
silacarwkcam ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþGaNÑam nigÉksarcinmanerobrab;GMBIRBHraCa Edlesay
raCüsm,tþibnþBIRBH)aTruRTvrµ½n RBmTaMgskmµPaBxøH²pgEdr.
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enHCaesþcERCkraCü ehIyminEmnCaRBHraCbuRtrbs;esþcGgÁmuneT b¤y:agNa? eRBaHXøacugeRkay
enH hak;dUcCacg;bBa¢ak;GMBIerOgenH5.
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elInKrcam:,a kñúgrvagqñaM603b¤605 edayesþccin EdlÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcat;TukfaCa {esþc
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tamkarsikSarbs;elak eb:KUb‘Íl. mundMbUg T½BcamTTYl)anC½yCmñHxøH b:uEnþbnÞab;mk RtÚvdkfyqøg
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5
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6
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mancMNucsMxan;mYyEdlelak eb:KUb‘Íl )anbBa¢ak;bEnßm KWfaBYkcinGaNÑam)anykBI lInyIeTAnUvmascMnYn18duMFM²
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Rbkan;ykTMenomTmøab;tamcin KWsMEdgkareKarBbUCacMeBaHRBHraCaEdlsuKteTA edaysg;bnÞb;fVaymYy nigdak;mas
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mk. ehtukarN_enHGac[eyIgkMNt;)annUvTItaMgrbs;raCFanIcam:,aenAstvtSr_TI7 nigcMnYnesþcEdlesayraCürhUt
mkdl;eBlEdlBYkcinGaNÑamvayykraCFanI)an KW18GgÁ taMgBIqñaM137 mk.
ebItamsilacarwk RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBIRBH)aTsmÖúvrµ½n KWRBHraCbuRtrbs;RBHGgÁ
RBHnamknþarb,Fmµ³ EdlesayraCücab;BIqñaM630mk ehIyEdlÉksarcinehAfa hVanQavlI Edl
)anbBa¢ÚnraCTUteTAKal;esþcRsukcinenAqñaM631 edaybBa¢ÚnnUvrbs;rbrl¥²BIkñúgRsukeTAfVaypg.
RBHraCbuRtrbs;RBH)aTknþarb,Fmµ³ eLIgesayraCübnþBIRBHGgÁ b:uEnþ eyIgmin)ansÁal;RBH
GPiesknamrbs;esþcenHeT. ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcin ehARBHraCaGgÁenHfa hVaneqnLúg. esþcGgÁ
enH )anRtÚvm®nþImYyrUbeFVIKutTaMgBUC enAqñaM645 m®nþIenaHcinehAeQµaHfa m:UhUm:antUKaFU EdlRbEhl
KWCaesþcPeRTsVrvrµ½ntamsilacarwk EdlRtÚvCakµÜyrbs;RBHraCamYyRBHGgÁ ¬etIhVaneqnLúgb¤?¦
nigRtÚvCaecAxagRBHmatarbs;RBHknþarb,Fmµ³ KWRBHmataRTg;)anerobkarCamYynwgRBahµN_mñak;.
esþcenHesayraCüenAqñaM645.
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fa manRBwtþikarN_mYycMnYnekIteLIg Edlelak EBlIy:U )ansegçbdUcteTA ³ mrNPaBrbs;esþc hVan
eqgLúg RBmTaMgraCvgSTaMgmUl)aneFVI[nKrKµanGñksñgraCü. RbCara®sþcam k¾)anÉkPaBKñaelIk
RBahµN_mñak; EdlRtÚvCa buRtsuNisarbs;RBH)aThVanFUlI EdlesayraCüenAqñaM630-631
[eLIgesayraCübnþ buRtsuNisaenaHRbEhlKW m:UhUm:antUKaFU b¤ PeRTsVrvrµ½nenaHÉg. k¾b:uEnþnamuWn
sBVmuxm®nþI Edlsµ½RKesµaHnwgRBHraCvgSmun b¤k¾famanplRbeyaCn_pÞúynwgRBHraCafµIenH minyl;
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KüÚlan mk KW18enH minEmncab;BIesþcTI1 mkeT.
sm,tþivij. QUkUTI k¾Rtlb;mkcam:,avij ehIyRtÚv)annamuWnsBVmuxm®nþIRbkas[esayraCü
nigerobcMGPieskbuRtIrbs; hVanFUlI [eFVICaGKÁmehsI ¬KW[RBHnagElglHCamYyRBahµN_ecj¦.
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Kal;esþccin. ´Kitfa QUkUTI enH CaeQµaHtamPasasamBaØcam ehIyKWCaRBHraCaEdlsilacarwk
ehAfa RbkasVvrµ½n-viRknþvrµ½n EdlesayraCüBIqñaM653dl;679. silacarwk)anbBa¢ak;fa RBHGgÁ
CaRBHraCbuRtrbs;RBHCKtFmµ³ ¬mindwgedImkMeNIt¦ CamYynwgRBHraCarbs;km<úCa KWRBHRsIsrvnI
¬|sanvrµ½n¦ EdlRTg;)anykCamehsIkalEdlRTg;Kg;enAÉPvbur³7.
nKrcam:,a)ankekIteLIgmun k¾b:uEnþ enAedImstvtSr_TI3 raCaNacRkenHhak;dUcCamankarrIk
ceRmInexSayCagnKrhVÚNn ebIehacNas;k¾xagbec©keTseFVIs®gÁamEdr. eyIg)aneXIjehIyfa
nKrenHminTan;manbnÞaykarBarrwgmaMeT ehIyTIRkúgTaMgGs;KµanrbgkarBar hak;dUcCaebIkcMh[
sRtÚvG‘Ícwg. Tal;Etmkdl;Bak;kNþalTI1énstvtSr_TI4 eTIbesþchVanyI)ancat;[ksagkMEBgkar
BarraCFanIeLIg tamkarpþl;eyabl;BITIRbwkSaeQµaH hVanevn.
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RbEhl3KILÚEm:Rt nigmancm¶ayBIekIteTAlic650eTVCMhan. RKwHenHmankm<s;RbEhl6Em:Rt.
enABIelIRKwH manrbgeFVIGMBI\dækm<s;RbEhl3Em:Rt manecaHrn§bYnRCúgsRmab;)aj;RBÜjecjpg.
enABIelIrbg\dæenaHmancRmÚg ehIyTaMgGs;enHsuT§EtmanBnøa nigrebogenABIelIkm<s;rhUtdl;eTA
21-24Em:Rt. TIRkúgmanTVar13. GKarTaMgGs;EbrmuxeTATisxagt,Úg. eKrab;eXIjmanpÞHTaMgGs;
elIsBI2000xñg -KW9dgticCagraCFanIkm<úCa. kEnøgenHCaTItaMgyuT§sa®sþmYysRmab; lInyI
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xagt,ÚgExRtkVagb‘íj sBVéf¶.
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7
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enAqñaM446 ehIydutbMpøajexÞcxÞI munnwgdkT½BecjeTAvij.
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2- nKrGaNaÑ m-tgu kgw
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sBVéf¶fa tugkwg nigExRtxageCIgbg¥s;rbs;GaNÑambc©úb,nñ. BYkcin)andeNþImykRsukenH)anenAqñaM
111 munRKisþskraC ehIy)andak;eQµaHCabnþbnÞab;fa Namevot/ g:anNam/ NamEy nigxüaveQ
¬y:avCI¦ k¾b:uEnþBYkGñkRsukedIm kñúgenaHmanBYkmYg EdlenAesssl;dl;sBVéf¶ ehARsukenaHfa
GULak;. pþÚelem dak;eQµaH[fa GuinDIb¤suIndUy ehATenøRkhmfa dUrIy:a nigehATIRkúgEdleRkaymk
KWCaTIRkúghaNUyfa GyünKr. eQµaHTaMgGs;enHminRtÚvnwgeQµaHtamBaküGñkRsukGay b¤tamcin
ehA EdleyIgdwgenaHeT.
]tþmesnIy_cinEdlRtÜtRtaRsukenHtaMgBIqñaM111 munRKisþskraC rhUtmkdl;qñaM968 KW
Cag1000qñaM ¬eRkayBI)anRbKl;ExRtPUKan/ kVagTug nigkVagsuIeTA[cin¦ )anEbgEckTwkdIenH Ca
bBa¢akardæan3 KWxüaveQRtg;tMbn;haNUy/ KaveQn b¤KUeCOnRtg;tMbn;faj;hVa/ nigeyNan b¤
jútNam Rtg;tMbn;kVagb‘íj.
tamemIleTA BYktugkwg EdlFøab;ÉkraCkalBIsm½yraCaNacRkNamEy minEmnTTYlyknwm
RtÜtRtarbs;cin edayRsYl²enaHeT. tamÉksarRbvtþisa®sþrbs;eK BYkeK)ancab;kan;GavuF
RbqaMgnwgcinenAqñaM39énRKisþskraC rYcehIyBYkeKkan;GMNacRKb;RKgRbeTs)an70qñaM rhUtdl;
Føak;eRkamnwmRtÜtRtarbs;cinmþgeTotenAqñaM105. ÉksarenaH)an[dwgfa mannarImñak; EdlsVamI
8
BYkGar:ab;ehAnKrcam:,afa sanV ehIyniyayfaenABIxagekItkm<úCa.
nag RtÚvGPi)alExRtcinsmøab;edayGyutþiFm’ )anbMpusRbCaCn[eRkakbHe)areLIg smøab;GPi)al
ExRtenaH vaybM)ak;T½BcinCaeRcInelIkeRcInsa rYcehIybRgÜbbRgÜmRkúgTaMghuksibR)aM [rYbrYmKña
mkeRkamGMNacrbs;xøÜn. eRkayBIesayraCü)an3qñaMRbkbedaysnþiPaBrYcmk narIenaH RtÚv)an
b¥ÚnRsIsmøab;enAkñúgs®gÁammYyEdleFVI[T½BGaNÑambraC½y.
bnÞab;BIRBwtþikarN_enH GaNÑamRtÚvsßitenAeRkamnwmRtÜtRtarbs;cincMnYn144qñaM Et)anbHe)ar
RbqaMgmþgeTot nigTTYlÉkraCüenARKisþskraC185. KWenAeBlenaHehIy Edlesþcrbs;BYkeK
Edl)anceRmInFMeBjv½y nigsikSaRTwsþIkugh‘VúysW ¬xugCW¦ enARsukcin )annaMmk[eKnUvGkSrEbb
citþanuelxna nigsIlFm’kugh‘VúysW. BYkenaHk¾cab;e)aHbg;GkSredImtamlMnaMGkSrhiNÐÚecal
RBmCamYyenaH e)aHbg;GarüFm’GarüagpgEdr. edayehtuenH GarüFm’cin)ancak;RKwHenAGaNÑam
ehIyRbeTsenH k¾RtÚvFøak;eRkamnwmcinmþgeTot enAqñaM226 rhUtdl;qñaM544 eTIbÉkraCvij b:uEnþ
)anEt58qñaMb:ueNÑaH. enAstvtSr_TI7 RbeTsenHCaRsukcMNuHcin KWedayehtuenaHehIy)anCa
eKeXIjemT½BcineFVIcm,aMgnwgcamkarBarTwkdI k¾b:uEnþkgT½BPaKeRcInCaCnCatiGaNÑam. RbeTsenH
TTYl)anÉkraCümþgeTotenAqñaM939 b:uEnþ)anEtmYyry³eBlb:ueNÑaH.
enAkñúgrC¢kalrbs;RBH)aT|sanvrµ½nCaRBHmhakSRtrbs;km<úCa RbeTscinehA tugkwg faCa
dUhUPU KWcat;TukdUcCaGaNaExRtmYyrbs;cRkPBcin manraCFanI nigman]braCcinmñak;esayraCü.
enAeBlenaH GaNaExRtd¾FMrbs;Namevot b¤GaNÑamenH EbgEckCa3bB¢aakardæan EdlEckecjbnþ
CaRsukcMnYndb;bI b¤cU rbs;GaNÑam nigRsukcMnYnEssibenAeRkAraCaNacRkedIm ¬tamemIleTA
TMngCaRsukEdlc,aMgdeNþIm)anBIeRkA¦.
tamemIleTA BYkExµrhak;dUcCaKµanTMnak;TMngGVICapøÚvkarfñak;CatiCamYyBYkGaNÑameT enAedIm
RKisþskraC b¤mhaskraC.
3- eTobekaHma: Laka
BYkRkik nigLataMg )ansÁal;eTobekaHEdleyIgehAfa m:aLaka tameQµaHfa EQsUENmas
k¾b:uEnþ BYkGWr:ub)anehAfa m:aLaka taMgBI4stvtSr_mkehIy tameQµaHTIRkúgFMEdlmanenATIenaH.
vahak;dUcCafa eTobekaHenHminmaneQµaHtamPasaGñkRsuk b¤tamPasahiNÐÚ taMgBIburaN
kalmk sRmab;ehAtYeTobekaHTaMgmUlenaHeT.
BYkcin nigm:aeL EdlCaBYkedIrTUktamsmuRT Føab;)aneFVIdMeNIrmkdl;smuRTxagt,Úg/ QUgsmuRT
esom nigQUgsmuRTbwgháal; Cajwkjab; )ansÁal;rdæepSg²enAelIeTobekaHenH b:uEnþ k¾KµanBaküNa
sRmab;ehATwkdId¾EvgenHEdltP¢ab;eTAnwg]bTVIb\NÐÚcinedaybYrdItUcceg¥ótnigEvgenaHeT.tamemIl
eTA kalBImunRbEhlCamaneTobekaHmYyEdlbBa©b;RtwmRka rYcmanekaHmYyeTotcab;BIRtwmRkaenA
xageCIg rYclatsn§wgmkt,ÚgrhUtdl;sigðburI.
RbsinebIBYkhiNÐÚ )andak;eQµaHsM®sáwtNamYy[TIenH enaHk¾eyIgmin)ansÁal;eQµaHenaH
Edr. b:uEnþ BYkhiNÐÚ)andak;eQµaH[raCaNacRkepSg² Edl)ankekItenATIenaH EtCYnkaleyIgk¾enA
EtmankarlM)akNas;nwgkMNt;fa etIeQµaHNaRtÚvnwgRsukNa?
GñkRsukEdlrs;enAelIeTobekaHm:aLakaenAedImRKisþskraC nigedImmhaskraC KWBYkmn Exµr
EdlCaGm,ÚrCnCatikøayecjBIkarRcbl;cUlKña rvagBYkmnmkBIrmBaØeTs³ b¤TwkdItav:y mkBI
etNas;esrIm BIEmrKuy nigBIm:ata)an CamYyBYkExµrEdlrs;enATIenaHmun. b:uEnþ eBlenaH vahak;
dUcCa manBYkm:aeL rs;enArYceTAehIyenAelIcugxagt,Úg EdlCakEnøgmanRkúm]bnievsn_hiNÐÚtaMgenA
ehIyRkúm]bnievsn_taMgenaH )anTTYlsÁal;GnutþrPaBrbs;raCaNacRkkm<úCa ebIeTaHCafa mincMNuHk¾
eday9.
4- ekaHma: eLsIu
ekaHCVa ekaHEdlmaneQµaHsBVéf¶fa s‘Um:aRta ekaH)alI ekaHb‘½reNGU ekaHEdleyIgehAfa
esELb ebIniyayedayxøIfa GaMgs‘ULaMgTaMgmUl TaMgGs;enH CaTwkdIekaHEdlBYknavikcin nighiNÐÚ
)ansÁal;taMgBIyUryarNas;mkehIy. dUcCaeTobekaHm:aLakaEdr RbCuMekaHTaMgGs;enHhak;dUcCa
KµaneQµaHrYmNamYysRmab;ehAeT. BYkhiNÐÚehAekaHTaMgenaHfa suvNÑTVIb mann½yfa ekaHmas.
enAstvtSr_TI9-10 BYkGar:ab; nigEBkS )anehAGaNacRkmYyfahSaEbt EdlRBHraCamanRBHzan³
tamPasasM®sáwtfa mharaCa hSaEbt Edl)anRKb;RKgelIekaHmYycMnYn RBmTaMgPaKxagt,Úgrbs;
m:aLaka mYycMENkpgEdr. k¾b:uEnþrhUtmkdl;eBlsBVéf¶eKenAminTan;dwgfa etIRkúghSaEbt nig
9
enAelIEpnTIrbs;pþÚelem maneQµaHRkúgCaeRcIn EdlelakvresnIy_ ehSrInI GHGagfaGackMNt;)an ³ enAelImat;
smuRTxaglicman ebr:aébRtÚvnwgEmrKuy/ takULaRtÚvnwgtakU):a/ sa)aNa RtÚvnwg sa)a. enAelImat;smuRTxagekIt
man far:a RtÚvnwg RTInkamI/ r:alugka RtÚvnwg Rka.
GaNacRk rbs;vaenaH enARtg;NaBitR)akdenAeLIyeT.
BaküsM®sáwtfaCVaTVIb sMedAykEtekaHCVamYyb:ueNÑaH EdlcinehAminc,as;fa cUb:U EtcUb:UenH
CYnkal k¾sMedAykekaHs‘Um:aRta pgEdr.
tamemIleTA ekaHd¾FMenHKWCaTwkdIrbs;BYkm:aeL ehAfa sßanm:aLayU ehIyk¾CamatuPUmiedImrbs;
BYkenH ebIehacNas;k¾xagRbvtþisa®sþEdr. ekaHenHmanGñkRsukrs;enAtaMgEtBImunRKisþskraC
mkemø:H. GñkRsukTaMgGs;enaHGg;Gachankøa rs;enARbmUlpþú¿KñaCardæÉkraCtUc² EtcMNuHtic b¤eRcIn
eRkamGMNacrbs;rdæNamYy cab;BIstvtSr_TI1dl;TI18 GaRs½yeTAtamkal³eTs³ nigPaBGg;Gac
køahanrbs;esþcénrdæenaH.
enAekaHCVa GñkRsukmanedImkMeNItRbhak;RbEhlnwgGñkRsuks‘Um:aRtaEdr EtminEmnCaBYk
m:aeL eT. ehIyekaHenHk¾manEckecjCardætUc² EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;rdæxøaMgNamYy
dUcKña.
cMENkÉekaHdéT²eTot rYmTaMgekaHb‘½reNGUpg minmanGVICal,Il,ajeT eRBaHCaCRmk
énBYkecarsmuRTEdlKµanGarüFm’ minsVaKmn_ePJóv sahavéRBépS nigCYnkalsuIsac;mnusSeTotpg.
enAeBlEdlenAekaHCVa GñkRsukmansemøókbMBak;dNþb;R)aNrYceTAehIy ebIehacNas; k¾enAtam
TIRkúgEdr GñkRsukenAtambNþaekaHTaMgGs;enH enAEtElgxøÜnTeTeday\tmaneGonxµasenAeLIy.
BYkcin)anehAekaH nigRbCaCnTaMgGs;enH tameQµaHEdleyIgminGackMNt;eRbóbeTAnwgRsuk
b¤raCaNacRkNamYy EdleKsÁal;tamÉksarRbvtþisa®sþm:aeL b¤CVa )aneT. tamemIleTA cinehA
ekaHTaMgGs;eTAtameQµaHraCaNacRkNaEdlRtÜtRtaeK kñúgeBlenaH b¤BImun b¤k¾tameQµaHTIpSar b¤
TIRkúgBaNiC¢kmµNa EdlBYkeKEtgcuHct. ehIyCYnkal BYkcink¾GacnwgykeQµaHrbs;RkúgmYyeTA
eRbIsRmab;ehATIRkúgmYyeTIbnwgekItfµI b¤eTIbnwgebIkeFVIBaNiC¢kmµCamYybreTs TaMgGñkRbvtþiviTUcin
k¾GacnwgRcLMeQµaHTIRkúg CYnkalRcLMraCaNacRkBIrfaEtmYy eRBaHmin)ansÁal;PUmisa®sþsmuRT
xagt,Úgc,as; NamYyvegVgedaymanekaHeRcIneBkmindwgmYyNaCamYyNa.
tamkarniTant²Kña ekaHCVa)anTTYlykRBhµBaØsasnaenAedImmhaskraC KWRtÚvnwgRKisþ
skraC78 edayRBahµN_mñak;eQµaH GCisk³ Caesþcrdæhsþinbur³enAelITenøKgÁa )anmkbegáItCa
raCaNacRkmYyeQµaHfa nus³CVa. eKenAEtminTan;dwgrhUtdl;sBVéf¶ faetIrdæenaHenARtg;Na.
eyIg)aneXIjBIxagelIrYcmkehIyfa BYkm:aeL)anmktaMgGaNaniKmenAelImat;smuRTxagt,Úg
nigxagGaeKñy_én\NÐÚcin RBmTaMg)anbegáItnKrcam:,arYcmkehIy. eyIgnwg)aneXIjteTAeTot
tamry³Rbvtþisa®sþrbs;km<úCa nigkMNt;smÁal;GMBInKrcam:,a nigGaNÑamfa RbCara®sþm:aeL nigCVa
)aneFVIdMeNIrqøgkat;smuRT mkcuHctenAelIeqñrsmuRTrbs;RbeTsTaMgbICajwkjy ehIy)anTaMgvay
ykkm<úCadak;CacMNuHEfmeTotpg.
5- eQTU b¤ esom
RbeTsEdlcinehAfaeQTUFIFU -eQµaHenHmann½yfa dIRkhm ehIyR)akdCaminEmnCaeQµaH
tamPasaGñkrdævasIeT- rYmmanTwkdIénGagTenøemNamxageRkam ehIyk¾RbEhlCamanTaMgGagTenø
emNamxagelIpgEdr. eyIg)aneXIjrYcehIyfa RBH)aThVan;m:an;Føab;)anvayyknKreQTU enH
dak;bBa©ÚlmkkñúgnKrhVÚNn ehIyRTg;)aneqøótyk»kasEdlGaNacRkrbs;RBH)aTekaNÐBaØ³ kMBug
Ebk)ak; edIm,IdeNþImykÉkraCümkvij.
tamemIleTA GñkRsukeQTUminxusKñaBIRbCaCnEdlrs;enAelITwkdI EdleyIgehAsBVéf¶fakm<úCa
b:unµaneT ehIyeqñrxagQUgsmuRTbwgháal;rbs;rdæenHk¾manRkúm]bnievsn_hiNÐÚtaMgenA dUcCaenAtam
eqñrsmuRTrbs;\NÐÚcinpgEdr.GñkRsukeQTUmanGarüFm’ TMenomTmøab;RbéBNI nigsasnadUcGñkRsuk
hVÚNn nigcam:,a Edr. enAkñúgÉksarrbs;eK BYkcinEtgeRbóbeFobhVÚNneTAnwgeQTU b¤cam:,a eday
\tRbkan;. BIeRBaHfaRbeTsTaMg3manGarüFm’hiNÐÚ nigRBhµBaØsasnadUcKña ehIyKWRbCaCnTaMgbIenH
ehIyEdl)anpþl;[\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl elIkElgEttugkwgecjnUvcritlkçN³ EdleyIgsÁal;sBVéf¶.
enAstvtSr_TI7 eQTU minTan;maneFVIskmµPaBGVIecjeRkABIRBMEdnrbs;eKenAeLIyeT KWenAEtkñúg
rgVg;énGagTenøemNamb:ueNÑaH. k¾b:uEnþ RbeTsenH)anR)akdxøÜnfa CasRtÚvmYyrbs;km<úCaeRsc
eTAehIy eRBaHeKenHGacerIbRmHxøÜnrYcBInwmRtÜtRtarbs;hVÚNn deNþIm)anÉkraCü ehIyrkSaÉkraCü
enaH)anxusBIrdæÉeTot² EdlÉkraCü)anEtmYyry³b:ueNÑaH.
6- \NaÐ
RbeTs\NÐaCaRbPBénBYkGñkpSBVpSayGarüFm’ Edl)annaMykRBhµBaØsasnamkkan;ekaHCVa
nigkEnøgCaeRcIneTotén\NÐÚcin RbEhlenAqñaM78énRKisþskraC. KWCaTwkdId¾FMmYy EbgEckCakSRt
RbeTsCaeRcInEdlmankarrIkceRmInedayBYkGarü³rYceTAehIy EfmTaMgmanGkSsa®sþ manRbB½n§
TsSnviC¢aCaeRcIn GPivDÆn_rhUtdl;brmtßviC¢ad¾EsnGrUbI. RbeTs\NÐaFøab;RtÚv)anBYkeGhSIb
BYkGasuIrIyag BYksuIt nigRbCaCatiCaeRcIn rYmTaMgBYkRkicpg deNþImyk BYkQøanBanTaMgGs;enaH
PaKeRcIn)anRtwmEtdutbMpøajb:ueNÑaH Etk¾manBYkxøHksagGaNacRkenAelITwkdIenHEdr.
\NÐamanRBhµBaØsasnaCaeRcInBan;qñaMrYcmkehIy bnÞab;mkRBHBuT§sasnak¾cab;bdisn§ieLIg
kalBImYyBan;qñaMmun. manesþc\NÐamYyRBHGgÁRBHnamfa Fmµesak³ esayraCükalBIbIstvtSr_mun
RKisþskraC)aneRbIR)as;\T§iBlrbs;BuT§sasnaeFVIkardeNþImyk\NÐaEpñkxageCIg)anmYycMENkFM
RBmTaMg)anbBa¢ÚnebskCnBuT§sasnikmkkan;\NÐÚcinman PUma km<úCa nigcam:,a pgEdr. RBHecAGFiraC
mhaGaLicsg; LWRkg; rbs; m:aesdUnI )andeNþImykraCaNacRkTaMgLayén\NÐaPaKxageCIg rYc
ehIybnSl;Rkúm]bnievsn_RkicenATIenaH. GaNaniKmTaMgenaH eRkaymk)ankøayCaraCaNacRkRkic
hiNÐÚepSg² EtRtÚvrlubrlayeTAvijedaykarmkdl;énCnCatifµI²eTot bgábegáIt)anCavNÑ³Cakar
Rbtibtþisasna nigkarGb;rMBiess EdlenAesssl;rhUtdl;sBVéf¶.
\NÐamanTwkdIFMmhima nigmanEpñkCaeRcIn EdlmanGarüFm’eCOnelOnCagRbCaCatiTaMgLay
EdlenACuMvij CaehtueFVI[\NÐaGacCH\T§iBleTAeRkA)an tamRBMRbTl;xageCIg xag|sanþ nigBay½Bü
EdleBareBjeTAedayCYrPñMx<s;² nigmhasmuRTFM² B½T§CuMvij. \NÐa )anpSayGarüFm’enA Gar:akan/
Gav:a/ RBM/ enANanqav b¤éfenARsukcin/ rYc)anbegáItGaNaniKmenAelIeqñretNas;esrIm nigEmrKuy/
enAelIeqñrTaMgGs;rbs;eTobekaHm:aLaka nigenAelIeqñrrbs;Rsuk EdleyIgehAsBVéf¶fa esom nig
km<úCa. BYkGaNÑamk¾RbEhlCaFøab;TTYlGarüFm’\NÐaxøH²Edr munTTYlykGarüFm’cin ehIyRtÚv
RbQmmuxrYmKñaCamYycin enAeBleTAdl;nKrcam:,a EdlGnuvtþtamRBahµBaØsasnaepSg² ³ rUbbdima
GaTieTBRBhµBaØsasnaFM² manédeRcIn/ narIemm:ayGgÁúyelIKMnrePøIgTaMgrs; eGabsaksBbþIkñúgéd
dUcCaenA\NÐaEdr.
vahak;dUcCafa GarüFm’hiNÐÚeBlenaH mankareCOnelOnCagGarüFm’cinbnþic ehIyGarüFm’TaMg
BIrenH )anRbECgKñadeNþImyk\NÐÚcin enAedImRKisþskraCeyIgenH. k¾b:uEnþ minmanGarüFm’NamYy
maneRbóbCagmYyeToteLIy eBalKWfa GarüFm’mYyGacvatTIyk)anTwkdIFM EtminGaceFVI[GarüFm’
mYyeTot rlub)at;Gs;)aneT. Cak;Esþg KWTwkdIEdlkan;kab;edayBYkGaNÑamsBVéf¶ manGarüFm’tam
Ebbcin rIÉTwkdIEdlkan;kab;edayBYkkm<úCalavesomsannigPUmamanGarüFm’tamEbb\NÐa.cMNuc
mYyeTot KWKµanGarüFm’NamYykñúgbNþaGarüFm’TaMgBIr EdlGaceFVI[manlkçN³suIvil½ykñúgbNþaBYk
GñkRsukedIm EdlmanenAsl;BaseBj\NÐÚcin k¾dUcCaenA\NÐaxøÜnÉg EdlenAmanGñkxøHedIrElg
xøÜnTeT minecHGanGkSr Kµanc,ab; eKarBtamEtemPUmi cgsm<½n§PaBEtCamYyPUmisV½ytpgKña ehIy
CYnkaleTot enAmancgKMnuM kab;smøab;Kña sgswk nigrbYssñam EdlekItmanCayUrmkehIy.
enAcugstvtSr_TI7énRKisþskraC RbeTs\NÐaman\T§iBly:agxøaMgmkelI\NÐÚcin eRBaHfa
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raCvgSesþcEdlesayraCüenATIenH suT§EtCab;Gm,ÚrkSRtiy_ b¤RBahµN_ nigmü:ageTot sasnaEdleK
eKarB KWRBhµBaØsasna b¤RBHBuT§sasna. Baküfa {vrµ½n} mann½yfa GñkkarBarEdlRBHraCaRbkan;
ykenAeBleLIgesayraCüenAkm<úCa k¾dUcCaenAcam:,a Cazan³EdlesþchiNÐÚxøHRbkan;ykenA\NÐa
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GaTieTBrbs;\NÐa eKGanesovePAEdlsresrenA\NÐa. BYkRBahµN_mktaMgTIlMenAkñúg\NÐÚcineday
sµ½RKcitþ eRBaHGñkRsukGnuvtþtamRTwsþIrbs;eK ehIyelIkkUnRkmuM[eKeTotpg enHebItamGtßbTcinmYy
niyay.
7- cni
TMnak;TMngCamYycin mankarlM)akyUr eRBaHdMeNIrtamsmuRTmaneRKaHfñak; CaBiess KWmankar
lM)aknwgqøgeRCaybNúÐrgÁkñúgry³eBlyUr enAeBlEdlmanxül;mUsugbk;mkBI|san. EteTaHCa
y:agNakþI eyIg)aneXIjfa TMnak;TMngenaHmanrYceTAehIy taMgEtBImunRKisþskraCemø:H CamYynKr
cam:,a k¾dUcCaCamYynKrhVÚNn ehIyfa BYkcin)ansÁal;TwkdItameqñrsmuRT\NÐÚcin nigeTobekaH
m:aLaka )anl¥KYrsm.
cin manBgSavtar ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþ nigkMNt;RtaPUmisa®sþ EdlmancuHkalbriecäTc,as;
las; ehIykarBiBN’narbs;eK eTaHbICacmøgt²KñakþI k¾suT§EtRtwmRtÚv RKan;Etfa sBVéf¶enHeKmankar
lM)aknwgkMNt;fa erOgr:avNa)anekItenATIkEnøgNa eRBaHeQµaHEdlcinehAenaHxusBIeQµaH EdlGñk
RsukGayehA mü:ageTot cinmin)anykcitþTukdak;nwgkarERbRbÜlbþÚreQµaHRsukeTsepSg²pgeT.
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10
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1
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2
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4
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5
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4
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6
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7
silacarwkRBH)aT k,alTI2 TMB½r372-376 nigéGm:UnIej/ RbeTskm<úCa k,alTI2 TMB½r265-267.
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enH. BYkcamenH )anvaykemÞcbNþaExRtxagt,Úgrbs;tugkwg EdlenACab;nwgRBMEdn/ deNþIm)an
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bBa¢akarcin vayedjkm©at;rhUtcUlmkdl;épÞkñúgnKrcam:,a ehIybgç¿[sgkarxUcxat rYc[elIksYy
sarGakreTAfVayeTot. raCFanInKrcam:,a rgkarvaykemÞcBIrelIk k¾b:uEnþBYkcamenAGacrkSaTwkdI)an
elIkElgEtExRtyINanmYyEdlRtÚvRbKl;eTA[GaNÑamvij.
kalBIstvtSr_TI5 raCsm,tþinKrcam:,amanRBHraCaExµrmYyGgÁesayraCü. enAstvtSr_TI7
raCsm,tþienH )anFøak;eTAkñúgkNþab;édRBahµN_mñak; EdleFVIKutRBHmhakSRt bnÞab;mkFøak;eTAkñúgéd
mehsIRBahµN_ rYceTAkñúgédRBHGgÁm©as;bHe)armYyGgÁ EdlkøayCaRBHsVamI mehsIrbs;RBahµN_
k,t;enaH. nKrcam:,aFøab;CYbRbTHnwgbdivtþn_épÞkñúgCaeRcIn EdlCaehtunaMnKrenHQaneTArkkarrlt;
rlay. k¾b:uEnþeTaHCay:agNakþI nasm½yenaH nKrenHminTan;)at;TwkdI sUm,ImYycMGamenAeLIyeT.
enABak;kNþalstvtSr_TI8 nKrcam:,a)anTTYlrgeRKaHdUcCatugkwg nigkm<úCaEdr BIkarQøanBan
rbs;BYkCn{sÁmkMRBwg ehIyexµARBIk} EdleFVIdMeNIrmkBIekaHsUm:aRta nigekaHBULÚkugD½r tam{nava
breTs} ¬qñaM765-774 nig787 énRKisþskraC¦.
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kµÜyrbs;RBHGgÁRBHnam RBH)aTstüvrµ½n EdlesayraCüBIqñaM774 dl;794. BYkcam)anrujRcan
BYkQøanBan[dkfyecjeTAvij k¾b:uEnþRbeTskm<úCaTb;Tl;minQñH k¾RtÚvEbknKrCaBIredaysar
braC½yenH KWkm<úCaTwk nigkm<úCaeKak tamsmþIBYkcin nigGaNÑam dUcEdleyIg)aneXIjBIxagelIrYc
mkehIy.
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stüvrµ½n. BYkGaNÑam)anvaytbtvijedayeRbIkmøaMgT½Bd¾FM eFVI[BYkcambraC½y ehIyyl;RBmsg
karxUcxat nigelIksYysarGakrfVayesþcGaNÑam.
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vaMgenAÉ eQn EdlCakMBg;EpsmuRTmYysßitenAxagekItlInyI vij. ebItamBgSavtarniyayfa enA
Ek,rkMBg;EpenaH manTIRkúgmYyeQµµaHehAfa eQnQIn eTIb)anCaeKehAnKrcam:,afaCa raCaNacRk
eQnQIn vij. KWBaküenHehIy EdlBYkGWr:ubehAkøaymkCakUsaMgsuIn1.
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enAeLIyenAqñaM817 b¤eRkayenaH min)anbnþeFVIs®gÁameT k¾b:uEnþ RBH)aTviRktþvrµ½n EdlsñgraCübnþBI
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eCosBIcm,aMg.
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898 kñúgraCüRBH)aTyesavrµ½nEdlCaraCbuRtrbs;RBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½n EtRtÚvbraC½yehIykgT½BExµr
1
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karGanrbs;BYkGWr:ubnUvBaküGaNÑamfa kUCimfaj; mann½yfa TwkdICimfaj; KWcam:,aenHÉg. elak eb:m:arInI )ansresr
enAstvtSr_TI17fa kUsaMgsuIn køaymkBIBakü x©avCI mann½yfa emeCIgEkk ehIymanGñkxøHeTotniyayfa BaküenH
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PaKxagt,Úgfa kUsaMgsuIneTA. kñúgkrNIenH kUsaMgsuIn KW\NÐÚcin.
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eTAvijdUcEdl)aneXIjxagelIrYcmkehIy.
2- GaNaÑ m-tgu kgw
enAedImstvtSr_TI9 tugkwgsßitenAeRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;cinenAeLIy ehIyRtÚvenAdUecñHyUrt
eTAeTot fVIebImankarbHe)arRbqaMgnwgcinCajwkjyk¾eday. enAedImstvtSr_TI8 BYkGaNÑam )an
bHe)arTUTaMgRbeTsRbqaMgnwgBYkcin ehIy)anRbkaselIkesþcmYyGgÁEdlRbEhlCamanedIm
kMeNIthiNÐÚ RBHnamhak;eD ¬esþcexµA¦ [esayraCü. esþcexµAenH edaymanCMnYyBIT½BExµr nigcam
30muWnnak; )anvaykemÞcbnÞaycinmYy. k¾b:uEnþeRkayBIkarxitxMRbwgERbgRbkbedayeCaKC½y nig
esckþIeRtkGrenHknøgputeTA tugkwg k¾RtÚvFøak;cUleRkamnwmRtÜtRtarbs;cineLIgvij enARKisþskraC
722 ehIysßitenAeRkamnwmRtÜtRtarbs;BYkGñkQñHy:agtwgEtgtaMgBIeBlenaHmk.
enAdMNac;stvtSr_TI8 KWenAqñaM768 BYkGaNÑam)anegIbbHe)armþgeTot ehIy)anelIkemT½B
eQµaH Pugh‘ug [eLIgesayraCüEdlEtgEtdwknaMkmøaMgvayT½Bcin EdlqøgcUlmkkñúgTwkdI [braC½y
ral;elIk. k¾b:uEnþGt;BIesþcGgÁenHeTA buRtRBHGgÁRBHnamPugGaj; EdleLIgesayraCübnþ minman
esckþIkøahannwgkarBaRRbeTseT EbrCaRbKl;xøÜncuHcUl]braC EdlcinbBa¢Ún[mkesayraCübnþBI
Pugh‘ug eTAvij.
raCFanIrbs;tugkwgkalBIeBlenaHKW haNUy dUcsBVéf¶Edr. KWCabnÞayRbdab;eTAedayeRKÓg
karBar EdlmanGñkRsukrs;enACuMvij manpSar nigCaBiessKWmanbBa¢akarkNþalrbs;cinpg.
enAcugstvtSr_TI9 BYkéfmkBI yunNan EdlcinehAfa Nanqav EtGaNÑamehAfa NamQav
mann½yfa {esþckNþal} )ancUllukluytugkwg. enAkñúgs®gÁammYyCamYycin EdlEtgEtb:unb:g
bMpøicbMpøajraCaNacRkrbs;eK sßitenAcenøaH yunNan nwg TIeb Rtg;mþúM talI BYkNanqavenH )anvay
QñHT½Bcin EdlmanBlTahanmYyPaKFMCaBYkGaNÑamtugkwg ehIydeNþIm)an yunNan. eRkaymk
BYkenH)anKaMRTBYkGñkRsukPñMenAxagelItugkwg EdlEtgEtrgkarKabsgát;BIecAhVayRkúghaNUy
ehIyRtÚvecAhVayRkúgenH edjvayRbharrhUtCitdl;yunNan. BYkGñkRsukPñMenaHRbEhlCaBYk
mYg sBVéf¶ )annaMpøÚvT½BNanqav cuHtamRClgTenøRkhmmkvaykemÞctugkwg rYckan;kab;haNUy)an.
raCFanIhaNUy)anRtÚvvaykemÞc dutbMpøaj rYcBYkNanqavRKb;RKgGaNÑamcMnYndb;qñaM BI
qñaM860 dl;870 eTIbdkfyeTARsukvij ehIyRtÚvT½BéRBEdlcuHcUlCamYycin-GaNÑamsáat;vay
RbharEfmeTot.
eyIgnwgCYbCamYyBYkNanqav b¤éfenHeTot enAxageRkay enAeBlEdlBYkenHbgðajxøÜnmun
dMbUgenAPUma rYcenAPaKxageCIgTenøemNam CaTIEdlBYkeKnwgksagraCaNacRkesom.
tamemIleTA tugkwgeBlenaHminmanTMnak;TMngGVICamYykm<úCaeT eRBaHsßitenAq¶ay. Éksar
Rbvtþisa®sþGaNÑammanniyayGMBIBYkExµrCaelIkdMbUg enAeBlEdl{GFiraCexµA {manedImkMeNIthiNÐÚ
ehIyEdlRbEhlCaExµr )andwknaMT½BExµr-cam 30muWnnak; eTAvaytugkwg. cab;BIRtwmenaHmkRbCa
ra®sþTaMgBIr hak;dUcCamin)ansÁal;KñaeT 2.
3- cni
enAstvtSr_TI7RbeTscincab;rIkFMbnþicmþg² latsn§wgeTAxaglic pSayGarüFm’eTACb:un ehIy
cab;epþImvayb®gáabBYkNanqav b¤éf EdleTIbEtrYbrYmKñaCardæEtmYy eRBaHvarMxandl;cinkñúgkaryk
TIebCacMNuH. cinRKb;RKgelItugkwg ehIykarBarGaNÑamRbqaMgnwgBYkcam edayEbgEckTwkdICabBa¢a
kardæannigExRtx½NÐ EdlmanenAesssl;rhUtdl;sBVéf¶. cin)aneFVI[tugkwgmansNþab;Fñab; rebob
erobry snþisux ehIy[RbeTsenHTTYlykGarüFm’cin. cincg;eFVI[bNþaRbCaCnEdlFøab;)anTTYl
karGb;rMepSg² ehIyEdlFøab;TTYlykGarüFm’hiNÐÚrYceTAehIy dUcCa lav/ cam:,a nigkm<úCa CaedIm
[Rtlb;mkTTYlykGarüFm’cinvij.
\T§iBlrbs;cinmkelIRbeTsCitxagFMeFgNas;. eRkayeBlcincaj;BYkm:ugehÁal ehIyman
raCvgSfµImYyeLIgesayraCü CamYynwgesþc KUb‘ÍéLxan; \T§iBlenH kan;EtrIkFMNas;eTAeTotenAcug
bUB’aRbeTs.
2
teTAenH CaeQµaHEdlExµr)aneRbIsRmab;ehAGaNacRkGaNÑam ehIyenAEtbnþehAdl;sBVéf¶ ³ tugkwg=taMgKü³/
y:avCI=yYnKav/ GaNÑam=yYn. BaküyYnenH eFVI[eyIgnwkdl;bBa¢akarcinenAExRtxagt,Úgbg¥s;rbs;tugkwg eQµaHfa
yINan EdlBYkcamdeNþImyk)anehIykan;kab;y:agyUr nigeQµaHExRtyunNan rbs;cinpgEdr.
4- \NaÐ
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nigCaRbPBedImrbs;BYkCnEdlmkbegáItCaGaNaniKm bgá)anCaraCaNacRkkm<úCa ehIybBa¢ÚnBYk
RBahµN_BaNiC¢kr nigsil,krmkpg/ kMBugEtbBa©b;bdivtþn_sasnamYy Edlcab;epþImtaMgEtBIRKisþ
stvtSr_TI1mk. edaymanGarüFm’RBhµBaØsasnataMgEtBIyUrlg;mkemø:H \NÐa)anERbmkkan;BuT§-
sasnavijmþg enAstvtSr_TI4munRKisþskraC eRkamrC¢kalrbs;RBH)aTFmµesak Caesþcesay
raCüenAbtlIbuRt EdlCaTIRkúgmYy manmunbtnasBVéf¶ EdlenACitKñaenaH. BuT§sasna mankarrIk
ceRmIn rhUtmkdl;stvtSr_TI2munRKisþskraC. esþcGesak³ EdledIrtYCaesþckugsþg;taMgpg Ca
esþckøÚvIs pg bEnßmelIenaH KWCaemsasnaEfmeTot )anbþÚrmkkan;BuT§sasnavij ehIykarBar
sasnaenH RBmTaMg)ancat;taMgebskCnecjpSBVpSayRKb;TisTI. RBHGgÁ)aneFVI[\NÐaTaMgmUlbþÚr
mkkan;BuT§sasnavij kñúgGMLúgeBlmindl;3stvtSr_pg eRkayBIRBHGgÁsuKteTA. GMeNIHGs;BIRBH
)aTGesak³eTA BuT§sasnaenAbnþrIkceRmInmYyry³eTot Etfmfybnþicmþg². eBlenaH BYkRBahµN_
EdlenAmanesssl; kalebIBinitüeXIjfa BuT§sasnikCnlg;lk;nwgCIvPaBFmµtaehIy k¾cab;epþIm
ekogKrRbCaCn[Rtlb;mkkan;CMenOcas;vij. eRkam\T§iBlBYkRBahµN_enH BuT§sasna )anERbkøay
mkCasasnamYysuxs¶b; ehIyvtþGaramk¾minsUvmanmnusSecjcUl. bUCnIeysk_ cineQµaH
hVah‘ag Edl)aneFVIdMeNIrmkdl;\NÐa enAstvtSr_TI4 edIm,IsVHEsVgrkTIkEnøgEdlRBHBuT§Kg;enA
vtþGaramEdlFøab;maneQµaHl,I nigrkKm<IrepSg²pg )anbBa¢ak;fa TIkEnøgEdleKeKarBbUCamankar
)ak;EbkxøH²ehIy. eRkaymkeTot enABak;kNþalTI1énstvtSr_TI7 bUCnIeysk_ cinmñak;eTot
eQµaH h‘ansag EdlmanCMenOeCOs‘b;kñúgBuT§sasna nigmancm¶l;eRcInEtqab;eCO )anmkdl;\NÐaEdr
ehIy)anerobrab;fa minRKan;EtRbTHeXIjkEnøgskáarbUCaCaeRcIn EdlRtÚveKe)aHbg;b:ueNÑaHeT
KWvtþTaMgLay Edl hVah‘ag erobrab;BImun \LÚvmanvihar)ak;Ebk ehIyRtÚveKe)aHbg;ecal manBuT§-
sasnikCntictYc mindl;TaMg 100nak;pg EdlkalBImunmandl;eTArab;Ban;ÉeNaH. enHehIyCakar
Gab;»n cuHénBuT§sasna Edlcab;epþImtaMgBIRKWsþskraCTI1mk )anFøak;Gab;»nxøaMgenAstvtSr_TI3
ehIybnþmkstvtSr_eRkay²eTot rYcehIyrwtEty:ab;yuWnsþarElgrYcEtmþgenAstvtSr_TI7. eK
cab;epþImePøcTIkEnøgBisidæ EdlFøab;eKarBbUCaehIyEdlFøab;manmnusSeRcInkuHkrkalBIstvtSr_mun²
ehIyerOgr:avTak;TinnwgRbeTsCati k¾)anERbkøayeTACaerOgniTanxøH²eTAehIyEdr. eKcab;sagsg;
viharRBhµBaØsasna enAelITItaMgvtþBuT§sasna ehIyGñkRsukk¾Rtlb;mkeKaBbUCaRBHRBhµ RBHsiv³
RBHvisÑú nigGaTieTBepSg²eTot EdlEbgPaKecjBIRBHTaMgbI.
enAeBlEdlsasnamham:at;mkdl; eFVI[BuT§sasnaEdlkMBugEtRtdrxül;rlt;rlay)at;eTA
ehIyKMramkMEhgmkelIRBhµBaØsasnaEdleTIbEterIbrs;raneLIgvij enAkm<úCaÉeNaH k¾TTYl)annUv
\T§iBlénkarcuH»nfyrbs;BuT§sasna nigkarERbRtlb;mkkan;RTwsþIsasnacas; dUcenA\NÐavij
Edr. GaNaniKmhiNÐÚPaKeRcInsuT§CaBYkeKarBRBahµN_ ehIyRBHraCak¾suT§CaGñkeKarBbUCa fµ sVy½mÖú
RBHsiv³ b¤RBHvisÑú. eTvraCrbs;RBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nGacCaRBHRBhµb¤RBHsiv³ ehIyk¾GacCaRBHvisÑú pg
Edr eRBaHGaTieTBnImYy²kñúgbNþaGaTieTBTaMgbIGacRtÚv)ancat;TukfaekItmun ekItmanedayxøÜnÉg
ehIyGaTieTBnImYy²k¾tMNag[GñkTaMgBIreTotpgk¾mindwg. k¾b:uEnþkñúgcMeNamBYkGñkeKarBRBhµBaØ
sasna k¾manBuT§sasnikCnpgEdr EtmancMnYnticCag. KWedayehtuenHehIy)anCakareFVIGenþa
Rbevsn_mkkan;km<úCaPaKeRcInCaGñkkan;RBhµBaØsasna b¤mYyfaeBlmandMeNIrcakRsukenaH BuT§-
sasna»nfyxøaMgNas;eTAehIy b¤k¾fa BYkGñkecjmkeRcInmkBI\NÐaPaKxagt,Úg EdlenArkSakar
eKarBRBhµBaØsasna minTan;)anERbeTAkan;BuT§sasnadUcenAPaKxageCIgeT. EtGVIEdlBitR)akd KWfa
eBlenaH enAÉ\NÐaeK)angakecjBIsavkrbs;RBHBuT§ehIy ehIyenAkm<úCaÉenHvij BuT§sasna
k¾)an»nfyehIyEdr.
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[ksagvtþ GaRsm nigbdimaRBHsiv³ nigRBHnagruRTCaRBHCaya CaeRcIn min)aneFVITukçbukemñjBYk
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vihar nigbdimaRBHBuT§ sRmab;eKarBbUCadUcKña.
k¾b:uEnþkm<úCaCaRbeTsTTYlGarüFm’BI\NÐamk CaBiessKWBI\NÐaPaKxagt,Úg. edayehtuenH
CMenOsasna EdleKeKarBbUCak¾CasasnaEdlRbCaCnkMBugEteKarBenA\NÐanasm½yenaHEdr eBal
KW RBhµBaØsasna kareKarBGaTieTB. dUecñH km<úCaRtÚvsßitenACaRbeTskan;RBhµBaØsasnarhUtdl;
Gs;esþcvgSvrµ½n.
srubesckþImk BuT§sasnaElgmanenA\NÐaeTotehIy KWEbrCaeTARCkekanenAÉRsukcin Edl
)anTTYltaMgBIRKisþstvtSr_TI1mk/ enAekaHsirIlgáaEdl)anTTYltaMgBIstvtSr_TI3mk/ enAÉekaHCVa
nig)alIEdl)anTTYltaMgBIstvtSr_TI5mk nigenAen):al;. RBHBuT§sasnak¾TTYl)aneCaKC½ypgEdr
enATIeb nigenACb:un k¾b:uEnþRBHBuT§sasnaRtÚvrlay)at;eTAenAnwgRbeTskMeNIt CaTIkEnøgEdlRBHBuT§
Rtas;dwgEtmþg.
karEdlRBHBuT§sasnarlt;)at;BIRbeTs\NÐaKWCaRBwtþikarN_FMmYy b:uEnþ´KitfavaCaerOgl¥
eRBaHfakarpøas;CMnYssasnamYyEdleBareBjeTAedayfamBlcMeBaHCatimYy vaRbesIrCagsasna
mYyEdlmanEtbrmtßviTU/ TsSnviTUEdlTMEBkRCuHsk;Gs;edaysarEtsmaFi nigmanEtFm’RTwsþI
EdleFVI[gguyegakgk;b:ueNÑaH.
enAeBlEdlbdivtþn_sasnaenHkMBugEtQandl;cugbBa©b;eTAehIy manbdivtþn_mYyeTot Edl
RbkbeTAedayplvi)akCaeRcIn )anekItmaneLIgy:agsahavenAÉcugmçageToténBiPBelak ehIy
epþImKMrammkelI\NÐapgEdr.
enAcugstvtSr_TI6énRKisþskraC KW600qñaMeRkayRBHeys‘URKisþ nig1100qñaMeRkayRBHBuT§
manGñkTsSn_TayedayEp¥kelIGFiFmµCatimñak;eTot )anR)akdxøÜneLIgenARbeTsGar:ab;eQµaH mha
m:at; )ancab;epþImpSBVpSaylT§isasnamYyfµI. b:uEnþxusBIRBHBuT§ nigRBHeys‘URKisþEdlsøÚtbUtehIyl¥
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sasnapgeFVIs®gÁampg. enAeBlEdl mham:at; søab;eTA sac;jati nigjatiB½n§rbs;Kat; )anGnuvtþ
neya)ayKat;bnþeTot KWRbkass®gÁamCamYyBiPBcas; nigCMenOBImun² ehIybnþKMramkMEhgdl;
RKb;sgÁm. CaCatisasn_mYyKµanGarüFm’ BYkenH)anTTYlPaBsuIvil½yRtwmEtecHedIrpSBVpSaybnþ
dl;GñkdéTNa EdleK)anGUsTaj[manCMenO edaybgç¿ nigkab;smøab;GñkNaEdlCmñHminRBm
eCOtam. manEtBYk GñkEdlminsb,aycitþ GñkEdlrgnUvkarKabsgát;énBiPBeGhSIb-Rkik-r:UmuaMg
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R)asaTmYycMnYneTotpgEdr.
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niBVanTaMgRsugehIy.
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RtÚvCaecA b¤kµÜy rbs;RBHGgÁ.
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rbs;RkúmraCbriBarEdlmanRbtikmµRbqaMgnwgBuT§sasna.esþcGgÁenHmanRBHCnµekµgx©IenAeLIy eBl
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9
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bNÐitEfrkSa. RBahµN_enHeKeRcInsÁal;fa y:alIcn½Þkar³ eRBaHCatabsb£sI nigCabuerahitrbs;
RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½n ehIyRtÚvbnþEfrkSaligÁenHrhUtdl;raCüesþc eRkaymkeTot EdlesayraCübnþBI
RBH)aT]TyaTitüvrµ½n KWRBH)aThs’vrµ½nTI3.
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eRcIn\tKNna nigmanenARKb;TisTI}.
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eRtkGrsVaKmn_CaxøaMg. BiC½ys®gÁamk¾Rtlb;mkkan;viharRBHsiv³vij ehIy)anfVayRTBürbs;xøÜn
TaMgGs; edIm,ICakartbsñgsgKuNRBHGgÁ.
eRkayBI kMv:U søab;eTA enAmanbHe)armYyeTotekIteLIgenAkñúgsrTrdUvbnÞab; mindwgfa Cakar
bHe)arfµI b¤k¾T½Bcas;rbs; kMv:U bHe)armþgeTotb¤k¾y:agNaeT.karbHe)arelIkenHdwknaMedaybgb¥ÚnBIr
nak; KWslVat; {EdlmankmøaMgxøaMgKµanpÞwm køahanmanl,iceRcIn ehIyBUEkkñúgkarRbyuT§edayemags½k}
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enAkñúgkarRbyuT§}. BiC½ys®gÁam)andwknaMT½Becjc,aMgeTot eBlCYbslVat;k¾eCrRbeTcpþasa bbYl
cUlc,aMgKña. slVat;eCrtbvij rYc)aj;RBÜjeRsacmkelIBiC½ys®gÁam. BiC½ys®gÁamcab;ykRBÜj
mkdak;elIExSFñÚ rYcTajywtedayédd¾maMTaMgBIr)aj;tRmg;sMedAsRtÚv. enAeBlEdlslVat;RtÚvRBÜj
søab; T½BsRtÚvTaMgGs;k¾dkfyrt;)at;Gs;eTA10. b:uEnþclaclenHenAbnþeRcInqñaMteTAeTot TRmaMrlt;
)at; ehIyBiC½ys®gÁamk¾Qb;edjtameTotEdr.
edayBiC½ys®gÁam )anbric©aKRTBüsm,tþipÞal;xøÜnbUCafVayRBHsiv³ kñúgkareFVIs®gÁamb®gáab
sRtÚv RBHraCa )anRbTanraCRTBüsgvij nig)anRbTanrgVan;[CaeRcIn EtBiC½ys®gÁam)anlHbg;
RTBüTaMgGs;enaH kñúgnamCavIrCn Edl {manBnøWPøWeRbóbdUcrah‘U}.
KWenAeRkamraCürbs;RBH)aT]TyaTitüvrµ½nenHÉg EdlT½BExµrmYykgeRkambBa¢arbs;emT½B
mñak;eQµaHfa RsInnÞ³nvm’eTv³ c,aMgcaj;T½BcamenAÉesaemsVr³ eRkamraCüesþccamRBHnamRsIhrivrµ½n
TI2 ¬1078¦.
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KµansnþiPaBeT mans®gÁamkñúgRsuk nigkarbHe)arRbqaMgBIesþcRtaj;b¤esþccMNuHCajwkjab;.
GMeNIHGs;BIRBHGgÁeTA RBHraCGnuCrbs;RBHGgÁ)aneLIgesayraCübnþ manRBHnamfa hs’vrµ½nTI3.
enAeBlesþcGgÁenHeLIgesayraCü manekItPaBvwkvrmþgeTot k¾b:uEnþ RBHGgÁ)anb®gáab[rab
10
silacarwkRBHegak esovePAkRmg TMB½r161.
Gs; eFVI[RsukmansnþisuxeLIgvijeday {RTg;bBa¢a[GnuvtþkatBVkic©rbs;vNÑ³TaMgbYny:agmuWgm:at;}.
ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcin)anerobrab;fa edayesþcGaNÑamRBHnamlIjújtug)anelIkT½Bmk
vaycin smøab;RbCaCncinGs;CaeRcInnak; RBHecAGFiraCcin)anGMBavnavsuMCMnYyBIRBHraCaExµr nig
cam:,a EdlFøab;)ancuHsn§isBaØasm<½n§emRtICamYyKña kalBIqñaM1000énRKisþskraC. esþcExµr nig
esþccam )anekNÐT½BeTACYycintamsMNUmBr k¾b:uEnþRtÚvcaj;GaNÑameTot EdlCaehtueFVI[cinRtÚvsuM
crcarksnþiPaB. erOgcm,aMgCamYyGaNÑamenH fVIebIminmansilacarwkExµrb¤cam b¤ÉksarRbvtþi
sa®sþ GaNÑamNamYy)anelIkeLIgk¾eday k¾b:uEnþRbEhlCaekItmaneLIgEmn BIeRBaHfa Éksar
Rbvtþisa®sþcin CaÉksarEdlhµt;ct;CageKenAGasuIcugbUB’a.
RBH)aThs’vrµ½nTI3 )ansuKteTAenAqñaM1090 ehIyRTg;manRBHmrNnamfa sT³sivbT.
10- RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 ¬1090-1109¦
RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBIRBH)aThs’vrµ½nTI3 KWRBH)aTRsIC½yvrµ½nTI7 EdlesayraCü
)an19qñaM cab;BIqñaM1090mk.
RBHGgÁeKarBbUCaRBHvisÑúxøaMgNas; ehIyRTg;k¾CabUCnIeysk_d¾esµaHsµ½RKmñak;pgEdr.
silacarwkvtþPU )anerobrab;fa enAkñúgrC¢kalRBHraCamun² mannarImñak;eQµaHfa Tilk³ nigGñk
R)aCJKm<IrevTmñak;eQµaHfa suPRT³ EdleKehAeRkAfa nam³sivy³.
nagTilk³CabuRtIrbs;GñkR)aCJmñak;enAkñúgRBHraCvaMg ehIyCItarbs;nagCaTsSnviTUd¾l,Il,aj
mñak;. matarbs;nagCabuRtIrbs;kvImñak;. nagmansmösSl¥s¥at mancriyarmüTm nigmaneTB
ekaslüx<s; smnwgRtkUlx<g;x<s;rbs;nag. bNþaGñkR)aCJl,Il,ajTaMgLay ekatsresIrl,ic
d¾Qøasévrbs;nagkñúgkarCECkBiPakSaehIy)andak;eQµaH[nagfaPKvtIvaKisVrI mann½yfaeTBkBaØa
xagevahar.
nagTilk³enH )anRtÚvmatabitaerobcMTukdak;CaPriyarbs;GñkR)aCJ suPRT³ ehIynagmanbuRt
mñak;CamYysVamIenH Edlnagdak;eQµaHfa bUCsiv³ EtGñkpgehAfa suPRT³ dUc«BukEdr.
suPRT³enHxitxMeronsURtRTwsþIénsasnaRBHsiv³xøaMgNas; ehIyedayR)aCJad¾Qøasévrbs;xøÜn
BUEkdac;eKkñúgkarRbmUlGtßbTGkSrsa®sþcas;²ykmkcgRkgeLIgvij EdlKµanbNÐitNamñak;
mansmtßPaBnwgeFVIdUc)an. kvIbNÐitFM² ekatsresIrsñaédd¾KµanpÞwmenH. éf¶mYy mankarCECk
BiPakSamYyFMenAcMeBaHRBHP½®kþRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 suPRT³)anTTYleCaKC½ykñúgkareqøIyedaHRsaynUv
sMNYrd¾lM)ak²TaMgLay EdlKUbdibkçrbs;xøÜnebIkesovePAecaTsYreLIg {edaysarR)aCJad¾xøaMgkøa
eRbób)aneTAnwgkaMrnÞH}.
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Cacat;taMg[eFVICaGFikarelIGaRsmPavna bUCnIysßanTaMgGs; nigCaGaCJakNþalelIral;karBiPakSa
GMBIpøÚvFm’ nigpøÚvelak. RBHraCak¾)anRbTanry:amas ExSmas nigRkNat;l¥².l. [pgEdr11.
silacarwksMerag)anerobrab;fa enAeRkamraCüRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 mankarpþÜlrMlMbdimaRBH
nrayN_ RBHPKvtI nigsivligÁmYy rYcmanbBa¢a[ksagbdimaTaMgGs;enaHeLIgvij. dUceyIg)aneXIj
BIxagelIrYcmkehIyfa kalBIrC¢kalRBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nTI1 k¾manehtukarN_EbbenHekIteLIgEdr KW
mankarpþÜlrMlMRBHBuT§bdima ehIyRBHraCamankarlM)akCaxøaMgnwgkarBarkuM[ {mnusSkaceXareXA
{ebotebonRBHsgÇsURtFm’. TaMgGs;enHCakarbBa¢ak;faRbeTsmanPaBvwkvrxagsasna CaBiess
RBHBuT§sasnanigRBhµBaØsasna.´KitfaenaHehIyCamUlehtuEdlnaM[mankarERCkraCünigs®gÁam
épÞkñúg.
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RTg;CaePJóvrbs;elakénbrmsuPmgÁl.
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qñaM1109énRKisþskraCRtÚvnwgqñaM1031énmhaskraC.RBHGgÁmincg;esayraCüeTehIyebItam
silacarwk RTg;)anbdiesFmþgrYcmkehIy enAeBlEdlRBH)aThs’vrµ½nTI3 CaRBHeromesayTivgÁt.
k¾b:uEnþ edaymankaresñIsuMy:agTTUcBIRbCanura®sþ RBHGgÁ k¾yl;RBm {TTYlyknUvbnÞúkd¾F¶n;}enH.
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cMeBaHsuxumalPaBrbs;vNÑ³TaMg7 EdlmanenAkñúgRsTab;RbCaCnnasm½yenaH Kab;CYnCaRbeTs
mansuxsnþiPaB ehIyRBHGgÁk¾manRBHCnµcMNas;pg.
11
esovePArbs;elak éGm:UnIej maneQµaHfa km<úCa k,alTI2/ TMB½r167-168 tamkarbkERbrbs;evC¢bNÐit
EKn.
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ecHcaMGkSrsil,RKb;Ebb eFVIkarbkRsayBnül;sin12.
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taMgEtBIrC¢kalRBH)aTsuriyavrµ½TI1mk ehIyFøab;)aneFVIkarGPieskRBHraCaBIrRBHGgÁmunenH rYcmk
ehIy nigRtÚverobcMkarGPieskRBHraCaEdlRtÚvesayraCübnþ KWRBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nTI2EfmeTot.
RBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½n )ane)aHbg;raCsm,tþieRkayBIdwknaMRbeTs)an3qñaM. RBHGgÁmanRBH
mrNnamfa brnisáal³bT³.
12- RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nTI2 ¬1112-1162¦
RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBIRBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½nTI1 KWRBH)aTRsIsuriyavrµ½n EdlRtÚvCaRBHntþa
rbs;RBHGgÁ ehIyk¾RbEhlRtÚvCaecArbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI7 pgEdr BIeRBaHfa RBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½n
)anykkµÜyRsIxøÜnÉg CabuRtIrbs;RBHeromRBHGgÁeFVICaRBHCaya.
enAeBlEdleLIgRKgraCsm,tþi RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½n minTan;eBjv½y ehIyminTan;)anbBa©b;kar
sikSaenAeLIyeT. silacarwk)anelIkBIRBHGgÁfa {CavIrbursEdleRbób)aneTAnwgRBHGaTieTBén
s®gÁam EdlCabdibkçd¾KYr[P½yxøacrbs;RBHraCakñúgBIrrC¢kalmun}. etIRBHGgÁTTYlraCüsm,tþi
eRkayBIRBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½n suKteTA b¤mYyk¾edaykarRbyuT§? tamemIleTA RBHGgÁRbEhlCamin
RbkYtRbECgCamYyRBHraCaEdlkMBugesayraCüeT EtRtÚvRbkYtRbECgCamYyrC¢TayaTmYyGgÁNa
epSg EdlmansiT§iTTYlraCsm,tþieRcInCagRBHGgÁ.
ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcin)anniyayfa cab;BIqñaM1128énRKisþskraCrhUtmk cinmandak;
tMNagmñak;enAnwgraCvaMgRBHraCakm<úCaenAÉ\nÞbtþ KWnKrFM. tamBittMNagenaH KWCaraCTUtcin Edl
dak;enAkm<úCasRmab;mYyry³kalEtb:ueNÑaH minEmnCaGñkRtÜtBinitü CaGFikar b¤k¾CaTIRbwkSa ehIyk¾
minEmnCaGñkkarBarGVIEdr. Éksarcink¾)anerobrab;pgEdrfa km<úCanaeBlenaH)an)at;bg;PaBfáúMefáIg
BIGtItkalGs;ehIy k¾b:uEnþ´Kitfa dUcCaminRtÚv eRBaHfa KWs®gÁamenAeBlémÖqñaMeRkay naedIm
12
esovePArbs;elak éGm:UnIej maneQµaHfa km<úCa k,alTI2 Rtg;silacarwkRBHeKa/ TMB½r168 tamkarbkERbrbs;
evC¢bNÐit EKn.
stvtSr_TI11eT EdleFVI[RbeTsman»nPaB.
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nigs®gÁamCamYynKrcameTot. Éksarcin)anniyayfa enAqñaM1154énRKisþskraC RtÚvnwgmha
skraC1076 RBHraCakm<úCa)anbRgÜbbRgÜmRbeTsTaMgBIr KWkm<úCa nigcam:,a mkEtmYydUckalBIkñúg
rC¢kalrbs;RBH)aT|sanvrµ½n nacugstvtSr_TI9Edr.
silacarwkeBaFinKrrbs;cam)an[dwgfa enAkñúgrC¢kalrbs;RBH)aTRsIC½yhrivrµ½n EdleLIg
esayraCsm,tþienAqñaM1145 rhUtdl;qñaM1170 b¤k¾eRkayenaHpg {nKrcam:,aRtÚvrgkarvay
RbharBIT½Bkm<úCa nigT½BviC½y ¬KWb‘íjDij¦ y:agxøaMg}. T½Bcamcaj;édenAkñúgvalsakøag ehIyT½BExµr
deNþIm)anraCFanIviC½y. eRkayBI)anelIkRBHGnuCéføRBHnamhrieTv³ [esayraCüenAcam:,a kñúgnam
CaRBHyuvraC b¤]braC rYcmk RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½n )anyagRtlb;mkkm<úCavijenAqñaM1145.
db;bIqñaMeRkaymk enAqñaM1158 BYkcamtamExRt)anbHe)areLIgeRkamkardwknaMrbs;emeK
ehIyelIkKñamkeLamB½T§vayRBHyuvraC EdlRtÚvbgçaMg[enAEtkñúgraCFanI karBaredayT½BExµr nig
cammYycMnYntUc. eBlTTYl)andMNwgenH RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½n )andwknaMT½BeFVIdMeNIrkat;RBMEdn eTACYy
RBHyuvraCPøam. T½BTaMgBIrRBÜtKñavayeTAelIBYkbHe)ar eFVI[BYkenHbraC½yenAnwgvalvIrbur³.
enAqñaMbnÞab;mkeTot esþccamRBH)aTRsIC½yhrivrµ½n EdlRtÚvbeNþjecjBIraCsm,tþikalBI
qñaM1145 )anelIkT½BmkvaymþgeTot ehIycab;RBHyuvraC)anCaeQøIyenAelIvalmhi. eBlenH
T½BExµr nigviC½y RtÚvbgç¿[dkfymkkm<úCavij ehIyRBH)aTRsIC½yhrivrµ½n k¾eLIgesayraCüsm,tþi
enAcam:,a CafµI enAqñaM1159.
RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½n )anelIkT½BeTAdl; {ekaHdMrI nigs<an;}pgEdr. elakevC¢bNÐit EKn )anpÁÚ
{ekaHdMrI nigs<an;}enH eTAnwgekaHRsIlgáa k¾b:uEnþ tamemIleTA RbEhlCaminEmneT13.
RBH)aTsuriyavrµ½n minRKan;EtCaesþcBUEkxagcm,aMgmYymuxb:ueNÑaHeT RTg;k¾RbEhlCaGñkRKb;
RKgrdæ)ald¾buinRbsb nigCaGñkc,ab;mñak;Edr ehIyRTg;eKarBRBHsiv³pg RBHvisÑúpg nigCaBuT§sasnik
CnEfmeTot eBalKWRTg;RbkbeTAedaylkçNsm,tiþeRcIny:ag. tamemIleTA RbEhlCaRBHGgÁecH
13
GñkxøHyl;faBaküfaekaHenH emIleTARbEhlCasMedAykbnÞayEdlmankMEBgrwgmaMeT. ´Kitfa enaHKYrEtCaekaH
enAkNþalsmuRT minEmnCakMBUlPñMNamYy enAelIx<g;rab\NÐÚcinenaHeT.
eFVIkareRCIserIseTAtamdMeNIrbt;Ebnrbs;sPaBkarneya)ayehIyeTIb)anCa RBHGgÁ xitxMdUcCa
RBHraCamun²Edr edIm,IeFVI[sasnaTaMgbIrlaycUlKñaEtmYy kñúgsµartI[ecHGt;»n eyaKyl;Kña eFVI
y:agNaeCosvagkuM[manl¥k;kkrxagCMenOsasna nigkuM[eKecaTRBHGgÁfa manlem¥ógmçag².
eK)ancat;TukfaRBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nCaGñkksagR)asaTEdleyIgehAsBVéf¶faGgÁrvtþ b¤ebI
ehacNas; k¾fa RTg;CaGñk)anbBa¢a[eKcab;sagsg;R)asaTenHEdr. eyIgnwg)aneXIjenAeBl
bnþiceTotfa KµanÉksarNaEdlbBa¢ak;fa KMnitenHRtwmRtÚvenaHeT ehIynwgeXIjfa minEmnedaysar
eKRbTHeXIjrUbcmøak;rbs;RBHGgÁ nigRBHmrNnamrbs;RBHGgÁ ¬brmvisÑelak¦ enAelIcmøak;rak;mYy
eTIbeKGaccat;TukfadUecñH)anenaHeT. eKRtÚvkar[manPsþútagepSgeRkABIenH edIm,IbBa¢ak;fa karcat;
TukdUecñHRtwmRtÚv.
kMNt;cMNaM ³ ´KµanbMNgnwgGHGagfaRBHraCarbs;km<úCaBIrRBHGgÁeRkayenHKWCaRBHraCaTI4
nigTI5 EdlmanEcgenAkñúgraCBgSavtarrbs;km<úCaburaN Edl´mankñúgédbIc,ab;EdrenaHeT. tam
emIleTA raCBgSavtarenHminsUvRtwmRtÚvR)akdRbCab:unµaneT ehIy´sgS½yfa enaHKWRKan;EtCa
kRmgerOgniTan EdlmankarBitRtwmEtxøH²b:ueNÑaH b:uEnþ)anRtÚveKcgRkgerobcMtamlMdab;eBlevla
RbkbeTAedaysµartIRbúgRby½tñ. Etćg;bBa¢ak;fa RBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½nTI2 nigRBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nTI2
EdlesayraCübnþbnÞab;KñaenAstvtSr_TI12enAkm<úCa eFVI[eyIgnwkeXIjCaBiessdl;RBH)aTFr
Ni®nÞa enAkñúgraCBgSavtarEdl´man ehIyEdlmanc,ab;mYyenaH )anbEnßmRBHnamfa vrµ½n cugeRkay
fVay nignwkeXIjdl;RBHraCamYyRBHGgÁeTot KWRBH)aTGaTitüvrµ½n. eKdwgehIyfaenAkñúgPasaExµr
suriya nigGaTitü sMedAykRBHGaTitüdUcKña.
13- RBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½nTI2 ¬1162-1163¦
RBHraCaEdlesayraCsm,tþibnþBIRBH)aTsuriyavrµ½nTI2 KWRBHerom b¤RBHGnuCCIdUnmYy rbs;
RBHGgÁmYyGgÁ Edl)anerobGaBah_BiBah_CamYynwgbuRtIrbs;RBH)aThs’vrµ½nTI3. RBHraCaGgÁenaH
)aneLIgRKgraCblø½gáenAqñaM1162 edayTTYlRBHGPiesknamfa RBHRsIFrNi®nÞvrµ½n ehIyhak;dUcCa
esayraCsm,tþi)anEtb:unµanExb:ueNÑaH.
14- RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI8 ¬1162-1201¦
RBH)aTC½yvrµ½n )aneLIgesayraCsm,tþibnþBIRBH)aTFrNi®nÞvrµ½n CaRBHbita enAqñaM1162.
silacarwkmYyenAR)asaTGgÁrvtþ )anerobrab;fa RBHGgÁ )aneRCIserIsykRBahµN_ vieFüsviF³ Ca
ehara ehIy)anGPieskRBHGnuCCaRBHyuvraC edIm,I[eKeRCIserIsRBHGnuCenaH esayraCsm,tþi
bnþBIRBHGgÁ.
enAeRkamrC¢kalesþcGgÁenH s®gÁamCamYynKrcam:,a )anqabeqHeLIgvij edaykMhusrbs;
esþccam RBH)aTRsIhrivrµ½nTI1 Edl)aneFVIkarQøanBanbNþaExRtxagt,Úgrbs;tugkwg/ nKrviC½y -
b‘íjDij14 -EdlCaTItaMgraCFanI/ nKrpanr:ag EdlmanesþccamERCkraCümYyGgÁ b¤k¾esþcsñgbnþ
mYyGgÁesayraCü nigvaykm<úCapgEdr edaycUlrhUtmkdl;CitraCFanI\nÞbtþ. eRkayBI)andut
bMpøajrYcehIy BYkcammin)anbnþdMeNIreTAq¶ayBIRBMRbTl;Ednrbs;xøÜneT Et)anRtlb;eTARsukvij
edaynaMykeTACamYynUvC½yPNÐCaeRcIn.
elak ehÁab‘Íl enAkñúgesovePArbs;Kat;eQµaHfa kMNt;smÁal;sþIGMBIkUsaMgsuIn )anniyayfa
esþcExµreBlenaHsm¶MeFVImindwgminB¤yUrNas; rhUtTal;Etdl;18qñaMeRkaymk KWenAqñaM1197 eTIb
{RBHGgÁelIkT½BmkvaykemÞckUsaMgsuIn ¬KWnKrcam:,a¦ cab;esþccamCaeQøIy bMpøicbMpøajexÞcxÞI rYc
elIk]kj:aExµrmñak;[esayraCü munnwgdkT½Bfymkvij. silacarwktaRBhµ)an[dwgfa RBHGgÁ k¾)an
edaHElgesþccam[mansiT§iesrIPaBeLIgvijpgEdr EdlCaehtueFVI[RBHraCaTaMgLay eTACavegVg
Elgyl; {enAeBlEdleXIjGMBIviessPaBénRBHraCGakb,kiriyaenH}.
silacarwkcamenAmIsWn niyayfa RBwtþkarN_enH ekIteLIgenAmhaskraC1112 RtÚvnwgRKisþ
skraC1190 KWmunÉksarExµr7qñaM. xageRkamenH KWCaesckþIsegçbrbs;GtßbTsilacarwk Edl
elak hVúINU k¾)anbkERb ³
esþccamRBHnamC½y\®nÞvrµ½nGugv:aTU15 CaGñkbgás®gÁam.eBlenaHemT½Bkm<úCaKWCaCnCaticam
mYyrUbEdlesþcExµr)anykmkciBa©wm nigEtgtaMgCaRBHyuvraC ¬sRmab;nKrcam:,a¦ maneQµaHfa RsI
viFünnþ³ mankMeNItedImecjmkBITuMRbÚk-viC½y. esþccamnaMT½BecjmkCYbnwgT½BExµrenAkñúgvalcakøag
ehIyRtÚvbraC½y. ExµrdeNþImykraCFanIviC½y ¬KWb‘íjDij¦)an rIÉesþccamRtÚvcab;)anCaeQøIy
14
ćat;Tuk panr:ag faCardæsm<½n§emRtI CaCagExRtmYycMNuH[cam:,a.
15
elak hVúINUt_ niyayfaesþcenaH {CaesþcERCkraCü} k¾b:uEnþKµanehtukarN_NabBa¢ak;eT ehIyGtßbTrbs;Kat;
eFVI[eKeFVIkarsnñidan)aneRcIny:ag. eQµaH Gugv:aTU RbEhlCaeQµaHsamBaØ rIÉC½y\®nÞCaeQµaHeBlGPiesk.
bBa¢Únmkkm<úCa.
enAeBlenaH ]tþmesnIy_Exµr KWRBHyuvraC k¾)anelIkRBHGgÁm©as; Guin EdlRtÚvCaRBHGnuCéfø
rbs;RBHraCakm<úCa [eLIgesayraCüeRkamRBHnamfa suriyC½yvrµ½n rYcehIyxøÜnÉgesayraCüenAÉ
raCbur³¬panr:ag¦ manRBHnamfa suriyavrµ½n16.
esþcenAviC½y ¬b‘íjDij¦ eBalKW RBHGnuCéførbs;RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI8 minTan;esaysuxnwgraC
sm,tþiyUrb:unµanpg k¾RtÚvraCvgScammYyGgÁeQµaH rasUbti edjkm©at;ecjBIraCFanI ehIyeLIg
esayraCüxøÜnÉgeRkameQµaHfa C½y\®nÞvrµ½n.
bnÞab;BImanRBwtþkarN_enH kgT½BExµrRtÚvbgç¿citþcakecjBInKrcam:,a b:uEnþ T½BmYykgEdlenAÉ
raCburI ¬panr:ag¦ CamYynwgesþcsuriyavrµ½n-viFünnþ RbEhlCamin)anRtlb;mkkm<úCavijeT. kgT½B
TaMgGs;enaH )anvilRtlb;eTAcam:,avijenAeBleRkaymk EtmþgenH dwknaMedayesþccam Edl
esayraCüenAviC½yBImun KWRBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nv:aTU EdlRtÚvnaMykmkkm<úCaCaeQøIy b:uEnþRtÚv)anRBHraCa
km<úCaTukRBHT½y ehIycat;[Rtlb;eTArMedaHnKrcam:,avij. eBlmkdl;nKrcam:,a \®nÞvrµ½nv:aTU )an
GMBavnavsuMCMnYyBIesþcraCburI. esþcraCburIsuriyavrµ½n)anelIkT½BvaylukdeNþImykviC½y)anmun
cab;esþcC½y\®nÞvrµ½nrasUbtieFVIXat rYcehIyRbkasxøÜnÉgCaRBHraCa.
\®nÞvrµ½nv:aTUxUccitþCaxøaMgnwgkarRbRBwtþrbs;suriyavrµ½n ehIyRbEhlCaRtÚvkgT½BExµre)aHbg;
ecalpg k¾eKcxøÜneTAenAÉGmravtI KWkVagNamsBVéf¶ bgáT½B rYcvilmkvayviC½yEdlesþcpanr:ag Kg;
enA. v:aTU RtÚvsuriyavrµ½neFVIXat)anenAkñúgkarRbyuT§mYyenAeBleRkaymk. eBlenaH RBHraCakm<úCa
)aneQVgyl;GMBIGMeBIk,t;rbs;GtItyuvraC k¾bBa¢ÚnT½BeTAb®gáab EtRtÚvbraC½y. eTaHCay:agNakþI
esþcsuriyavrµ½n)ane)aHbg;raCFanIviC½yecal Rtlb;eTAesayraCüenAÉpanr:agvij edayTukrC¢Ta-
yaTbYnGgÁ enAesayraCübnþbnÞab;KñaenAelIraCblø½gáviC½y.
ÉksarBgSavtarGaNÑam)anniyayfa esþcenH)anbBa¢ÚnraCTUteTAKal;esþcGaNÑam lIGaj;
tug enAqñaM1190 Edl)anc,aMgmanC½yCmñHelICnk,t;mñak; Edlcg;eFVIxøÜnfa CaraCbuRtesþc ehIynig
]tþmesnIy_k,t;mñak;.
16
ehtukarN_enHbBa¢ak;GVIEdl)anGHGagxagelI ³ RBHyuvraCmin)anbegáItrdæmYyfµIeT KWesayraCüenAraCburImYy
Edl manrYcmkehIy.
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qñaM1200.
eqøót»kasEdlcamQøanBankm<úCa nigkareFVIs®gÁamGUsbnøayminecHcb; kSRtRbeTscMNuH
TaMgLayenAxageCIgRsukExµr)aneRkakTamTarÉkraCü pþac;cMNgTak;TgCamYymhanKr. b:uEnþRBH)aT
C½yvrµ½nTI8 )anelIkT½Bb®gáab rhUteTAdl;cnÞnbur³ ¬evogc½nÞ¦/ RsIFmµKirI ¬høÜgR)a)ag¦ ehIycab;esþc
nKrTaMgBIr[elIksYysarGakrmkfVay. kñúgeBlEdlRBHraCakm<úCasßitenAq¶ayRbmaNCa 900
KILÚEm:Rt BIraCFanIdUecñH manT½BmCÄimmYykgEdlsßitenAeRkambBa¢arbs; RBHkRmetg CaGPi)alnKr
raCsIma ¬kUr:at;¦ eQµaHfa GjraeC®nÞvrµ½n )ancab;vatGMNacRtÜtRtaelIral;GaNaExRtxaglic KWRtÚv
nwgRsukesom17sBVéf¶.
tamemIleTAGaNacRkExµreBlenaHlatsn§wghYsTwkdIsuexaT½yeTAeTot ehIykSRtRbeTs
d¾xøaMgBUEkmYyenHk¾enAcMNuHesþcExµrpgEdr ebIehacNas;k¾tampøÚvkarEdr eTaHbIfamanesþcéf esay
raCük¾eday. KWenAsuexaT½yenHÉgEdleKrkeXIjsilacarwkExµrmYycMnYn ehIynigÉksar man
eQµaHfa éRtPUmi EdlRbEhlCaeKsresrenABak;kNþalTImYyénstvtSr_TI13 RtÚvnwgstvtSr_
TI12énmhaskraC. esþcGjraeC®nÞvrµ½n k¾RbEhlCa)andwknaMT½BrhUtdl;RbeTsPUmaeTotpg.
dUcCaRBHraCamun²Edr RBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI8 minRKan;EtCaesþcEdlBUEkxagcm,aMgb:ueNÑaHeT
b:uEnþk¾BUEkxagkarRKb;RKgRbeTs nigCaGñkc,ab;mñak;pgEdr. silacarwk)anelIkeLIgfa {RBHGgÁ
)anRbKl;Gvyv³TaMgGs;rbs;RBHGgÁ[eKaéRB} mann½yfa RBHGgÁGnuvtþnUvyutþiFm’. RTg;yl;dwg
nigrMElkTukçlM)akrbs;RbCara®sþ ehIy)ancat;[ksagmnÞIreBTüCaeRcIn enAtamTIRkúg nigvtþGaram
EdlmanRKÚeBTüBIrrUbenAcaMBüa)alCMgWvNÑ³TaMgbYn CamYynwgKilanubdæakmñak; KilanubdæayikaBIrnak;
Gñkkan;XøaMgBIrnak; GñkdaMsøBIrnak;.l.
15- RBH)aT\®nvÞ rn½µ T2I ¬1201¦
RBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI2 EdlRtÚv)anGPieskCaRBHyuvraCtaMgEtBIkñúgrC¢kalmun )aneLIgesay-
17
tamemIleTA TMnabGagTenøemNamxageRkam)anRtÚvcinehAfa LÚhU ehIyGagTenøemNamxagelIEdlmanBYkesom
b¤éf kan;kab;rYceTAehIy cinehAfa eson.
raCübnþBIRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nTI8enAqñaM1201 eRkayeBlEdlkm<úCa)anbBa¢ÚnraCTUteTARsukcinbnþic.
ÉksarRbvtþisa®sþcin)anerobrab;fa esþcGgÁenH )anvaylukratt,atTwkdICaeRcIn Edlsßit
enAeRkamGaNaBüa)alrbs;cin CaGaTiKWTwkdIEdlsßitenABIxageCIghøÜgR)a)ag ehIyesþccin)an
bBa¢ÚnTUtmkkm<úCaenAqñaM1206edIm,IsaksYrmUlehtu ehIyesþcExµrk¾yl;RBmbBaÄb;karvayRbhar
enaH.
RbmaNCa12qñaMeRkaymk RBHyuvraCEdldwknaMnKrcam:,a CMnYsRBHraCakm<úCa )aneqøót
»kasEdlmans®gÁamépÞkñúgeFVI[GaNÑamcuHexSay k¾erobcMT½BmYykgmancRmúHExµrcam ehIyeFVIkar
lukluyExRteg:Gan nigvayeTAelIT½BGaNÑamEdlecjmkTb;Tl;. b:uEnþBIrqñaMeRkayBIeCaKC½yenH KW
enAqñaM1220 mindwgCaedaymUlehtuGVI Rsab;EtRBHyuvraCe)aHbg;nKrcam:,aecal ehIydwknaMT½B
Rtlb;cUlmkkm<úCavij.mkTl;nwgeBlenaHnKrcam:,a)ansßitenAeRkamGaNaniKmrbs;km<úCaehIy
manraCvgS ExµresayraCüGs;eBl 32qñaMKt;.
tamemIleTA RbEhlCaenAedImstvtSr_TI13enaH manekItkarbHe)arrbs;BYkGñkRsukesom
ehIyCaeBlEdlesþcéfcab;epþImbHe)arTamTarÉkraCüEdr18.
ebIeTaHCay:agNakþI enAcugstvtSr_TI13 raCTUtcin)anerobrab;faRsukExµreBlenaHxSt;RbCa
CnGaRs½yedaymans®gÁamminecHcb;minecHehIyCamYyBYkesom. ebIsinCaerOgehtu)anekItman
dUecñaHEmn enaHehIyCamUlehtuEdlnaM[e)aHbg;nKrcam:,aecal eRBaHExµrRtÚvRbmUlpþú¿kmøaMgTb;Tl;
nwgBYkesomvij.
16- RBH)aTRs®I nvÞ rn½µ
RBHraCaEdlesayraCübnþBIRBH)aT\®nÞvrµ½nTI2KWRBH)aTRsI®nÞvrµ½n EdlRbEhlCaRBHGgÁKg;
enA yesaFbur³ dEdl k¾b:uEnþeKmindwgfa etIRTg;eLIgesayraCüenAqñaMNa nigsuKtenAqñaMNaeT.
18
eKRbEhlCaRtÚvniyay[RsYlsþab;CagenHvijfa KWenAsm½yenaHehIyEdlBYkéf )anmkrs;enABaseBjTwkdI
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vij ehIyRbCara®sþ RtÚvFøak;kñúgGMNacBYkéfvijmþg.
17- RBH)aTCy ½ vrm³Tbi remsrV ³
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{eFVI[C½yCmñHRBHGgÁmanrsµIbIdUcCabus,úkmYy EdleKelIkeLIgenAcenøaHstVsigðBIrk,al}.
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smuRT.
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vahak;dUcCafa BYkkSRtRbeTsTaMgGs;enaH rg;caMEteBlGaNacRkkm<úCamankar)ak;EbkKña nwgGal
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18- RBHraCaEdleKmin)ansÁal;RBHnam ¬1250?-1300?¦
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raCüRBH)aTC½yvrµ½nbremsVr³ CaRBHraCaEdleKsÁal;eRkayeKbg¥s;tamsilacarwk b¤k¾fa enAeRkam
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Rtad¾cEmøkmYyGMBIkm<úCa EdleK)anbkERbBIrelIkCaPasa)araMg19.
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eQµaHEdlRtÚvnwgBaküsM®sáwt km<úC³ sBVéf¶Ganfa km<úCa.
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sRmab;RBHraCapÞM. RbCara®sþTaMgRbúsTaMgRsIbYgsk; esøóksMBt; RBHraCaBak;mkuddaMeBRC nigman
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19
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sanBas KWsMBH.
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vij PIelogTaMgBIrTmøak;vaMgnn rYccakecjeTA.
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dwgeT ehIyRbEhlCasilacarwkNamYyEdleKminTan;rkeXIj b¤minTan;)anbkRsay nwgR)ab;[
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dl;qñaM1340)an KWrhUtdl;eBlEdlmanraCBgSavtarkm<úCasm½yTMenIb.
1
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kSRtEdlesayraCübnþBIRBHGgÁ.
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2
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sUmGanGtßbTenAkñúgRBwtþibRtsala)araMgcugbUB’a (Bulletin de l’ Ecole Française d’ Extrème-Orient) Rtg;Epñk Les Etudes
Indochinoises rbs;elak Hubert k,alTI5 qñaM1905TMB½r176-184 ³ Le Jardinier régicide qui devient roi.
3
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elIenHeT. manlixitmYybBa¢ak;fa erOgenHekItmantaMgBImunTwkFMenAGgÁrFMeTAeTot KWmunerOgtaRtsk;Ep¥m.
4
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RbKl;[enaH eTARtÚvRBHraCasuKteTA5.
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RBH)aTsemþcRBHbrmmhabBiRtFmµikmharaCaFiraC ehIyGPieskRBHraCbuRtIc½nÞvravtI CaRBHGKÁ
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5
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esovePA maneQµaHfa {Qabnkic© nigBiFIbBa©úHsBenAkm<úCa La Crémation et les rites funéraires au Cambodge}. kñúgBiFIenaH
eKRbmUlykepHEdlsl;BIkarbUCasBmksUnüCaragmnusSedk rYcehIyeTIbeKerIsFatueTAtmál;Tuk.
6
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minEmnsagsg;edaytacayeT vaGacCaR)asaTsg;eLIgedayBYksMEr: edIm,IbUCaGaTieTBNamYyEdlBYkeKeKarB.
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yagecjBIRBHbrmraCvaMg RTg;Bak;GaveRkaHeFVIGMBIEdkkarBarRBHkay GacnwgyagecjeBlyb;
s¶at;eTARbBatcmáarRtsk;EdlRTg;sBVRBHT½yesay edIm,IBinitüemIlfa etIecAcaMcmáar)anyamkam
karBarRtsk;EmnEdrb¤eT. k¾b:uEnþebIeKcg;TTYlsÁal;fa RBHraCaRtÚveKeFVIXatenaHminEmnCam©as;
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7
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8
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9
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2
P.Gaubil, Notice historique sur la Cochinchine, p. 57 du 31e vol, de Lettres édifiantes.
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GaNÑamk¾dkT½BfyeTARsukvijeTA.
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RbqaMgnwgcin ehIyGacTamTarCafñÚrnwgemRtIPaBenaH b¤CafñÚrnwgkarminCYycin nUvTwkdIEdlGaNÑam
deNþImyk mkvij)an. camk¾GacvaydeNþImykTwkdITaMgenaHedaypÞal;mkvij)anEdr ehIyerobcM
RsukeLIgvij kñúgeBlEdlGaNÑamCab;édeFVIs®gÁam10qñaMCamYycin. k¾b:uEnþcam min)aneFVIGVITal;Et
esaH KWenARTwgGskmµeBjmYyry³kals®gÁamenaH nigeRkay²mkeTot.
TRmaMEtcamnwkeXIj ehIybgðajxøÜnenAtamCayEdnGaNÑamenAqñaM1444 eRkamkardwknaM
rbs;esþcmYyGgÁEdlGaNÑamehAfab‘Íkay ÉksarcinehAfam:ahUeBnék GVI²)anhYsGs;eTA ehIy.
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3
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4
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5
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4- Rsku esom b¤ Rsku éf
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6
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7
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12
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enH min)ancuHmkRbeTsesomtamBYkéfexµAeT eRBaHeKCaGñkcaj;. KWedayehtuenaHehIy)anCamanBaküEdlehA
BYké enAesomenaHfa süam mann½yfa exµA.
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QahÁa mann½yfa QaexµA ÉcinvijeKehABYkhiNÐÚfa QaNak mann½yfa Qas.
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eTAvijeT. dUecñH eKminRtÚvelIkykerOgsBVéf¶enHmkniyay edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaEdleyIgkMBug
niyayxagelIenaHeT.
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Rbhar )aneFVIdMeNIrvilRtlb;mkkan;RbeTsPUmavij CaTIkEnøgEdlBYkeKFøab;)anedIrkat; b¤k¾Føab;rs;
enApgk¾mindwgkalBIeRcInryqñaMmun. ehIyk¾KWBYkéfexµAenHÉg EdleRkayBI)aneFVIdMeNIreTAdl;Rsuk
cin ehIy)anbnþdMeNIrcuHmktaMgTIlMenA enAkñúgGagTenøemNamxagelI taMgBIstvtSr_TI9 rhUtdl;
stvtSr_TI11 rYcehIybnþBRgayKñamkkñúgRbeTslaveTot.
eBlenaH BYkkulsm<½n§lavsßitenAeRkamkardwknaMrbs;BYkecA b¤Xun EdlminEmnCaéfenAeLIy
eT ehIy´KitfaRbeTslav)ansßitenAy:agdUecñHrhUtmk elIkElgEtenAeQogém: nigeQogEsn
EdlsßitenACitraCaNacRksuexaT½y EdlRbEhlCamanesþcesayraCümanedImkMeNItCaéf ehIy
)ankøayxøÜnCasRtÚvrbs;BYklav. b:uEnþGVIEdlR)akd KWRbeTslav)ansßitenACaRbeTsÉkraC min
)ancMNuHéfeTrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ ehIyenAeBlEdlBYkkulsm<½n§Edlrs;enAxageCIgTenøemNam naMKña
gakeTAcMNuHsuexaT½ytaMgEtBIstvtSr_TI13rhUtmk BYkkulsm<½n§lav)annaMKñaEbrmkrk suvNÑaPYn
esogdug nig esogtugemOgsVa ¬sBVéf¶KW høÜgR)a)ag¦ ÉenHvij.
BYkéfEdlmkdl;RsuklavmanGarüFm’eCOnelOnCagBYkGñkRsukGay. mü:ageTot BYkenH
mkdl;manKñaeRcIn ehIymanBYkéfFM ¬KWBYkEdleRkaymkmaneQµaHfa esom¦ enABIeRkayxñg CYy
CMruj CYyRcanBYkeK CYypþl;GavuF ehIyCYnkalk¾GacCYyCakmøaMgT½BpgEdr. emø:aHehIy BYkenHman
eRbóbelIBYklavEdlenAminTan;suIvil½y cab;taMgBIcugstvtSr_TI13mk enAeBlEdleKdeNþImyk
TwkdITaMgGs;enAcenøaHGagTenøemNamxagelI nigGagTenøemKgÁxagelI deNþIm)anraCFanITI2rbs;lav
ehIytaMgxøÜnCasRtÚvrbs;høÜgR)a)ag. raCFanIenaHsBVéf¶eKehAfaevogc½nÞ EtkalenaH BYkéfdak;
eQµaH[fa cnÞ³burI mann½yfa CaraCFanIxøwmcnÞn_Rkwsña.
tamemIleTA BYkéfRbEhlCaenARtÜtRtaelITwkdImYycMnYnFMenABIxageCIg xaglic nigxagt,Úg
raCFanIenHenAeLIy enAqñaM1336 enAeBlEdlvIrbursrbs;lav KWhVag:um )anelcxøÜneLIg KWRbEhl
edaysñaédRBH)aTramakMEhg.
dUecñH enAeBlEdlraCaNacRkkm<úCaFøak;cuHGab;»n manraCaNacRkFM²BIrekIteLIgenAÉ
RbeTslav KWraCaNacRkLanqanhUmxav b¤suILagsWghUmxav mann½yfa {raCaNacRkdMrIrab;lan
nigkøs;BN’s} ehIynigraCaNacRkcnÞ³burI mann½yfa {raCaNacRkxøwmcnÞn_Rkwsña}. raCaNacRkTI1
enACaraCaNacRklavenAeLIy ÉraCaNacRkTI2 )ankøayCaraCaNacRkéfeTAehIy.
5- RbeTsPmU a b¤ Rsku mn
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eRkameQµaHfa Rsukmn b¤Rsuk)aKU ¬eb:háan¦ fVIebIsilacarwkminmanniyayGMBIRsukenHk¾eday.
edaykalBImunenaH Rsukmn nigRsukExµr manRBMRbTl;Cab;Kña EdlRtÚvnwgRBMRbTl;rvagPUma nigesom
bc©úb,nñ vaR)akdNas;fa RbCaCnTaMgBIrBitCaFøab;manTMnak;TMngnwgKña ehIyk¾GacFøab;eFVIcm,aMgnwgKña
eTotpgk¾mindwg RtwmmunstvtSr_TI14.
tamBiteTA manEtsilacarwktaRBhµmYyb:ueNÑaHEdl)anniyayGMBI´beRmICatimn eRkABIenaH
minmansilacarwkNaelIkeLIgeT EdlCaehtuGaceFVI[eKKitfaBYkExµrmin)anykcitþTukdak;cMeBaH
GñkRsukEdlrs;enAÉxageCIg nigBay½BüRsukesomb¤RsuksaneLIy GñkRsukTaMgGs;enaHcMNuHkm<úCa
EtExµrdak;eQµaH[epSgBIeQµaHEdleyIgehA. ´mineCOfa Exµrmin)andwgmin)anB¤GMBIRBwtþikarN_TaMg
LayEdlekItmanenAPUma ¬mIy:an;m:a¦ b¤)aKU ¬eb:hÁÚ¦ muneBlEdlkekItraCaNacRkéfenaHeT. Exµr
R)akdCa)ansÁal;raCFanIepSg²rbs;PUma ehIyedayehtuenaHehIyeTIb)anCaeKmanBaküCaeRcIn
sRmab;ehAGñkRsukenaH. \LÚvenH sUmBinitüemIlRBwtþikarN_epSg²EdlekItmaneLIg nigkarpøas;bþÚr
TItaMgraCFanI EdlCaplvi)ak b¤k¾CamUlehtuénkarpøas;bþÚrneya)ayFM².
kalBIyUrlg;Nas;mkehIy KWtaMgBIsm½yEdlRBHecAGFiraCGaLicsg;LWRkg; ¬stvtSr_TI4
munRKisþskraC¦)aneFVIkarvayRbhardeNþImykRbeTs\NÐaPaKxageCIgrYcehIy ]tþmesnIy_ rbs;
RBHGgÁ)anbegáItraCaNacRkGaMgdURkic mYyenAelImat;TenøKgÁa eBlenaHmanBYkhiNÐÚEdleFVIdMeNIr
mkBIRsukkligÁb¤kligÁn³ )anmktaMgTIlMenA enAelImat;smuRTbwgháal;xagekIt KW\NÐÚcinenaHÉg.
TwkdImat;smuRTRtg;kEnøgenaHeBlenaHmanBYkviRbCaminTan;suIvil½y CaGñkRsukedImrs;enA maneQµaH
fa BilU b¤Bal³ EdlmanenAesssl;kulsm<½n§xøHrhUtdl;sBVéf¶enAkñúgRbeTsesom. eKmindwgfa
etIBYkGñkRsukedImTaMgenaH )anTTYlBYkhiNÐÚy:agNaeT b:uEnþvahak;dUcCafaBYkeKmin)anRbqaMgTb;Tl;
nwgBYkGñkcMNUlfµI EdlmanGarüFm’RBhµBaØsasnarYceTAehIy ehIyEfmTaMgecHeFVIs®gÁameTotpg
eT. BYkeKGacnwgbeNþay[BYkhiNÐÚmkrs;enAkñúgcMeNamBYkeK b¤mYyk¾eKnaMKñadkxøÜnfy TukkEnøg[
Etmþgk¾fa)an. bNþaRkúm]bnievsn_hiNÐÚTaMgGs;enaHminxusKñaBIGVIEdl)anekItmanenAÉ\NÐÚcinPaK
xagt,Úg nigGaeKñy_enaHeT KWcab;epþImBIkarbegáItRKwHsßanBaNiC¢kmµtUc² rYcbnþeTAbegáIt)anCardækm<úCa
nigcam:,aeLIg. bNþaRkúm]bnievsn_hiNÐÚenAtammat;smuRTbwgháal;naeBlenaHRbEhlCataMgenA
Rtg;TItaMgRkúgtav:y/ EmrKuy/ etNaesrIm nigm:ata)ansBVéf¶ EdlBImunGñkRsukedImdak;eQµaH[fa
favy/ m:an;/ taNavRsI/ m:atam:a. eyIgmin)andwgGMBIeQµaHBitR)akdrbs;TIRkúgTaMgGs;enaHeT
enAeBlEdleKksageLIg RKan;Et)andwgfa BYkhiNÐÚ)andak;eQµaHtamPasasM®sáwt[fa rmBaØeTs³
mann½yfa {RsukRss;bMRBg} eTAtamTidæPaBRsukEdleK)aneXIj.
KWedaymaneQµaHedImfa rmBaØ dUecñHehIy eTIb)anCaeRkaymkkøaymkCarmnü³ rYcmkCa m:anI/
emanI ehIyenATIbBa©b;mkCamn b¤mnI. ebIeTaHCaRsukenHmanRbvtþieQµaHedayELky:agenHkþI EtExµr
ehARsukEdleyIgehAfaPUmaenaHfaRsukmndUecñH taMgBICag1000qñaMmun rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH.
RsukEdlenABIxageCIgrmBaØeTs³ EdlBYkmn b¤Bal³ b¤BilU rs;enAmaneQµaHCaPasasM®sáwt
EdlBYkbBaØvnþhiNÐÚdak;[fa {suvNÑPUmi} mann½yfa {TwkdImas} b:uEnþtamemIleTABYkGñkRsuk RbEhl
)andak;eQµaH[epSg EteyIgmin)ansÁal;.
BYkGñkRsukedImenAsm½yEdlBYkkligÁ b¤kligÁn³ mkbegáItGaNacRkrmBaØeTs³ eLIgenaH KWBYk
kaern Edlmankarcat;taMg manemdwknaMrYcehIy b:uEnþminTan;manGarüFm’eCOnelOndUcBYk BilU b¤Bal³
enAtameqñrsmuRTetNaesrImenAeLIyeT. BYkenHsBVéf¶enAmanrs;enAray):ayBaseBjRbeTs
PUmaPaKxageRkam Rtg;mþúMeb:hÁÚ nigenAPUmaPaKxagelI Rtg;Gv³17. BYkeKrs;tamPUmitUc²enACnbT
q¶ayBITIRkúg manTMenomTmøab;xusEbøkBIBYkGñkEdlmkRtÜtRtaBIelIeK. eKmanPasaniyayxus²Kña
KWenAGv³ niyayxusBIenAeb:hÁÚ k¾dUcCaPasaGñkeb:háanxusBIPasaBYkPUma PasaBYkkaern xageCIg
xusBIBYkkaernxagt,Úg.
BYkniKmCnkligÁEdlmkdl;muneK)anBRgayxøÜneTATisxageCIg rhUteTAdl;mat;BamTenøsalU
Gg; rYc)anksagraCFanImYyenATIenaH dak;eQµaHfa falun EdleyIgehAsBVéf¶fa taligÁ. karEdl
BYkeKmanraCFanItaMgenAq¶ayeTAxageCIgy:agenH CakarbBa¢ak;fa BYkeKR)akdCa)anvatGMNaceTA
q¶ayrhUtdl;kEnøgEdleyIgehAfa PUmaxageRkam bc©úb,nñ. karbegáItraCFanIenH RbEhlCaekItman
eLIgenAedImRKisþskraC KWdMNalKñanwgkarbegáItraCFanItamU enAhVÚNn Edr.
eRkaymkenAstvtSr_TI6 eKniyayfamanesþcmnenAfalun b¤taligÁ mYyGgÁ)annaMraCbriBar
17
raCFanIrbs;RsukEdlcMNuHesþcGv³ enH maneQµaHdMbUgfa emOgkaM.
eFVIdMeNIreTATisxageCIg ehIy)anksagraCFanIeb:hÁÚ enAkñúgRsukvUkam EdltamemIleTAKWCaTwkdImYy
kEnøgrbs;kulsm<½n§kaern Rtg;eb:KUsBVéf¶ rYcRTg;)andak;eQµaH[fa hgSavtI. raCFanIenaH GñkRsuk
\NÐÚcineRkaymkehAfa eb:hÁÚ b¤)aKU EtBYkGWr:ubehAfa eb:háan.
enAkñúgsm½yEdlBYkkligÁksagraCFanIfalun manRbCaCnmYyRkúmeTot ecjmkBIRBMRbTl;
TIeb b¤k¾mkBITIebEtmþgk¾mindwg )anmkdeNþImykTwkdIEdleyIgsBVéf¶ehAfaPUmaPaKxagelI rYcehIy
)aneFVIdMeNIrcuHmkt,Úgbnþicmþg² tamGagTenø\ravtIénTwkdIsuvNÑPUmi. BYkGñkmkdl;fµIenH )anRbkan;
xøÜnfa CaCatisasn_x<g;x<s;CageK ehIy)andak;eQµaHxøÜnÉgfa mrmµ³ b¤Rmmµ³ b¤mümµ³ EdlRcLMKñanwg
BaküRBahµN_Edr EtBYkGñkRsukedImehABYkenHfa kULa mann½yfabreTs. tamBit BYkenHmanEs,ks
CagBYkmnbnþicEmn b:uEnþBYkenH )anmkdl;TwkdIsuvNÑPUmiRbEhlCa 2stvtSr_eRkayBYkmnb:ueNÑaH
ehIyKµanGVICaéføfñÚrCagb:unµaneT eRBaHeKmanedImkMeNItecjBIRsukmYy EdlTTYlGarüFm’mYycMENk
BI\NÐa nigmYycMENkeTotBIRbeTscin.
edaymanemaTnPaBnwgC½yCmñHdMbUg² niggay²rbs;xøÜn BYkb‘Írm:an hak;dUcCa)aneFVIdMeNIrcuH
mkeRkambnþeTot rhUtmkdl;RBúm CaPasasM®sáwtKWRsIekSRt³ ehIy)anksagraCFanITI2 mYy
eTotmaneQµaHfa RBÚ. eQµaHenHeRkaymkkøaymkCa RBM/ CaRBMm³ EdlBYkPUmaehAfa RBhµ½n ehIyBYk
GWr:ubfa R)ak;m:an/ rYcb‘Írm:an. cMENkBYkcinvij EdlminGacGanGkSr {r} )anehAfa PüÚ b¤Pav rhUt
cab;BIstvtSr_TI7mkdl;stvtSr_TI12.
etIeRkayBIksagraCFanITI2enHrYc BYkb‘Írm:an)anb:HBarCamYyBYkmn ehIyRtÚvbgç¿[eFVIdMeNIr
eTAeCIgvij b¤y:agdUcemþc ? Rtg;enHeKmin)andwgdUcemþceT EtGVIEdlR)akdenaHKWfa enAeBlEdl
BYkmn kMBugdeNþImykTwkdIPUmaPaKxageRkamenAstvtSr_TI5 BYkb‘Írm:an)anksagraCFanIenA):akan
EdlmaneQµaHeRkaymkfa taháúg18 rYc)ane)aHbg;raCFanIenaHmktaMgenAÉemonvij. KWedayman
raCFanITI4enAemonenHÉg eTIb)anCaCYnkaleKeXIj BYkcinehABYkb‘Írm:anfa BYkemon² dUecñH.
cMeBaHBYkExµrvij eKmindwgfaetIcab;BIeBlNamkeTEdleKehABYkb‘Írm:anenHfa kULa nigPUma
edaymin)andwgpgeTGMBIGtßn½yrbs;BaküTaMgBIrm:at;enH.BakükULaGacmkBI {kuLa}mann½yfaéføfñÚr
b¤mkBIBakü {kULa} mann½yfa breTs. b:uEnþBaküenH BYkb‘Írm:anxøÜnÉgniyayfa minEmnCaeQµaHrbs;
xøÜneT ehIyBYkEdl)anmkeFVIBaNiC¢kmµenAtammat;TenøemKgÁniyayfa manEtBYkExµr niglavb:ueNÑaH
18
raCFanIburaNenHsBVéf¶enAmanenAeLIy EtRKan;EtCaTIRkúgtUcmYyb:ueNÑaH.
EdlehAxøÜny:agenH. cMENkÉBaküPUmavij ´KitfakøaymkBIBaküsuvNÑPUmi ³ eKGaccaM)an EtBakü
xagcugfa PUmI yUr²eTAk¾køayeTACa PUma19. Et´)anRbTHeXIjmþgEdleKsresrfaPUmimas.
BYkb‘Írm:anenHminEmnmanEtBYkmn b¤eb:hÁÚ nigBYkkulsm<½n§GñkRsukedImCasRtÚvb:ueNÑaHeT.
enAxageCIgq¶ayÉeNaHmanBYkNanqavb¤éf EdlmanRbPBedImCaBYkhiNÐÚEdr )anmktaMgTIlMenA
enAcenøaHTIeb nigRsukcintaMgBIyUryarNas;mkehIy. BYkNanqavenH EdleTIbEtrYbrYmKñaCaraCa
NacRkEtmYy )anvayRbhareTAelIcindeNþImykTwkdIyunNan ehIykMBugEtmankmøaMgrulcuHmkTis
xagt,Úg. BYkNanqav RbEhlCaFøab;)anQøanBanRsukPUmaCaeRcInelIkeRcInsaenAstvtSr_TI8
nigTI9 ehIy)anykRsukenHdak;CacMNuHy:agyUreTotpg.BYkcin ehAkSRtRbeTséfenAyunNanfa
Nanqav EtBYkb‘Írm:an ehABYkNanqavenHRBmTaMgBYkcinpgfa tar:ub/ tar:uk b¤taruik ehIyRtÚvBYkcin nig
BYkéfyunNan ehAvijfa emon² tameQµaHraCFanITI4rbs;eK.
tamemIleTA KWRbEhlCaenAeBlEdlBYkéfkMBugRtÜtRtaelITwkdIPUmaPaKxagelIenHÉg Edl
BYkenHlUkédcUlkñúgbBaðaépÞkñúgrbs;GñkRsukenAkñúgGagTenøemNamxagelI edIm,ICYyBYkGñkRsukenH[
RbqaMgnwgkm<úCa rYcehIyk¾cab;epþImcuHmktaMgTIlMenA enAkñúgGagTenøemNamenH enAkñúgstvtSr_TI10
edayksagraCFanIhribunüKü³ ¬hribunünKr¦ KWlMBYnsBVéf¶ nigraCFanIsuexaT½y. enAeBlCamYy
KñaenaHEdr manBYkéfÉeTot²cUlmkrs;enAkñúgTwkdIlav ehIydeNþImykraCFanIevogc½nÞ. Rsuklav
eBlenaH sßitenAeRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;km<úCa.
enAxagt,ÚgÉeNaHvij karksagraCFanIeb:hÁÚ edayBYkmnenAstvtSr_TI6 CakarbBa¢ak;fa
BYkenH )andeNþImykBamTenø\ravtI )anehIy ehIy)anrujRcanBYkb‘Írm:an [eFVIdMeNIreLIgeTATis
xageCIg eTACYbCamYyBYkNanqav.
GVIEdlBit KWBYkb‘Írm:anenH RtÚvRbQmmuxnwgBYkNanqav cab;BIstvtSr_bnÞab;mk ehIyk¾RtÚveFVI
s®gÁamTb;Tl;nwgBYkeb:háanenAxagt,ÚgpgEdr rhUtdl;eBlmYyeRkaymk EdlBYkNanqavqøgkat;
RBMEdn eTAdeNþImykGagTenøemNamxagelITaMgmUl. eBlenaHBYkb‘Írm:an nigBYkeb:háan c,aMgKña\t
19
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minGacsµan)an.
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BIstvtSr_TI7mk EteKmindwgfaCaraCFanIrbs;GñkNa etICarbs;BYktaligÁ ¬eRkaymkkøayCaBYk
eb:háan¦ b¤Carbs;BYkRmmµ³ ¬eRkaymkkøayCaBYkb‘Írm:an¦. erOgenHfatictYck¾)an b:uEnþk¾CacMNuc
KYrkt;smÁal;mYyEdr KWraCFanIRBúmmanvtþmankñúgsm½yEdlvgSvrµ½nesayraCüenAvyFbur³ Edlman
R)asaT)ak;Ebksl;dl;sBVéf¶enAxagt,Úg)aTI kñúgRsukéRBkb,as.
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taMgraCFanIenAdaLa ¬KWr:g;hÁÚn¦ enAnwgmat;BamTenø\ravtI. raCFanIsMxan;²epSgeTotnaeBlenaHman
m:ata)an nig)asaMg EdlsßitenAelIédTenømYyéndIsNþ\ravtI.
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51GgÁ ehIycab;taMgBIeBlEdlBYkenHcuHmktaMgTIenAxagt,ÚgRbeTsenAstvtSr_TI13 eKniyayfa
manesþceqñIm²CaeRcInGgÁ CaGaTi KWRBH)aT]hSam eLIgesayraCüenAqñaM1250 rYcRtÚvdMrIeRBc
suKtenAqñaM1283. Gs;BIRBHGgÁeTA RBH)aTnrsßbti CaraCbuRtrbs;RBHGgÁCamYybuRtICagRkLwg
mñak; )aneLIgesayraCübnþ eRkayBIraCbuRtRsbc,ab;RBHnamfa sIh³sur³ RtÚvBYkm®nþIeFVIKut.
RBHraCaGgÁenHCaykSkalBICatimun emø:aHehIykacsahav qab;xwg RkGWtRkTm elµaPsuI Rbmwk
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3000nak; enAkñúgRBHraCvaMg kñúgenaHmanRBHraCGKÁmehsITI1mYyGgÁ nigTI2R)aMGgÁ. RBHGgÁ)an
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RBHraCbuRtenaHdak;fñaMbMBul[suKteTAenAqñaM1288.
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esayraCübnþmk EtRtÚvsuKtnwgRBÜjrbs;RBHGgÁÉg kñúgeBleFVIs®gÁamCamYyRBHGgÁm©as;énraC
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
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manRTBüsm,tþihUrehorEtcitþTUlayBUEkeFVIcm,aMg nigmanl,iceRcIn.GñkRsukenATIenaH)anelIkm®nþI
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25
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26
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27
Baküm:aLaka enH CaeQµaHrukçCatimYyedIm KW .
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enAelIekaHs‘Um:aRta b¤ekaHCVaFM. tamemIleTAnKrTaMg4minTan;ERbeTAkan;sasnaGuIsøamenAeLIy
eRBaHfaeQµaH \®nÞKirI k¾dUcCaeQµaHrbs;nKrRBHnagkSRtI minEmnCaeQµaHtamPasaGar:ab;eT.
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RBHnamhuglIb:UfVay EdlEhhmeTAedayraCTUt nigPIelogRsIRbúscMnYn500nak; suT§EtCakUn Gs;
28
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sigðburI nigs‘Um:aRta. RTg;)anbBa¢ÚnT½BedjvayemecarsmuRTenaH ehIybgç¿[vadkfyecjeTAsm¶M
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29
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30
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31
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____________
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4
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6
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7
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8
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9
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10
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11
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12
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13
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14
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15
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raCblø½gákm<úCa ehIybBa¢a[RBHerom2GgÁeTot KWecA)aGat nigecAkMbg;BisI enACYykic©karRBHGnuC
CamYynwgkgT½BcMnYn1muWnnak; edIm,IkarBarraCFanI16.
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ehIyEckrgVan;elIkTwkcitþdl;BYkGñkGg;GackøahanrYcmk RTg;)anecjbBa¢a[naMRbCara®sþ Edlrs;
enAkñúgraCFanITaMgGs; ykeTARsukesom elIkElgEtra®sþRbmaNCa1muWnnak;17b:ueNÑaH edayyk
TaMgRTBüsm,tþikñúgraCvaMg CamasR)ak; Carbs;mantémøepSg²dUcCakenÞlmas kenÞlR)ak; esH dMrI
raCrf CaedImeTACamYypg.
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eTAb®gáabExRtEdlminTan;TTYlyl;RBmcMNuH. ecAhVayExRtTaMgGs;enaHGacerobcM)anEtbNþa
ExRtCit²raCFanIb:ueNÑaH ÉExRtq¶ay²enAxagekIt xageCIg nigxagt,ÚgminRBmcMNuHeT. ecAhVay
ExRtTaMgenaHRbkasxøÜnÉkraC ehIycab;epþImRbRBwtþGMeBIecarkmµ nigcm,aMgrvagKñanwgKña eFVI[RbCaCn
Føak;kñúgTurPikSy:agF¶n;F¶r. eBlenaH RBHRsIsurieyavgS yagRtlb;BIRsuklavmkvijCamYyT½BmYy
kg nigeQøIyswkRbmaN9muWnnak; EdlRTg;deNþIm)anBIesom eBlkMBugekorBI\nÞbtþeTAkan;nKr
raC. RTg;)anRbmUlbNþaExRtEdlmincMNuHesommkkñúgGMNacrbs;RBHGgÁvijeday qab;rh½s.
RBHecA)asaFesayTivgÁtenAkñúgqñaM1355 RtÚvnwgmhaskraC1277 culøskraC717
eRkayBIRTg;esayraCü)an3qñaM.
RBHeromrbs;RBHGgÁ ecA)aGat EdleLIgesayraCübnþ)an3Ex k¾suKteTAeTot edayCMgW
16
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3rbs;RBHramasYn} minEmn[ecArbs;RBHGgÁeT.
17
tamraCBgSavtar cMnYnRbCaCneBlenaHmanRbEhlCa10muWnnak; b:ueNÑaH.
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mkvijehIy.
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135718.
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BgSavtarniyayfa T½Besom9PaK10)anRtÚveKkab;smøab;. ecAkMbg;BisIRTg;)an)at;xøÜnkñúgeBl
enaHeTA ehIyKµannrNadwgfa RTg;køayeTACay:agNaenaHeT.
cab;BIeBlenaHmk RBHraCaNacRk)anRtÚvrMedaH ehIyksageLIgvij EtExRtbs©im19 nignKr
raCsIma enACarbs;esomenAeLIy.
6- RBHRssI ru ei yavgS ¬1357-1366¦
RBHRsIsurieyavgS eRkayBIc,aMgdeNþImykbNþaExRtEdlÉkraCminRBmcMNuHesom nig
vayesom[braC½yrYcmk k¾RtÚv)aneKelIk[esayraCsm,tþieRkamRBHGPiesknamfa RBH)aT
semþcRBHraC»gáarRBHRsIsurieyavgSraCaFiraC20. RTg;)ancat;EcgEckrgVan;dl;nayTahaneTAtam
kic©karEdl)anbMeBj rYc)anEtgtaMgnamuWnsBVmuxm®nþI[kan;kic©karRBHnKr.
18
raCbuRtc,grbs;esþcesomKWRBH]Tgrama b¤ramasYn EdleyIg)aneXIjdwknaMT½BesommkvayExµr ehIy)aneLIg
esayraCübnþBIRBHbitaenAkñúgqñaM1369. tamemIleTARBHecA)asaF EdlRBH]Tg elIk[esayraCüenAkm<úCaCa
buRtRBHraCaTI4/ ecA)aGatCaraCbuRtTI3 ehIyecAkMbg;BisICaraCbuRtTI2.
19
ExRtbs©im sBVéf¶KWR)aCIm sßitenAelIpøÚvBIGgÁrFMeTAGyuFüa Rtg;ExSry³TTwg14GgSaxageCIg nigExSry³beNþay
99GgSaxagekIt.
20
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RBMRbTl;xagekItdl;dugNay RtÚvnwgExRt)araCsBVéf¶ KWCab;nwgnKrcam:,a ehIyRBMRbTl;xaglic
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esomcUlcab;ExµrRbmaNCa100nak; enAkñúgExRtCayEdnCab;nwgmat;smuRTnaMykeTARsukesom
ecAhVayExRtenaH )ansgswkedaycUlcab;BYkesomehIynaMykmkdak;enAcugExRtxagt,Úgvij.
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raCaExµr)anecjbBa¢a[ekNÐT½B5muWnnak;BIkñúgExRtRTaMg/)asak;/ RBHRtBaMg/GUrm:Ul/RkmYns/TwkexµA/
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RsYc KWecAhVayExRt)asak;.
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21
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22
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cMENkmYyénRsukr:aCy:a/ ÉBam kMBt nigkMBg;esamsßitenAmat;QUgsmuRTesom.
23
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rhUtdl;QUgsmuRTesom. tamemIleTA ExRtTaMg3enHeBlenaHElgCaTwkdIkm<úCaeTotehIy RbEhlCa)anpþac;cUl
eTAesomkñúgsm½ys®gÁammun nigenAeBlEdlesþcesomesayraCüenA\nÞbtþ.
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xøacesomRtlb;mkvayRbhareTot.
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dwknaMT½BnaMmuxecjlukluykm<úCaÉRBHGgÁnaMT½BFMmktameRkay.esomdeNþImykExRtTaMg4enATis
nirtI EdlExµreTIbyk)anmkvijy:agqab;rh½s rYcbnþeFVIdMeNIrcUlmkkñúgkm<úCaeTot EtRtÚvT½BExµr
eRkamkardwknaMrbs;RBH]braC)anvaykat;Rtwms<anEjk. karRbyuT§cab;epþImeLIgCadMbUg rvagT½B
RBH]braC CamYyT½BBjaBiC½ydar:ug RbyuT§Gs;eBlCaeRcInéf¶edayKµancaj;QñH Rsab;EtT½Besþc
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xøacRtÚveKB½T§Cab;pg emT½BExµrk¾bBa¢a[dkfy qøgs<anRbjibRbjab; rYccuHsMeBAecjeTA. T½BeCIgTwk
EdlmansMeBACaeRcInkMBugctcaMkñúgsÞwgk¾minGaceFVIGVI)an eRkAEtBIEhhmkarBarsMeBA]braCecjeTA
b:ueNÑaH. écdnüGVIRsab;EtrMesvpÞúHeLIg eFVI[rbYsRBH]braC nigesnakarBarCaeRcInnak;24. eqøót
»kasEdlT½BExµrkMBugEtRcbUkRcbl;y:agenH sMeBAesomk¾cUlmkdeNþImyksMeBA]braCeFVI[RTg;
suKteTA3éf¶eRkaymk.
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rkT½Besom EdlTn;édbnþicehIy minh‘anRbQmmuxnwgRBHraCaeT k¾vaydkfyeTArkkEnøgsRmak.
T½BExµr)antamedjRbkitBIeRkay min[T½BesomsRmak)an eFVI[esomrt;EbkExJkKñacUleTARsuk
esomvijeTA sl;xøHRtÚvcab;xøÜn)anCaeQøIyCamYyGavuFyuT§PNÐCaeRcIn.
bnÞab;BIenaHmk RbeTskm<úCasÁal;suxsnþiPaB)anb:unµanqñaMEdr. RbCara®sþrs;enAsuxsb,ay
RBHraCaNacRkk¾mansuvtßiPaBl¥.
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r:ug nignKrraCsIma xageCIgTl;nwgsñamxSac; xag|sanTl;nwgeKakxan; xagGaeKñy_Tl;nwg )araC
24
eyIgeXIjfamanniyayGMBIrMesvmþgeTotehIy elIkenHRbEhlCaenArvagqñaM1360.
dugNay xagt,ÚgTl;nwgsmuRT.
RBHRsIsurieyavgS )ansuKtedayeraKaBaFenAkñúgqñaM1366eRkayBIesayraCü)an10qñaM.
7- RBHbrmrama ¬1366-1373¦
Gs;BIRBHRsIsurieyavgSeTA raCvgSanuvgS nignamuWnsBVmuxm®nþI)aneRCIstaMgRBHraCbuRtrbs;
RBHlMBgSraCaRBHnambrmrama EdlRtÚvCakµÜyrbs;RBHraCa [eLIgesayraCübnþ.
GVIEdleK)andwgGMBIRBHraCaGgÁenH KWTI1RTg;)anerobcMbUCasBRBHbitula nigTI2RTg;suKt
edayeraKaBaFeRkayBIesayraCü)an7qñaM.
cMENkesþcesomvij )ansuKteTAenAkñúgqñaM1369 ehIyraCsm,tþiRtÚvFøak;eTAelIRBHraC
buRtc,g RBHramasYn EdlesayraCümindl;mYyqñaMpg k¾RtÚvRBHbitulaéfø RBHbrmraCa EdlCasVamI
rbs;RBHGnuCkSRtIRBHraCa ehIyEdleyIgeXIjdwknaMT½Bmkvaykm<úCaBImun Tmøak;BIraCsm,tþieTA.
RBHraCaesomfµIenHesayraCü)an8qñaM ehIy)aneFVIs®gÁameTAxageCIgRBHnKr deNþImyk
raCaNacRktUc²enAxageCIgGyuFüa EdlrkSa)annUvÉkraCürhUtmkdl;eBlenaHmYymþg² man
emOgNaxnpagxa nigemOgesgsav enAkñúgqñaM1372/ emOgPisÑúelak kñúgqñaM1373/ emOgCakag
r:ay kñúgqñaM1378 eRkayBIcm,aMgdeNþImykbraC½y2elIk KWkñúgqñaM1373mþg nig1377mþg/
emOg TaMgGs;kñúgRsuklaveBaHexµA ¬ehAdUecñHedayBYkenHlabBN’eBaH¦. esombraC½ykñúgkar
deNþImykeQogém: 2dg b:uEnþbraC½yenHmin)aneFVI[eK)at;bg;kitþis½BÞCaGñkcm,aMgBUEksVitsVaj
nigbuinRbsb;enaHeT BIeRBaHfaraCFanIenaHmankMEBgkarBary:agrwgmaMminGac[sRtÚvvaycUl)an
ehIynigmaneTvtaCYyEfkarBareTotpg25.
8- RBHFmeµ sak³ ¬1373-1394¦
RBHGnuCrbs;RBHbrmrama KWRBHGgÁm©as;Fmµesak³ )aneLIgesayraCübnþBIRBHeromeRkam
RBHGPiesknamfaRBH)aTsemþcesþcRBHraC»gáarRBHFmµesak³raCaFiraC.
25
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raCFanI)anl¥ eRkayBI)anCemøósRbCaCnecjGs;2muWnRKÜsar.
RBHraCaGgÁenHesayraCü)an9qñaM enAeBlEdlesþcesomRBHbrmraCasuKteTA ehIyRBHraC
buRtRBHnamfa fgLaM esayraCübnþ)an7éf¶ bnÞab;mkRtÚveFVIKutedayRBHramasYn CaraCbuRtrbs;
RBH]Tg EdlRtÚvRBH brmraCa dkecjBIraCsm,tþienAkñúgqñaM1369 bBa¢Ún[mkKg;enAExRtlBVburIvij
CakEnøgEdlRTg;CaecAhVayExRtBImun. RBHramasYnesayraCü)an6qñaMk¾suKteTA ehIyRBHraCbuRt
RBHnam RBHecArama raCBgSavtarExµrehAfa ecAsMPüacan; )anLIgesayraCübnþeRkamRBHnamfa
RBHecAbrmraCa kñúgqñaM1388.
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raCbuRtRBHnamfaRBH\®nÞaraCakan; rYc)anbBa¢a[ecjmkvaydeNþImykRBHraCaNacRkexmra
b¤Exµr26.
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BjaEkv/ BjatI/ ecABjay:at ¬ecABjaenHCab;sac;raCvgS¦ nigecAhV‘aTlð³27 Canaykrdæm®nþI [
ecjTb;Tl;nwgT½Besom. raCBgSavtarExµr)anelIksresIrCaeRcInGMBIemT½BTaMg4 k¾b:uEnþmin)anerob
rab;pgeT faetIkgT½BnImYy²)aneFVIGVIxøH. GVIEdlBitR)akdenaH KWfaT½Besom)ancUlmkdl;eCIgCBa¢aMg
raCFanI\nÞbtþ edIrrukerIraCFanI cab;cak;dIbMeBjKUTwk ehIyebIkkarvayRbhardMbUg² sahaveXareXA
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k¾Gg;GackøahanNas;Edr. T½BesomRtÚvrgrbYsy:agdMNMedayduMfµ EdlRbCaCnKb;ecjBIelICBa¢aMg
fµmk. T½BesomB½T§raCFanIGs;eBl7Ex EteFVIGVImin)an. enAeBlenaH esþcesomeFVIklCaecaT
Tahan6nak;fa )anRbRBwtþxus [eKdak;TNÐkmµedayvaynwgrMBat;epþA mñak;50rMBat;enAmuxT½BExµr.
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kMEpgraCFanI niyayfaesþcesomGyutþiFm’ dak;eTaseKminRtwmRtÚv eKkac;exñaHlYcrt;ecjmk ehIy
26
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niyayfaRBwtþikarN_enHekIteLIgenAkñúgqñaM1384 dUcCaRtwmRtÚvl¥Nas; ebIsinCaeKeCOtamraCBgSavtaresom
BIeRBaHfaraCFanIkm<úCaRtÚvesomvayyk)an kñúgqñaM1385. b:uEnþebIdUecñHEmn RBwtþikarN_enHRtÚvekIteLIgeRkam
rC¢kalRBHramasYn minEmnkñúgrC¢kalRBHecAc½nÞ CaRBHraCbuRtenaHeT.
27
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RbPBecjBIPasaeb:háan.
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karN_fVayRBHraCafa BYkesomeTIbEtelIkedImb£sSImYyedImenAcMBImuxRckTVarkMEpgxaglicedImb£sSI
enaH manedatk,alGñkyamEdleFVsRbEhseFVI[BYkk,t;TaMg 6nak; rt;ecjrYc.
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38
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39
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40
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42
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43
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44
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45
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46
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47
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48
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49
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50
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51
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57
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58
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59
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60
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65
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66
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67
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ExRtsuFnraC eBRCburI c½nÞburI nigsuxnraCFanI74 EfmeTot. ecAhVayExRtesom )anRtÚvsmøab;enAkñúg
eBlRbyuT§. k¾b:uEnþdl;mkqñaMeRkay T½BEdlenAkarBarExRtTaMgGs;enaH )anRtÚvT½Besomedj[rt;
x©at;x©ayGs;.
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yl;RBmenAkñúgqñaM1564.
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mþgeTot. RBHraCakm<úCa )annaMT½B5muWnnak;eTAkat;T½Blav CYbKñaenAelIekaHecAram Tl;muxnwgrkaekag
cm¶ay34KmBIxageCIgPñMeBj ehIyvayBYkenaH[braC½yenARtg;enaH. TUkBYklav )anRtÚvbMpøaj
exÞcxÞI BYklavNaEdleKcxøÜnrYcBIkarkab;smøab;rgÁal RtÚvedIrCaRkúmtUc²Rtlb;eTAvij EtRtÚvGñk
RsuktamedjvayteTAeTot.
74
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RBHbrm\nÞraCa )ansuKteTAenAkñúgqñaMbnÞab; KWqñaM1567 kñúgRBHCnµay u56RBHvsSa eRkayBI
RTg;esayraCsm,tþi)an2qñaM. RBHraCbuRtarbs;RBHGgÁ RBHC½yecsþa eTIbnwgcuHsn§isBaØaCamYy
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vtþRsHekt.
20- RBHbrm\nÞraCaTI2 ¬1567-1575¦
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erIs[eLIgesayraCsm,tþibnþBIRBHraCvrbita eRkamRBHnamfa RBH)aTsemþcRBHbrm\nÞraCaFiraC
ramaFibtIbrmbBiRt RBHraCaénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa kñúgRBHCnayu25RBHvsSa75. RBHmehsITI1
rbs;RBHGgÁ GñkmñageBA )anRtÚvGPiesk[eLIgCaRBHmhakSRtI manRBHnamfa semþcRBHPKvtIRsI
cRkeBaFiraC. RBHGnuCrbs;RBHGgÁ RBHRsIsuBN’ RBHCnµayu19RBHvsSa )anRtÚvEtgtaMg[eFVICa
RBH]braC.
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nwgsuKteTA esþcesom)anepJIraCTUtmksuMCMnYyBIRBHraCaekµg EdleTIbEteLIgesayraCü. RBHraCa
GacnwgmineKarBsn§isBaØEdlRBHbita)ancuHhtßelxa k¾b:uEnþ RBHGgÁ)anseRmcbBa¢ÚnT½B2muWnnak; eTA
CYyRkúgGyuFüa. T½Beb:háan k¾caj; ehIyRtÚvvilRtlb;eTAnKrvij.
enAeBlEdlT½Besom nigT½BExµrvilRtlb;mkBIs®gÁamvijRbkbedayeCaKC½y ehIye)aHCMrM
sRmakenACitKñaRtg;edImeBaFieCIgbI esþcesomRBHnernsUr ¬RBHNaert¦ )ansegáteXIjfa mha
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]braC manbnÞÚltbeTAvijfa {TUlbgÁ¿mkenHkñúgnamRBHraCakm<úCa ehIyk¾CaGKÁembBa¢akarelIkgT½B
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]braCeTotpg TUlRBHbgÁ¿KYrEtRtÚv)anRBHraCaesom[témø ehIyTTYlsÁal; cat;Tukkñúgzan³Caem
75
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bBa¢akarkgT½B dUcCaRBHGgÁEdr}. esþcesomenAes¶ómmintbtGVIeT k¾b:uEnþedIm,Ibgðaj[eXIjfa
RBHGgÁCaemEtmñak;Kt;enATIenH RTg;)anbBa¢a[eKnaMykeQøIyswkmñak; EdlRBHmha]braCExµrcab;
)anykmkkat;k,al rYc[ykeTAedatelIcugb£sSIenAnwgmuxsMeBARBHmha]braC. RBHmha]braC
xJal;xøaMgNas; k¾ecjsMeBARtlb;mkkm<úCavijPøam. eBlyagmkdl;lEgVkvij RBHGgÁ)anray
karN_GMBIkarRbmafrbs;esþcesomfVayRBHraCa RBmTaMg)ansMNUmBr[lubsn§isBaØa Edl)ancuH
htßelxaenAGyuFüaecal enAeBlcb;rdUvvsSaxagmux.
dl;eBlBYkeb:háancUlmklukluyRsukesommþgeTot BYkemT½BExµr)anTTYlkarGnuBaØatBIRBH
raCa [ecjeTAeFVIs®gÁamCamYyesom CYyesþcnKrhgSavtIdeNþImykRsukesom. BlTahan1muWn
nak; EdlsßitenAeRkambBa¢akarrbs;elak ecAhV‘aTlð³ )anecjdMeNIreTAtampøÚvlMEBghVay eTAvay
deNþImykExRtbs©imburI nignKrnayk b:uEnþT½BenHeFVIdMeNIreTAmuxelOneBk k¾dac;enAEtÉg. eBl)an
CYbCamYyT½Besom2kg dwknaMedayBja suIsayNar:ug nigBja suIraCeteCa T½BnImYy² manKña1muWn
nak; ecAhV‘aTlð³ RtÚvvay[dkfycUlmkkñúgkm<úCavij.
enAqñaM157576 edIm,IFanafaraCsm,tþisßitenAkñúgédRBHraCbuRtrbs;RBHGgÁ RBHraCa )anelIk
RBHGnuC]braC [eLIgeTACaTI]PeyaraC edIm,I[RTg;)at;bg;siT§iCaGñksñgraCü BIeRBaHfa tamFmµta
RBHGnuCEdlCa]braCEtgEteLIgesayraCübnþBIRBHeromCanic© rYcehIyRBHGgÁ )anelIkRBHraCbuRt
b¥ÚnRBHnamecABjatn; EdleTIbEtmanRBHCnµ6RBHvsSab:ueNÑaH[eFVICa]braCvij.bnÞab;mkRBHGgÁ
k¾dak;raCsm,tþi[RBHraCbuRtc,gRBHnamfa RBHC½yeCdæa EdleTIbEtmanRBHCnµ 10RBHvsSa
b:ueNÑaH.
21- RBHCy ½ eCdaæ T1I ¬1576-1587¦
RBHC½yeCdæa )anTTYlRBHraCBiFIraCaPieskenAkñúgqñaM1570 eRkamRBHnamfa RBHC½yeCdæa
FiraC brmbBiRt b:uEnþkic©karRKb;RKgRBHnKrsßitenAelIRBHbitaenAeLIy.
76
elak ka)atug )anniyayfa kalbriecäTenHminRtwmRtÚv. Et´KitfaminxuseT BIeRBaH RBHC½yeCdæa RTg;RbsURtenA
kñúgqñaM1564 ehIyBja tn; RbsURtenAkñúgqñaM1568. ebIsinCa RBHstßa elIkraCbuRtTaMg2 mYy[eLIgesayraCü
kñúgRBHCnµ10qñaM mYy[eFVICa]braCkñúgRBHCnµ6qñaM eBlenaHvaRtÚvnwgqñaM1575 enHÉg elIkElgEtqñaMkMeNItenaH
vaxus.
karEdlRBHraCadak;raCsm,tþi ehIyelIkRBHraCbuRtC½yeCdæa[eLIgesayraCsm,tþi y:ag
enH)aneFVI[RBH]PeyaraC nignamuWnsBVmuxm®nþICaeRcInmankarGak;Gn;RsBn;citþCaxøaMg BIeRBaH ebItam
TMenomBIburaN KWBYkeKenHÉg EdlCaGñkmansiT§ikñúgkareRCIstaMgRBHraCa. BYkeKminh‘an RbqaMgtv:a
edaycMheT k¾b:uEnþ)ancab;RBegIykenþIy minykcitþTukdak;dl;kic©karraCkar cab;taMgEtBIeBlenaHmk
CaehtueFVI[ekItmanGnaFibetyüTUTaMgRbeTs ehIyRBHraCadak;raCüRtÚvbgç¿RBHT½ylHbg;ExRt
c½nÞburI nignKrraCsIma EdleTIbEtdeNþIm)an [eTAesomvij.
RBHraCaRkúgGyuFüa enAeBlEdlTTYldMNwgfa RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa ekItmankarRcbUkRcbl;
ehIy namuWnsBVmuxm®nþIminsUvsþab;bBa¢arbs;RBHraCa rdæm®nþITaMgLayk¾køayeTACaGskmµ k¾cat;[
ekNÐT½B10muWnnak; esH1850k,al dMrI800k,al naMmkvaykm<úCa. T½BRsYc manBl5Ban;nak;
bBa¢aeday]tþmesnIy_xøaMgBUEkmñak;eQµaHfa RBHraCanU.
tbteTAnwgT½BesomenH RBHraCanusiT§i )anerobcMT½B 3muWn5Ban;nak; enAkñúgExRt)at;dMbg kñúg
enaHmanT½B1muWnnak;ekNÐmkBIExRt)arayN_ nigeCIgéRB nig1muWnnak;eTotCaT½B EdlecAhVayExRt
BjasYK’aelakeRCIserIs)ankñúgExRteBaFisat;. BjaeteCa ecAhVayExRtkMBg;sVay manT½B 3muWn
nak;enAnwgGtItraCFanI/ T½B2muWnnak;eRCIserIsenAkñúgExRtkMBg;sVay nigT½B 1muWnnak;eTot eRCIserIs
enAnwgGgÁrvtþ77. ÉRBH]PeyaraC kan;T½BEdleRCIserIsmkBIrlaeb¥ór 2muWnnak; nigmkBIbribUN_
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eBaFisat;)an rYchYsmke)aHCMrMenABImuxbribUN_ eLamB½T§T½BRBH]PeyaraCCab; ehIybnþmk vayyk
lEgVkeTot. esomB½T§TIRkúglEgVkenH3Ex eTIbRBHraCaC½yeCdæa BjaGn ehIynigm®nþI 10nak;eTot
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esÞIrEtGs;rlIgBIkñúgRBHraCaNacRk xøH[cUleFVITahan xøHeTot[brreTHdwkes,óg manEttictYc
77
ExRtenHCYnkaleKehAfaGgÁr CYnkalfanKresomrabfa GgÁvtþ nigCYnkaleTotehAfa esomrab.
b:ueNÑaHEdleKcrt;cUlBYnkñúgéRB. cb;s®gÁam RbeTsCYbRbTHnwgeRKaHTurÖikSy:agxøaMg ehIyEfmTaMg
manekItCMgWGasnñeraKeTotpg.
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ehIyrkerOgEtCamYyRBHBuT§rUb. enAlEgVk RBHGgÁ)anbBa¢a[eKykRBHBuT§rUbCaeRcInRBHGgÁ
e)aHcUleTAkñúgTwk. manRBHsgÇesom2GgÁ RBHnamTikçN³beBaØa nigsur³beBaØa )anemIlCMgWRBHraCa
[sHCamkvij k¾b:uEnþRbCanura®sþ)anecaTRBHsgÇTaMg2GgÁenaH faCaGñkeFVIGMeBI[RBHraCaqáÜt
nigeFVI[RBHnKrekItvibløas k¾naMKñabeNþjRBHsgÇTaMg2GgÁenaHeTAvij.
RbCara®sþekItmankarRBÜy)armÖRcbUkRcbl;CaxøaMg ehIyvibtþpøÚvsµartIeFVI[eKKitfanwg
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rIgxH ElghUr GagEdlFøab;EtTTYlTwkeRCaHenaHeBj²Rsab;EtEbrCarIgsÜ¶tGs;. RBHx½nraCürbs;
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ecjERcH BYk)arKUEdlEfrkSadusxat;y:agNak¾minRCH ehIymanQamhUrecjBIedImRTÚgeRbHRsaM
rbs;RBHBuT§rUbmYyGgÁenAviharsYK’. nimitþsBaØaTaMgGs;enHbBa¢ak;faRsukekItTurÖikS manCMgWGasnñeraK
eFVI[mnusSsøab;Gs;s¶at;Rsuk ehIyRbCara®sþekItmankMhwgQW cab;kan;EtxøaMgeLIg² eFVI[)ak;Twkcitþ
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RBHstßa. RBHraCakarBar ehIyTukcitþBYkenaHNas; rhUtTal;EtRTg;RbTanb¥ÚnRsICIdUnmYy mYyGgÁ[
CnB½rTuyehÁ eQµaH DIyuWehÁaEbLÚsU eFVICaPriya. BYknamuWnsBVmuxm®nþI mineBjcitþnwgBYkenHeT
eRBaHeKxøacBYkenH eRbI\Ti§BlmkelIRBHraCa NamYyBYkenHCaBYkEs,kspg.
78
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pSaysasnadUmInIkaMgsBa¢atieGs,aj:úleQµaH hÁas:,ada®KUs )anmkdl;kñúgqñaM1560. elak«Buk CnhÁúgsaeLs
dWm:g;dUhSÚ )anniyayenAkñúglixitmYyEdleKe)aHBum<enATIRkúgr:UmkñúgqñaM1585 fa manGñkpSBVpSaysasna dUmInIkaMg
sBa¢atiB½rTuyehÁmYyrUbeQµaHbgRbússuIlev:s man\T§iBlmkelIraCvaMgesþckm<úCasm½yenaHxøaMgNas;. tamBit
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saCafµI ehIyfas®gÁamelIkenHFMCagelIkmun mü:ageTotBYkenH manKMnitcg;dak;RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
enAeRkamGaNaBüa)alrbs;nKreGs:,aj EdleTIbEtdeNþImykB½rTuyháal;)an enAkñúgqñaM1578
BYkB½rTuyehÁTaMgGs;enaH )anfVayeyabl;dl;RBHraCa [RBHGgÁcat; DIyuWehÁaEbLÚsU eFVIdMeNIreTA
TIRkúgm:anIl CamYyBYkeGs,aj:úleQµaH )øarVIdWEhNn; hÁúgsaeLs/ Gg;tUnIj:Úm:asadU nigb:g;taeL
Gugkarénr:U edIm,IsuMCMnYyBIGPi)alRbeTshVIlIBIn mkTb;Tl;CamYynwgBYkesom Edlb:unb:gvayRBHra
CaNacRk ¬1590¦. RBHraCsarlixitEdlRBHraCakm<úCa )anRbKl;[BYkenaHkan;ykeTA manxøwm
sarGYtGagfa RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaCamhaGMNacmYy RBHraCasBVRBHT½ynwgsasnakatUlikNas;
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dl;GñkRsuk nigsuM[pþl;TahanmkCamYy[)aneRcInpgedIm,ICYykarBar.raCTUtrbs;RBHstßa )aneTA
dl;TIRkúgm:anIl enAkñúgqñaM1590 k¾b:uEnþ min)anGVIykmkvijeT BIeRBaHGPi)alhVIlIBIn kMBugerobcM
ecjeFVIRbtibtþikarvayykRbCuMekaHm:Uluk RbtibtþikarEdleFVI[GPi)alenaH nigBlTahansøab;)at;
bg;Gs;79. BYkDIyuWehÁaEbLÚsU kMBugEtenAhVIlIBInenAeLIyeT dl;mkqñaM1593 enAeBlEdlesþc
esom RBHNaert ehAesþcexµA )andwknaMT½B10muWnnak; mandMrI8ry esH1Ban;5ry EckecjCaeRcIn
kg dwknaMeday]tþmesnIy_d¾Gg;Gac mkvayykkm<úCa.
etIBt’mansþIGMBIGriPaBenH )anpSBVpSayeTAdl;TIRkúgm:anIl ehIyCMruj[GPi)alRkúgenH
seRmccitþpþl;CMnYy[km<úCa Edlmin)anpþl;Pøam²tamkarsnüa b¤dUcemþc? eKmin)andwgfa karBit
y:agNaeT k¾b:uEnþeKdwgfa DIyuWehÁaEbLÚsU )anTTYllixitrbs;elakGPi)alRkúgm:anIl mYyc,ab; cuH
éf¶TI27 ExkBaØa qñaM1593 TUlRBHraCakm<úCafa xøÜnsUmeFVICaGaCJakNþalenAkñúgCemøaHCamYyRsuk
esom. enAeBlEdlDIyuWehÁaEbLÚsU nigmitþPkþirbs;eKRtlb;mkdl;km<úCavij raCFanIlEgVk )an
Føak;eTAkñúgkNþab;édesomCaeRcIns)þah_rYceTAehIy.
79
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cab;bgçM[mkEcvTUk[bHe)arRbqaMgeLIgenAkNþalsmuRT edaykab;smøab;TaMgelakGPi)al nayTahan nigBYk
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1430 ehIyrhUtTal;Etdl;qñaM1526eTIbcat;Tukfaykmkdak;bBa©ÚlkñúgRBHraCaNacRk)an. ebItamRBwtþikarN_
enH karEdlniyayfa lavyk)aneQogém:mkRKb;RKg KWBitCaesþcesomminÉkPaBb:unµaneT NamYyesþc estak;
)anRbEkkBuMRBmTTYlykraCbuRtIEdl)anbBa¢ÚnmkfVayCaRBHCayapgeT eRBaHminRslaj; Tal;EtbBa¢ÚnmYyGgÁeTot
mkfVayeTIbyl;RBmTTYl.
18
esomecaTfa manm®nþIk,t;mñak;CaGñkeFVI[raCFanIFøak;eTAkñúgédsRtÚv.
PüaGaEsn EdlRbEhlKWCa]braCenAeBlenaH )andeNþImykraCblø½gáenAkñúgqñaM1572.
esþceb:háan RBHnamfaecAh‘VaeGm:aeL )annaMT½BcUlmkvayykraCFanIevogc½nÞ)anmþgeTot rYcehIy
)anelIk]braC mindwgfaKW]braCrbs;PüaGaEsn ¬b¤Ca]braCEdleK)ancab;ykeTAGv:a BImun¦
[eLIgRKgraCblø½gávij.
mYyqñaMeRkaymk manemT½BPUma4rUb)anecjmkeFVIs®gÁamenAlav RbqaMgnwgBYkeb:háan CMnYs
NUemOg EdlRtÚvCabuRtrbs;estak;.
eBlenaHmanCnkMhUcmñak;bHe)areLIgenAGatUBW ehIy)anRbkasxøÜnfaCaRBHecAestak;.
esþclav EdlBYkeb:háan )anelIk[eLIgesayraCü )anbBa¢ÚnT½B[eTAvayRbhar ehIyRtÚvsuKt
enAkñúgqñaM1579.
PüaGaEsn)anRtlb;mkesayraCsm,tþuvijenAkñúgqñaM1580ehIysuKtenAkñúgqñaM1582.
¬rdæm®nþITaMg 4ctusþmÖ¦ )aneRCIstaMgecANUemOg CaraCbuRtrbs;ecAestak; [eLIgesayraCsm,tþi
enAkñúgqñaM1584 k¾b:uEnþmin)anb:unµanpg ecANUemOgRtÚvrt;eKcePosxøÜnCamYyecAeQogém: eRkamkar
Kabsgát;BIBYkeb:háan. enAeBlenaH ecAh‘Va Caesþcrbs;eb:háan )aneLIgesayraCüelIraCblø½gálav
enAkñúgqñaM1590.
esþcenHesayraCü)an9qñaM rhUtdl;qñaM1599 GñkRsukevogc½nÞk¾bHe)areLIg beNþjesþc
breTsenHecjBIRsukeTA)at;. GñkEdleLIgRKgraCblø½gábnþmkCakumarBencrmñak; eQµaHfa RBHfanI
manGayueTIbEt)an 14qñaMb:ueNÑaH.
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bursenHCaesþclavTI1 Edl)anRtÚveKelIk[esayraCübnþBIRbePTsaFarNrdæmYyEbbeRkayBIeK
)anbeNþjBYkcinecjeTA enAstvtSr_TI6énRKisþskraC. saFarNrdæEbbenHminGacbnþman
GtßiPaB)an edaysarBYkGñkdwknaMminRsuHRsYlKñakñúgkareRCIserIsemmñak;kñúgcMeNamKñaÉg k¾seRmc
eRCIserIsykesþcecjBIraCvgSéfmkvij.
enAstvtSr_TI17esþclavmanGMNacpþac;karTaMgxagGaNacRknigBuT§cRk.dIFøITaMgGs; enAkñúg
RBHraCaNacRk RBmTaMgRTBüsm,tþiTaMgLayrbs;RbCara®sþ Carbs;RBHraCa dUcCaenARbeTs\NÐa
Edr. sm½yenaHminTan;manRsTab;GPiCnenAeLIyeT muxgar nigzan³epSg²GaRs½yeTAtamEtRBH
T½yrbs;RBHraCa eRBaHRBHGgÁCaGñkbegáItm®nþI. GVI²EdlRBHraCa )anRbTan[nrNamñak;nwgRtÚv
Rtlb;mkCarbs;RBHraCavij enAeBlEdlGñkenaHsøab;eTA dUcCaenAkm<úCa \NÐasm½yBYkm:ugehÁal
nigenARbeTsCaeRcIneTotenAGasuIEdr.
manm®nþIFM8nak;CYykñúgkic©karRKb;RKgRBHraCaNacRk ³ EsnemOg KW]braC Edlelak
v:an;vUsUhV ehAfa etvInIj:akM):an b¤etvInIj:aEsn19 ehIyEdleyIg)aneXIjBIxagelIrYcmkehIy
KWmanzan³CaecA. EsnemOg TTYlbnÞúkkic©karRBHnKrmYycMENk CYyRBHraCaenAkñúgkarRKb;RKg
RBHraCaNacRk ehIyeFVIkarekaHRbCuMnamuWnsBVmuxm®nþI enAeBlEdlRBHraCasuKteTA edIm,IeRCIserIs
RBHraCamYyGgÁeTot. kñúgeBlrg;caMlT§plénkareRCIserIsRBHraCafµIenH EsnemOg dwknaMRbeTs
ehIymanGMNacbI dUcCaRBHraCaEdr. BYkhuløg;)anbBa¢ak;fa siT§iTaMgGs;enHrbs; EsnemOg
manBitEmn ehIy)an niyaybEnßmGMBIEbbbTbnþraCüfa {enAkñúgstvtSr_TI17 siT§ieLIgesayraCü
bnþenH Gnuvtþ)anEtcMeBaHraCbuRt EdlRbsURtecjBIRBHmehsImanxan;søa} b:ueNÑaH.
ehIy edayRBHraCaNacRkRtÚvEbgEckecjCaExRtFM² ¬emOg¦ 7 ebIsinNaRbeTssux
sb,ayCaFmµta manm®nþIFM²7nak;eTot manGMNacmincaj;mha]braCb:unµaneT EdlRKb;RKgelI
emOgnImYy²enaHtamry³GnuesnIy_rbs;xøÜn b:uEnþxøÜnÉgrs;enAkñúgraCFanICamYynwgRBHraCa. m®nþI
FM²TaMgGs;enHeRbób)aneTAnwgBYkkMNan;ExRtenAkm<úCa Edlmanzan³Cardæm®nþI eFVIkarenAGmRBHraCa
ehIycab;BIeBlminyUrb:unµan TTYlxusRtÚvelIExRtmYy EdlmanecAhVayRsukRtÜtRtaepSg ecAhVay
RsukenaH )anRtÚvRBHraCaEtgtaMgeLIgtamEtsMNUmBrrbs;kMNan;ExRt edayRTg;min)anRtÜtBinitü
BIelIeToteT. m®nþIFMRbcaMemOgTaMg7nak;enH CaTIRbwkSarbs;RBHraCa20.
enABIeRkamm®nþIFM²TaMg8rUbenH manm®nþItUcFMCaeRcIneTot EdlcMNuH[elakm®nþIFMmñak;²
emø:aHehIyeKarBRbNib½tn_m®nþIFMenaH.
19
vInIj:a KWBja. et RbEhlRtÚvnwgBaküExµrfa eTB/ eTv³. cMENkÉBaküEsn RbEhlmkBIBaküfaesna. kM):an
RbEhlRtÚvnwgBaküfa kMEpg.
20
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manBYkkMNan;ExRt EdlCardæm®nþI ehIyeKeXIjmanRbEhl²KñaEdrenAkñúgBYksuIbsag):aNa Edlmanm®nþI 4nak; Ca
ecAhVayelIRsuksMxan;²TaMg4/ ehIynigsuIbsagkaNaEdlCaecAhVayelIRsukTaMg12. enAesogtug karRKb;RKg
manrUbPaBFMeFgCagbnþic edaymanRkúmRbwkSamYyenACab;CamYynwgRBHraCa mansmaCikdl;eTA32nak; EdleRCIs
taMgeLIgedayRBHraCa CatMNagRsukTaMg32enAkñúgRBHraCaNacRk. emIleTA kalBImunmankarerobcMGMNacEbbenH
enATUTaMg\NÐÚcin.
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rbs;elak]tþmm®nþIRbcaMExRt EdlenACab;CamYyRBHraCa ebIsinCaRbeTsmansuxsnþiPaBFmµta.
eBlmanswks®gÁam T½BTaMgGs;enaHGacnwgsþab;bBa¢arbs;mha]braCvijk¾man. T½BTaMgGs;TTYl
karpÁt;pÁg;pÞal;BIExRtedImrbs;xøÜn.
raCvaMgrbs;RBHraCal¥Nas; manPIelogCaeRcInnak;. RBHraCamanRBHCayarab;rynak; RBHCa
yaTaMgenaHman®sþIbeRmIrab;Ban;nak;. eKsÁal;zan³m®nþIeTAtamRTBüsm,tþi EdlmaneTAtamTMhMRbGb;
dak;søamøÚ eTAtamsBaØasmÁal;epSg²eFVIGMBImasb¤R)ak;EdlBak; nigeTAtamsRms;yanCMniH EdleKCiH
dUcCa enAkm<úCa b¤enAesomG‘ÍcwgEdr. manEtmha]braCeT EdlmansiT§iCiHdMrIdUcCaRBHraCa enAkñúgk,Ün
EhRBHGgÁ. m®nþIÉeTot² EhCiHERKEsñgtUcFMeTAtamzan³rbs;xøÜn lm¥eTAedayRBMBN’mas.
RBHraCakRmnwgbgðajRBHP½®kþCasaFarN³Nas; RTg;yagecjCYbRbCaCnEt2dgb:ueNÑaH kñúg
mYyqñaM² b:uEnþ cenøaHeBlrvageBlTaMg2enH manEt1éf¶b:ueNÑaH dUcCaRBHraCavrµ½n esþceb:háan b¤esþc
esomEdr21. enAeBlenaH RTg;RKgRBHP®sþa):ak;masKg;elIdMrI enAelIRBHeksmankMNat;bUrmas
B½T§CuMvij edIm,Icgsk;EdlEvgGnøay RBHkaN’manBak;TMh‘UFM² EdleFVI[RtbkRtecokyarEvgdl;
sµa. RTg;yageTAkan;R)asaTedIm,IfVaytgVaydl;sasnikCn22. enABIxagmuxRBHraCamannamuWn
sBVmuxm®nþIedIrEhtamzan³erog²xøÜn nigt®nþIkrCaeRcIn.
enAkñúgqñaM1642 elak ehSr:av:an;vUsUhV EdleFVIdMeNIrecjBIkm<úCaeTAkan;evogc½nÞEdlKat;ehA
fa {evogc½nÞénRbeTslUEvn} )aneTAdl;TIenaHenAéf¶TI8 Exvicäika ehIy)anniyaybBa¢ak;famanBl
Tahan 300nak; édkan;lMEBg b¤kaMePøIg edIrBIxagmuxRBHraCa. bnÞab;mk KWT½BdMrImanGñkCiHkan;GavuF
RKb;éd rYcehIyKWT½BePøgcMnYn200nak; enAcugbBa©b;KWRsIsñMrbs;RBHraCaCiHelIdMrI16k,al. RBHraCa
manRBHCnµ 23RBHvsSa RTg;esayraCsm,tþi3qñaMrYcmkehIy ¬1642¦ bnþBIRBHeromEdlsuKteTA
eRkayBIesayraCü)an10qñaM EtKµanbuRtsñg. RBHraCaRTg;RbkbeTAedayFm’xøaMgNas; nigmanm®nþI
CaTIRbwkSad¾buinRbsb; ehAfaBYkeTvInIj:a. dMrIRBHraCa CadMrIEdlFM nigl¥CageK manBak;kRmalRBMd¾FM
ehordl;dI rMelceTAedayeRKÓgGlgáarCaeRcIn elak hSg;m:arILWrIy:a niyayBenøIsfa ¬lm¥eTAeday
21
sUmGanTMnak;TMngkarTUtrbs;esþclVI TI14 CamYyesþcesom nigGankMNt;Rtarbs; CavtakVan; sþIGMBIkm<úCa.
22
enAkm<úCa KWbuNükfin.
RTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs;rbs;RBHraCaNacRk¦. enAéf¶EdlRBHraCayagecjeRkA narI²minRtÚvecjBIpÞH
eT b:uEnþGacemIlRBHraCaeFVIdMeNIrBImat;bg¥Üc)an. RBHsgÇRtÚvnimnþmkTTYlRBHraCa[)anq¶ay
bnþicBIvtþ.
TUtbreTs EtgTTYl)annUvkarTTYlrak;Tak;xøaMgNas; ehIyRBHraCasBVRBHT½ycg;[BYkenH cUl
rYmTsSnaEl,gekItecjBIkarpSaMgdMrIekµg² eTIbEtTak;)an EdleKerobcMeLIgedIm,I[RbCara®sþ nig
esvkamatü)ansb,ay23 TsSnar)aMrbs;BYkRsIPIelog nigTsSnakar)aj;kaMRCÜc. RBHraCaTTYlBYk
raCTUt breTsenAkñúgbnÞb;mYyFM edayRTg;Kg;enAelIblø½gáy:agx<s; RBHB½®sþs¥at² nigeFVITMnak;TMngCa
mYybNþaraCTUtTaMgenaH tamry³naykrdæm®nþIrbs;RBHGgÁ RTg;minniyaytTl;pÞal;EtmþgeT dUcCaenA
Rsukesom km<úCa eb:hÁÚ nigGar:akan; Edr EdlRBHraCaRTg;bgðajRBHGgÁEttammat;bg¥ÜcEtb:ueNÑaH24.
elakehSr:av:an;vUsUhV )anerobrab;fasarlixitEdl]tþmesnIy_rbs;Rkúmh‘unKat; enA)atavIy:a
[Kat;kan;mk)anRtÚvm®nþIFMEdlKat;ehAfa eTvInIj:a TTYlyk dak;elIeCIgBanmas man)aMgkøs;mas
y:agx<s; km<s;esµInwgdgekþagrbs;sMeBAFMmanGñkGuM40nak; EdleKbBa¢Ún[eTATTYlKat;enAcm¶ay
RbEhlCagmYyKILÚEm:RtBIraCFanI. karnaMsartaMgmkfVayRBHraCaRbRBwtþeTAEbbenH. BiFIGFik
GFmdUcKñaenH manerobrab;eLIgEdr edaysmaCikraCTUtEdlesþclVITI14 )anbBa¢ÚneTAKal;esþc
Rsukesom ehIymanerobrab;Rbhak;RbEhlKñaedayvresnIy_RtI suIm nigGnuesnIy_Ék h‘Ír:amkuk
CaTUtEdlRkúmh‘unGg;eKøsenA\NÐa bBa¢ÚneTAPUmaenAkñúgqñaM1795 nig1796.
elak«Buk m:arInI )anniyayfa enAeBlEdlT½BGv:aRKb;RKgExRtmYyrbs;lav Edlmincg;elIk
sYysarGakreTA[enAkñúgstvtSr_TI16 esþcGv:a)ancUllukluyRsuklav deNþImykraCFanI)an
rYcnaMRbCaCnCaeRcInykeTACamYy. ehtukarN_enH minmanerobrab;enAkñúgerOgEdl´)anelIkxagelI
23
eyIg)aneXIjBIxagelIehIyfa El,genHminEmnsuT§EtKµaneRKaHfñak;enaHeT eRBaHRBHeBaFisaraC )ansuKtkñúgBiFI
enHkñúgqñaM1548 enAmuxbNþaTUt EdlRTg;cg;eFVI[sb,ay.
24
enAsm½ydMNalKñaenaH BYkesþcm:ugehÁalEdlesayraCüenAraCFanIEdløI b¤GaRka )anTTYlBYkraCTUtenAkñúgbnÞb;d_
s¥atmYyehAfa DIv:g;tGaM ehIyRTg;bgðajxøÜnenAkñúgLÚsuIy:amYy dak;enAelItueFVIGMBIeføImfµFMmYy EdlmanbNþardæm®nþITaMg
LayGgÁúyCuMvij. RTg;minTTYlyksartaMgedaypÞal;RBHhsþeT vIesor rbs;RBHGgÁCaGñkTTYl k¾b:uEnþ RTg;man
RBHbnÞÚleTAkan;BYkTUtTaMgenaH saksYrsMNYrpSg² ehIyBYkTUtTaMgenaHGacsaksYrsMNYrmkRBHGgÁvij)an. esþc
EBkS k¾erobcMkarTTYlraCTUtbreTsEbbdUcKñaenHEdr.
eT ehIyk¾minmanenAkñúgerOgCabnþeTAeTotEdr. BYklavEdlCab;CaeQøIyenAeb:hÁÚ minsb,aycitþnwg
BYkGñkRtÜtRtaelIxøÜneT éf¶mYyk¾cab;kan;GavuFbHe)areLIg. b:uEnþBYkeKmin)anvaydeNþImyk eb:hÁÚeT
eTaHbIfaeBlenaHCakargayNas;k¾eday KWRKan;EtvaysRtÚv[braC½y rYcnaMKñavilRtlb;mkRsuk
vij vayBYksRtÚvenAnwgRsuklav beNþj[BYkenaHvilRtlb;eTARsukvijb:ueNÑaH. mkdl;evogc½nÞ
EdlT½Beb:hÁÚRtÜtRtaGs;eBlb:unµanqñaMmkehIy BYklavTaMgGs;enaH k¾dak;GavuFTTYlsÁal;GMNacrbs;
esþceKvij. RBwtþikarN_sMxan;TaMgGs;enHekItmaneLIg enAedImstvtSr_TI17 b¤cugstvtSr_TI16.
elak«Buk m:arInI )anniyaybEnßmfa enAeBlenaHesþcGv:a RbúgnwgelIkT½BmkvaylukRsuklav
mþgeTot k¾b:uEnþEpnkarenHRtÚvbBa©ab;eTAedayRBHGgÁRtÚvsuKt.
esþcGv:aEdlesaybnþ)anRbkan;ykeKalneya)ayepSg edayRTg;RKan;Etcg;[esþclav
elIksYysarGakrmkfVayerogral;qñaM nigbBa¢ÚndMrIl¥mYyk,almkfVayb:ueNÑaH.RBHraCalav)ancat;
TuksMeNIenHfa CakarRbmafmYy EdlnwgnaM[lavkøayxøÜneTACanKrcMNuHesþcGv:a RTg;eRkaFCaxøaMg
ehIy)an[Xat;TUteb:háanEdlnaMsarmkTukenAnwgevogc½nÞ rYc)an[kgT½Brbs;RBHGgÁdkhUtyk
GavuFyuT§PNÐTaMgGs; EdlesþcGv:a mun)anykmkKrTukenAnwgTl;Edn.
elak«Buk m:arInI nigBYkBaNiC¢krhuløg;)anerobrab;eTotfa enAstvtSr_TI17 eK)aneFVIdMeNIrBI
km<úCa nigesom mkkan;raCFanIevogc½nÞrbs;lav edIm,IeronFm’RBHBuT§ nigsþab;Fm’eTsna25.
BaNiC¢kmµminsUvCamankarGPivDÆn_b:unµaneT k¾b:uEnþmankarCYjdUrCaeTogTat; RbkbedayPaB
gayRsYl nigsuvtßiPaBEdlminKYreCO ³ BYklaveFVIdMeNIreTARsukesomtamreTH ehIyt¥ÚjEt¥rfa min
RtÚv)anesomTTYlrak;Tak;eTeRBaHeKcat;TukfalavCamnusSéRBKµanGarüFm’dUceK.BYkcinmk2qñaMmþg
edIm,ICYjdUrTMnijenAkñúgTIRkúgmYysßitenAelIédTenøemKgÁxagsþaMmaneQµaHfa emkuk nigenAesogéh
EdlBYkhuløg;ehAfa emOghVak;. cMENkÉBYkesomvij manmkeRcInral;EtqñaM edayykRkNat;qñÚt²
mkedaHdUrykmaseTAvij RkNat;enaHGñkRsukcUlcitþNas; CaBiess RsI². maneFVIBaNiC¢kmµ
CamYykm<úCapgEdr tamBYkhuløg;niyayfaecosminrYc ehIykm<úCaTijykvtßúFatuedImeTACaeRcIn
25
c,ab;sþIBIbraCikrbs;bBVCitEdlRtÚvGabtþi ehIybeNþjecjBIvtþGaram EdleKGnuvtþenAkm<úCasBVéf¶ Edl´)an
sresrenAkñúgesovePA {c,ab;Rkmkm<úCa} Rtg;CMBUk {c,ab;TMenomBIburaN} )anRtÚveroberogeLIgtaMgBIstvtSr_TI17
edayKN³kmµkarsasnamYy kñúgenaHmanRBHsgÇlav2GgÁEdleKnimnþmkBILan eQog b¤evogc½nÞ cUlrYmEdr.
CaBiess KWkb,as.
BYkhuløg;niyayfaGñkRsukGatUBW EdleFVIEr:masenAkñúgsÞwg )anbg;Bn§CamasEtmþg KWmas
¬hµt;dUcemSA¦ eRBaHeKykmas)anrhUtdl;eTA2hab KW120KILÚRkamkñúgmYyqñaM².
RBHraCaNacRklaveBlenaH manTMnak;TMngCamYybreTsCaeRcIn minenAÉekaeT KWEtgTTYlraC
TUtrbs;esþcRbeTsCitxag manGv:a CaedIm EdlmanTMnak;TMngminsUvCal¥b:unµaneTCamYylav cab;BI
s®gÁamcugeRkayenAedImstvtSr_TI17mk/ CamYytugkwg fVIebIBYkGaNÑamFøab;)aneFVIs®gÁamCamYy
esþcevogc½nÞ bNþal[lavsøab;Gs;CaeRcInkþI26/ CamYyesomEdlEtgEtRsémcg;yklavdak;Ca
cMNuH b:uEnþcMeBaHmuxRtÚvcgs<anemRtIedIm,IykkmøaMgRbqaMgnwgBYleb:háan nigPUmasin EdlRBÜtKñavay
mkelI27/ ehIyCamYykm<úCa EdllavrkSacMNgTak;TgxagBaNiC¢kmµ nigsasnaCab;CaRbcaM ebIeTaH
Camankarpulrmas;xøHtaMgBI3qñaMmunmkk¾eday enAeBlEdlelak ehSr:av:an;vUsUhV RtÚv)an]braCevog
c½nÞ cat;taMg[pSarP¢ab;cMNgemRtIPaBrvagesþcTaMg2eLIgvij BIeRBaHfa buBVbursrbs;eK)ans,fEs,
CamYyKñaenAelIekaH saEsnhM fa nwgcgcMNgemRtIPaBnwgKñaCaerogrhUttdl;kUnecA.
RbeTslaveBlenaHCaraCaNacRkmhaGMNacmYy fVIebIRbeTsenHKµanRckecjeTAsmuRT
k¾eday. RBMRbTl;xageCIgTl;nwgyunNan rIÉRBMRbTl;xagt,Úg BYkhuløg;énebskkmµv:an;vUsUhV)an
bBa¢ak;fa {)asak;CaRBMEdncugputrbs;RbeTslUEvn}. KYrbBa¢ak;faTwkdITaMgGs;EdlenAxageRkam
)asak; b¤cM):asak; CaTwkdIrbs;km<úCaeT28.
BYklav)anerIbRmHecjBIkarRKb;RKgrbs;cinenAstvtSr_TI6 rYcehIy)anbgábegáItCakSRtRb
eTstUc²CaeRcInenAxageCIgevogc½nÞ EdlTTYlsÁal;GFiraCPaBrbs;esþckm<úCa EtenArkSa)an
ÉkraCürbs;xøÜn. KWCacRkPBmYyFM sßitenAeRkamkarRtÜtRtarbs;raCaFibetyümYy EdlmanRBH
26
TUtGaNÑam)anmkdl;evogc½nÞenAéf¶TI10 ExmIna qñaM1642 Etmin)ankarTTYlrak;Tak;eT ehIyRtÚvvilRtlb;eTA
vij CabnÞan;.
27
raCTUtesomEdlmkdl;evogc½nÞéf¶TI2 Ex]sPa qñaM1642 min)ansVaKmn_karTTYlrak;Tak;eT ehIy)anRtÚvesþc
lavbBa¢amin[eTAvijeTotebIKµankarGnuBaØatBIRBHGgÁ ehIyRTg;)an[b:UlistamdanCab;. BYkhuløg;niyayfa raCTUt
lav k¾min)anTTYlkarsVaKmn_rak;Tak;EdrenARsukesom GñkTaMg2nak;enHecHEtRcENnKña.
28
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eBlenaH høÜgR)a)agEdlCaraCFanIrbs;lavmunevogc½nÞkalBImunstvtSr_TI16 k¾)anERbkøayeTACa
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RKb;RKgsYBUCt²Kña erogrhUtmk.
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hitCamYyRBHraCalavBImun b¤k¾Cab;sac;sarelahitéf. RBHraCaNacRkenHrYmmankSRtRbeTs
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]braCenAtugkwgBImun EtbnÞab;mk)anpþac;xøÜnÉkraCBItugkwg edaymankarKaMRTBIBYkcamEdlFøab;
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)an.
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nigmanGarüFm’RtcHRtcg;. ´sUmpþl;karyl;dwgxøHGMBIRbeTsCitxagrbs;km<úCaedaybBa¢ak;BIkar
lUtlas;rbs;eKy:agdUecñH munnwgCRmabCUnGMBInKrcam:,a EdlElgCamhaGMNacmYyeTotehIy.
2- nKrcam,: a
BYkcam EdlCasRtÚvsYBUCrbs;BYkGaNÑam CYnkal)ancgsm<½n§emRtIPaBCamYyExµr EtCYn
kaleTot CasRtÚvnwgExµr. BYkcamenHFøab;)ancUllukluyGaNaExRtrbs;GaNÑam nigkm<úCa Cajwk
jyehIy)anebIkkic©Rbtibtþikarqk;bøn;tameqñrsmuRT\tQb;QreRkayBIbNþaExRtxageCIgcMnYn5
rbs;eK )anRtÚvpþac;eTA[GaNÑam. BYkcamenHElgmanGtßiPaBeTotehIy enAcugstvtSr_TI16.
BYkenH )anpøas;bþÚrcUlkan;sasnamham:at;vijenAstvtSr_TI14 tamry³GñkpSBVpSaysasna mkBI
ekaHCVataMgBI2ryqñaMmun. BYkcameTIbEt)an)at;bg;ExRtmYycMnYn kñúgenaHmanTIRkúgev: Edlman
eComcamCaraCFanIrbs;xøÜntaMgenA nig faj;v:a EdlmanTYr:anenAkñúgenaHpg.
cam)anvaymkelIeqñrsmuRTGaNÑammþgenAkñúgqñaM1361 vayTIrYmExRtLamb‘íjenAkñúgqñaM
1365 vay[T½BGaNÑambraC½y b:uEnþenATIbMputk¾RtÚvBYkGaNÑamrujRcan[dkfyeTAvij minEt
b:ueNÑaH RtÚvGaNÑamtamvayrhUtdl;RsukeTotpg enAkñúgqñaM1366 nig1367.
enAkñúgqñaM1371cam)ancUlvaydutbMpøajTIRkúgédGanEdlsßitenAelImat;BamsÞwgev: tamkar
júHjg;rbs;RBHmataesþcERCkraCüGaNÑammñak;. dl;mkqñaM1373 cam)ancUllukdl;TIRkúgev:
k¾b:uEnþRtÚvvay[braC½y ehIyBYkGaNÑam)anedjtamkab;smøab;rhUtmkdl;raCFanIca)anEtmþg.
navacm,aMgrbs;cam )anRtÚvbMpøajedayxül;BüúHmYyenAkñúgqñaM1377.
eday)anRbkasCaesþcGaNÑam nUvGñkGgÁm©as;GaNÑamCaeQøIymñak; Edl)anerobkarCamYy
kSRtIcammYyGgÁCaPriya ehIytaMgenAeg:Gan EdlkalBIedImCaextþmYyrbs;cam BYkGaNÑam)an
tammkvayCaeRcInelIkeRcInsa rYcvaycUldl;kñúgraCFanIeg:GankñúgqñaM1382 eFVI[RBHraCaenaH
suKteTAenAkñúgkarRbyuT§tameCIgTwk. T½BGaNÑam)anvayT½Bcam[braC½yeTotTaMgtampøÚveKak
TaMgtampøÚvTwk enAkñúgqñaM1383 nig1384. mkdl;qñaM1385 BYkcam)ancUlmkvaymþgeTot
vaycUldl;mkmat;TVarraCFanIhaNUyEtmþg ehIylukluyratt,atBaseBjGaNaExRttugkwg
PaKxagt,Úg Gs;ry³eBl 6Ex. eRkayBIRtÚvvay[dkfyeTA BYkcamenH)anRtlb;mkvay
ExRtfaj;v:amþgeTot enAkñúgqñaM1390 EtRtÚvGaNÑamvaybeNþjecjvij eFVI[søab;Gs;esþccam
mYyGgÁEfmeTot. cam k¾elIk]tþmesnIy_EdlCYyse®gÁaHkgT½BxøÜn[rYcBIsøab;eFVICaesþc.
kñúgqñaM1393 BYkcam)anvayeTAelIT½BGaNÑam EdlecjmkesuIbkarN_enAnwgTl;Edn.
manekItPaBRcbUkRcbl;xøH CamYyesþcEdleLIgesayraCübnþBI]tþmesnIy_emT½B eFVI[BYk
GaNÑam eqøót»kaselIkT½BcUlmkvayenAkñúgqñaM1403 k¾b:uEnþ T½BGaNÑamRtÚvbraC½yeTot. kñúgqñaM
1404 GaNÑam)anvaycUlCafµI ehIyeLamB½T§raCFanIca)anCab; bMpøicbMpøajexÞcxÞI EtminGacdeNþIm
yk)an k¾dkfyecjeTAvijGs;eTA.
edayBYkcamenAEtbnþvaymkelIeqñrsmuRTGaNÑam nigebIkkic©RbtibtþikarecjmkeRkATwkdI
rbs;xøÜn\tQb;Qr eRBaHmankarKaMRTBIRbCaCncam Edlrs;enAkñúgExRtEdlFøak;cUlkñúgkarRKb;
RKgrbs;GaNÑam enATIbBa©b;esþcGaNÑam eLj:an;tug )anseRmcbMpøajBYkenH[dac;BUCEtmþg.
3- GaNaÑ m-tgu kgw
GaNÑam )anerIbRmHxøÜnecjBInwmRtÜtRtarbs;cin enAkñúgqñaM1428 enAeBlEdlsnþtivgSmij
eTIbEtpþÜlrMlMdeNþImGMNac)anBIBYktaktarm:ugehÁal enAÉraCFanIeb:kaMg. knøgmk GaNÑam)anTTYl
rgnUvkarKabsgát;xøaMgNas; eRBaHRtÚvkgT½BcinrukranbMpøicbMpøajpg RtÚvBYkm®nþIEbgEckGMNacKñapg
minEtb:ueNÑaHRtÚvBYkBaNiC¢krcinEdlmktamkgT½BekgRbv½Ba©pg. eRkayBI)aneFVIkarRbyuT§
RbqaMgnwgcinmin)aneCaKC½yrYcmk BYkGñkbHe)arRbqaMgnwgcin )anelIkraCvgS2nak;epSg²Kña
[eLIgesayraCü mñak;KWCabuRtaeBArbs;esþcRtan;eg:tugEdlCaRBHraCaTI8énsnþtivgSRtan; man
eQµaHfa g:y ¬y:aDij¦ RtÚvRkúmKaMRTRbkaselIkCaesþcenAkñúgqñaM1407 mñak;eToteQµaH Rtan;KVIxag
¬eRTÓgkVaged¦ RtÚvCakµÜyrbs;g:y nigCaecArbs;Rtan;eg:tug )anRtÚvbkSBYkRbkaselIkCaesþc
enAkñúgqñaM1410. eRkaymkRtan;KVIxag)anRtÚveKcab;RbKl;[cin ehIyk¾eFVIGtþXatenAtampøÚv
eFVIdMeNIreTARsukcin.
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)ancUlédcUleCIgKaMRTBYkERCkraCüfKVIlI nighUhaneFOg mk RbCaCnERbhak;dUcCaesaHGegÁIy
CamYynwgraCvgSRtan; ebIeTaHbIfa BYkhU RtÚv)at;bg;Gs;eTAehIykþI.
karCiHCan;Kabsgát; karerobcMEbgEckdIPUmiCafµI nigraCbBa¢aqñaM1414 EdltRmÚv[burs²
GaNÑamTuksk;EvgdUccin29 ehIyhamXat;narI²min[sak;xøÜn nig[esøókEtsemøókbMBak;xøI² manéd
Evg )annaM[mankarbHe)arRbqaMgnwgGaCJaFrcineLIg. enAsm½yenaH vahak;dUcCafaemT½Bcin EdlCa
GPi)alelIGaNÑam cg;eqøótyk»kasEdlRbCaCnminsb,aycitþedIm,ITajykplRbeyaCn_
pÞal;xøÜnehIyvayykGaNÑamTaMgmUlEtmþg eRkayBIbBa¢ÚnkgT½Bcin[Rtlb;eTAvijrYcehIy. KMnit
k,t;enH ebIsinCamanEmn )anRtÚvEbkkarN_ ehIyemT½Bcink¾RtÚveKekaHehA[vilRtlb;eTAvij.
GVIEdlemT½BcinenaHeFVImin)anseRmc )anRtÚvGñkdéTeFVI)anseRmc enAeBlEdlKµanrUbKat;.
29
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manm®nþIFMrbs;raCvaMgmunmñak; maneQµaHfa eLLWy b¤eLlI EdlminEdlcuHcUlCamYynrNa )anRbEm
RbmUlBYkGñkEdlRbqaMgnwgkarRKb;RKgrbs;cinmkCaRkúmEtmYy rYccab;ebIkkarvayqµk;eTAelIBYkcin
enAkñúgqñaM1417eFVI[BYkenHmankarPJak;ep¥Il nig)at;bg;kgBlGs;CaeRcIn.eLLWy vaycin CYnQñH
CYncaj;. RKÜsarrbs;Kat;RtÚvcincab;)an ehIyGarksmøab;TaMgGs; eFVI[Kat;Gs;sgÇwm Tn;édTn;eCIg
Gs;mYyry³ b:uEnþbnÞab;mkKat;k¾manesckþIkøahaneLIgvij cab;eFVIkarRbyuT§ eBareBjeTAedaykMhwg
QWcab; eBareBjeTAedayPaBsahav eFVI[sRtÚvbraC½y EteRkaymkKat; k¾RtÚvbraC½yvijmþg.
s®gÁamrMedaHRsukenHmanry³eBl10qñaM enATIbBa©b;eLLWyk¾rujRcanT½B cin[cakecjBITwkdI
GaNÑam)an eFVI[RsukTTYl)anesrIPaBenAkñúgqñaM1428. eLLWy k¾eLIgesayraCü begáIt)anCa
snþtivgS eL fµI Edlmanesþc 25GgÁ esayraCüGs;kal364qñaM BI1428 dl;1791.
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bþÚrRBHnamfaeLFYnFan. edaybBa¢ak;fa snþtivgSRtan; minmanraCbuRtsñgRtkUlteTAeTot RTg;)an
sMNUmBr[RBHecAGFiraCcinTTYlsÁal;RBHGgÁ faCaesþcrbs;GaNÑam.
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cMnYnenAPaKxageCIg vayBYkenaH[braC½y rYcehIyRTg;cab;erobcMRbeTseLIgvijtamKMrUrbs;cin
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bBa©úHzan³raCbuRtmYyGgÁ Edl)anRbRBwtþxusqÁg minRtwmRtÚvtamKnøgFm’.
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eTA[ksikr. mansMeBACMnYjbreTsmkBIcin m:aeL ecjcUlkMBg;Epkan;EteRcIneLIg² BImYyéf¶
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mYymþg² esÞIrEtTaMgGs;.
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eTA enAkñúgqñaM1509.
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eLIgesayraCübnþBIRBHGgÁRtÚvRbQmmuxnwgkarbHe)areLIgvij ehIyRtÚvbgç¿citþrt;eKcecjBIraC
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enAkñúgqñaM1522. m:ak;dagdug k¾edjtam ehIycab;RBHGgÁ)anenAkñúgqñaM1523 nignaMRtlb;mk
haNUyvij bBa¢a[eKXuMxøÜnRBHGgÁ rYcelIkrC¢TayaTeLKYghVag[eLIgesayraCüvij. tamBit KW
m:ak;dagdugenHÉg EdldwknaMRbeTsCati nigecjbBa¢aepSg²RBmTaMgGnuvtþsiT§iGMNacTaMgGs;CMnYs
RBHraCa. k¾b:uEnþ dUcCahUKVIlIEdleyIg)aneXIjBIxagelIrYcmkehIyEdr m:ak;dagdug minTan;h‘an
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dug cUleTACYbesþcekµgeLKYghVag bgç¿[cuHhtßelxadak;raCsm,tþi[xøÜn. m:ak;dagdug begáIt)anCa
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cRkBRtcintamry³karTamTarepSg²KµanQb;Qr nigtamry³bkSBYkrbs;xøÜn rhUtTal;Et)at;
GMNaceTA enAkñúgqñaM1592.
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eKehAfa étKij ekNÐT½BrYcRbkaselIkRBHGgÁCaesþc eTIbyagRBHGgÁmkkan;raCFanIhaNUy ehIy
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raCüenAhaNUyedaylM)ak ehIycUlcitþmanemdwknaMedayELk. BYkm:ak; )anmktaMgGMNacenATIenH
cab;BIqñaM1592 rhUtdl;qñaM1660 edaysgÇwmkñúgcitþfa nwgGacdeNþImykRBHraCaNacRkTaMgmUl
)anmkvij BIédesþceL eRkamkardwknaMRKb;RKgrbs;BYkCU.
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7
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RBHmhakSRtEdlsuKteTAenAÉsÞwgERtgeTAvij. edaymankarKaMRTBIBYkdUmInIkaMg nigBYkGUhÁÚsþaMg enA
m:anIl EdlmanbMNgcg;[eGs:,ajdeNþImykkm<úCa edIm,IxøÜn)anERbkøayRbeTsenH[kan;sasna
katUlikvij rYcehIyBRgIk\T§iBlrbs;xøÜn. TIbMputebLÚsUk¾niyaybBa©úHbBa©ÚlelakGPi)allVIeb:er:-
dasm:arIj:a EdlCakUnrbs;sBelak ehÁaemeb:er:dasm:arIj:a )anseRmcedayTTYl)anT½BeGs,a-
j:úl 120nak; nigk):al; 3eRKÓg sßitenAeRkambBa¢arbs;GnuesnIy_Ék Cn nigeCérhÁalINatU
manedImkMeNItmkBILas):al;m:as ¬ekaHkaNarI¦ ehIynigBYkdUmInIkaMg3nak; kñúgenaHmanelak«Buk
GaLúgsUCImWeN GayuRbEhl70qñaM nigelak«Buk DIyWehÁaGaDUGat EdlCamnusSGg;Gackøahan
pgEdr.k):al;TaMg3ecjdMeNIrBIm:anIl enAéf¶TI19ExmkraqñaM1596.manEtk):al;2eTEdl)an
eFVIdMeNIrmkdl;km<úCa KWk):al;EdlbBa¢aedayebLÚsU nig)øarUh_S cMENkk):al;1eTot EdlbBa¢aeday
e®hÁhÁ½rdWv:ahÁas vegVgpøÚv b¤mkdl;eRkayk¾mindwg.
mkdl;km<úCa ebLÚsUctk):al;enA)ar:ar:a ¬ExRt)araC¦. KWenATIenaHÉg Edl ebLÚsU )anTTYl
dMNwgfa RBHramaeCIgéRBdeNþImykraCsm,tþi)an ehIyyagmkKg;enAsuIsÞ½r ¬RsIsn§r¦. ebLÚsU Kit
fa RtÚvcuHcUlnwgRBHraCafµIenH ehIy)anbBa¢ÚnBt’mansþIBIkarmkdl;rbs;xøÜneTAfVayRBHramaeCIgéRB.
edIm,IelIkeCIg ebLÚsU RBHramaeCIgéRB )anbBa¢ÚneTAvijnUvlixitEtgtaMg ebLÚsU CaGPi)alExRt nig
lixitGnuBaØat[ )øasrUh_S mansiT§ieFVIdMeNIreTATINak¾)anenAkñúgRBHraCaNacRk rYcRTg;rg;caMsþab;dMNwg
eqøIytbBImitþrbs;GtItRBHmhakSRtTaMgRBHT½yRBÜy)armÖeTAvij. ebLÚsU nig)øasrUh_S )aneFVI
dMeNIreLIgtamTenøemKgÁ mkdl;PñMeBjEdlkalenaHeKehAfactumµúx. ebItamÉksarrbs;BYkeG-
s,aj:úl nigB½rTuyehÁ fa ctumµúxnaeBlenaH CamCÄmNÐlBaNiC¢kmµFMmYy manCnCaticinrs;enAcMnYn
3Ban;nak;. eBlenaHmanCemøaHmYy)anpÞúHeLIgrvagBYkcinnwgBYkGWr:ub. edaymankarKaMRTBIBYkCb:un
Edlkan;RKisþsasnacMnYn20nak; BYkGWr:ub)anebIkkarvayRbhareTAelIBYkcin ehIysmøab;BYkenH
Gs;3rynak; rYcrwbGUsyksMeBAcinTaMgGs;RBmTaMgTMnijpg.eRcInéf¶eRkaymkebLÚsU nig)øasrUh_S
)anbBa¢ÚnsMeNIeTAsuMcUlKal;RBHraCa minEmnedIm,IraykarN_fVayGMBIRBwtþikarN_vayRbharenaHeT
EtKWedIm,IfVaystVlamYyk,alnigCMnUnmYycMnYn EdlGPi)alRkúgm:anIl )anbnÞúkbnþak;[xøÜnnaMykmk
fVay. b:uEnþRBHraCa)anbdiesFminRBmTTYleT drabNaBYkGWr:ubminTan;RbKl;sMeBA nigTMnijeTA[BYk
cinvij.
eqøIytbeTAnwgRBHraC\riyabfenH ebLÚsU nig)øasrUh_S )anseRmccat;EcgsPaBkarN_[)an
elOn. eKnaMKñaeFVIdMeNIrecjBIPñMeBjeTAkan;RsIsn§r CamYynwg dUmInIkaMgDIyuWehÁaGaDUGat nigkmøaMg
emaHmutdac;xatcMnYn38nak;9. ecjdMeNIrBIk,alRBlb; edIrcm¶ay30KILÚEm:Rt BYkenH)anmkdl;
raCFanIenARbEhlCaem:ag2eTobPøW ehIy)ancab;ebIkkarvayRbhareTAelIRBHraCvaMgmunéf¶rH.
RBHramaeCIgéRB )anRtÚvBYkenHeFVIXat enAeBlEdlRTg;kMBugerobcMePosxøÜnecjCamYyRsIsñM nig
esnakarBar cMENkÉBYknamuWnsBVmuxm®nþI nigraCbriBar EdlmanEtlMEBg nigFñÚsñaCaGavuF )anRtÚv
)aj;smøab;Gs;CaeRcIn ¬RBwtþikarN_enHekIteLIgenAkñúgEx]sPa qñaM1596¦10. RbtibtþikarenH TTYl
)aneCaKC½yTaMgRsug k¾b:uEnþBYkGñkpSgeRBg)anRtÚvGñkRsukecameramvaybkvij eRkayBI)anBinitü
eXIjfaBYkenHmancMnYnticCag edaybgç¿[BYkeKdkfymkkan;PñMeBjvijTaMglM)ak CaTIEdleKct
k):al;Tuk. ebIkuMEtemT½BExµrRtÚvrbYsedaylMEBgFøayeBaHsøab; kuMGIBYkenHBi)aknwgeKcxøÜnrYcNas;.
Kab;CYneBlenaH hÁalINatU nigBlTahanrbs;eK )aneFVIdMeNIrBI)araCmkdl;lµm eFVI[sPaBkarN_
enAPñMeBjl¥RbesIreLIgvij. k¾b:uEnþmin)anb:unµanéf¶pg eRkayBI)anebIkkarRbCuMRkúmRbwkSas®gÁam
mYyrYcmk ehIyBinitüeXIjfa BYkExµrGacnwgebIkkarRbyuT§bkmþgeToteFVI[mankarlM)akkñúgkarTb;
Tl; hÁalINatU )anseRmcelIkyufáaebIkk):al;ecjBIPñMeBj cuHtamTenøemKgÁ eFVIdMeNIreTAkan;tugkwg
vij kñúgeKalbMNgeTATamTarykk):al;mYyeRKÓgEdlBYkcin)annaMykeTAeRkayBI)aneFVIXatelak
GPi)alRkúgm:anIl nigRkúmnavik rYcmk. eTAdl;tugkwg EbLÚsU nig)øarUh_S EdlenAEtmanKMnitmincg;
e)aHbg;KeRmagkarrbs;xøÜnenAkm<úCaenaH )annaMKñaedIrEbkecjBICnrYmCatieK qøgkat;CYrPñMGaNÑam
Rsukrbs;GñkéRBxa cUlmkRsuklav rYcRtlb;mkkm<úCavij. mkdl;sÞwgERtgBYkeK)anbBa©úHbBa©Úl
GñkGgÁm©as;tn;fa»kasdeNþImykraCsm,tþimkdl;ehIy ehIyyagRBHGgÁ[eFVIdMeNIrmkCamYy
9
raCBgSavtarniyayfaEt10nak;eT.
10
raCBgSavtar)anGHGagfa RBHramaeCIgéRB )anecjbBa¢a[kab;smøab;BYkGWr:ubmun CaehtueFVI[BYkenHebIkkar
vayRbharmuneBlGnuvtþRBHraCbBa¢a. b:uEnþkMNt;RtamYyCaPasaeGs,aj:úlEdlelakka)atugeTIbEtrkeXIj
min)anniyaydUecñHeT.
eK. eBleFVIdMeNIrmkdl;RsIsn§r BYknamuWnsBVmuxm®nþIEdlkMBugEtenOyNaynwgGnaFibetyü
bNþalmkBImrNPaBrbs;RBHramaeCIgéRBpg BIeRBaHfakm<úCaeBlenaH minEmnRKan;EtKµanesþc
esayraCüb:ueNÑaHeT KWxVHTaMgGñkeLIgsñgraCübnþEfmeTot k¾seRmcnaMKñaelIkecABjatn; [eLIg
RKgraCblø½gá enAéf¶TI14 Ex]sPa qñaM1596 eTA.
2- RBHbrmraCa b¤ ecABjatn; ¬1596-1597¦
ecABjatn;eBlenaHmanRBHCnµayu 18RBHvsSa11. namuWnsBVmuxm®nþI)aneRCIstaMgRBHGgÁ Ca
mhakSRtenAéf¶TI14 Ex]sPa qñaM1596 edayfVayRBHnamfasemþcRBHbrmraCa.
eRkayBI)aneLIgesayraCü RBHbrmraCa )ansBVRBHraChb£T½ytbsñgsgKuNdl; EbLÚsU
nig)øarUh_S Pøam edayRTg;elIkGñkTI1[eFVICaesþcRtaj;enAelIdI)aPñM nigGñkTI2[eFVICaesþcRtaj;enA
elIdIRTaMg. tamemIleTA RbCaCnRbEhlCaminsUveBjcitþb:unµaneT nwgkarEtgtaMg BYkGñkpSgeRBg
TaMg2 [køayeTACaGPi)alExRtd¾manGMNacenAkñúgRBHraCaNacRkenHehIymanm®nþICaeRcInnak;Edl
minsb,aycitþ. edayehtuenH RBHraCaEdlKg;enAeRkamesVtcäRt minsUvCaRsYlb:unµaneT. EbLÚsU
nig)øarUh_S yl;ehtukarN_enHc,as;Nas; k¾taMgsVHEsVgrkCMnYyBIxageRkA. EbLÚsU )ansuMCMnYyBIBYk
B½rTuyehÁ enAm:aLaka É)øarUh_S eTAsuMCMnYyBIBYkeGs,aj:úlenAÉhVIlIBIn. GPi)al Rkúgm:anIl)an
RbKl;Tahan 200nak; [CiHk):al;3eRKÓgecjmk k¾b:uEnþKµank):al;NamYy)anmkdl;km<úCaeT
ehIymanEtk):al;1b:ueNÑaHEdl)anRtlb;eTAdl;hVIlIBInvij. dUecñH EbLÚsU nig)øarUh_S minGacBwg
Ep¥kGñkNa)aneRkAEtBIBwgelIxøÜnÉgeLIy.
enAeBlenaH BYkcam nigm:aeL EdlRBHraCaExµrmun²GnuBaØat[rs;enARbmUlpþú¿KñaenAkñúgExRt
t,ÚgXµúM ebIeTaHbIfaBYkenHCaCnbreTsehIykan;sasnamham:at;k¾eday )annaMKñabHe)areLIg. BYk
enH)anBinitüemIleXIjfaRBHraCaNacRkcuHTn;exSay k¾manbMNgcg;kan;GavuFeLIgTamTarÉkraCü
eRkamkardwknaMrbs;em2nak; KWcameQµaH eBaFirtn_ EdlRbEhlCaCab;ExSRsLaynwgraCvgScamBI
11
ebIsinCaeKKitfa RBHGgÁRbsURtenAkñúgqñaM1568enaH RBHGgÁmanRBHCnµ28RBHvsSa k¾b:uEnþelak ka)atug
niyayfaRBHGgÁmanRBHCnµ18RBHvsSaenH ÉgmindwgfaelakEp¥keTAelIÉksareGs,aj:úl b¤k¾ÉksarraCBgSavtar
Exµr?
mun nigCnm:aeLeQµaHl½ksµN³12 EdlBRgt;m©as;kSRtI1GgÁ EdlxøÜnFøab;RsLaj; RbEhlCakSRtIy_
EdlFøab;erobGaBah_BiBah_CamYy EbLÚsU ehIyRTg;manKMnuMs¥b;BYkGWr:ub CMruj[l½ksµN³eFVIkarsg
swkfVay. EbLÚsU nig)øarUh_S )anekNÐT½BenAkñúgGaNaExRtTwkdIrbs;xøÜn rYcecjc,aMgvaykemÞcBYk
cam nigm:aeL bHe)arbraC½yGs;eTA. eBlmkdl;raCFanIRsIsn§r RBHbrmraCaecABjatn; )ancat;
[GñkTaMg2bnþdMeNIreTAkan;PñMeBj edIm,ICYyerobcMsNþab;Fñab; Edll¥k;kkredayCemøaHrvagBYkCb:un
nigeGs,aj:úl 2k):al; EdleTIbEtmkdl; edaydwkGavuFyuT§PNÐmkpÁt;pÁg;k):al; 3mun EdlenAm:a
nIleKmindwgfa)at;dMNwgeTAehIyeT. k¾b:uEnþ EbLÚsU nig)øarUh_S mkdl;yWteBl BYkCb:un)ansmøab;BYk
eGs,aj:úlGs;CaeRcIn. bnÞab;mk BYkCb:un)anrYmédCamYynwgBYkm:aeL RBÜtKñavaymkelIT½Bd¾tictYc
rbs; EbLÚsU nig)øarUh_S ehIysmøab;GñkTaMg2)an eRkayBIkarRbyuT§d¾Gg;GackøahanrYcmk.
RBHbrmraCaecABjatn; eRkayBI)anRCabBIdMNwgenH)anbBa¢aT½BpÞal;xøÜnRBHGgÁecjBIRsIsn§r
mkvayBYkm:aeLEdlsßitenAeRkambBa¢akarrbs;l½ksµN³ nigBYkcamEdlsþab;tambBa¢arbs;eBaFi
rtn_. k¾b:uEnþedayécdnüGaRkk; RBHraCaRtÚv)ansRtÚveFVIXatenAkñúgkarRbyuT§dMbUg enAkñúgqñaM1597
eTA13.
3- RBHbrmraCaTI2 b¤ BjaGn ¬1597-1599¦
RBHraCaEdlnamuWnsBVmuxm®nþI nigRBHraCvgSanuvgS )aneRCIserIs[eLIgesayraCübnþBI
ecABjatn; KWRBHbitularbs;RBHGgÁmYyGgÁ RBHnamfa BjaGn. RTg;manRBHGPiesknamfa semþc
RBHbrmraCabrmbBiRt.
niyayGMBIBYkcam nigm:aeLvij eRkayBITTYlC½yCmñHelIecABjatn;rYcehIy)andeNþImyk
ExRt2dak;CacMNuH ehIyk¾taMgerobcMkarRKb;RKgeLIgvijsaCafµI. k¾b:uEnþBYkGñkRsukminRBmsþab;
bBa¢aBYkenHeT eRBaHfaCaCnbreTsminecHniyayExµr emø:aHehIymñak;²KµannrNacg;eFVICam®nþI b¤k¾
CaTahanbeRmIeLIy. eTaHCay:agNakþI BYkenHenAEtGaceRCIserIsT½B)anBIkñúgcMeNamBYkcam nig
m:aeL mkBIRKb;TisTIkñúgRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa EdlmanbMNgcg;mkCYyBYkGñkkan;sasnadUcKñaEdr.
12
BaküenHkñúgPasam:aeL KWCazan³rbs;]tþmnavI. CnenHmanedImkMeNItenAÉ hSÚh‘½r.
13
ebItamraCBgSavtarEdl´man RTg;)anRtÚvcammñak;eFVIXat.
b:uEnþsßanPaBrbs;BYkenH)anRsutcuHCaerogral;éf¶.
RBHraCaEdleTIbnwgeLIgesayraCüfµI )anebIkkarvayRbharmkelIBYkenHy:agGg;Gackøahan
enAelIsmrPUmiCaeRcIn.enATIbBa©b; RTg;TTYl)annUvC½yCmñH.emekayrbs;BYkenHRtÚvcab;)anehIy
smøab;ecalCamYynwgkUnecAbHe)armYycMnYn cMENkGñkEdledayeraytameK)anRtÚvelIkElg
eTas.
karbHe)arrbs;BYkbreTseTIbEts¶b;)at;eTAminTan;TaMg)anb:unµanpg k¾elcmankarbHe)ar
mYyeTot dwknaMedayGñkRsukGaymñak;eQµaHfa nayEkv manedImkMeNItecjmkBIExRttaEkv
enAEk,r ctumµúx ¬PñMeBj¦ Edl)anRbkasxøÜnfaCaesþcEkvRBHePøIg. CnenHCamnusSecHdwgmñak; ehIy
GacekogKreKÉg[cuHcUledIrtam bgá)anCaT½BmYykg. RBHraCaBjaGn )andwknaMT½Bmkvay
esþcEkvRBHePøIgenH 2dg k¾b:uEnþminGaceFVIGVI)an.
eRkayBIRbtibtþikarelIkTI2 RBHraCaEdlmancritRceLIsebIsbnþicEdr )anCYbnwgnarImñak;
eQµaH Tav enAeBlRTg;yagvilRtlb;eTARsIsn§rvij k¾cab;citþRslaj;cg;)annagmkeFVICasñM. b:uEnþ
nagTav Edlsµ½RKesµaHCamYy BjafI CasVamI )anRbEkkminyl;RBmRslaj;RBHGgÁvijeT CaehtueFVI
[RBHraCaxJal; ehIybBa¢a[eKcab;nagcgdak;Rcvak;. ehtukarN_enH)aneFVI[ BjafI xwgsm,anwg
RBHraCaCaxøaMg k¾rt;mkcuHcUlCamYyesþcEkvRBHePøIg ehIyerobEpnkareFVIKutRBHraCa b:unµanExeRkay
mk enAkñúgkarsáat;lYcvayRbharmYy kñúg1598.
nasm½yenaH manBYkGWr:ubCaeRcInnak; CaBiessKWBYkB½rTuyehÁ nigeGs,aj:úl suT§Etman\T§i
BlCaxøaMgmkelIraCvaMgkm<úCa. BYkenHmanrbrrksuIrIkceRmInl¥Nas; begáIt)anCakarrMxandl;BYk cin/
cam nigm:aeL EdlrksuIeFVIBaNiC¢kmµEdr emø:aHehIy k¾naMKñaxitxMeFVIy:agNa[BYkenHFøak;cUlkñúg
PaBGab;ys. eRkayBImrNPaBrbs; EbLÚsU nig)øarUh_S enAkñúgqñaM1597rYcmk \T§iBlrbs;BYkB½r
TuyehÁ nigeGs,aj:úlk¾Føak;cuH ehIyBYkenHRtÚvbgç¿citþcakecjBIkm<úCa vilRtlb;eTAhVIlIBInvij.
b:uEnþkarbeNþjkat;kalenHminmanGayukalyUrb:unµaneT BIeRBaHfa b:unµanqñaMeRkayenaHbnþic eK
RbTHeXIjBYkessVúIt nigkatUliknikayepSg²eTotCaeRcInenAkm<úCa rYcmanniKmB½rTuyehÁmYy Edl
)aneKcecjputBIkarsmøab;rgÁalrbs;BkY m:akasa tamkarGucGalBIBkY hulgø ; EdlCasRtÚvrbs;BkY eK
BYkB½rTuyehÁenH nigbBVCitsasnakatUlikrbs;eK)anmktaMgTIlMenAmundMbUgenAPñMeBj EdleKehAfa
kUleM b: rYcbnÞab;mk)aneTAtaMgTIleM nA enAÉBjaB¤ EdleKehAfa BIja: lU. manBYkCb:nu mYycMnnY EdlRtÚv
eKeFVI)abenAÉRbeTsCb:unedaysarkarkan;sasnakatUlik )anmkcUlrYmCamYyBYkB½rTuyehÁenHEdr
ehIy)anmktaMgenAelIdgTenøEk,rPñMeBjRtg;kEnøgmYyEdlBYkGWr:ubehAtameQµaHrbs;eKfacUvduk.
4- RBHraCanusiT§i ecABjaeyam ¬1599-1600¦
RBHGgÁm©as;eyam CaRBHraCbuRtaTI3rbs;RBHstßa eBlenaHeTIbEtmanRBHCnµayu 15RBH
vsSab:ueNÑaH14. RTg;RtÚvTTYlbnÞúkdwknaMRKb;RKgRbeTsCati edayTTYlRBHzan³CasemþcRBHEkv
h‘Va15 KWfa RTg;manGMNacdUcCaRBHraCa k¾b:uEnþminEmnCaesþceT. eBlenaHnamuWnsBVmuxm®nþI mincg;
elIkecABjaeyam [eLIgesayraCüeT eKRslaj;RBHRsIsurieyaBN’Cag EdlRBHbrm\nÞraCa
¬RBHstßa¦)anelIk[eFVICa]braCrYcCa]PeyaraCehIyRtÚvesomcab;ykeTACaeQøIy taMgEtBIeBl
RkúglEgVkRtÚvEbk)ak;emø:H.
ecABjaeyam kñúgRBHzan³CaRBHraCanusiT§i RTg;Kg;enAÉraCFanIRsIsn§r ehIy)ancab;bnþ
eFVIs®gÁamCamYyesþcEkvRBHePøIg. TIbBa©b;RTg;cab;esþcEkvRBHePøIg)an ehIy)anbBa¢a[eKsmøab;
ecaleTA.
ecABjaeyammanRBHT½yRsal ehIyk¾xilxUcmincaj;BjaGnb:unµanEdr. RTg;sBVRBHT½ynwg
karbr)aj;stV nigkarsb,ayepSg²Nas; ehIyminxøacnwgcab;RbBn§ b¤kUnRkmuMRbCaCneT kalNa
RTg;sBVRBHT½y ehIyminsUvykRBHT½yTukdak;nwgkic©karRBHnKreLIy. emø:aHehIyk¾ekItmanGMeBI
]RkidæBaseBjRbeTs bNþaecAhVayExRtk¾min)anykcitþTukdak; ehIyk¾minEdlTTYleTaséBr_GVI
Edr. mankarcab;BRgt;GñkRsukEdlenAq¶ayBITIRbCuMCnykBIkEnøgmYyeTAlk;Ca´ enAkEnøgmYyeTot
KWlk;eTAvijeTAmkcuHeLIgCaeRcInelIkeRcInsa.
semþcRBHeTvIkSRtIy_ CaRBHGyükarbs;ecABjaeyamEdlKg;enAÉctumµúx nignamuWnsBV
muxm®nþITaMgGs; enAeBlEdlsegáteXIjfaRbCara®sþrgTukçexøacpSaehIyminsb,aycitþnwg ecABja
eyamdUecñH k¾)ancat;Kña[eTAKal;esþcesom suM[bBa¢ÚnRBH]PyaraCRsIsurieyaBN’16 nigRBHraC
14
ebIeKÉkPaBKñafaraCFanIlEgVkEbk)ak;enAkñúgqñaM1593 ehIyBjaeyam RbsURtenAkñúgqñaM1572 enaH RBHGgÁ
RtÚvmanRBHCnµ 25RBHvsSaehIy.
15
Bakü {Ekvh‘Va} kñúgPasaPUma KWCazan³CaRBHraCa.
16
etIBakü {BN’} køaymkBI {vrµ½n} b¤y:agNa? raCBgSavtarniyayfaRTg;RbsURtenAkñúgqñaM1548 EtebIsinCa
kñúgmUlehtudUcEdl)anerobrab;xagelI eKRtÚvKitfa 1558vij.
buRtTaMgGs;mkvij.
esþcesomeBlenaH )anTTYlyksMNUmBrEtmYycMENkeT KW)anGnuBaØat[vilRtlb;mk
km<úCavijEtRBHRsIsurieyaBN’ nigRBHraCbuRtab¥ÚnRBHnamRBH]T½yb:ueNÑaH cMENkÉRBHC½yecsþa
CaRBHraCbuRtac,g Tuk[enAnwgRsukesomsin.
RBHraCanusiTi§Bjaeyam enAeBlEdl)anTTYldMNwgfa RBHRsIsurieyaBN’ yagmkdl; søa-
Ekt17ehIy RTg;)anTb;RBHT½ymin[manr»szanGVIeT ehIy)annaMnamuWnsBVmuxm®nþICaeRcIneTAKal;
rYc)anbEgVrGMNacCapøÚvkarfVayenAkñúgqñaM1600.
5- RBHRssI ru ei yaBN’ ¬1600-1618¦
RBH]byuvraC )aneLIgKg;elIraCblø½gáenAkñúgqñaM1600 edayTTYlRBHnamfa RBH)aTsemþc
esþcRBHraC»gáarRBHRsIsurieyaBN’eTvtaraCabrmraCaFiraCrama.eBlenaHRTg;manRBHCnµa 46RBH
vsSaehIy. mehsIrbs;RBHGgÁ)aneLIgeTACaRBHGKÁmehsI ehIymanRBHzan³CasemþcRBHPKvtI
RsIsuCati. RBH]T½yCaRBHraCbuRta EdleTIbEtmanRBHCnµayu13RBHvsSa )aneLIgCaRBHmha
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enAÉsøaEktfa RBHGgÁsVaKmn_GbGrkaryagmkdl;rbs;RBHraCa EdlRBHGyükaRBHGgÁ)aneRCIs
erIseLIg EtkñúgRBHT½yrbs;raCanusiT§i vij )ansnSMTuknUvKeRmagkard¾Esn]RkidæCaeRcIn.
bnÞab;BI)aneLIgesayraCsm,tþiPøam RBHraCaRsIsurieyaBN’)ancat;[]kj:aeteCaRBHGgÁ
EdlGñkRsukehAfaeteCaRkhm-k ehIynig]kj:aymraCemOg dwknaMT½BeTAb®gáabGñkRsukkMBg;
sVay RsIsn§r nKrvtþ t,ÚgXµúM nig)aPñM EdlknøgmkbHe)arminRBmTTYlsÁal;GMNacrbs;RBHEkvh‘Va.
yuT§nakarenHminCayUrbu:nµaneT BIeRBaHExRtTaMgGs;enaH min)anRbqaMgTb;Tl;nwgT½Brbs;RBHraCaeLIy
ehIyqab;naMKñamksarPaBcuHcUlCabnÞan;.
eRkaymkeTot eteCaRBHGgÁ )anTTYlRBHraCbBa¢a[eTAb®gáabCnbHe)armñak;eQµaHfa Gñk
RBHerom ehA kUEm:l EdlkMBugEtkT½BenAkñúgExRtRTaMgRbkbedayeCaKC½y. eKniyayfa CnenH)an
eRbIR)as;sIlFµb;bMBulTwkRtBaMg nigTwkGNþÚgTaMgGs;EdlsßitenAtampøÚvEdlT½BRBHraCaeFVIdMeNIreTA
17
enACitkMBt elIpøÚvBIkMBg;kñúgeTAkMBg;Rtac Rtg;kEnøgEdlBYkevotNamksagb:mmYyenAkñúgqñaM1840.
eFVI[TahanBulsøab;Gs;CaeRcIn.
eBlenaHesþcesom )anyl;RBmbBa¢ÚnRBHC½yecsþa [vilRtlb;mkkm<úCavij tamsMNUmBr
rbs;RBHraCakm<úCaCaRBHbita. kñúgRBHraCdMeNIryagRtlb;mkvijenH RBHC½yecsþa)anb®gáabeFVI
[bNþaExRtEdlenAtampøÚvmansnþiPaBeLIgvij manExRtnagrg )at;dMbg eBaFisat; kMBt rhUtdl;
ekaHsøaEkt rYcRTg;yagkat;eTACYbCamYyeteCaRBHGgÁEdleTIbEtdak;taMgT½BenABImuxbnÞayxµaMg enA
RTaMg. eRkayBI)anCYbCamYykgT½B ehIyTTYlBt’manGMBIyuT§sa®sþbMBulTwkrbs; kUEm:l RBHC½y
ecsþa )anecjbBa¢ahammin[TahanpwkTwkRtBaMgEdlenAtamdgpøÚveT rYc)ancat;[ekNÐGñkRsuk
eTAdgTwkBITIq¶ay dak;bMBg;rab;Ban;Esn ykmk[Tahanpwkvij.
yb;mYy enAeBlEdlBYkxµaMgenAkñúgbnÞayRTaMgmin)anKitdl;fa nwgmankarRbyuT§ eteCaRBHGgÁ
nigymraCemOg)anRbmUlTahan EdlmankaMePøIgkan;enAéd vaylukcUleTAkñúgbnÞay ehIy)aj;
smøab;BYkxµaMgTaMgGs; rYmTaMgkUEm:l nigBYkFµb;pg.
cb;s®gÁam RBHraCaNacRk)ansuxsnþiPaBehIy RBHRsIsurieyaBN’ )anelIketeCaRBHGgÁ
[eFVICaecAhVayExRtsMeragTg.
ry³kalbnþiceRkaymk eteCaRBHGgÁ)anTTYlmrNPaBeTAedayCraPaB. eBlenaHRBHraCa
)anelIk´beRmIrbs;eteCaRBHGgÁmñak;eQµaH y:t18 manedImkMeNItCaCnCatiBñg [eLIgeFVICaecA
hVayExRtbnþ BIeRBaHénHEtgEtedIrtamnayecAhVayeTARKb;smrPUmiRbyuT§ nigeronsURtecHdwgBI
citþKMnit nigl,icRbyuT§epSg²rbs;ecAhVaynay ehIy)anbgðaj[eXIjfamanR)aCJaQøasévCa
eRcInelIkeRcInsa. nayy:tenH)ancab;bnþeFVIkarb®gáab[RsukmansuxsnþiPaB RbkbedayeCaK
C½y EdlRtÚvGak;xanmYyry³ edaymrNPaBrbs;eteCaRBHGgÁ.
KWenAeBlenaHehIyEdlRBHraCa )anseRmcbþÚrRBHraCvaMgBIekaHsøaEkt edaynaMRBHraCbriBar
raCvgSanuvgS nignamuWnsBVmuxm®nþImkKg;enAÉlVaÉm19 EdlsßitenAcMBImuxPñMeBjvij. RTg;)anelIk
18
niTansþIGMBIerOgenHniyayfa eteCaRBHGgÁ)anbBa¢a[RTmak;dMrIrbs;Kat;erobcMKMnr»s ehIydutKat;TaMgrs; edIm,I
bMeBjkarsb,ayrbs;PriyaKat;. niTanenaHniyayeTotfa Kat;CaesþcRtaj;enAdIkMBg;sVay minEmnenAsMeragTgeT
ehIy)anniyaybEnßmeTotfa Bñgy:atenHbnÞab;mk)anykRbBn§rbs;eteCaRBHGgÁeFVICaPriya.
19
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enAkñúgqñaM1604.
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faRBHRsIsurieyaBN’semþcmnafvij. ®sþI²Edlmanzan³x<s;RtÚveqøIynwgRBHraCafaRBHBr eqøIynwg
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raCakm<úCa. RBHRsIsurieyaBN’ )andwknaMT½BeTACYbCamYyT½Besom BYkenHk¾cab;ebIkkarvayRbhar
mkelIRBHraCa EtRtÚvRBHraCarujRcan[dkfyeTARbTl;EdnvijeTA. RBHraCa)anyageTAkan;søa-
EktenAkñúgExRtkMBt CaTIEdlRBHGgÁKg;enA taMgBIeBlyagRtlb;BIRsukesomemø:H.
enAkñúgqñaM1601 RBHsurieyaBN’ )anksagvtþsm,úk RbTandI kat;b£ssIma rYcRTg;bBa¢a
ecAhVayExRt[erobcMTTYlTUtmkBITis]tþr nigTisbUB’a bNþaGñkR)aCJbNÐitmkBIbreTs CaBiess
[fVaytgVayEdlRBHraCakm<úCataMgBIburaNkalFøab;fVayCUndl;esþcePøIg nigesþcTwkral;3qñaMmþg
edIm,I[CYyEfrkSapøÚv nigéRBRBwkSa kuM[sRtÚvebotebon)an.
RBHRsIsurieyaBN’RKgraCsm,tþi)an13qñaMehIy b:uEnþminTan;TTYlRBHraCaPieskenAeLIy.
RBHraCaPieskenH)anRbRBwtþeTAenAkñúgExFñÚ qñaM161320 RBHraCaRTg;kan;RBHx½nraCü Kg;enAeRkam
esVtcäRt ehIyTTYlRBHnamfa RBH)aTsemþcRBHbrmraCaFiraCramFibtIRBHRsIsurieyaBN’.
20
kalbriecäTenH mankMNt;ehtumYybBa¢ak;c,as;GMBIRBHraCBiFIGPiesk RBHRsIsurieyaBN’.
6- RBHC½yeCdæa b¤ C½yecsþaTI2 ¬1618-1622¦
R)aMqñaMeRkaymk KWenAkñúgqñaM1618 edayenOyNaynwgRKb;RKgRbeTsCati NamYymanGa-
BaFpg RBHRsIsurieyaBN’)anpþl;dMNwgdl;RBHC½yeCdæaCaRBHraCbuRtac,grbs;RBHGgÁ Edlesom
Tuk[enAnwgRsukeKenAeLIy faRBHGgÁmanbMNgcg;dak;raCsm,tþifVay. RBHC½yeCdæa k¾suMkarGnuBaØat
BIRBHraCaGyuFüa eFVIdMeNIrmkkm<úCavij edaymanT½BesomEhhmmkCamYypg nigBYkExµr EdlenA
beRmIRBHGgÁehIyEdlmanbMNgcg;mktamEdr. mkdl;bribUN’ RTg;)anbBa¢a[T½BesomvilRtlb;
eTAvij rYck¾yagkat;mkrklVaÉm. eBlenaHRTg;manRBHCnµ40RBHvsSaehIy.
RBHRsIsurieyaBN’k¾elIkRBHC½yeCdæa[eLIgRKgraCblø½gá manRBHnamfaRBH)aTsemþcRBH
raC»gáaRBHC½yeCdæaFiraCramaFibtIbrmbBiRt. RBH]T½yCaRBHGnuC EdlmanRBHCnµ39RBHvsSa
)anTTYlRBHzan³CaRBHmha]braC.
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eCdæa nigRBH]T½y)anerobcMRBHraCBiFIbUCaRBHsBRBHvraCbita rYcehIy)anykRBHGdæiFatueTAbBa©úH
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enaHrhUtmk.
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RBHT½yCaxøaMgnwgRsuk]tþúgÁ k¾bBa¢a[sg;raCvaMgmYyenABIxageCIgRsHEkv rYc)anecjbBa¢a[dUreQµaH
raCFanIEdlenAEk,rRBHraCvaMgenaHfaCa ]tþúgÁmanC½y vij. enAqñaM1622 RTg;)an[CIkRsHmYy
eTotenABIxageRkayRsHEkvenaH. KWenAkñúg»kasenaHÉgEdlRTg;)anecjbBa¢a[ namuWnsBVmuxm®nþI
ehARBHGgÁfa semþcRBHnrayN_mnaf.
enAkñúgqñaM1623 T½BesomBIrkg)ancUlmklukluyRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa mYykgcUlmkBITis
xageCIg dwknaMedayRBHraCbuRtesþcesom nigmYykgeTotdwknaMeday]tþmesnIy_PüaéfNaM cUlmk
kñúgExRtbnÞaymasBITisxagt,Úg. RBHC½yeCdæa )andwknaMT½BecjeTAvayT½Besom enATisxageCIg[
braC½yenAbribUN’ Rtg;PñMcgág;21 ÉRBH]T½y )andwknaMT½Becjvayesom[braC½yenAbnÞaymas bgç¿
21
manT½BesomCaeRcInRtÚvcab;)anCaeQøIyenAkñúgkarRbyuT§mYyenAeCIgPñMcgkg RbEhlCa50KILÚEm:Rt BIxageCIg
Tenøsab CaehtueFVI[eKehAfa esomcgág;² dUecñHrhUtmk.
[cuHTUkecjeTAvijeTA. mYyqñaMeRkaymk T½BesomcuHsMeBAvilRtlb;mkmþgeTot k¾b:uEnþRtÚvBüúH bk;
e)akbgç¿[Rtlb;cUleTAkñúgTenøemNamvijedIm,IeCosvagkarxUcxat CaehtueFVI[esþcesom RBHecA
R)asaTefag e)aHbg;yuT§nakarenHecal. edIm,IrMlwkdl;C½yCmñHenH ehIyedIm,IsMEdgkardwgKuNdl;
RBHrtnRt½ypg RBHraCa)anecjbBa¢a[ksagR)agÁmYyenAelIkMBUlPñM RBHraCRTBüBIelIectiyEdl
dak;GdæiFatuRBHbitaRBHGgÁ.
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GaNÑam)anbBa¢ÚnmkfVay eFVICaRBHCaya ehIy)anelIkRBHkSRtIenaHeLIgCasemþcPKvtIRBHRsIv
rkSRtIy_.
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cat;Tukfa TMnak;TMngrvagRBHraCaGaNÑamCamYyRBHraCakm<úCa )ancab;epþImekIneLIgBIRtwmeBlEdl
kSRtIyrUbenHyagmkdl;raCvaMgkm<úCa.
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enAcugxagt,ÚgénRBHraCaNacRk ehIysMuRBHraCanuBaØatbegáItTIsñak;karKymYykEnøgenAéRBnKr
¬sayhÁn¦22 edIm,IKaMRTdl;kic©karTaMgGs;enH. RBHraCaGacnwglM)akkñúgkarRbEkkminyl;RBmtam
sMeNI ehIyRBHraCkSRtIy_k¾RbEhlCa)anTTUc[RBHraCabMeBjtambMNgrbs;RBHbitapgEdr enATI
bBa©b;RBHraCa k¾yl;RBmpþl;karGnuBaØattamkaresñIsuMTaMg2. KWedayEbbenHehIyEdlBYkyYncUl
mkrs;enAkñúgRsukExµr ehIycab;epþImT®nÞandeNþImykTwkdIEdleyIgehAsBVéf¶fa kUsaMgsuIn.
enAsm½yenaH tamkarerobrab;epSg²EdlRbEhlCaeKniyaybMepøIseRcIn )andMNalBIGñk
RsukGatUBW erIs)anmasenAnwg)atsÞwgeBlTwkRsk RBHraCak¾yageTAkan;TIkEnøgenaH23. BaNiC¢kr
Catihuløg; elak ehSr:av:an;vUsUv )ansresrBIerOgenHenAkñúgqñaM1642fa ³
22
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fa éRBnKreT EtmaneQµaHfa éRBKr ÉBaküevotNamfa sayhÁn mann½yfaéRBKr dUecñHÉg.
23
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mnusSsøab;Gs;CaeRcIn enAsl;mindl;50nak;pgeT EdlGacvilRtlb;BIebskkmµenHvij. eTaHCa
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7- ry³kalcenøaHraCsm,tþi ¬1628-1629¦
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taMgBIqñaM1618mk RTg;k¾cab;kan;kic©karRBHnKrCabnþkñúgRBHzan³CaRBH]byuvraC manRBHnamfa
RBHFmµnafeyamraCFmµ.
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RBHnamfaecABjasUr Edl)ansagRBHpñÜstaMgEtBImuneBlRBHbitaRTg;suKt )anlacakRBHpñÜsmk
vij eBlenaHRTg;manRBHCnµ26RBHvsSaehIy. RBH]T½yCaRBHraCanusiT§i Edl)anTTYlRBHzan³
mYy EdlFmµtaminGnuBaØat[RBHGgÁTTYlraCsm,tþi)aneT RTg;k¾seRmcerobcMGPieskRBHPaKienyü
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semþcesþcRBHraC»gáarRBHRsIFemµaraCaFiraCramaFibtI. raCBgSavtarCYnkalehARBHGgÁfa RBHRsI
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nigRBHraCak¾cab;taMgekNÐT½BEtsBV²xøÜn ehIys®gÁambgðÚrQamEtRKÜsarÉgk¾)anpÞúHeLIg. b:uEnþ
taMgBIkarRbyuT§KñadMbUgemø:H T½BRBHraCaRtÚvbraC½y ehIyemT½Brbs;RBHraCa 4nak; EdlsuT§CaCnCati
cink¾RtÚveKsmøab;)an. RBHraCa nigRBHGgÁvtI k¾naMKñaeKcxøÜneTAkan;ExRtkBa¢r EtRtÚvT½BRBH]PeyaraC
mYykgtamTan; ehIyeFVIXatnwgkaMePøIgsuKteTA.
RBHRsIFemµaraCaesayraCü)an1qñaM ehIyk¾suKteTAkñúgRBHCnµayu29RBHvsSa24.
9- RBHGgÁTgramaFibtI-ecABjanU ¬1630-1640¦
RBHraCaEdleLIgesayraCübnþBIRBHGgÁsUr KWecABjanU EdlTTYlkarGPieskeRkamRBHnamfa
RBH)aTsemþcRBHraC»gáarRBHGgÁTgraCaFiraCramaFibtIbrmbBiRt enAkñúgRBHCnµayu23RBHvsSa.
raCBgSavtarniyayfaRTg;esayraCü)an5qñaM k¾b:uEnþkarKNnabgðajfaRTg;esayraCü)an 9qñaMy:ag
tic. RTg;)anb®gáabkarbHe)armYyrbs;GñkRsukrlaMgRTúl dwknaMedayCnhiNÐÚmñak; EdlRtÚvcab;xøÜn
)an rYcehIyRTg;)anbBa¢a[eKkat;k,alsmøab;ecal.
RBHramaFibtIRTg;)anpøas;bþÚrrUbmnþBiFIkarEdlkMNt;eLIgedayRBHFemµaraCa edayRTg;[Gñk
pgehARBHGgÁfa RBHkruNaBiessRBHGgÁraC. RTg;esayraCüsm,tþienAraCFanI]tþúgÁ.
RBHramaFibtI)ancUlTivgÁt enAkñúgExmifuna qñaM164025.
10- RBHbTumraCaTI1-RBHGgÁnn; ¬1641¦
tamkarbgðajBIRBH]PeyaraCRBH]T½y GtItRBHeyamraCFM namuWnsBVmuxm®nþI)anelIkRBHraC
buRtac,grbs;RBHGgÁ EdlmanRBHCnµayu24RBHvsSaehIy [eLIgesayraCübnþ eRkamRBHnamfa
RBH)aTsemþcesþcRBHraC»gáarRBHbTumraCaFiraCramaFibtI. ebItamsmþIrbs;elak ehSr:av:an;vUsUv
RBHraCaGgÁenHRtwmRtÚv søÚt ehIymanRBHraCGakb,kiriyal¥. tamemIleTA KWRbEhledayRTg;)an
karBarBYkhuløg; Edl)anksagGKarBaNiC¢kmµmYy enAxageRkamBjaB¤bnþic26.
eRkayeBlRTg;eLIgesayraCü)anbnþic manekItCMgWmYyFMenAkñúgExkkáda qñaM1640 eFVI[søab;
RbCaCnkm<úCaGs;CaeRcIn. CMgWenH )aneFVI[emGKarBaNiC¢kmµhuløg;enAkm<úCaeQµaH v:an;EDrhahÁin
søab;kñúgeBlEt 24em:agb:ueNÑaH.
24
ÉksarxøHniyayfa RTg;esayraCü)an 8qñaM ehIysuKtkñúgCnµayu 37 RBHvsSa.
25
kalbriecäTenH )anmkBIÉksarmYysresredayCnCatihuløg;mñak; ÉksarenaHmaneQµaHfa Récit succinct de ce qui
s’est passé de curieux aux Indes Orientales, dans le Royaume du Cambodge. ebItamraCBgSavtar faRTg;suKtenAkñúgqñaM
1664.
26
ÉksarxagelI)anelIkBIRBHGgÁfa {RTg;søÚtbUt ehIymaRBHP½®kþRss;l¥} ehIyfa {RTg;cUlcitþBYkhuløg;}.
RBHbTumraCaesayraCsm,tþienA]tþúgÁ)anRbEhl1qñaM Rsab;EtecABjac½nÞ CaRBHraCbuRta
TI3rbs;RBHC½yeCdæaCamYym:mlaveQµaHfa nagGñkbusSa ehIyRtÚvCaRBHGnuCrbs;RBHGgÁTgecA
BjanU minsb,ayRBHT½ynwgRBH]PeyaraCRBH]T½y EdldkhUtraCblø½gáBIRBHGgÁykeTA[RBH
GgÁnn;vij k¾)anelIkEpnkark,t; ehIy)anlYceFVIXatRBH]T½yRBmTaMg raCvgSanuvgSCaeRcInGgÁ
eTot enAkñúgBiFIkMsanþmYy enAkñúgéf¶TI5 Exmkra qñaM1642 edaymankarCYyKaMRTBIBYkm:aeL nigcam
EdlRTg;)ansnüafa nwgpþl;plRbeyaCn_[CaeRkay27.
rYcecABjac½nÞ )anbBa¢ÚnT½B 5kg [ecjeTACYbCamYyRBHraCaGgÁnn; EdlkMBugEtRbBatkarbr
)aj;stVenAcm¶ayRbEhl60lIyWBIraCFanI enAkñúgExRtmYyenAmat;smuRT ehIyEdlmanmhatlik
karBarEt60nak;b:ueNÑaH. RBHGgÁRtÚvT½BTaMg5kgB½T§vayRbhar rYccab;naMxøÜnmkkan;raCFanI]tþúgÁ.
bnÞab;BIXatkmµmkelIRBH]T½y manraCkumar 3GgÁ )anePosxøÜnrYcBIkarkab;smøab;rgÁal.
KWraCbuRtrbs;RBHraCa nigRtÚvCaRBHraCntþarbs;RBH]T½y. raCkumarTaMg3GgÁ)aneKccUleTARCk
ekanenAkñúgvtþmYy em:øaHehIyk¾TTYl)annUvsiT§iRCkekan EdlenAsm½yenaH KµannrNarMelaP)aneT
enAkñúg\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl. ecABjac½nÞeFVIhak;dUcCa)anbMePøckumarTaMgenaHehIy b:uEnþ)antamdanrhUt.
rhUtdl;eBlEdlmanRbCaCn1muWn2Ban;nak; xwgsm,a ehIykan;GavuFeLIg eFVI[kumarTaMg3 rt;ecjBI
27
Éksarrbs;BYkhuløg;xagelI)an[dwgfa RBH]PeyaraCRBH]T½y )anRtÚveFVIXatnal¶acmYy enAeBlEdlRTg;kMBug
EtRksalebocinCamYyGñkGgÁm©as;c½nÞ ehIynigm®nþIFM²epSgeTotenAkñúgRBHraCaNacRk. eBlRBHGgÁkMBugEt
Rksal enaH mhatlikrbs;RBHGgÁEdl)ancUlédcUleCIgCaBYkk,t; )anlUncUlmkCitRBHGgÁBIxageRkay hak;dUcCa
cg;mkcUlTUlRBHGgÁGMBIbBaðaGVImYy dUcEdlFøab;EteFVIdUecñHCaFmµta rYcehIyk¾dkkaMbitesñótcak;smøab;RBHGgÁEtmþg.
PøamenaHBYkédeCIgÉeTot²k¾sÞúHeRkakeLIg Bnøt;ePøIg vaysMBgeTAelIGñkTaMgGs;EdlenATIenaH rYcehIyk¾dutvaMg
ecalEtmþgeTA. ePøIgeqHeLIgenH CasBaØaR)ab;dl;BYkk,t;ÉeTot² [sMrukcUleTAkñúgeKhdæanrbs;BYkm®nþIEdlesµaH
Rtg;nwgRBH]PeyaraC ehIydutecalTaMgGs;Edr. manm®nþIxøHEdldwgxøÜnTan; )aneqøót»kaskMBugRcbUkRcbl;rt;eKc
xøÜneTAkan;RsukERscmáar)an k¾b:uEnþbnÞab;mkRtÚvcab;xøÜnnaMykmkraCFanIvij ehIyTTYlkarvaydMeFVI)ab\tRtaRbNI
minKYrnwgemIl rYcehIyk¾RtÚvsmøab;ecaleTA. TaruNkmµcMeBaHm®nþITaMgGs;enaHsahavéRBépSNas; ³ eKykeQIedat
TMlayeBaH exVHykkMb:HKUT rYceRbIkaMbitcugRsYceqáólsac;q¥wgxñgtaMgBIeRkamrhUtdl; k-édTaMg2 eKcgP¢ab;eTAnwg
begÁalcgExVgeCIgEk¥k eCIgCan;elIkþar1bnÞH ehIyeKTukecalhaléf¶enAelIpøÚvsaFarN³ Tuk[GñkRsukedIrmkeCr
RbeTcpþasa rhUtdl;søab;kñúg2 b¤3éf¶. ÉksarmYyEdl´manenAkñúgédniyayfa ectiyCaeRcIn EdleKsg;enACuMvij
PñMEpñkxageRkam KWsRmab;dak;GdæiFaturbs;m®nþITaMgGs;enaHÉg EdlRtÚvsmøab;edaybBa¢aBjac½nÞ.
vtþ rYccab;kumarbgTaMg2mkRbKl;[Bjac½nÞ. raCkumareBA)anRtÚvRBHvrraCmataCYyse®gÁaHykeTA
ciBa©wmbI)ac;EfrkSa minRBmRbKl;[Bjac½nÞeT. b:unµanqñaMeRkaymk RBHraCa)anelIkRBHraCkumarenH
[eLIgeFVICamha]braC.
Éksarrbs;BYkhuløg;)anerobrab;fa raCkumarTaMg2)anrgnUvkareFVITaruNkmµGaRkk;xøaMgNas;
munnwgRtÚveKsmøab;. eKykRBHGgÁeTAdak;Kuk ehIy[esayEtsac;EdleKkat;ecjBIxøÜnRBHGgÁ. Et
raCkumarTaMg2manesckþIkøahan xusEbøkBIkumarTaMgLay. enAeBlEdlRTg;RtÚveKsmøab;edaycg
P¢ab;eTAnwgedImeck RTg;)ansMNUmBrehIyBinitübBa¢ak;fa eK)ansMelogkaMbitEdlRtÚvykmkkab;
xøÜnRBHGgÁCa2kMNat;enaHmutl¥ehIy. kareFVIXatraCkumarTaMg2)aneFVI[RbCara®sþmankarPitP½y
CaxøaMg ehIyKµannrNamñak;h‘anecjmuxmkCYyeLIy.
tamBiteTA GñkGgÁm©as;c½nÞ RTg;dwknaMRbeTskñúgRBHnamRBHeromrbs;RBHGgÁ ehIyGVI²suT§EteFVI
eTAtambBa¢arbs;RBHeromTaMgGs;. b:uEnþedayRbCara®sþs¥b;RBHGgÁ EtRslaj;RBHeromemø:aHehIy
RTg;k¾seRmccitþkm©at;RBHeromecj. BYkhuløg;niyayfa RTg;)anerobcMeFVI[RBHGnuCéførbs;RBH
raCa ecaTRbkan;RBHraCafa)anEccg;RBHCayarbs;RBHGgÁ rYcehIyRTg;)anecjbBa¢a[eKkat;-k
RBHraCaeTA. bnÞab;mk GñkGgÁm©as;c½nÞ)anbBa¢a[eKsmøab;RBHGnuCéføenaHecaleTot edayecaTfa
)aneFVIkarecaTRbkan;minRtwmRtÚveTAelIRBHraCa. erOgkMEbøgTaMgGs;enaH maneKalbMNgCaBiess
KWedIm,IrkSaraCsm,tþiTukxøÜnÉg.
11- RBHbTmu raCaT2I Bjacn½ Þ -escþ clU sasnaCaV ¬1642-1659¦
eRkayBI)anGnuvtþGMeBI]RkidæxagelIrYcehIy GñkGgÁm©as;c½nÞ EdlmanRBHCnµ26RBHvsSa
)an[eKerobcMBiFIGPieskRBHGgÁ eRkamRBHnamfa RBH)aTsemþcRBHbTumraCaFiraCramaFibtI.
GñkGgÁm©as;Ém raCbuRtarbs;RBH]T½y EdlRBHvrraCmata)anCYyse®gÁaH RtÚv)anelIk[eLIgzan³
CaRBHEkvh‘Va. BYkhuløg;niyayfaecABjac½nÞenH mankitþinaml,IxagmancitþGaRkk; nigkacsahav
ehIyRBHraCaTaMgGs; rYmTaMgRBHraCamun²pg xøacrGaRKb;Kña enAeBlTteXIjnUvGtþcriteXareXA
rbs;RBHGgÁnaéf¶mYy28.
28
ecABjac½nÞ manRBHmataCaCnCatilav.
cab;taMgEtBIeBlEdl)aneLIgRKgraCblø½gá RTg;)anecjRBHraCbBa¢amYybBa¢ak;GMBIRBHzan³
rbs;RBHraCvgSanuvgSTaMgGs;CaPasa)alI ehIyRTg;)anseRmc[eqøIynwgRBHraCafa RBHkruNa
Biess ehIyeeqøIynwgsmaCikRBHraCvgSfaRBH)aTm©as;.
enAsm½yenaH BYkhuløg;)anebIkGKarBaNiC¢kmµrbs;eKenAkm<úCa)an2-3qñaMehIy. BYkenaH
)anCYbCamYyBYkB½rTuyehÁEdlmanvtþmantaMgEtBIqñaM1553mkemø:H ehIyEfmTaMg)anbMeBjParkic©
FM²fVaydl;raCvgSEfmeTotpgdUcEdleyIg)aneXIjrYcmkehIy enAcugstvtSr_mun.BYkB½rTuyehÁ
manGKarBaNiC¢kmµenAkMBg;høÜg ÉBYkhuløg;manGKarenABjaB¤. BYkCatisasn_enHTaMg2mankar
RbkYtRbECgxagBaNiC¢kmµRsYcRsal;xøaMgNas; dUecñHehIykars¥b;KñaeTAvijeTAmkk¾xøaMgNas;Edr.
eK)ancab;epþImdeNþImTItaMgKñaeTAvijeTAmkrYcmkehIyenAkñúgcugbUB’aTaMgmUl ehIyeKk¾taMgcab;
epþImeCrKñaeTAvijeTAmk deNþImKab;KYrCamYyRBHraCakm<úCa sMedAbMpøajKñaeTAvijeTAmkEdr.
enAkñúgqñaM1636 BYkGñkRsuk)ancUlykTMnijrbs;k):al;eQµaH n½rvIk EdllicenAEk,rmat;
smuRTkm<úCa BYkhuløg;k¾bþwgrkyutþiFm’29. eBlenaHRBHraCa EdlBiPal;faBYkenHCacarkmµrbs;BYk
esom )aneqøIytbeTAvijfaRBHGgÁmansiT§i nigTTYlykral;rbs;rbrepSg² Edl)anmkBIkarliclg;
rbs;k):al;breTs. BYkhuløg;eqøIyfaBYkeKminEmnCaCnbreTseToteT eRBaHeK )anmktaMgTIlMenA
enAkñúgRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCarYceTAehIy. TLðIkrN_enHminRtwmRtÚveT BIeRBaHfa enAÉGWr:ub eKsnµt;fa
ral;k):al;rbs;RbeTsmYy EdllicenAelIeqñrsmuRTrbs;RbeTsmYyeTot eKEtgEtcat;TukCak):al;
breTsehIy. enAéf¶TI28 Exemsa qñaM1638 elak]tþmesnIy_ v:an;DIyuWmuin EdlQreCIgenAÉ
)atavIy:a )anbBa¢ÚneQµaH b:UlRKúk [eFVIdMeNIrmkkan;raCvaMg]tþugÁ edIm,IeFVIkaredaHRsay. eBlenaH
BYkB½rTuyehÁ Edl)ansmøab;BYkhuløg;Gs;2nak;kalBImYyqñaMmun )anseRmccitþfa nwgeFVI[ebskkmµ
enHbraC½y. erOgr:avenH)anGUsbnøayeBlCag3qñaMmkehIy edayelak]tþmesnIy_ énRkúmh‘un
BaNiC¢kmµhuløg; nwkKitsµanfa xøÜnenH)anRtÚvRBHraCa nigRBHmha]braCcat;TukdUcCabgb¥ÚnrYceTA
ehIy EtesþcTaMg2GgÁenH )anRbEkkminyl;RBmTTYllixitrbs;Kat;eT ehIyTTYlmanRBwtþikarN_
ecABjac½nÞ nigBYkGuIsøameFVIXatRBHraCa RBH]PeyaraCCamYynwgm®nþIGñkmuxGñkkarenAkñúgRBHraCaNa
cRkkalBIéf¶TI5 Exmkra qñaM1642 BYkhuløg;k¾cab;epþImKitrkdMeNaHRsaysaCafµI.
29
BYkExµr)andeNþImykTMnijGs;BIk):al; kñúgenaHmanTaMgs<an;mkBICb:uncMnYn500hab nigkaMePøIgFM13edImpg.
RBHraCafµI)anepJIRBHraCsarlixitmYyc,ab;eTA[]tþmesnIy_30 Rkúmh‘unhuløg;EdlQreCIg enA
ÉekaHCVa bBa¢ak;faRBHGgÁmanbMNgcg;rkSaTMnak;TMngl¥CamYyKña. elak]tþmesnIy_ enAeBl)andwg
fa ebskCnrbs;Kat;minTan;)ancUlKal;RBHraCaenAeLIyeT pÞúyBIBYkeGs:,aj nigB½rTuyehÁ EbrCa
TTYl)annUvkareR)asRbNICaeRcIn minEtb:ueNÑaHRBHraCa)anTaMgbBa¢ÚndMrI2k,aleTACUnelakGPi)al
Rkúgm:anIlEfmeTotpgenaH k¾cat;taMg[elak K½rNIEkøk CaemxagEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ eFVIdMeNIrtamk):al;
2eRKÓgmkkm<úCaenAkñúgEx]sPaqñaM1642.elakK½rNIEkøk manParkic©mkTUlsresIrRBHraCaEdl
TTYl)anC½yCmñHelIBYkxµaMgsRtÚv Edlknøgmk)aneFVI[RBHGgÁ)at;bg;Gs;nUvsiT§iRsbc,ab;TaMgLay
ehIyRTg;)ankemÞcecalBYkesþcERCkraCüTaMgGs;. Kat;k¾manParkic©RtÚvraykarN_fVayRBHraCa
sUm[RBHGgÁRbúgRby½tñnwgl,icklrbs;BYkB½rTuyehÁ Edlknøgmk)anlYcbMBul RBHraCa b‘½reNGU
nignamuWnsBVmuxm®nþImYycMnYn nigsUm[RBHGgÁrkSaTMnak;TMngl¥CamYyBYkhuløg; EdlCanic©Cakal
Camitþd¾l¥sRmab;RBHraCaEdlTTYlrak;Tak;BYkeK.
enAeBlEdlkarcrcaxagelIkMBugEtRbRBwtþeTA enAkñúgqñaMdEdlenaH RBHraCaEdl)anTTYlyk
narIm:aeLmñak;CaRBHCaya. RbEhlCaedIm,IbMeBjRBHT½yRBHCayaenHpg ehIyk¾RbEhl edIm,IelIk
TwkcitþBYkm:aeL nigcamEdl)anCYy[RBHGgÁdeNþImykraCblø½gámkvij)anpg RTg;)anbþÚrcUl
sasnamham:at;vij eday[eKkat;Es,k ehIyRTg;RbkasbþÚrRBHnamfa GuIR)ahuImvij. elak ehSr:a
v:an;vUsUhV )anniyayfa RBHraCaRTg;)anpþl;plRbeyaCn_CaeRcIndl;BYkm:aeL nigcam. ehtukarN_
enH )aneFVI[RbCaCnminsb,aycitþeT eK)anehARBHraCafaCaesþcecjsasna nigCaesþccUl
sasnaCVa.
BYkm:aeLnigcamEdlkan;sasnamham:at;TaMgGs;enHeRcInEtCaBaNiC¢kremø:aHehIy KWCasRtÚv
nwgBYkGWr:ub EdlCaédKURbkYtRbECg. dl;eBl)ankøayCaGñkCitsñiT§nwgRBHraCa BYkenHk¾ERbkøayeTA
Cakacsahav. edayxøacrGakarvayRbharrbs;BYkenH nigedayBYkB½rTuyehÁecHEtpSBVpSayBakü
minl¥BIxøÜnpg BYkhuløg;k¾seRmccitþdkfyecjBIkm<úCa EdlminEmnCaTIsuxsanþsRmab;xøÜneT. ebsk
Cnrbs;]tþmesnIy_)atavIy:a)ancakecjBIkm<úCa ehIynayGKarBaNiC¢kmµhuløg;enAkm<úCa k¾RtÚveK
30
]tþmesnIy_rbs;Rkúmh‘unhuløg;enAcugbUB’a (Compagnie hollandaise des Indes - Orientales) EdlenA)atavIy:a ehIydwknaM
RKb;RKgral;GKarBaNiC¢kmµhuløg;TaMgGs; KWCaemdwknaMBaNiC¢kmµ minEmnCaemT½BeT.
bBa¢a[dkecjeTAvijEdr drabNaraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCamin)anbMeBjesckþIRtÚvkarrbs;xøÜnenaH.
etImanGVIekIteLIgeRkayBIBYkhuløg;cakecjputeTA? eyIg)andwgGMBIGVI²EdlekItmanCabnþ
mkeTotEtedaysarÉksarBYkhuløg;b:ueNÑaH. BYkhuløg;min)anR)ab;[dwgBitR)akdfaetIGñkNa
EdlCaemePøIgeT k¾b:uEnþBYkeK)ansresrfa eRkamkarjúHjg;rbs;BYkB½rTuyehÁ nigBYkm:aeL nigeday
mankarfVayeyabl;B]I kj:aBIeresñdlu ¬?¦RBHraCa)anecjbBa¢a[kab;smøab;BkY hulgø ; vaykemÞcGKar
nigdeNþImykk):al;huløg;eQµaH n½rvIk nigsMeBAeQµaH rIvIkpg. RBHraCbBa¢aenH RtÚv)aneKGnuvtþtam
enAéf¶TI3 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1644elIkElgEtk):al;n½rsVIúkmYyecjEdleKminGaccab;)an.k¾b:uEnþ écdnü
GaRkk;enH )anFøak;eTAelIk):al;eQµaH GUr:g;ehS EdleTIbEtmkdl;BIekaHéhVy:Uv:an; ¬étv:an;¦31 eTAvij
edayKµan)andwgerOgr:avEdlekItmanenAkMBg;høÜgeT. GñkedIrk):al;enH )anRtÚvBYkCb:un EdlmanKña
RbEhlCa 10nak; bgç¿[cuHmkdIehIysmøab;Gs;mYycMnYn mYycMnYneTotRtÚvcab;CaeQøIy.
eBlTTYl)annUvdMNwgenH BYkhuløg;enA)atavIy:a)anseRmccitþeFVIkarsgswkvij edaybBa¢Ún
k):al;5eRKÓgmkkm<úCa nigTUksM):anCaeRcIn dwknaMTahan160nak; nignavik240nak;. eKnwgeFVIkar
sgswkedaykarbgðÚrQamRbsinebIRBHraCaGuIR)ahuIm minRBmRbKl;cMNab;xµaMgmk[vij ehIymineFVI
[manTMnak;TMngdUckalBImunqñaM1640eT. Rkúmh‘unBaNiC¢kmµhuløg;eTIbEt)anepJIkarsresIrmkfVay
RBHraCaRsab;EtRtÚveFVIs®gÁammYyeTAvij k¾b:uEnþBYkeKcg;)ansnþiPaB.k):al;TaMgGs;)anecjdMeNIr
enAéf¶TI23 ExmIna qñaM1644 eLIgmktamTenø)asak; ehIy)anmke)aHyufáaenAnwgBamTenøsab
BIxagelIPñMeBj-ctumµúxbnþic KWRbEhlCacm¶ay16KILÚEm:Rt BIGKarBaNiC¢kmµhuløg;.
enAeBlEdlkic©crcacab;epþImeLIgenAéf¶TI7 Exkkáda BYkm®nþIxagkm<úCa)ansMNUmBr[Bnüar
eBl 7éf¶ edayehtufaRBHmatarbs;RBHraCaeTIbnwgsuKt. edayBinitüeXIjfaKµanGVIEbøk KYr[
sgS½yenAtammat;Tenø embBa¢akarhuløg;k¾yl;RBmtamsMeNI ehIyEfmTaMg)ansMEdgkarcUlrYm
mrNTukç edaykar)aj;kaMePøIgFMeKarBeTotpg.
k):al;huløg;enAkñúgTwkrhUtdl;6Ex EtenAminTan;manlT§plGVIbnþicesaH. dl;éf¶TI20 Exmkra
31
ekaHhV‘½rm:Us cinehAfa étv:an; GñkRsukGayehAfa eb:kan. BYkhuløg;kan;kab;ekaHenH)anenAkñúgqñaM1634 k¾b:uEnþ
dl;mkqñaM1661 manecarsmuRTeQµaH kuksuIghÁa EdlCaédeCIgrbs;raCvgSmij deNþImykvij eRkayBI)ankan;kab;
mYyry³. manbnÞaysMxan;2 KWétv:an; b¤éhVy:Uv:an; nighÁaLg;daMg. eQµaHEdlBYkhuløg;ehAfa kuksuIghÁa tamemIl
eTARbEhlKW ebvDij.
qñaM1645 embBa¢akarhuløg;k¾seRmccitþnaMKñaecjk):al;eFVIdMeNIrbnþeTAkan;lEgVk. eTACitdl;kMBg;
høÜgeTAehIy Rsab;EtmanelcB¤dMNwgfaeKkMBugRbmUlb£sSImkKrenAPñMeBj CamYynwgGavuFyuT§PNÐ
epSg²eTot. embBa¢akark¾bBa¢a[eFVIdMeNIrcuHmkvij EtRtÚvTUktUc²CaeRcInsáat;vayenABak;kNþal
pøÚv. k):al;huløg;)anvayrujRcanTUkTaMgGs;enaHecj)an EtRtÚvrgkar)aj;\tdac;BIelIeKakEfm
eTot. yb;mkdl; k):al;)ane)aHyufáasRmaksin. dl;eBlRBwkEs¥keLIg eKBinitüeXIjmans<an
mYyRbEvg120Em:Rt TTwg6Em:RtenAkat;TTwgTenø nigmankaMePøIgFM8edImerobteRmóbKñaenAelIRcaMg
Tenøxaglic ÉxagekItTenøvijmanb:mmYykMBugsg;eLIgminTan;rYc. embBa¢akarhuløg;)anseRmcfa
RtÚvEtvayebIkpøÚvecj ehIykarRbyuT§k¾cab;epþImeLIg. embBa¢akarenaH)anRtÚvRKab;dac;k,al)at;
taMgEtBIcab;epþImRbyuT§Pøamemø:H ehIyxaghuløg;)an)at;bg;kmøaMgGs;120nak; k¾b:uEnþk):al;)anqøg
putcUleTAkñúgTenøFM xageRkamPñMeBj enAevlaem:ag4resol ehIye)aHyufáasRmakenATIenaHeTA.
Éksarhuløg;niyayfa enAkñúgkarRbyuT§KñaenaH xagExµr)anxUcxatkmøaMgrhUtdl;eTA1Ban;nak;.
edayminGacTb;Tl;nwgkarvayRbharteTAeTot k):al;huløg; k¾eFVIdMeNIrcuHtamTenøbnþeTAeTot
ehIyeTAdl;panr:agenAéf¶TI12Exkkáda.esþcnKrcam:,aEdlesssl;BIkarvatTIrbs;BYkGaNÑamenA
eBlenaH )anTTYlsVaKmn_BYkhuløg; ehIyGnuBaØat[BYkenHeFVIBaNiC¢kmµenAtamkMBg;Eprbs;eK k¾b:uEnþ
)anhamR)ammin[vayBYkB½rTuyehÁ enAkñúgTwkdIeKeT.esþcnKrcam:,aenaH)anRbkasfaGakb,kiriya
rbs;esþcc½nÞGuIR)ahIumKWCaGMeBIk,t; EtRBHGgÁ)anpþac;cMNgTak;TgCamYytaMgEtBIeBlEdlBjac½nÞ
)aneFVIXatRBH]PeyaraC]T½y nigRBHGgÁnn; EdlCamitþPkþimkemø:H. kñúgeBlenaHmannavahuløg;mYy
eRKÓgeTot eQµaH eGT½lb:UElr ecjminTan;putBITenø)asak;enAeLIy ehIykMBugEtrgkarvayRbharBI
T½BeCIgTwkkm<úCa EdldwknaMedayRBHraCapÞal;RBHGgÁ nigBYkB½rTuyehÁ m:aeL nigCb:un CaGñkbBa¢apg.
navaenaHGacRTaMRTkarvayRbharenaH)any:agl¥ ehIycuHputcUleTAkñúglMhsmuRTÉnavakm<úCak¾Elg
h‘anedjtameTotEdr.
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mkdl;mat;BamTenøemKgÁmineXIjkgnavahuløg; navaesomTaMgGs;enaHk¾Rtlb;eTAvijGs;eTA enAkñúg
ExkBaØa qñaM1645. b:unµanExeRkaymk RBHraCakm<úCa )anyl;RBmRbTansnþiPaB edayRTg;)an
bBa¢ÚnraCTUteTAkan;)atavIy:a enAkñúgEx]sPa qñaM1646. mkExemsa qñaM1647 RTg;)anedaHElg
BYkeQøIyswkEdlRTg;)ancab;BIk):al;GUr:g;ehS k¾b:uEnþbBaðalM)akenAEtmanbnþteTAeTot rhUtdl;
Exkkáda qñaM1652 enAeBlEdlBYkhuløg;)ansMNUmBr[RBHraCabBa¢ÚnraCTUteTAcrcaseRmcCa
elIkcugeRkay.
enAExkkáda qñaM1653 ]tþmesnIy_)atavIy:a)anCUndMNwgeTARBHraCakm<úCavijfaBYkhuløg;min
Gacmke)aHTItaMgenAelITwkdIkm<úCaCamYynwgsRtÚvrbs;xøÜn)aneT elIkElgEtRBHGgÁbeNþjBYkenaH
ecjsin. tamBitBYkhuløg;eBlenaHkMBugEtmans®gÁamCamYyBYkGg;eKøs EdleTIbEt)aneFVIXat
esþcrbs;eK. RBHraCa)anRcansMeNIenaH ehIykarcrca)anbnþrhUtdl;Exkkáda qñaM1656 eTIbman
cuHsn§isBaØamYyEdlminmanecaTRbkan;eTaskMhusGVIdl;RBHraCaGuIR)ahuIm eLIy ÉBYkhuløg;k¾min)an
TTYlnUvkarsgswkGVIEdr Et)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_xagBaNiC¢kmµxøH EdlBYkeKminGacEfrkSakarBar
)an32.
mkdl;eBlenH KWkñúgqñaM1658 RBHraCaGuIR)ahuImesayraCü)an18qñaMehIy. eBlenaHman
buRta2GgÁrbs;GtItRBH]PeyaraCRBH]T½yEdlBjac½nÞ-RBHGuIR)ahuIm)aneFVIXat KWBjasUr ¬Bja
sUrenH eRkaymk)aneLIgesayraCümanRBHnamfaRBHbTumraCa¦ manRBHCnµ26RBHvsSa nigRBHGgÁ
tn; manRBHCnµ18RBHvsSa)ancab;kan;GavuFbHe)arRbqaMgnwgRBHraCaeLIg.eBlenaHRBHeromrbs;
kSRtaTaMg2 KWRBHGgÁÉm Edl)anrYcrs;ranmanCIvit edayRtÚvRBHvrraCmataykmkciBa©wmbI)ac;Ef
rkSaehIymanzan³CaRBHEkvh‘aV min)ancUlédcUleCIgCamYyeTEtEbrCakan;eCIgxagRBHraCaeTAvij.
BjasUr nigRBHGgÁtn;)anRtÚvT½BRBHraCavay[braC½y k¾rt;eTARCkekannwgRBHmehsIemm:ay
mansBa¢atiGaNÑamrbs;RBHC½yeCdæa EdlENnaM[kSRtTaMg2rt;eTAsuMCMnYyBIesþcGaNÑam. eBl
enaH manRbCaCnGaNÑamCaeRcInEdlCaCnGnafa Cnrt;ecalCYr CnmaneTasEdlRtÚvbeNþjecjBI
Rsuk nigCnepSg²eTot cUlmkrs;enAlayLMCamYyGñkRsukedImenAkñúgExRt)araC nigdugNay.
eBleXIjkSRtExµrTaMg2GgÁrt;mkrkCMnYydUecñH esþcGaNÑam Kitfa»kasl¥mkdl; ehIykñúgkar
deNþImykRbeTsenH. GñkRbvtþiviTUGaNÑameQµaH eRTÓg vijKW)ansresrfa RbeTskm<úCa manTenø
32
mans®gÁammYyekIteLIgenAkñúgqñaM1658-59. eBlenaHpÞHBaNiC¢kmµrbs;huløg; )anRtÚvBYkGaNÑamdutbMpøaj
exÞcxÞI ehIymanBYkhulgø C; aeRcInnak; )anRtÚvcab;xnÜø nigsmøab;ecal. GñkEdleKcxønÜ rYc)anrt;eTARsukERs rYcbnþdeM NIr
eTARsukesomeTIbqøgeTA)atavIya: )anCamYynwgemrbs;eKmñak; eQµaHfaBIEyrEXTIj enAéf¶T1I 7ExsIhaqña1M 659.
mancuHsn§isBaØamYyeTot enAkñúgéf¶TI1 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1665 CamYynwgRBHraCabTumraCa. BIEyXITIj)anTTYl
karGnuBaØat[taMgGKarBaNiC¢kmµenAlEgVk k¾b:uEnþBYkhuløg;enAEtminGacsþarsßanPaBrbs;eKenAkm<úCa)an ebIeTaHbICa
BYkB½rTuyehÁ m:aeL nigcam Elg)anTTYlnUvkareR)asRbNIeTotehIyk¾eday.
FM² manédeRcIn dIERsk¾manCICatil¥ KYr[cg;)anNas;. RBHraCaGaNÑamk¾yl;RBmpþl;CMnYydl;
kSRtTaMg233 ehIy)anbBa¢ÚnT½B2Ban;nak; dwknaMeday]tþmesnIy_ CagFU [mkCYy.s®gÁamk¾cab;epþIm
eLIg ehIyRBHGgÁÉm buRtaTI3rbs;RBH]PeyaraC EdlcUlédcUleCIgCamYynwgXatksmøab;RBH
bita k¾RtÚvsuKteTAenAkñúgkarRbyuT§mYytameCIgTwkenA)araC. rIÉRBHraCavij RtÚvBYkGaNÑamcab;
)anCamYynwgesnaGamatü ehIydak;kñúgRTúgEdk naMykeTAkan;ExRtkVagb‘íj enACab;nwgRBMEdntugkwg.
RTg;)ansuKtenATIenaHenAkñúgqñaM1659 kñúgRBHCnµayu 40RBHvsSa. ebIKiteTA RBHGgÁesayraCü
)anRbEhlCa 18qñaM.
BYkGaNÑam)anGHGagfa GñkeTasEdleKcab;)ankñúgs®gÁamenaH)anRtÚveKedaHElgmkkm<úCa
vijEtenAeRkayeBlEdleK)ancuHsn§isBaØsnþiPaBmYy EdlbBa¢ak;c,as;faRbeTskm<úCanwgnaMyk
sYysarGakreTAfVayesþcGaNÑamCaeTotTat; ehIyBYkRbCaCnGaNÑamEdlcUlmkrs;enAelI
TwkdIRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa nwgTTYl)annUvsiT§ikmµsiT§ielIdIEdlxøÜnkan;kab; ehIynwgRtÚvcat;TukdUcCa
GñkrdævasI b:ueNÑaH.
kareRCótERCkrbs;BYkGaNÑamcUlmkkñúgerOgr:avrbs;km<úCa tamry³mhakSRtImanedIm
kMeNItCaGaNÑamenH KWCaesckþIepþIménkarxusqÁgd¾EvgGnøay EdlnwgnaMmknUvkar)at;bg;TwkdIbnþic
mþg² minxusBIkarlukluyratt,atBIsMNak;BYkesomb:unµaneT. ehtukarN_enH)anbeBa©j[eXIj
nUvGVIEdlGacnwgekItmanPøam²Etmþg ³ eRkayBITTYlC½yCmñHehIym©as;karelIsPaBkarN_)anehIy
]tþmesnIy_GaNÑamk¾cab;sakl,gkemÞckSRtaExµrTaMg2GgÁ CabkSBYkPøamEdr. k¾b:uEnþ edayminGac
eFVIGVI)anenAcMeBaHmuxRbeTsTaMgmUl NamYyRtÚvbraC½yenAkñúgkarRbyuT§CamYyT½Brbs;RBHGgÁxøHpg
]tþmesnIy_GaNÑamenaHRtÚvbgç¿citþvaydkfy rt;ecjBIkm<úCaeTAvij enAkñúgqñaM1659 edaynaMyk
eTACamYynUvC½yPNÐCaeRcIneTApg.
enAkñúgqñaMbnÞab;mk BYkesomEdlEtgEtKitfakm<úCaCacMNId¾q¶aj;Bisarbs;xøÜneTAGnaKt )an
bBa¢ÚnraCTUtmYyeTAkan;raCvaMgEkcUenAhaNUy suMcgsm<½n§emRtIPaBRbqaMgnwgBYkegVógenAxagt,Úg
33
raCBgSavtarGaNÑam)anniyayfa kSRtaTaMg2GgÁ )anTUlfVayRBHraCaGaNÑamfa kSRtaTaMg2 suxcitþlHbg;
raCsm,tþifVayRBHGgÁ [EtRBHGgÁCYysgswknwgRBHGgÁc½nÞ Edl)aneFVIXatbitakSRtaTaMg2. GñkRbvtþviTUExµr
minÉkPaBnwgsMdIenHeT ehIymanRBHsgÇcas;mYyGgÁmansgÇdIkafa sUm,IEtRBHraCaEdlkMBugEtesayraCsm,tþi
k¾minGacecHEtelIkRsukRbKl;[nrNa)antamcitþenaHeT.
¬Rkúgev:¦ EdlTIbEterIbRmHrYcBInwmRtÜtRtarbs;BYkGaNÑamxageCIg ehIy)anbgðaj[eXIjtamry³
GnþraKmn_elIkTI1xagelIfa cg;gakmkrkdeNþImykkm<úCaEdr.
12- RBHbTumraCaTI3-BjasUr ¬1659-1672¦
RBHbTumraCBjasUr CaraCbuRtac,grbs;RBH]PeyaraC EdlesþccUlsasnaCVa)aneFVIXat.
RTg;)ansuMCMnYyBIGaNÑam EtRtÚvBYkenHRbúgnwgkemÞcecaleTAvij. namuWnsBVmuxm®nþI)anelIkRBHGgÁ
[TTYlkargardwknaMRBHnKr. eBlenaHRBHGgÁmanRBHCnµ28RBHvsSaehIy34.
enAeBlenaHBYkcam nigm:aeL enAkñúgExRtt,ÚgXµúM EdlFøab;)anbHe)armþgrYcmkehIyenAkñúgqñaM
1599 minsb,aycitþnwgPaBRkLab;cak;eRkayBIRBHraCaGuIR)ahuIm)anRtÚveFVIXatEdleFVI[)at;bg;
plRbeyaCn_xøÜnGs; k¾bHe)areLIgmþgeTot kñúgrvagqñaM1660. RBHraCa)andwknaMT½BpÞal;RBHGgÁ
ecjeTAb®gáabBYkenH [braC½y rt;eKckat;ExRtkMBg;sVayrhUteTAdl;ExRtGgÁr EtRtÚvT½BRBHraCa
tamedjvayRbharrhUt ehIytRmÚvcuHGnusBaØamYybgç¿[BYkem²rbs;BYkenaHePosxøÜneTArs;enAÉ
RsukesomeTA.
raCbuRtaTaMgGs;rbs;RBHraCaecalsasna KWRBHGgÁnI RBHGgÁ]T½y nigRBHGgÁGM k¾)annaMKñaeFVI
dMeNIreTArs;enAÉRsukesomEdr CamYynwgRsIsñMRkmkarTaMgGs;rbs;raCvaMgmun manTaMgRBHsgÇpg
srubTaMgGs; 2/224nak;.
edayRtÚveFVI[FUrRsalBIsRtÚv -manBYkcamm:aeLnigraCbuRtrbs;GtItRBHmhakSRtnigbkS
BYk RBHbTumraCaBjasUrk¾cab;kan;RBHx½nraCüeLIgKg;elIblø½gáraC TTYlRBHraCaPieskenAkñúgqñaM
1662 eRkamRBHnamfa RBH)aTsemþcesþcRBHraC»gáarbrmraCaFiraCramaFibtIbrmbBiRt.
enAkñúgqñaM1661 RTg;)anelIkRBHGnuC KWRBHGgÁtn; [eLIgCaTI]PeyaraC RbEhledIm,IbMEbk
RBHGnuCecj[q¶ayBIraCblø½gá[ehIy ehIyRTg;)anTTYlRBHnagGgÁLI Cabgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYy eFVICa
RBHGKÁmehsI manRBHnamfa semþcRBHPKvtIRBHcmkSRtIy_.
enAkñúgExkkáda qñaM1661enaH manCn)araMgmñak;eQµaH lVIsWRvWy )aneFVIdMeNIrBIRsukesommk
34
manÉksarmYyniyayfa RBHGgÁCaRBHraCbuRtarbs;mehsImYyGgÁRBHnamfa nagsYs ehIyRTg;RbsURtenAkñúg
qñaM1628. ÉksarmYyeTotfaRTg; RbsURtenAkñúgqñaM1631 cMENkÉksarEdl´manfaRbsURtqñaM1621 nigman
RBHCnµ 38RBHvsSa enAeBlRTg;eLIgesayraCü.
taMgTIenARtg;)asak; Ek,rsVayerog kñúgnamCasasnTUtrbs;RkúmnikaypSBVpSayCMenO ehIy)an
begáItniKmkatUlikGaNÑammYyenATIenaH )anmYyry³. bIqñaMeRkaymk lVIsWRvWy )ant¥ÚjEt¥renAkñúg
sarlixitmYyepJIeTARsuk)araMg faKat;minGacbBa©úHbBa©Úl[GñkRsukGayNamñak;bþÚrmkkan;sasna
katUlik)aneT. enAeBlEdlKat;mkBjaB¤b:unµanqñaMeRkaymkeTot Kat;)aneXIjfa enATIenHmanGñk
kan;sasnakatUlikRbEhl400nak; kñúgenaHmancRmúHBYkcin B½rTuyehÁ nigGaNÑam EdlKat;ehAfa
CaBYkkUsaMgsuIn.
enAqñaM1671 RBHRsIC½yeCdæa CaraCbuRtarbs;RBHbTumvgSaraCaEdlRtÚvRBHraCaecal
sasnaeFVIXat ehIyk¾RtÚvCaRBHPaKienyürbs;RBHraCa nigCaRBHraCbuRtaéførbs;RBHraCapgEdr
)ank,t;nwgRBHraCa ehIynaM[BYkebskCneFVIXatRBHraCaecaleTA.
RBH]PeyaraCtn; nigRBHGgÁnUk¾rt;eKcxøÜneTAkUsaMgsuIn suMCMnYyBIBYkGaNÑam dUcEdlRBH
]PeyaraC nigRBHraCaeTIbsuKtFøab;)aneFVIrYcmþgmkehIykñúgqñaM1658.
13- RBH)aTC½yeCdæaTI3-FemµasurieyavgS ¬1672-1673¦
esþcenHCaraCbuRtrbs;RBHGgÁnn; nigRtÚvCaRBHraCntþarbs;RBH]PeyaraC]T½y Edl)anRtÚv
eKeFVIXatenA]tþúgÁkalBIqñaM1642. RBHGgÁeTIbEt)anXubXiteFVIXatRBHraCamunrYcEdr rYcehIy
)ancab;kan;GMNacPøam nig)an[eKerobcMGPieskRBHGgÁeRkamRBHnamfa RBHFemµasurieyavgSraCa
FiraCbrmbBiRt. eBlenaHRBHGgÁmanRBHCnµayu33RBHvsSaehIy. RBHGgÁ)ancab;bgç¿RBHGKÁ
mehsIrbs;RBHraCaEdlRTg;)aneFVIXat KWsemþcRBHPKvtIRBHcmkSRtIy_ [TTYleFVICaRBHGKÁmehsI
rbs;RBHGgÁEdr b:uEnþRBHcmkSRtIy_ )aneFVIkarsgswknwgRBHGgÁvij edaynaMBYkm:aeLCakUnecAEdl
Føab;KaMRTRBHraCaGuIR)ahuIm [mkeFVIXatRBHraCa 5ExeRkayBIGPieskrYc. EtXatkmµenHmin)an
RbKl;raCsm,tþieTA[RBHraCvgSrbs;RBHraCaecalsasnavijeT.
14- Gkñ GgCÁ y½ ¬1673-1674¦
RBHEkvh‘VaGñkGgÁC½y CaraCntþarbs;RBH]T½yeyamraCFM nigCaraCbuRtarbs;RBHraCabTum
raCaGgÁsUr35 EdlmanRBHCnµayu21RBHvsSaehIy )anRtÚvnamuWnsBVmuxm®nþIelIk[eLIgkan;GMNac
35
RBHraCaGgÁenH)anRtÚvRBHraCamun KWRBHC½yeCdæa eFVIXatenAkñúgqñaM1672.
eRkamRBHnamfa semþcRBHEkvh‘Va KWfaCaRBHraCaEdlmin)anTTYlkarGPiesk.
enAqñaMbnÞab;mkRBH]PeyaraCGgÁtn; nigRBHGgÁnn; Edl)anrt;ePosRBHkayeTARCkekannwgBYk
GaNÑameRkayRBwtþikarN_manXatkmµeTAelIRBHraCabTumraCa )ancUllukluyRbeTsBIxagt,Úgmk
niyayfaminEmnmkdeNþImGMNacGVIeT RKan;Etcg;sgswknwgRBHraCa EdlebItamBiteTA KµanmUlehtu
GVInwgmksgswkesaH BIeRBaHfaGñkGgÁC½yenHminEmnCaraCvgSxagRBHraCaGuIR)ahuImÉNa. RBH]P
eyaraC )annaMTB½ GaNÑamy:agFMmkCamYy ehIyeFVsI ®gÁameBj1qña.M RBHraCa)andwknaMTB½ ecjRbyuT§
nwgT½BRBH]PeyaraC ehIyRtÚvsuKtenAmuxkgT½BenaHeTA36. RTg;)anesayraCümin)an3qñaMpgeT.
eBlenaH RBH]PeyaraCGgÁtn; EdlmanRBHCnµ51RBHvsSaehIy )anGaBaFehIysuKt
eTAEdr. dUecñHenAsl;EtRBHGgÁnn;mYyGgÁÉgb:ueNÑaH.
15- ry³kalcenøaHraCü-RBH]PeyaraCGgÁnn; ¬1674-1675¦
esþcenHCabuRtarbs;RBHGgÁÉm Edl)anKaMRTRBHraCaecalsasnaRbqaMgnwgRBHGnuCTaMg2
Edl)anrt;eTAsuMCMnYyBIesþckUsaMgsuIn. RTg;)annaMRBHraCvgSmkKg;enAÉraCFanI]tþúgÁvij ehIyk¾
cab;kan;kab;GMNackñúgRBHnamfa semþcbTumraCa]PeyaraC KWRTg;minRKgraCüeT. manÉksarxøH
niyayfa RTg;manRBHzan³CasemþcRBHEkvh‘Va. karEdlRTg;Rbkan;ykRBHzan³Ca RBH]PeyaraC
enH KWedIm,I[RsbeTAnwgRBHraCbnÞÚlEdlRTg;)anRbkasBImunmkfa RTg;minEmnmkRbyuT§edIm,IraC
blø½gáenaHeT KWedIm,IEtkarsgswkb:ueNÑaH.
RBHGgÁnn;kan;GMNacmin)anTaMg5Expg RBHGgÁsUrEdlRtÚvCaraCbuRtrbs;RBHbTumraCa Edl
suKteTA ehIyRtÚvCaRBHGnuCrbs;sBGñkGgÁC½y EdleBlenaHmanRBHCnµ18RBHvsSaehIy )an
RbEmRbmUlkgT½BRbqaMgnwgRBH]PeyaraCGgÁnn;. RBHGgÁsUr)anTTYleCaKC½yl¥bgÁÜr eFVI[RBH]P
eyaraCRTaMmin)ank¾rt;eKcxøÜneTAenAÉkUsaMgsuIn Ek,rPñMdWka¬Rtg;RBMRbTl;Ednkm<úCa-GaNÑambc©úb,nñ¦
enAR)aMtmøwg. bnþiceRkaymkraCvgSanuvgSrbs;RBHGgÁ kñúgenaHmanRsIsñMmñak;EdlmanedImkMeNItCa
cin )annaMKñart;mkrs;enACamYyRBHGgÁEdr.
36
manÉksarmYyeTotniyayfaRTg;RtÚvbraC½y k¾ePosRBHGgÁeTAKg;enAÉRsukR)aMdMLwg kñúgExRtsMeragTg ehIy
suKtenATIenaHedaysarCMgW.
16- RBHC½yeCdæaTI4-RBHGgÁsUr rC¢kalTI1 ¬1675-1688¦
RBHGgÁsUreBlenaH manRBHCnµ19RBHvsSaehIy. kalBIqñaMknøgeTA RTg;)anTamTaryk
GMNacEdlRBHGgÁRtÚvTTYlbnþBIRBHGgÁC½yCaRBHerom Edl)ansuKtenAkñúgkarRbyuT§CamYynwgRBH
GgÁtn; nigRBHGgÁnn;. enAeBlEdlRBHGgÁnn;rt;ePosRBHkayeTAenAÉkUsaMgsuIn RBHGgÁsUrk¾cUlkan;
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37
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38
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39
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niKmcinenAmIfk¾RtÚv)aneKRbKl;[Gug):agcinenA)araCeQµaH Rtan; kan;kab;RKb;RKgvij.
40
emOgeKakesHenHenAkñúgExRt)arayN_ edaymanvtþ)arayN_enAcMkNþal.
T½BGaNÑam eRkayBI)ankemÞcT½BBYkbHe)arcinenA mIf rYcehIy min)anQb;enAesomeT.
eK)anbnþdMeNIrmkvaydeNþImykPñMeBjeTot rhUtTal;Et)an.
RBHraCakm<úCa)anePosRBHkaymkKg;enAÉkMBg;høÜg elIRcaMgxagsþaMTenøsab Rtwm]tþúgÁ rYcRTg;
)anepJITUtmksuMcrcasnþiPaB. b:unµanéf¶eRkaymksn§isBaØasnþiPaBrvagkm<úCa nigGaNÑam k¾)anRtÚvcuH
htßelxaCafµI edaykMNt;[km<úCaelIksYysarGakrfVayRBHraCaGaNÑam Caerogral;qñaM.
mankarniTant²Kñafa k,Ünc,ab;epSg²rbs;RBHraCaNacRk)anRtÚvx©at;x©ayr):at;r):ay)at;
Gs;CamYynwgkar)ak;EbklEgVkkalBIqñaM1593 eFVI[BYkecARkmmankarlM)akNas;kñúgkarkat;
esckþI eRBaHKµanGVICasMGag kat;esckþIeTAtamEtkarcgcaMb:ueNÑaH. RBHraCamun²)anbBa¢a[xitxM
RbEmRbmUlk,Ünc,ab;TaMgGs; BItambNþaExRt nigvtþGaram eLIgvijEdr ehIyeKRbmUl)anmkvij
CaeRcIn k¾b:uEnþk,Ünc,ab;TaMgGs;enaHminRtÚvKñaeT mYycMnYnERbxusc,ab;edImedaykarcmøgt²Kñamk.
edayBinitüeXIjdUecñH RBHraCa)anecjbBa¢a[RbmUlk,Ünc,ab;TaMgGs;ykmksikSaeRbóbeFobKña
emIl ehIyebIcaM)ac;RTg;[eFVIviesaFnkmµ. RTg;)anbnÞúkbNþak;[GñkR)aCJbNÐit6rUbeFVIkaresIerI
Binitüc,ab;TaMg12k,aleLIgvij. BYkGñkR)aCJbNÐit)aneFVIkargarenHseRmckñúgry³eBl5qñaM
rYcehIyRBHC½yeCdæak¾Rbkas[eRbI.
manesssl;c,ab;enHrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶cMnYn2c,ab; EdlmanPsþuútagbBa¢ak;GMBIkaresIerIBinitü
eLIgvijenH KWRkmecareroberogtaMgBIqñaM983énculøskraC RtÚvnwgRKisþskraC1621 nigRkmsuPa
FibtI eroberogBIqñaM980énculøskraC RtÚvnwgRKisþskraC1618. c,ab;epSg²eTot EdlemIleTA
RbEhlCaeroberogeLIgkñúgsm½ykalenaHEdr b:uEnþminmanbBa¢ak;eQµaHRBHraCa b¤kalbriecäTc,as;
las; KWRbEhlCaRtÚv)aneKesIerIBinitüeLIgvijCaeRcIndg41.
RkmecarmanesckþbI Ba¢ak;[eXIjc,as;GBM RI BHraCbBa¢a[esIerIBni ti üeLIgvij ³ {RBHraCaC½yeCdæa
EdlesayraCüenAraCFanI]tþgú Á manRBHT½ysenþasRtaRbNIdl;ra®sþrbs;RBHGgÁ. RBHGgÁeQVgyl;
faTNÐkmµEdldak;eTAelIBkY ]Rkidfæ añ k;elx1enaH mansPaBF¶nF; r¶ éRBépSxøagM eBkNas; RTg;manRBHT½y
cg;[lubecjvij. edayehtuenH RTg;)anbBa¢a[ykTNÐkmµEdl)ankMNt;[dak;elI]Rkidækmµfñak;
elx2 mkdak;elI]Rkidkæ mµfañ k;elx1 ehIyykTNÐkmµsRmab;]Rkidkæ mµfañ k;elx3 mkdak;elI]Rkidkæ mµ
fñak;elx2vij.l.} esckþIRtg;enHmann½yfa lubbM)at;TNÐkmµRbharCIvitbg;. eyIg)aneXIjBI
41
dUcCaRkmRsuk CaRbePTc,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØmYyEbb EdleKeRcInehAfa RkmRsukC½yeCdæa.
xagelIrYcmkehIyfamanesþclavmYyGgÁ KW hVaegam k¾)anbBa¢a[lubTNÐkmµenHecalEdr edayRTg;
Bnül;faeKminRtÚvsmøab;mnusSEdl)ansmøab;eKenaHeT eRBaHvanwgeFVI[manmrNPaBmYyEfmeTot.
eRkaymk manc,ab;my Y eTot)anEkc,ab;RBHC½yeCdæa edayERbdak;[maneTasRbharCIvti eLIg
vij. c,ab;enaHeroberogeLIgenAkñgú qña1M 660. éCOfac,ab;qañ 1M 621minRtÚv)aneKeKarBtamb:nu aµ n
eT ebIy:agehacNas;k¾kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Edr. Cak;EsþgKWmanerOgr:avTak;TgeTAnwg semþcRBHTavkSRtI
EdlmanelIkeLIgenAkñúgc,ab;TMenomBIburaN kñúgenaHmanniyayGMBIkrNImnusSCaeRcIn EdlRtÚv
RbharCIvitedaykat;k,al42.
eTaHCay:agNakþI RbEhlCa70qñaMeRkaymk KWenAkñúgqñaM1690 RBHC½yeCdæaEdleyIgkMBug
EtsikSaenH RTg;)anbBa¢a[eKBinitüc,ab;qñaM1621TaMg12c,ab;eLIgvij rYc)anRbTannam[fa c,ab;
RBHC½yeCdæa b:uEnþ[dak;kalbriecäTRtwmqñaM1675 CaqñaMEdlRBHGgÁeLIgesayraCü.
enAkñgú qña1M 681KW1qñabM nÞab;BcI ,ab;TaMgLay)anRtÚvRbkas[eRbIrcY ehIy RBH]PeyaraCGgÁnn;
)anyagRtlb;cUlmkkñúgRsukExµrvij ehIyk¾suKteTAenARsIsn§r. eBlenaHRBHGgÁmanRBHCnµ37
RBHvsSa nigkan;GN M ac)an1qñaM ehIykarbHe)arrbs;RBHGgÁmanry³eBlBI15eTA16qña.M eBlenaH
RBHraCaRTg;Kg;enAÉbwgk,in. minyUrb:unµaneRkaymk RTg;)anyagRtlb;mkKg;enAÉ]tþúgÁvij.
raCBgSavtar)anerobrab;fa enAkñúgqñaM1692 RBHraCvgSanuvgSrbs;RBHraCanKrcam:,a)annaM
Kñayagmkdl;RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa edaymanTaMgesnaEhhm5Ban;nak;mkCamYypg edIm,IsuMRCk
ekanCamYyRBHraCakm<úCa. RBHC½yeCdæa )anRbTandIFøI nigGnuBaØat[BYkenaHrs;enACitlEgVk.
mYyqñaMbnÞab;mkeTot c,ab;GyüekaTak;TineTAnwgsßansRmaleTas )anRtÚvRbkas[eRbI.
ehIyc,ab;mnÞIrrdæ)al KWc,ab;Tak;Tgnwg {kgrkSaRBHGgÁ} EdlminEmnCac,ab;eyIgmansBVéf¶ EtCa
c,ab;mYycas;Cag EdleK)aneFVIviesaFnkmµCac,ab;fµIenH k¾RtÚv)anRbkas[eRbIpgEdr. tamc,ab;
enH GñkRsukminRtÚvcgRtedakeKaeTenAeBlbrreTHkat;raCFanI minRtÚv)aMgq½RteBlCiHreTH minRtÚv
eRkóveKa minRtÚvkab;smøab;eKayksac;briePaKeT reTHk¾min[labBN’eqIt² cenÞalreTHmin[dak;cgá¿
BN’masEdr.
42
´sUmelIkerOgmYy KWenAkñúgeBlEdlelaksUm:ug CaraCTUtrbs;esþclVITI14 GeBa¢Ijmkdl;raCvaMgesom enAkñúgqñaM
1695 eTasRbharCIvitmanGnuvtþEtcMeBaHCnNaEdl)anRbRBwtþbTelµIs]RkidæcMeBaHRBHraCab:ueNÑaH. ehIyc,ab;
esomeBlenaHminsUvxusBIc,ab;Exµrb:unµaneT.
bIqñaMmþgGñkRsukRtÚvbg;Bn§reTH nigeKacMnYnesµInwg1PaK10 ehIyRBHraCa)anseRmcfa eKaNa
Edlmansm,úrBRBúsdUceramllkRtÚvdkhUtTukCaRBHraCRTBü.
enAkñgú qña1M 695 RBHraCaEdlmanRBHCnµ30RBHvsSa ehIyesayraCsm,tþti aMgBIRTg;manRBH
Cnµ 20RBHvsSaemø:H )andak;raCfVaydl;RBHPaKienyü RBH]T½y EdlmanRBHCnµ22RBHvsSa43.
19- RBHnrayramaFibtI-RBH]T½y ecABjay:g ¬1695-1696¦
RBHraCaGgÁenHRTg;)anTTYlkarGPieskenAkñúgqñaM1695 kñúgRBHCnµ23RBHvsSa eRkamRBH
namfa RBH)aTsemþcesþcRBHraC»gáarRBHnrayramaFibtIRBH]T½yraCabrmbBiRt. RBHGgÁ)anyk
RBHmatucäa CabuRtIrbs;RBH)aTsemþcRBHbrmraCaFiraCCaGKÁmehsI. RTg;esayraCü)an10Ex rYck¾
suKteTAkñúgqñaM1696.
20- RBHC½yeCdæa-rC¢kalTI3 ¬1696-1699¦
RBH)aTC½yeCdæa eRkayBI)ansagRBHpñÜsCaelIkTI3 Gs;ry³kal5éf¶rYcehIy k¾lacaksikça
bT ehIymkTTYlykRBHGKÁmehsI erobcMRBHraCBiFIGPiesk eLIgKg;elIraCsm,tþiCaelIkTI2 eday
manRBHnamxusBImunbnþicbnþÜc.
enAqñaM1699 manm®nþImñak;eQµaHfa ]kj:anrinÞÉm RtÚvCakUnelakBjaesna em:g )anelIk
KeRmagEpnkark,t; minEmnRKan;EtedIm,ITmøak;RBHraCaBIraCblø½gáb:ueNÑaaHeT KWb:unb:gKas;rMelIgraCvgS
TaMgmUlEtmþg. Cnk,t;enH)aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;kUsaMgsuIn suM)anT½BGaNÑam2muWnnak; k¾erobcMCa 2kg
eFVIdMeNIreLIgmktamédTenøTaMg2. RBHraCaC½yeCdæa RtÚvbgç¿RBHT½yrt;eKcRBHGgÁeTAKg;enAÉExRt
eBaFisat; edIm,IekNÐT½B. T½BGaNÑamrbs;]kj:anrinÞÉm)anerobcMedjtamRBHraCa EdleFVIdMeNIr
yWt²mkdl;kMBg;qñaMg k¾taMgdutbMpøajexÞcxÞI.
eBlenaHRBHRsIFemµaraCaCaRBHraCbuRtarbs;RBHraCanigGñkGgÁm©as;ÉmRtÚvCaraCbuRtarbs;
GtItRBH]PeyaraCk,t; EdleTIbEtRtlb;mkBIGaNÑamBIqñaMmun )andwknaMT½BmYykgmñak; ecjBIExRt
eBaFisat;mk mYykgmktampøÚveKak mYykgeTotcuHtamTenøsab mkecamvayeTAelIT½BGaNÑam eFVI[
BYkenaHrt;ecal]kj:anrinÉÞ m dkfyeTAxagt,ÚgsayhÁn dl;ExRtebonv:a nig)araC EdlesþckUsaMgsunI
43
raCBgSavtar)anniyayfa RBHC½yeCdæa RTg;mandMrIjIBN’s mYyk,al.
eTIbEtRbKl;faV ymk[RBHraCakm<Cú avij.munenHExRtTaMg2sßti enAkñgú karRKb;RKgrbs;BkY GaNÑam.
eKGacnwgecaTsMNYr)anfa etIRBH]PeyaraCGgÁnn;b¤ EdlsuKteTAenAkñúgqñaM1691 CaGñk)an
RbKl;ExRtTaMg2enHeTAfVayesþcGaNÑam b¤mYyk¾]kj:anrinÞÉmeTEdlCaGñkRbKl;ExRtTaMg2
enHCafñÚrnwgkgT½BEdlxøÜn)ansuM. manÉksarxøH)anniyayEfmeTotfa edIm,ITb;Tl;kuM[Tahanrt;
ecalkgT½B esþcGaNÑam)anGnuBaØat[]tþmesnIy_rbs;RBHGgÁenARKb;RKgExRtTaMg2[)an.
k¾b:uEnþGVIEdlR)akdenaH KWfakgT½BGaNÑam)ansmøab;]kj:anrinÞÉmecal muneBlEdlkgT½BenHcab;
bnþdMeNIrmkPaKxagt,Úgbnþic.
enAqñaMbnÞab; TwkdIExRtTaMg2enaHk¾RtÚveKEbgEckCaRsukx½NÐtUc² RKb;RKgedaynamuWnGaNÑam
cMNuH[]tþmesnIy_EdldwknaMT½BmkCYy]kj:anrinÞÉmenaHÉg. BYk]tþmesnIy_TaMgenaHenAnwgbnÞay
sayhÁn ehIymanGMNacTaMgxagsuIvil TaMgxagkgT½B. TwkdIExRtTaMg2enH)ankøayeTACarbs;
GaNÑamcab;taMgEtBIeBlenaHrhUtmk.
enAdMNac;qñaM eRkayBIRTg;esayraCüCaelIkTI3)an4qñaM RBHraCaC½yeCdæa)andak;raCsm,tþi
fVayGñkGgÁm©as;Ém EdlRBHGgÁ)anelIk[eLIgCaRBHEkvh‘VataMgEtBIeBlRtlb;BIGaNÑammkvij
ehIyEdlRBHGgÁ)anerobGPieskbuRtIrbs;RBHGgÁmYyGgÁfVay BIeRBaHfaRBHEkvh‘Va )anbgðaj[
eXIjfVIédrYcmkehIy kñúgkarRbyuT§CamYyT½BGaNÑamrbs;]kj:anrinÞÉm.
21- RBHEkvh‘VabrmbBiRtGgÁÉm ¬1700-1701¦
GñkGgÁm©as;ÉmeBlenaHRTg;manRBHCnµ25-26RBHvsSaehIy. RBHGgÁRtÚvCabuRtarbs;
RBH]PeyaraCGgÁnn;CamYyRsIcinmñak;. RBHGgÁRtÚv)anelIk[eLIgCaRBH)aTsemþcRBHEkvh‘Va
brmbBiRtenAkñúgRKisþskraC1700 RtÚvnwgmhaskraC1622 culøskraC1062. RBHGgÁ
)anyageTAKg;enAÉExRteBaFisat;.
cMENkÉRBHraCadak;raCüvij )ancMNayeBlevlarbs;RBHGgÁRtÜtBinitükarCYsCulvtþ
RBHeBaFimanbuNü EdlRBHc½nÞraCa )an[ksageLIgkalBIqñaM1534 eRkayBIRTg;manC½yCmñHelIBYk
esom. RTg;)ancMNayRBHraCRTBüpÞal;enAkñúgkarCYsCulenH. enAeBlEdlkarCYsCulenHcb;sBV
RKb;rYcehIy RBHGgÁRTg;)anyagcUlsagRBHpñÜsmþgeTot k¾b:uEnþ)anEt3éf¶ RBHGgÁk¾lHbg;sikçabT
mkTTYlykraCsm,tþivijCaelIkTI4 raCBgSavtarniyayfatamsMNUmBrrbs;RBHEkvh‘Va Caehtu
bgðaj[eXIjfa RTg;Caesþcd¾manGMNacBitR)akdEmn.
RBH)aTC½yeCdæa )aneLIgesayraCüCaelIkTI4 enAkñúgRBHCnµayu45RBHvsSa.
eTIbeLIgRKgraCblø½gáminTan;)anb:unµanpg RBHGgÁRtÚvRbyuT§RbQmmuxnwgCnbHe)armñak;eQµaH
fa PIErnKIm CakUnrbs;m®nþIRBHraCvaMgmñak;. Cnk,t;enHEdl)anTTYlT½BCMnYyBIesþcGaNÑam k¾dwknaM
eLIgtampøÚvTwkrhUtmkdl;Rtwm]tþúgÁ. eBlT½BsRtÚvmkCitdl;ehIy RBHraCak¾naMRBHraCvgS nigesna
m®nþITaMgGs; eKcRBHGgÁeTAKg;enAÉExRteBaFisat;. PIErnKIm)andwknaMT½Bedjtam k¾b:uEnþRBHraCa
RTg;man»kasGacekNÐ)anT½BmYykgtUcTan; ehIy)anebIkkarvayRbharbkmkelIT½Bk,t;vij
vay[BYkenH braC½yEbk)ak;KñaGs;eTA ÉPIErnKImRtÚvcab;xøÜn)an.
qñabM nÞab;mkRBHC½yeCdæa )andak;raCsm,tþmi gþ eTotk¾bEu: nþmgþ enHfVaydl;RBHraCbuRtac,gRBHnam
RsIFemµaraCaEdlmanRBHCnµ12RBHvsSa.rYcehIyRBHGgÁky ¾ agcUlsagRBHpñsÜ mþgeTotcMnnY 3éf¶.
23-RBHFemaµ raCaT4I ¬1702-1704¦
edayRBHraCafµImanRBHCnµticeBk eKk¾bg¥g;minTan;erobcMRBHraCBiFIGPieskeT ehIyRBHbita
enAbnþcat;Ecgkic©karRBHraCaNacRk hak;bIdUcCaRTg;mindak;raCüenAeLIy.
enAkñúgqñaMbnÞab; manCnsMEr:mñak; EdleTArs;enAÉRsukkULa ¬PUma¦Gs;eBlb:unµanqñaM )anRtlb;
mkvij. BYkkulsm<½n§sMEr:enHFøab;manbuBVburseLIgeFVICaRBHraCakm<úCaehIybegáIt)anCasnþtivgSfµI
mYy KWtafIb¤taRtsk;Ep¥m. CnsMEr:enaHhak;dUcCaminsUvCaeT k¾b:uEnþeKmanlkçN³sm,tþismlµmnwg
eFVI[RbCaCneCOfaeKCaGñkmanbuNü EdlRtÚvmkesayraCüenAkm<úCaenH. manRbCaCnCaeRcIneCO
ehIyedIrtam eFVI[RsukeTsRCÜlRcbl;CaxøaMg. namuWnsBVmuxm®nþI )ancat;T½BmYykg[cuHmkcab;Cn
sMEr:enH k¾b:uEnþCnenaH)aneKcxøÜn)at;eTA ehIyRBHraCaNacRkk¾Rtlb;mansNþab;Fñab;l¥eLIgvij.
enAqñaM1703 RBHraCaFanIEdlepÞreTAtaMgenAÉeBaFisat;taMgBIqñaM1699mk )anbþÚrmktaMg
enAnwg]tþúgÁvij.
enAqñaMbnÞab;mkeTot RBHRsIFemµaraCa)andak;raCsm,tþifVaydl;RBHbitavij eRkayBIesay
raCü)an2qñaM.
RBHC½yeCdæa)aneLIgRKgraCblø½gámþgeTot CaelIkTI5. eBlenHRBHGgÁmanRBHCnµ49
RBHvsSaehIy. raCBgSavtarmineXIjmanniyayfa etIRBHGgÁ[eKerobcMRBHraCBiFIGPieskfVay
Edr b¤Gt;eT.
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beNþjecjBIraCFanIevogc½nÞ )annaMKñart;mksuMRCkekan nigsuMdIrs;enAenAkm<úCa. raCvgSenHesay
raCsm,tþienAelIraCblø½gálavCaeRcInqñaMmkehIy mundMbUgesayraCüenAhøÜgR)a)ag rYcmkenAÉevog
c½nÞ. RBHraCalavEdlelak ehSr:av:an;vUsUv )anCYbenAkñúgqñaM1641eRkayBIRTg;esayraCü)an
3qñaMehIy b:uEnþmin)an[dwgRBHnameT KWRBHGgÁm©as;suriya RBHnameBjKWfavsuriyavgSFmµik³ raCa
brmbBiRtFiraC. RBHraCaGgÁenH)ansuKteTAenAkñúgqñaM1595 edaybnSl;TuknUvRBHraCntþa EdlenA
tUc²enAeLIy.
manm®nþ I m ñ a k; k ñ ú g cM e Namm®nþ I r bs; R BHGgÁ ) anerobGaBah_ B i B ah_ C amY y nagKam: g ;
CabuRtImYyGgÁrbs;RBHraCasuriya bMEbkRBHraCntþatUc²TaMgenaHecjBIraCblø½gá ehIyk¾eLIg
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eLIgvaydeNþIm)anC½yCmñH ehIybgç¿[m®nþIk,t;enaHeFVIGtþXat rYck¾eLIgesayraCübnþmkeTot
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nn;. RBHraCaPüann;GFiraC EdlRbEhlCaraCvgSmYyGgÁrbs;RBHraCasuriyaEdr )anRtÚvsuKtenA
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¬b¤ecA¦ ng EdlCaGnuCmYyGgÁ k¾yageTAesayraCüenAhøÜgR)a)ag. dl;mkqñaM1605 manbuRta
mYyGgÁrbs;RBHraCasuriya )anmkedjfavngecj ehIyeLIgesayraCüenAhøÜgR)a)agenaHeTA.
cab;BIeBlenaHmk RbeTslavEdlmanÉkPaBGs;kalCayUrNas;mkehIy k¾RtÚvEbgEckCaraCa
NacRkBIr EdlmanRBHraCaCabgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYynwgKña KWCaRBHPaKienyü nigCabuRtarbs;RBHsuriyaTaMg
Gs;Kña ehIyRtÚvCabcäajatirbs;RBHraCahVaegam.
tamemIleTA KWraCvgSrbs;RBH]braCPüaNakn Edl)anrt;eKcmksuMRCkekanenAkm<úCa.
enAkñúgqñaM1706 RBHraCaC½yeCdæa EdlenOyNaynwgGMNaceRkayBIesayraCü)an 2qñaM
k¾dak;raCsm,tþimþgeTotCaelIkTI5 fVaydl;RBHRsIFemµaraCaCaRBHraCbuRta EdlRTg;)anelIk[
esayraCümþgrYcmkehIy enAkñúgqñaM1702 Et)andak;raCüfVayRBHbitavijenAkñúgqñaM1704.
25- RBHFemµaraCaTI4-rC¢kalTI2 ¬1706-1710¦
RBHraCaGgÁenHmin)anTTYlRBHraCBiFGI PieskeTkalBIRTg;esayraCüelIkmun eRBaHenAekµgeBk
KWeTIbEtmanRBHCnµayu12RBHvsSab:ueNÑaH. RTg;)andak;raCsm,tþienAkñúgqñaM1704. enAeBlEdl
RBHGgÁeLIgRKgraCblø½gásaCafµIenH RTg;manRBHCnµ17RBHvsSaehIy ehIy)anRtÚvGPieskeRkam
RBHnamfa RBHRsIFemµaraCaFiraCramaFibtIbrmbBiRt CaRBHraCasñg ÉRBHbitarbs;RBHGgÁvij )an
TTYlykRBHzan³CaRBH]PeyaraC KWCazan³EdleKEtgEtRbKl;fVaydl;RBHraCa Edlmincg;TTYl
ykraCsm,tþi b¤k¾RtÚveKbMEbkBIraCsm,tþi.
niyayBIBYklavEdlnaMKñamkkm<úCatamesþcrbs;xøÜnvij )anRtÚvRBHraCaGnuBaØat[eTArs;enA
kñúgExRt)aTI CamYyBYklavmYyRkúmmun EdlkalBIqñaM1561RkúmenHeK[enAÉ)arayN_ EtbnÞab;mk
)an[mkrs;enATIenHEdreRkayBImanbHe)armþgrYcmk. PUmiEdlBYklavenHrs;enA eKdak;eQµaH[fa
PUm)i arayN_k,atCuM mann½yfaPUmBi kY GñkbHe)arenA)arayN_. edaymankarCYyKaMRTBIbNþaCnrYmCati
eK BYkGñkmkdl;fµI)anbgákarlM)akdl;GaCJaFrmUldæanmþgenAkñúgqñaM1708. RBHraCa)ancat;[m®nþI
2nak;mknaMBYkenHeTArs;enAÉekaHraBN_vij EtBYkenHminRBm ehIyk¾RbEmRbmUlKñabHe)arCacMh
eLIg. RBHraCak¾cat;[kgT½Becjmkb®gáab CaehtueFVI[BYklavenHbMEbkKñaCa3kg KWkgTI1rt;cUl
éRB kgTI2rt;eTAkUsaMgsuIn rIÉkgTI3rt;eTArkRBHEkvh‘VaGgÁÉm EdlRtÚvCaRBHPaKienyürbs;RBH
C½eCdæapg nigRtÚvCabuRtsuNisaRBHGgÁpg. RBHEkvh‘VaenH)andkRBHkayq¶ayBIraCvaMgRbkbeTA
edaycritRbqaMg taMgEtBIeBlEdlRTg;)andak;raCsm,tþifVayRBHbitaekµkvij enAkñúgqñaM1701.
eK)armÖRBHEkvh‘VaenHeFVItRmab;tamRBHbitaRBHGgÁEdr KWRBH]PeyaraCGgÁnn;.
tamBiteTA RBHEkvh‘aV RTg;rg;caMEt»kasnwgcab;kan;GavuFRbqaMgb:eu NÑaH. RBwtkiþ arN_bHe)arrbs;
BYklavenHCa»kasl¥ehIy RTg;k¾RbkasxøÜnRBHGgÁCaGñkkarBarBYkenaH ehIy)anehAemFMrbs;BYkeK
eQµaH sukN u a)aT [Rtlb;mkBIksU aMgsunI mkvij. sukN u a)aTRtlb;km<Cú aCamYynwgT½BGaNÑam 2munW
nak; EdleK)anekNÐCamYyGaCJaFrmUldæanEdlrYmKMnitCamYyRBHEkvh‘Va. kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH RBH
Ekvh‘Va ekNÐ)anT½BkYy nigsMEr:1muWnnak;Edr. RBHEkvh‘VadwknaMT½BeFVIdMeNIreq<aHeTAkan;raCFanI]tþúgÁ
rIÉsukN u a)aTcab;vayykGaNaExRtxagekIt. T½BTaMg2eFVsI kmµPaB elOnrh½sNas; Tal;EtRBHraCa
nigRBHGnuCGgÁTgEdlmanRBHCnµ18RBHvsSaehIy RtÚvB½TC§ ab;enAkñgú bnÞay]tþgú .Á RBHraCaTb;Tl;CamYy
T½BsRtÚvGs;eBl3Ex RTaMElg)aneTIbRTg;vayebIkExSeRtómrt;eKc ecjnaeBlyb;my Y sMedAeTARsuk
esom edaynaMykRBHraCbuRtarbs;RBHraCamYyGgÁ EdlRbsURtenAkñúgqñaM1706 eTACamYypg.
26- RBHEkvh‘VaGgÁÉm-rC¢kalTI2 ¬1710-1722¦
RBHEkvh‘VaGgÁÉm )anesayraCümþgenAkñúgqñaM1700. eRkayBI)anbeNþjRBHraCasñg[rt;
eKcRBHGgÁeTARsukesomrYcmk RTg;k¾cab;kan;kic©karRBHraCaNacRk b:uEnþminTan;h‘an[eKGPiesk
RBHGgÁCaesþcenAeLIyeT. RBHGgÁrg;caMGs;eBl4qñaM KWrhUtdl;mkqñaM1704 eTIbRtÚv)anGPiesk
[eLIgRKgraCblø½gáeRkamRBHnamfa RBH)aTsemþcRBHEkvh‘VabrmbBiRt EdlRTg;Føab;)anTTYlrYcmk
ehIyenAkñúgqñaM1700-1701. eBlenaHRBHGgÁmanRBHCnµ34RBHvsSaehIy.
enAqñaMbnÞab;mk esþcRsukesom)anbBa¢ÚnT½B1muWn5Ban;nak;CamYynwgraCTUtpg mkkan; RsukExµr
edIm,IsuM[RBHEkvh‘VaERCkraCülHbg;raCblø½gáfVayeTARBHRsIFemµaraCavij. GtItRBHraCaenH
)anQb;sMctenAkñúgExRt)at;dMbg CamYynwgRBHGnuCGgÁTg nigRBHbuRtaGgÁÉm CamYynwgkgT½B
EdlbBa¢aedayecABjaBleTB nigecABjaraCaesaPavtI. RBHraCafµIEkvh‘VaGgÁÉm bdiesFmin
yl;RBmTTYlyksMeNIxusBIFmµtaenHeT ehIyk¾minRBmGnuBaØat[kSRtaTaMg3GgÁsñak;enAkñúg
RBHraCaNacRkEdr eRBaHvtþmanrbs;kSRtTaMg3GgÁGacnaM[manPaBl¥k;kkr)an.
enAkñúgqñaM1715 enAeBlEdlRBHC½yeCdæa]PeyaraC yagsagRBHpñÜsCaelIkTI5 cMnYnmYy
s)aþh_ RBHEkvh‘aV GgÁÉm)andak;raCsm,tþfi aV yRBHGKÁmehsI CabuRtIEdlRBHC½yeCdæa )anelIkfVay
RBHGgÁkalBIeBlEdlRTg;yagRtlb;BIGaNÑammkvij eRkamRBHnamfa RBHmhakSRtI rYcRTg;k¾yag
cUlsagRBHpñÜs. sagpñÜs)an3éf¶ RBHEkvh‘VaGgÁÉmk¾lacaksikçabT rYccab;kan;GMNaceLIgvij.
enAcugqñaM1716 RBHGgÁTg CaRBHGnuCrbs;RBHraCaRsIFemµaraCaEdlFøak;BIraCsm,tþi )an
ecjmuxdwknaMGñkRsukeBaFisat;EdlbHe)areLIgRbqaMgnwgRBHraCaRBHEkvh‘Va. RBHEkvh‘Va eBlenaH
KµankgT½BeT NamYyRbCanura®sþk¾mineBjcitþnwgRBHGgÁpgEdr eRBaHRTg;cUlcitþEtkarsb,ay.
ebIeTaHCafaRbeTskm<úCanasm½yenaHminTan;Føak;cuH»nexSaydUcsBVéf¶k¾eday k¾b:uEnþeKminGaceFVI[
RbCara®sþedIrtamTaMgminsb,aycitþ)anEdr. emø:aHehIy edaydwgc,as;fa RbCara®sþminKaMRTRBHGgÁ
RBHEkvh‘Va min)anerobcMekNÐT½BkñúgcMeNamRbCara®sþExµreT RTg;EbreTArkBYkGaNÑam EdlCaeQøIy
swkenAkñúgkm<úCavij. T½BGaNÑamenH eRkayBI)anTTYlkarerobcMrYcehIy k¾ecjeTAvayRbyuT§RbqaMg
nwgRBHGgÁTg eFVI[RBHGgÁrgrbYsenAkñúgsmrPUmidMbUg ehIybgç¿[RBHGgÁvaydkfyeTAeRkayvij.
BYkGñkRsukeBaFisat;EdlGs;sgÇwmk¾bMEbkKña vilRtlb;eTARsukPUmivijGs;Edr.
RBHGgÁTg fVIebIRtÚvrgrbYs b:uEnþRBHGgÁminGs;sgÇwmeT. RTg;)anePosRBHkayeTAKg;enAÉ
b£sSIsaj; edIm,IBüa)alrbYs. dl;mkqñaM1722 esþcesom)an[T½B1muWnnak;CUndMeNIr RBHRsI
FemµaraCa yagqøgkat;RBMEdncUlmkkm<úCatameCIgeKakCamYynwgRBHbuRtaGgÁÉm nigT½B5Ban;nak;
eTot eLIgsMeBAtameCIgTwkmkcuHenABam ¬haeTog¦. RBHGgÁTg)anyagkat;eTArkT½BeCIgeKakrbs;
RBHeromenATIenaH.
Bam b¤haeTog EdlCaTIRbCuMCnrbs;ExRtxm b¤emOgxm eBlenaHsßitenAeRkamkarRtÜtRta
Gs;eBlb:unµanqñaMrYcmkehIyedayemecarsmuRTCaticinmñak; EdlCaGtItbkSBYkrbs;snþtivgSmij.
cinenaHmaneQµaHfa m:ak;KU44 kalenAÉPñMeBjeFVICaembnEl,gsuIsg. enAeBlkøayCaGñkman cinenH
44
m:ak;KU ekItenAkñúgPUmieLkVat sgáat;éheKOg RsukLyecA ExRtkg;tug. Kat;søab;enAhaeTog enAkñúgqñaM1736
kñúgGayu78qñaM. kUnRbúsKat;eQµaH m:ak;tug)aneLIgkan;GMNactBIKat; manzan³CaebskCnrbs;RBHecAGFiraCcin
ehIymansiT§ie)aHBum<kak;s½gásI. eKniyayfam:ak;tugenH)anksagpøÚvCaeRcInEdleyIg)anCYsCuleLIgvij ehIyk¾
)anCIkERBkCIkRbLayeRcInpgEdr EtGñkeRkay² min)anEfrkSa[l¥eT. Kat;)an[eKsagsg;pSarmYy ehIy)an
cat;[BRgwgRbB½n§karBarTIRkúg Edl«Bukrbs;Kat;)ansg;eLIgenARtg;RckcUlkMBg;Ep. Kat;l,Il,ajBUEk xagkar
karBarTIRkúgRbqaMgnwgemecarsmuRT CaticineQµaH hYkjan enAkñúgqñaM1770 nigRbqaMgGñkpSgeRBgcinmñak;eTot eQµaH
Rtan;fay EdlRtÚvr:UvKñaCamYybgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyKat;2nak; ehIyRbqaMgnwg ]kj:aEx nigCnCatim:aeLeQµaH lIm:alU
Edl)andwknaMkmøaMg1Ban;nak; mkvayRbharelIKat;. manEtBYkesomeT EdlGacdeNþImykhaeTog)anenAkñúg
qñaM1772 eRkayBIeLamB½T§Gs;eBl3éf¶. b:uEnþm:ak;tug)anTTYlGMNacRKb;RKgelIhaeTogvijenAqñaM1775 eRkay
BI)ancuHsn§isBaØamYyCamYyesom. enAcugqñaM1779 enAeBlEdlKat;eFVIdMeNIreTAkan;raCFanI)agkk cUlKal;
esþcesom m:ak;tug )anRtÚvesþcesomXat;min[vilRtlb;mkhaeTogvijeT. esþcesom)an[eKkat;kkUnc,gKat;
CamYynwgraCvgSGaNÑammñak;Edl)aneFVIdMeNIreTACamYyKña nigbriBarEhhm50nak;eTot. m:ak;tug RtÚveKeFVITaruNkmµ
y:agxøaMg. edayRTaMemIlTaruNkmµenaHmin)an CnCatiesommñak; k¾)anlYcRbKl;;fñaMBul[Kat;pwksmøab;xøÜneTAenAkñúgqñaM
1781 ehIy)anCYyCIvitkUnKat;3nak; nigecAKat;4nak;. kñúgeBlEdl m:ak;tug Cab;XuMXaMgenAÉRsukesom kUnKat;
eQµaH m:ak;TWsaj )aneLIgkan;GMNactBIKat;enAÉhaeTog ehIy)ankøayxøÜnCaGñkKaMRTesþcy:aLúg y:agdac;xatmñak;
EdlkMBugts‘UdeNþImGMNacBIBYkétsWnenAGaNÑam. enAeBlEdl m:ak;TWsaj søab;enAkñúgqñaM1790 b¥ÚnRbúsrbs;Kat;
eQµaH m:ak;kugb‘íj )aneLIgkan;GMNacbnþ. KWm:ak;kugb‘íjenHÉg Edl)anTTYlsB m:ak;tug BIesþcesom EdlepJImk[
enAkñúgqñaM dEdlenaH. m:ak;kugb‘íj )anerobcMbBa©úHsBCItaenAelIPñMb‘íjsWn. Kat;søab;enAkñúgqñaM1809 edaybnSl;
TukEtkUntUc² minGackan;GMNacbnþBIKat;)an. k¾b:uEnþdl;mkqñaM1816 mankUnRbúsKat;mñak;eQµaH m:ak;Din )aneLIg
eFVICaGñkRKb;RKgRkúghaeTog rYcCaecAhVayRkúgenAkñúgqñaM1818. dUcCaKµanGñksñgRtkUlenH rs;enArhUtmkdl;
sBVéf¶eT k¾b:uEnþeKniyayfa enAmanRtkUlenHenAeLIyenAkñúgqñaM1867 enAeBlEdlBYk)araMgcUlkan;kab;haeTog
BYkenaH)anrt;eKcxøÜneTAkan;TIRkúgev:eTA.
ekItKMnitcg;eFVI[CIvitxøÜnkan;EtRbesIr nigfáúMefáIgeLIg k¾eTAtaMgTIlMenAÉBam RbEmRbmUlBYkecarsmuRT
cin nigGaNÑamCaeRcInnak; RBmTaMgBYkGavaEsepSg²Edlrg;caMEteBlbeRmIecAhVayxøaMgBUEkmñak;
[mk rs;enACamYyxøÜn. m:ak;KU)andeNþImykTIRbCuMCnFM²cMnYn7dak;mkkñúgGMNacrbs;xøÜn ³ TI1KW
Bam45 EdleRkaymkmaneQµaHfa haeTog/ ekaHPUkukEdlExµrehAfaekaHRtl;/ ERslYgékEdlExµr
ehAfa ERsGMbil enAkñúgExRtkMBg;esam/ evOgFM ¬kMBg;esam¦/ RkmYns/ kanvt ¬kMBt¦ nigkaem:A
enAPaKxagt,Úg EdlkalBImunmanmaneQµaHfa TwkexµA.
karRbmUl)anTIRbCuCM nTaMg7dak;mkkñgú GMNacrbs;xnÜø mann½yfaGtItemecarsmuRTenH)anbegátI
)ankSRtRbeTsmYyenAelITwkdIkm<úCa. edIm,IFanaGnaKtrbs;xøÜn m:ak;KU)anbBa¢ÚnTUteTAcUlKal;esþc
GaNÑam TUlfaTwkdIGaNaExRtPaKGaeKñye_ nHxønÜ sUmelIkfVayesþcGaNÑam ehIysukM arGnuBaØatRKb;RKg
CMnYs. esþcGaNÑam)ancat;taMgelIkm:ak;KUCaGPi)al ehIyCa]tþmesnIy_elITwkdImat;QUgsmuRT
esomTaMgmUl ¬1715¦ ebIeTaHbIfam:ak;KUenHKµansiT§iGVIbnþicbnþÜcelITwkdITaMgGs;enaHk¾eday eRBaHfa
T½Brbs;eKminEdlvaydeNþIm)anmþgNaeT ehIyk¾KµankareFVIsm,Tan[ b¤k¾mankarRbTUsr:ayGVIEdr.
KWedayEbbenHehIyEdlm:ak;KU)ankøayxøÜneTACam®nþId¾mhimamñak; Etk¾CaemecarsmuRTd¾
sahavmñak;sRmab;raCvaMgGaNÑamk¾dUcCaraCvaMgkm<úCa pgEdr.
enAeBlEdlBYkesomcg;dwknaMT½BmkcuHenAhaeTog edIm,IbnþdMeNIreLIgeTAvayGñkGgÁÉm
BYkenH)anmkCYb]bsKÁmYy KWm:ak;KUenHÉg EdlKaMRTesþckMBugesayraCü ehIy)anekNÐT½BecjBI
BYkmnusSyg;XñgcRmúHCatisasn_ eRtómRbyuT§rYcCaeRsc. m:ak;KU)anvayT½BeCIgTwkesom Edldwk
naMedayBjakasa nigeteCa [braC½yesÞIrEtTaMgRsug. EtT½BesomxageCIgeKak TTYl)anlT§pll¥
GacrujRcanT½BGaNÑamrbs;RBHEkvh‘VaGgÁÉm[dkfymkRtwmeBaFisat; nigmkdl;]tþúgÁ eRkayBI
c,aMgKñaGs;eBl1qñaM.
edayBinitüeXIjfaminGacbnþRTaMRT)aneT RBHEkvh‘VaGgÁÉm)ansaksYreyabl;esnam®nþI
EdltamEhhm rYck¾cat;bBa¢ÚnraCTUt[eTAcrcaCamYy]tþmesnIy_esom BjacRkI faRBHGgÁyl;
RBmdak;km<úCaCacMNuHesom ehIynwgelIksYysarGakrCapáamaspáaR)ak;eTAfVayerogral;qñaMRbsin
NaebIesomTuk[RBHGgÁkan;GMNacdEdl ehIynaMykGñkGgÁm©as;ExµrEdlenACamYyT½BesomeTA
GyuFüavij CaBiess KWGtItRBHraCaExµrEdlT½Besomcg;ykmk[esayraCüenAkm<úCavij.
45
Bam enH CaeQµaHTIRbCuMCnrbs;ExRtxm b¤emOgxm. BYkGaNÑamehAfa PYnfaj;.
emT½Besom)anyl;RBmtambNþal½kçx½NÐTaMgGs;enH ehIyk¾naMT½BRtlb;eTAGyuFüavij edaynaM
ykGñkGgÁmas; nigGtItesþcExµreTApg.
RbCara®sþ nignamuWnmYycMnYnEdlminKaMRTRBHEkvhVamankarxwgsm,aCaxøaMg ehIytamkar
dMNalt²Kñamk)anniyayfa eKnaMKñaehARBHEkvh‘VaGgÁÉmfaCaesþcesom. edayRTaMnwgBakü
rGarGUmenHmin)an RBHEkvh‘Vak¾dak;raCsm,tþifVayRBHraCbuRtrbs;RBHGgÁ KWGñkGgÁC½y. enAeBl
enaHRBHGgÁmanRBHCnµ42RBHvsSaehIy ehIyRTg;esayraCsm,tþi)an6qñaM.
27- GñkGgÁC½y-RBHstßa ¬1722-1729¦
GñkGgÁC½ymanRBHCnµayu20RBHvsSaehIy enAeBlEdlRTg;eLIgesayraCü. eRkayBI
RBHbitadak;raCsm,tþifVay)an2Ex RBHGgÁ)anRtÚvGPieskenA]tþúgÁeRkamRBHnamfa RBHstßa nig
manRBHzan³CaRBHraCasñg. RTg;)anykRBHmatucäasemþcRBHRsIsuCata buRtIrbs;RBHC½yeCdæa
CaRBHGKÁmehsI.
rC¢kalrbs;RBHGgÁ )ancab;epþImeLIgCamYynwgkarvayBYkkøwg b¤BYkhiNÐÚrbs;nagPak; [
braC½y.
kñúgrC¢kalenH RBHGyüekaC½yeCdæa Edl)anesayraCü ehIydak;raCüCaeRcInelIkeRcIn
RKaedIm,IsagRBHpñÜs manRBHCnµ65RBHvsSa ehIymanRBHzan³CaRBH]PeyaraC. RBHGgÁFøak;RBH
kayRbQYn ehIysuKteTAenAkñúgqñaM1725.
enAqñaM1729 mindwgCaenOyNaynwgraCkic© b¤k¾edaymankarpþl;eyabl;BIRBHbitaRBHEkv
h‘VaGgÁÉm RBHstßa)andak;raCsm,tþifVayRBHbitavij eRkayBIRKgraCblø½gá)an8qñaM.
28- RBHEkvh‘VabrmbBiRt-Ekvh‘VaGgÁÉm rC¢kalTI2 ¬1729-1730¦
RBHEkvh‘VaGgÁÉm)anesayraCsm,tþieLIgvij ehIy)anTTYlRBHraCaPieskeRkamRBHnamfa
semþcesþcRBHraC»gáarRBHC½yeCdæaFiraCramasUrkMBUlelakiy_éRtPavna. b:uEnþ )anEt7Ex RbCa
ra®sþk¾bHe)arRbqaMgnwgRBHGgÁ eFVI[RBHGgÁdak;raCsm,tþifVay RBHraCbuRtRBHstßa mþgeTot.
29- RBHGgÁC½y ehA RBHstßa rC¢kalTI2 ¬1730-1736¦
RBHstßa )anRtÚvGPieskCaelIkTI2enAedImqñaM1730 eRkamRBHnamfaRBH)aTsemþc esþc
RBHraC»gáarRBHbremµaraCaFiraCramaFibtI. eBlenaHRTg;manRBHCnµ27RBHvsSaehIy. RBHbita
rbs;RBHGgÁEdl)andak;raCsm,tþifVayRBHGgÁ )anTTYlRBHzan³CaRBH]PeyaraC.
enAkñúgqñaMbnÞab; manCnePosxøÜnlavmñak; rs;enAPUmiRBHsURtkñúgExRt)aPñM EdlLb;sti )an
RbkasxøÜnfa CaGñkmanbuNü ehIyTTYlParkic©[cuHmksmøab;pþac;BUCBYkGaNÑamecjBIkm<úCa. man
RbCaCnCaeRcIneCOCak;elICnenH ehIyedIrtamenAPaKxagt,ÚgénRBHraCaNacRk rhUteTAdl;PaKxag
mçageToténTl;Edn. BYkenH)annaMKñaqøgcUleTAkñúgkUsaMgsuIn ehIycab;kab;smøab;ral;CnGaNÑamNa
EdleKCYbRbTH. eBlenaH]tþmesnIy_EdlRKb;RKgenAsayhÁn)anbBa¢ÚnT½BmYykgtUc [mkb®gáab
BYkenH ehIyedjtamrhUtdl;qøgputTl;Edn. eBlmkdl;Rsuk edaymanCMenOgb;gulelICnlav
BYkenH k¾cab;taMgeFVIkarkab;smøab;CabnþeTot. RBHraCa)ancat;sñgkarRBHraCaNacRk[eTAb®gáab
ehIyBYkenHk¾EbkExJkKñaGs;eTA. esþcGaNÑam enAeBlEdl)anRCabGMBIehtukarN_kab;smøab;rgÁal
enH k¾bBa¢ÚnkgT½Bmkvaykm<úCa edaymin)anKitfa RBHraCakm<úCa )aneFVIGnþraKmn_rYceTAehIyeT.
edayminGacTb;Tl;nwgT½BGaNÑam)an RBHstßak¾ePosRBHkayeTAKg;enAÉBamERtg kñúgExRtsnÞúk.
RTg;)anekNÐT½BRbjibRbjab; rYcdwknaMmkkan;PñMeBj CaTIkEnøgEdlBYkGaNÑam eTIbeFVIdMeNIrmkdl;.
RBHGgÁ)anvayT½BGaNÑam[braC½y rt;EbkExJkKñaRtLb;eTAkUsaMgsuInvij tamédTenøTaMg2.
TTYl)anBt’mansþIBIbraC½yenH esþcGaNÑam)anecjbBa¢a[ekNÐT½BmYykgFMCagmun ecj
dMeNIrmkvaykm<úCaeTot.
enAeBlEdlT½BGaNÑammkdl;PñMeBj RBHraCaEdleTIbEtyagRtlb;CamYyraCvgSanuvgSmk
Kg;enA]tþúgÁ )anePosRBHGgÁmþgeTot eTAKg;enAÉBamRke)A kñúgExRtsnÞúk. RTg;eRCIserIsT½B
enATIenaH rYcdwknaMmkvayBYkGaNÑam eFVI[BYkenHbraC½ymþgeTot ehIybgç¿[dkfyeTAExRtmIf nig
vijLúgGs;eTA. ExRtTaMg2enHCaTwkdIrbs;km<úCaeT k¾b:uEnþBYkGaNÑamkan;kab; ehIydak;bBa©ÚlCapøÚv
karCamYyExRt3eTot EdleKvayyk)anBImun.
enAeBlenaH edayBinitüeXIjfa]tþúgÁsßitenACitPñMeBjeBk RBHraCak¾seRmcRBHT½ycakecal
raCFanIenH edaynaMraCbriBareTAKg;enAÉlEgVkvij q¶ayeTAxageCIgbnþic EdlRBHraCamun² )an
e)aHbg;ecalkalBIstvtSr_mun. edayehtuenHehIy)anCaraCFanIExµrrMkilxiteTAxageCIgeTot
eRBaHxøacGaNÑam pÞúyxusBIeBlmunEdlrMkilxitmkxagt,Úg edayxøacesom.
enAkñúgqñaM1736 RBHraCaRBHstßa )andak;raCsm,tþiedIm,IsagpñÜs3éf¶ rYceTIblacaksikçabT
mkKg;elIraCblø½gá kan;GMNaceLIgvij.
enAkñúgqñaMdEdlenaH RBHraCamanmnÞilsgS½yfaRBHGKÁmehsIRsIsuCata CabuRtIrbs;RBHC½y
eCdæa k,t;nwgRBHGgÁ XubXitCamYyGñkGgÁsUrb¤semþcRBH]T½y/ GñkGgÁs¶Ün ehA RBHRsIC½yeCdæa/ nig
ecABjac½nÞehAbTumraCa CabuRtamYyGgÁrbs;RBHGgÁTg nigbuRtarbs;GtItRBHraCaRsIbTumraCa
EdlsuT§EtRtÚvCabgb¥ÚnCITYtmYyrbs;RBHGgÁ cg;Tmøak;RBHGgÁBIGMNac b¤k¾cg;eFVIXatRBHGgÁ. enAqñaM
bnÞab;mkeTot edaysnSMRBHT½ycg;sgswknwgBYkenH RBHraCa)anyagmkKg;enAÉPñMeBj rYcehIyk¾
erobcMviFankarcab;xøÜn nigkab;smøab;RBHmehsI nigbkSBYkTaMgGs;.
kSRtaTaMg3RBHGgÁ eBldwgxøÜnfaRBHraCaRbúgnwgeFVI)abehIy k¾eKcxøÜnecjBIraCFanI ehIy
RbEmRbmUlkgT½BedIm,IRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgRBHraCavij. karRbyuT§suIsac;hutQamsahavxøaMgNas;
Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInEx. enATIbBa©b; RBHraCastßa nigRBHGnuCGñkGgÁÉmRtÚvrt;ePosRBHkayeTA
kUsaMgsuIn enAkñúgqñaM1737. bgb¥ÚnRBHRsIC½yeCdæa nigbTumraCa)anedjtamRbkitBIeRkay rYc
ehIyRBHRsIC½yeCdæak¾e)aHT½BenAnwg)aPñMelIeRtIyxagekItTenø RBHbTumraCae)aHT½BenAelIeRtIyxag
lic ehIyrobcMviFankarTb;Tl;kuM[RBHraCaRBHstßavilRtlb;mkvayykkm<úCavij ebIeTaHCaRBHGgÁ
manT½BGaNÑamCYykþI. enAeBlenaH GñkGgÁm©as;Ém EdlRBHFemµaraCaCabita)anRbTanRBHnamrbs;
RBHGgÁfVay -enAsm½yenaH karRbTanRBHnampÞal;fVaymann½yfaRTg;)anepÞrral;siT§iTaMgLay
fVay- )anvaycUllukluyExRtGgÁr CamYynwgkgT½BEdlekNÐ)anenAkUr:at; Gs;eBleRcInqñaMmk
ehIy. CamYyKñaenaH esþcesom)anRbKl;T½B2Ban;nak;[GñkGgÁTgCaRBHbitula ecjtamBIeRkay
edIm,ICYy nig)an[RBHFemµaraCdwknaMT½B3Ban;nak;eLIgTUkmkcuHenAÉkMBt.
enAeBlEdlT½BGñkGgÁm©as;Ém nigT½BRBHGgÁTgcuHmkCitdl;lEgVk enAsl;RbEhlCa 50KILÚ
Em:Rt RBHmhakSRtIRsIsuCata)anekaHRbCuMraCvgSanuvgS nignamuWnsBVmuxm®nþIBieRKaHeyabl; rYc
ehIyRBHnagk¾seRmcnaMKñamkCYbkSRtTaMg2GgÁenA]tþúgÁ. eRkayBICYbKñabnþicenAelITenøsab eK)an
seRmcfa RtÚvmkCYbCuMKña edaHRsaybBaðaenAÉPñMeBj. kSRtaTaMg2yagcUlmkkñúgraCFanICamYynwg
kgT½BTaMgGs; ehIyeK)anRsuHRsYlÉkPaBKñafaelIkRBHFemµaraCa[RKgraCblø½gáeLIgvij. b:uEnþ
RBHFemµaraCaeTIbEt)anfVayRBHnamrbs;RBHGgÁfVaydl;RBHraCbuRta RBHFemµaraCaGgÁÉm emø:aH
ehIyRTg;RbEkkminRBmTTYlykraCsm,tþieT sUm[fVayeTARBHraCbuRtaeTAcuH. k¾b:uEnþraCvgSanuvgS
minRBm BIeRBaHfa manEtRBHGgÁeTEdlkarcrcaKñaGacTTYlyk)an dUecñHRBHGgÁRtÚvEtlHbg;karepÞr
RBHnamfVayRBHraCbuRtsin.
edayminsUvsBVRBHraChb£T½yb:unµan RBHFemµaraCa)anseRmcRBHT½yKg;enAExRtRTaMg rhUt
dl;qñaM1738 Tal;Etdl;eBlEdlmankarcaM)ac;enAPñMeBj Edl)ankøayCamCÄmNÐlrbs;RBHraCa
NacRk eTIbRBHraCvgSanuvgSeTAyagRBHGgÁ[vilRtlb;mkkan;raCFanIlEgVkvij46.
30- RBHFemµaraCa-rC¢kalTI3 ¬1738-1747¦
RBHFemµaraCaGgÁsUrRTg;manRBHCnµ48RBHvsSaenAeBlEdlRTg;RtÚv)anGPieskCaelIkTI3.
eBlGPieskelIkenHRTg;manRBHnamfa RBH)aTsemþcRBHraC»gáarRBHC½yeCdæaFiraCramaFibtIbrm
bBiRt. RTg;RtÚvCaRBHraCbuRtarbs;RBHraCaC½yeCdæa EdlRTg;)andak;raCsm,tþifVayRBHGgÁ. RTg;
esayraCümþg)anmYyqñaMenAkñúgqñaM1702-1703 rYc)andak;raCsm,tþifVayRBHbitavij. bnÞab;
mk eRkayBIesayraCü)an2qñaM RBHbitaRBHGgÁk¾dak;raCsm,tþifVayRBHGgÁeTot ehIyesayraCüBI
qñaM1706 dl;1714 k¾RtÚvRBHEkvh‘VaGgÁÉmbeNþjecjBIraCblø½gá. \LÚvenH eRkayBI23qñaM
knøgputeTARTg;)aneLIgRKgraCblø½gákm<úCaCafµImþgeTot.
GñkGgÁm©as;GgÁTg RtÚvCabuRtarbs;RBH]T½y EdlyagBIcnÞtab‘un mkcuHctenAkMBt manRBHCnµ
47RBHvsSa ehIy)anRtÚvelIk[eLIgCaTI]PeyaraC. RBH]T½yCabuRta)anRtÚvelIk[eLIgCaRBH
]braC. RBHGKÁmehsIRTg;TTYlRBHzan³CasemþcRBHCatikSRtI. cMENkÉRBHFemµaraCaGgÁÉmCa
RBHraCbuRtamYyGgÁeTot EdlmanRBHCnµ 29RBHvsSa )anTTYlRBHzan³CaRBHEkvh‘Va ehIy)anerob
GaBah_BiBah_CamYym©as;kSRtIGñkGgÁmuI CabuRtIrbs;nagGgÁsUrEdlsuKteTAenAeBlRbsURtbuRt.
raCBgSavtar)anelIkeLIgfa enAeBlenaHTenøemKgÁmanCMnn;mYyFMxusEbøkBIerogral;qñaM ehIy
nigmankareQøaHRbEkkRbyuT§KñarvagBYkExµr nigBYkGaNÑamenAkñúgExRt)asak; ¬sukRTaMg¦. BYk
GaNÑam RtÚv)anvay[braC½y k¾naMKñadkfyeTAenAelIekaHhugBammIsa kñúgTenøemKgÁ ehIy)an
ykTIenaHrs;enAerobcMhak;bIdUcCam©as;kmµsiT§iEtmþg.
BIrqñaMeRkayBIm:ak;KUTTYlmrNPaB)at;eTAkñúgGayu78qñaM qñaM1738 RBHraCakm<úCaFmµaraCa
)aneqøót»kasEdlmanCemøaHmYyekIteLIgrvagBYkExµrCamYynwgbkSBYkrbs;m:ak;tug CakUnrbs;
m:ak;KU EdleLIgkan;GMNactBI«Buk )anmanbMNgcg;deNþImykhaeTogmkvij. k¾b:uEnþhaeTog man
kmøaMgkarBary:agrwgmaM nigbuinRbsb; eFVI[xagkm<úCaxatbg;kmøaMgGs;CaeRcIn k¾dkfymkvij.
46
eKniyayfa enAeBlenaHraCvaMgkm<úCa mandMrIsmYyk,al.
enAqñaM1747 RBHraCa)anGaBaF ehIysuKteTA enAkñúgRBHCnµ57RBHvsSa. RBHGgÁesay
raCü 3dg )an12qñaM ehIymanry³eBlyUrCageKenAkñúgrC¢kalcugeRkay KW)an10qñaM.
31- RBHFemµaraCaTI5-GgÁÉm ¬1747¦
RBHEkvh‘VaGgÁÉm EdlRBHFemµaraCaCaRBHbita)anlHbg;RBHnam nigsiT§iTaMgGs;fVaykalBIqñaM
1733 )aneLIgesayraCübnþkñúgRBHCnµ42RBHvsSa. karEdlRBHbitalHbg;RBHnam nigsiT§i
GMNacfVaykalBIeBlmunenH)aneFVI[namuWnsBVmuxm®nþIeRCIstaMgRBHGgÁeLIg. RBHGnuCrbs;RBHGgÁ
RBHnamfaGgÁhuIg EdlRBHbita)anfVayRBHnamfa RsIsurieyaBN’enAkñúg»kaseFVIBiFIekarCuk )an
bHe)areLIgdeNþImraCsm,tþi TaMgRBHGgÁeTIbEtmanRBHCnµminTan;RKb; 16RBHvsSapg47. RTg;)an
eFVIXatRBHraCa ehIycg;eLIgesayraCüCMnYs k¾b:uEnþnamuWnsBVmuxm®nþIminRBm ehIy)anelIkRBH
]PeyaraC GñkGgÁtn; ehAfa RBHGgÁTg [eLIgkan;GMNacvij.
32- ramaFibtI-RBHGgÁTg ¬1747-1749¦
kSRtGgÁenHmanRBHCnµ56RBHvsSa nigmanRBHzan³CaRBH]PeyaraCGs;kal 10qñaMmk
ehIy. eK)anelIk[RTg;eLIgkan;GMNac k¾b:uEnþminEmnelIk[eLIgRKgraCblø½gáeT KWTuk[EtRBHGgÁ
cat;EcgraCkic©kñúgzan³CaRBH]PeyaraCb:ueNÑaH.
enAqñaM1748 BYkkSRtaEdlePosRBHkayeTAKg;enAkUsaMgsuInkalBI10qñaMmun CamYy
RBHstßa )ancab;dwknaMT½BGaNÑamcUllukluykm<úCa. BYkeK)anvayecAhVayExRt)asak; elak
]kj:anernÞKuk EdldwknaMT½BmYykgtUcEdlekNÐ)anTaMgRbjibRbjab;eTATb;Tl; ehIyRtÚvbgç¿[dk
fymkkan;ekaHhugBamemsvij. rYcehIykgT½Brbs;RBHGgÁ)aneFVIdMeNIreq<aHmkxageCIg nigmkCit
dl;]tþúgÁ. mkdl;TIenaH eKCYbCamYyT½Brbs;elaknaykrdæm®nþI ecAh‘VaÉk k¾vayT½BenaH[EbkExJk
47
kSRtakm<úCa eRcInEt)anTTYleQµaH3dgenAkñúg1CIvit ³ KWTTYleQµaHmþgenAeBlEdleKerobcMBiFIekarsk;éRBBI
kMeNIt/ mþgeTotenAkñúg»kasekarCuk EdlCaBiFIerobcMfVayeBleBjv½y ehIymþgeTotenAeBlEdlerobcMBiFI
GPieskCaesþc Ca]braC b¤k¾CaRBH]PeyaraC. RBHGgÁGac nigmanRBHnamTI4 mYyeTotenAeBlEdlRTg;suKt.
muneBlTTYlRBHnamkñúgBiFIekarCuk RBHkSRtaGgÁenHmanRBHnamfa GgÁhuIg. RTg;CabuRtarbs;RBHFemµaraCa CamYynwg
Gñkmñagesommñak;eQµaH Gñkmñagr½tñ ¬1730¦ ehIyRTg;manRBHGnuCrYmmatamYyGgÁeTotRBHnamfa RBHGgÁdYg.
x©at;x©ayGs;eTA. RBHraCaGgÁTg RBH]braCRBH]T½yCaraCbuRta RBHRsIC½yeCdæa ¬GñkGgÁsÜ¶n¦ Cabg
b¥ÚnCIdUnmYy nigRtÚvCabuRtarbs;RBHRsIbTumraCa nigCaRBHGnuCrbs;RBHFemµaraCaEdlRBHsurieya
BN’ )aneFVIXat k¾naMKñart;eTARsukesomsuMCMnYy.
GtItRBHmhakSRtbrmraCa nigRBHGnuCGñkGgÁÉmk¾eLIgCam©as;Rsuk ehIy)anyagmkKg;enA
]tþúgÁ enAkñúgraCvaMgrbs;RBH]PeyaraC EdlsßitenABIxaglicbwg):am:a. RBHGgÁminGacbBa¢aeTAelI
kgT½BGaNÑam)aneT k¾beNþay[BYkenaHdwknaMRbeTs eFVI)abRbCara®sþ naM[ra®sþekþARkhay
xwgsm,akan;EtxøaMgeLIg²ral;éf¶.
elak RkLaehamGuk nigecAhVayExRteBaFisat;elak]kj:asYK’aelak G‘uk eRkayBI)anCUn
dMeNIrRBH]PeyaraCqøgkat;Tl;EdnrYcehIy k¾Rtlb;mkeBaFisat;vij erobcMeRCIserIskgT½B. BYk
]tþmesnIy_GaNÑamk¾dwknaMT½BeFVIdMeNIrsMedAmkkan;ExRteBaFisat;. kñúgCamYyKñaenaH RBHGgÁ huIgRsI
surieyaBN’k¾)andwknaMT½BExµrmYykg tameCIgTwkmkEdr. emdwknaMT½BeRkayenH)anRtÚvsøab; enAeBl
eRkaybnþicmk EtT½BGaNÑam)aneFVIdMeNIrmkdl;valRsabGgáam ¬rlaeb¥ór¦ ehIye)aHTItaMgenA
kEnøgenaHEtmþg. eBlenaHelakRkLaehamk¾elIkT½Bmkdl; vayRbhareTAelIT½BGaNÑam EdldwknaM
edayGñkGgÁeGg[braC½yTaMgRsug ehIyrt;eKcxøÜnkat;mux]tþúgÁ minh‘ancUlkñúgRkúgeT. GñkGgÁÉm nig
GtItRBHraCaFemµaraCak¾rYsran;naMRKÜsarrt;tamBYkGaNÑam vilRtlb;eTAkUsaMgsuInvijEdr. GñkGgÁ
Ém yagmkdl;kMBg;qñaMgmin)anb:unµanpg k¾suKteTA ¬1748¦. cMENkÉGtItRBHraCaFemµaraC )an
yageTAdl;GaNÑam b:uEnþedayenOyht;CaxøaMg k¾suKteTAkñúgqñaMenaHEdr kñúgCnµayu 43RBHvsSa.
elakRkLaeham Guk nigecAhVayExRteBaFisat;k¾cat;EcgerobcMRsukeTseLIgvij pøas;bþÚr
ecAhVayExRtNaEdlKµansmtßPaB eKcevHmin)anTb;Tl;CamYysRtÚv rYc)anesñIsuMesþcesom[
bBa¢ÚnRBHRsIC½yeCdæaGgÁs¶Ün EdlRtÚvCabuRtarbs;RBHraCaRsIbTumraCa EdlGg;GackøahanCag [
mkTYlraCsm,tþienAkm<úCa KWmin)ansuM[bBa¢ÚnRBHraCaGgÁTgb¤RBH]PeyaraC]T½y EdlGs;esckþI
køahaneTAehIyenaHeT. esþcesom)anyl;RBmtamsMeNIenH ehIyk¾bBa¢ÚnRBHRsIC½yeCdæa [vil
Rtlb;mkvijCamYym®nþIesomCaeRcInnak; sRmab;eFVICaTIRbwkSaCYyRBHGgÁ.
33- RBHC½yeCdæaTI5 GgÁs¶Ün ¬1749-1755¦
RBHC½yeCdæa eBlenaHmanRBHCnµ42RBHvsSaehIy. RBHGgÁCaRBHraCbuRtarbs;RBH)aT
FemµaraCa EdlRBHsurieyaBN’GgÁhuIg)aneFVIKut. RBHGgÁRtÚv)anGPiesk[eLIgesayraCüeRkam
RBHnamfa RBH)aTsemþcesþcRBHraC»gáarRBHRsIC½yeCdæaFiraCbrmbBiRt.
RBHGgÁTTYlsÁal;KN u bU kar³rbs;ecAhVayExRteBaFisat; Edl)ans‘bU rÚþ nwgRBHGgÁenAkñgú eBlman
s®gÁamemøa: HehIyRBHGgÁkE¾ tgtaMg[eFVCI aecAh‘aV KWnaykrdæm®nþ.I karelIktemágI ecAhVayExRteBaFisat;
enH )aneFV[I namunW m®nþcI as;²ekItkarRcENn k¾Xbu XitKñaeFVy
I a: gNabMEbkelak ecAh‘aV ecjBIRBHT½y
RBHraCa. BYkm®nþITaMgGs;enaHcak;rukfa elak ecAh‘Va k,t; manbMNgcg;deNþImykraCsm,tþi rhUtdl;
RBHraCaeCOehIy)ancat;[Cnm:aeLmñak; eQµaHfab:ULWEm:n lYceFVIXatelakecAh‘Va ecal.elakecA
h‘VaGuk dwgerOgenH k¾eKcxøÜneTAenAÉRsukesomeTA ehIyRBHraCak¾elIk]kj:acRkIBU [eLIgCMnYsvij.
enAqñaM1751 BYkGñkGgÁm©as;EdlePosRBHkayeTAKg;enAÉRsukesomtaMgBIqñaM1748 )an
TTYlkarGnuBaØatBIRBHraCaesom[vilRtlb;mkRsukvij ehIy)anmktaMgRBHraCdMNak;enABamcas;
kñúgRsukeBaFiem)a. RBH]braC]T½y EdlRbEhlCaminKaMRTEpnkarrbs;RBHbitarbs;RBHGgÁ kñúgkar
Tmøak;RBHraCaRsIC½yeCdæaBIraCsm,tþi )anyagcUlsagRBHpñÜsenAGgÁrvtþ. cMENkRBHGgÁTg EdleK
bgç¿[TTYltYnaTICaRBH]PeyaraC bnÞab;BIkareRCIserIsRBHmhakSRtfµI[RKgraCblø½gáehIyenaH )an
yageTAKg;enAkñúgExRtRkg sßitenAtammat;RcaMgTenøxagsþaMPaKxagt,ÚgbMputénbwgTenøsab.
kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH manm®nþImñak;eQµaHfa ekSRtÉk EdlePosxøÜneTAenARsukesom )an
erobcMEpnkarTmøak;RBHRsIC½yeCdæaecjBIraCblø½gá edIm,IelIkGñkGgÁm©as;tn; buRtarbs;RBH]braC
EdlyagcUlsagRBHpñÜsenAGgÁrvtþ [eLIgesayraCüvij. m®nþIenaH)anbBa¢ÚnkUnRbúsrbs;xøÜn[
eTAekNÐT½BkñúgcMeNamGñkRsukEdlrs;enAÉPñMex¢al. eTAdl;PñMex¢al kUnm®nþIenaH)anCYbCamYymnusS
Lb;stimñak;eQµaH sYs EdlGñkRsukeKarBRslaj; eCOfaCamnusSmanbuNümankmøaMgmhima ehIy
naMKñaehAfa sIlsYs. Epnkark,t;enH)aneFVI[rMxandl;RBH]PeyaraCCaxøaMg RBHGgÁk¾erobcMGnÞak;
cab; ekSRtÉk )an rYcehIyk¾smøab;ecaleTA. eBlenaHsIlsYsmanT½B3Ban;nak; )anRbkasxøÜn
eLIgCaRBHGgÁy:g CaeQµaHGñkGgÁm©as;mYyGgÁEdlsuKtyUrNas;mkehIy ehIy)anelIkCnxVinxVg;
mñak;Caesþc dak;eQµaHfa RBH)aTGgÁúlIraC. RBH]PeyaraC)anekNÐkmøaMg rYcehIyyageTAkan;PUmi
k,alRkbI enAxaglic]tþúgÁ CaTIkEnøgEdlkUnrbs;ekSRtÉk nigsIlsYsrs;enA edaymanRBHEkvh‘Va
nigRBHGgÁGat eTACamYypg. mnusSTaMg2nak;enH RtÚveKcab;)an ehIysmøab;ecaleTA. bnÞab;mk
RBH]PeyaraC)annaMT½BeTAvayesþcGgÁúlIraCeTot. RTg;)anvaybMEbkT½Brbs;esþcenH rYccab;esþc
GgÁúlIraCykeTAsmøab;ecalenAÉkMErgPñMRsg; enAkñúgExRtRkg.
RbEhlenAcugqñaM1753 RBH]PeyaraC)anyagmkKg;enA]tþúgÁvij edIm,I[)anCitRBHraCa
CaRBHPaKienyü. enAqñaMbnÞab;mkeTot buRtarbs;RBHGgÁKWGñkGgÁsUr ehARBH]braC]T½y )anesayTi
vgÁtenAkñúgvtþGgÁrvtþ. eBlenaHRBHGgÁmanRBHCnµ40RBHvsSa. buRtarbs;RBHGgÁ )anRbkan;
yknamRBHbitafa RBH]T½y edIm,ICakarbBa¢ak;faRBHGgÁRTg;eLIgsñgbnþBIRBHbita. b:uEnþzan³Ca
RBH]braC)anRtÚvFøak;eTAelIRBHGgÁhuIgRsIsurieyaBN’ EdlRtÚvCabuRtarbs;GtItRBHraCaRBHC½y
eCdæa ehIyCaXatkrRBHraCaFemµaraCaGgÁÉmenAqñaM1747.
RBHraCaC½yeCdæa)ansuKtenAkñúgqñaM1755kñúgRBHCnµayu46RBHvsSaeRkayBIRTg;esayraC
sm,tþi)an7qñaM.
34- RBHramaFibtI-GgÁTg ¬1756-1757¦
RBH]PeyaraC EdlFøab;esayraCü)anmYyqñaMmþgrYcmkehIykalBIqñaM1748-1749 )an
RtÚvBYk)arKU nignamuWnsBVmuxm®nþIelIk[eLIgesayraCümþgeTotenAedImqñaM1756 enAeBlEdlRTg;
manRBHCnµayu57RBHvsSa. RBHGgÁmanRBHzan³CaGñkRKgraCü b¤raCanusiT§i.
enAkñúgqñaMenaHEdr eRkayBImanCemøaHtUctacmYy RBH]braCsurieyaBN’)anmanbMNgeFVIXat
RBH]T½y ¬GgÁtn;¦ k¾b:uEnþRBHGgÁtn;)anePosRBHkayeTAdl;Bam-haeTog EdlkUnmñak;rbs;GtItem
ecarsmuRTm:ak;KU KWm:ak;tug48 kMBugRtÜtRtakEnøgenaHbeRmI[plRbeyaCn_esþcGaNÑam. m:ak;KU)an
RBÜtédCamYyT½BExµrmYykg vayRbhareTAelITB½ eCIgTwkesommYykg EdlmanbMNgeLIgeKak enABam
enH[braC½yenAkñúgqñaM1722 ehIyKat;)ansøab;enAkñúgqñaM1737. RBHGgÁtn;)anRBmeRBógKñanwg
m:ak;tug edIm,ITmøak;RBHGgÁTgecjBIraCblø½gá. enAeBlEdl m:ak;tug bBa¢ÚnebskCneTA bBa©úHbBa©Úl
GñkRsukenAkñúgExRtRTaMg bnÞaymas )aTI nigéRBkb,as RBHGgÁtn;)anyageTAkan;ExRtRtavij kñúg
cMeNamRbCaCn EdlsßitenAeRkamGMNacGaCJaFrGaNÑam taMgBIb:unµanqñaMmkehIy. RTg;ekNÐT½B)an
y:agqab;rh½s ehIyerobcMecjCa3kg edaydak;enAeRkambBa¢akarm®nþIExµrEdlesµaHnwgRBHGgÁ
3nak; rYc[ecjdMeNIrmkkan;]tþúgÁtampøÚvepSg²Kña. m:ak;tugdwknaMT½BCaBYkecarbøn;mYykg eFVIdMeNIrBI
xageRkayT½BExµrTaMg3kg. T½BRBH]T½yraCaTTYl)anT½BCMnYymYyenARksaMg enAxageCIgCitmat;RCÚk
¬cUvduk¦. mkdl;PñMeBj emT½BTaMg3)anvayT½BRBH]braCRsIsurieyaBN’ [braC½yenAkñúgsmrPUmi
48
BYkGaNÑamehAfa m:ak;FanTW ExµrehAfa RBHsuTtþ.
mYy RBHRsIsurieyaBN’ )anrt;ePosRBHkay)at;eTA. RBH]T½y )ancat;kmøaMg[edjtam cab;RBH
RsIsurieyaBN’)anenAExRtéRBkþI kñúgdIkMBg;sVay ehIyeFVIXatecaleTA. RBHGnuCrbs;RBH]braC
KWRBHEkvh‘VaGgÁdYg EdlyagcUlsagRBHpñÜseRBaHmincg;manbBaðaCamYyRBH]T½y )anRtÚveKbgç¿[la
caksikçabT49 rYcehIyRtÚveKeFVIXatEdr enAeBlyagecjputBIbrievNvtþs,wg.
eRkayBIeFVIXatesþcTaMg2GgÁrYc RBH]T½y )anyagcUlKal;RBHraCaGgÁTgCaRBHGyüeka
eday\teGonxµas ehIysuMkarGnuBaØatnaMykRBHraCvgSanuvgS nigbriBarmkrs;enAxageCIgvtþRBH
ectiyfµI. RBHraCaRTg;)anGnuBaØattamsMeNI edayminGaceFVIGVI)an eRBaHRBH]T½ymanT½BrwgmaM.
BIrExeRkaymk enAeBlEdlBYkTahanmYycMnYnFMvilRtlb;eTARsukkMeNItvijehIy RBH]T½y
TTYldMNwgfa mehsIemm:ayrbs;RBH]braCRsIsurieyaBN’ )anerobcMEpnkarRbqaMgnwgRBHGgÁ
edaymanm®nþIFM²CaeRcIncUlrYmpg ehIyBYkeKkMBugRbúgeRbóbebIkkarvayRbharmkelIRBHGgÁ
ehIy. edayP½yxøaccMeBaHkarvayRbharenH RBHGgÁ)annaMRBHraCvgS nigesnaGamatü yagecjBI
]tþúgÁ mkKg;enAÉeRCaycgVa cMBImuxPñMeBjvij rYcehIy)ancat;taMgm®nþI nigemT½BmYycMnYn[ecj
ekNÐT½BsaCafµI.
eBlBinitüeXIjfaRBH]T½yeFVIxøÜnCaesþc ehIyRbúgeRbóbvayRbhareTAelIRBHmehsIem
m:ayrbs;RBH]braCdUecñH RBHraCaGgÁTgk¾manesckþIkøahaneLIgvij ehIyekNÐT½BmYykgvayeTA
elIBYkbHe)ar. b:uEnþT½BenHbraC½y RBHraCak¾eKcxøÜnecjBIraCFanI]tþúgÁ eTAKg;enAÉExRteBaFisat;
edaynaMykkSRtakSRtI manGñkGgÁm©as;GgÁTg GgÁnn; RBHrama nigesnaGamatüTaMgGs; eTACamYy
pg. RBHGgÁ)ansuKtenATIenaH eRkayBIyageTAdl;)anbnþic kñúgRBHCnµayu 65RBHvsSa. srubeTA
RBHGgÁ)anesayraCsm,tþi 3qñaM kñúgcenøaHeBlmYyEdlmanry³ 70qñaM.
minyUrb:unµaneRkaymk RBH]T½y)an[eKeFVIXatRBHmehsIemm:ay rbs;RBH]braC nigRBH
buRtac,grbs;GgÁTg EdlRBHnagmanCamYyRBHFemµaraCaCaRBHsVamImun eRkayBI)annaMykBIbevl
CaPUmimYyenAxagekItéRBb£sSIsaj; mkvij. RTg;)andkecAhVayExRtkMBg;sVay ecjBItMENg Edl
TTYlGñkGgÁm©as;GgÁnn;rama nigGgÁC½y[sñak;enA ehIydak;GñkCMnitrbs;RBHGgÁEdlcab;GñkGgÁm©as;
49
karRKgcIvrelOgGaceFVI[eKcputBIkarcab;eTaséBr_)an. eKnwgCYberOgdUcKñaenARsukesom enAeBlEdlesþc
ERCkraCü PüaTn RtÚveFVIXat.
TaMg2 dak;kñúgRTúgfVayRBHGgÁ CMnYsvij. enAkñúgeBlkMBugeFVIdMeNIr m®nþImñak;rbs;RBH]T½y KWBjac½nÞ
)ankab;bM)ak;RTúg rMedaHykRBHGgÁnn;rama rt;eKceTARsukesom. enAsl;EtRBHGgÁC½yb:ueNÑaH Edl
RBHGgÁTg )an[eKsmøab;ecalenA]tþúgÁ.
edIm,IrMgab;kartv:arbs;BYkGaNÑam EdlecaTfaRBHGgÁ)ancUleTAkñúgTwkdIkUsaMgsuIn rhUtdl;
ExRtvijLúg eRCIserIsT½BeFVIs®gÁamRbqaMgnwgRBHraCamun RBH]T½y)anRbKl;eTA[GaNÑam nUvTwkdI
2kEnøg KWdItaMpugLúgEdleRkaymkKWExRtGagy:ag nigmYykEnøgeTot EdleRkaymk eKbegáIt)an
CaRsuk2 KWcan;dn nigs‘uyLab; ehIyP¢ab;eTAkñúgExRtvijLúg ¬1757¦.
35- RBHRsIsurieyaBN’-RBH]T½y ¬1758-1775¦
eRkayBIRTg;)anRbRBwtþGMeBI]RkidæepSg²dUcEdl)anerobrab;xagelIrYcehIy GñkGgÁtn; ehAfa
RBH]T½y CabuRtarbs;RBH]braCRBH]T½y EdlsuKteTAenAGgÁrvtþkalBIqñaM1753 nigRtÚvCaRBHntþa
rbs;RBHraCaGgÁTg nigCakUnciBa©wmrbs;m:ak;tug )aneLIgesayraCüenAkñúgRBHCnµ 20RBHvsSa eRkam
RBHnamfa RBH)aTsemþcesþcRBHraC»gáarRBHnrayN_raCaFiraCramaFibtIRBHRsIsurieyaBN’brm
suernÞ.
RBHecAGaNÑam)anRbkasTTYlsÁal;esþckm<úCaenHPøam. esþcenHminRKan;EtCaCn]RkidæcMeBaH
raCvgSanuvgSb:ueNÑaHeT k¾b:uEnþ)ank,t;RbeTsCatiEfmeTot. RTg;)anRbKl;TwkdIExRtBIr EdleKehA
sBV éf¶fasukRtaMg nigRtavij eTA[BYkGaNÑam. KWedayEbbenHehIyEdlrdæaPi)alRkúgev: )aneqøót
yk»kasEdlRbeTskm<úCaCYbRbTHnwgkarlM)ak deNþImykTwkdIkUsaMgsuIndak;bBa©ÚlmkkñúgkarRKb;
RKgrbs;xøÜnbnþicmþg². ehIyBYkGaNÑamenHelaPln;minecHsáb;sál;eT. erobcMExRtTaMg2minTan;
TaMg)anRsYlbYlpg BYkenHk¾cab;taMgksagbnÞayenAsaEdk ¬pSarEdk¦ enAKULavyag ¬ekaHetg¦
nigenAcUvduk ¬mat;RCÚk¦ EfmeTot.
b:uEnþraCBgSavtarExµr)anelIkeLIgfa RBHraCa]T½yCaesþcl¥ manRBHT½yTUlay ehIycUlcitþ
dak;Tan. RTg;)anbric©aKRBHraCRTBüCaeRcIndak;Tandl;sµÚmyack nigbUCafVayRBHBuT§ nigBuT§sasnik
edIm,IsnSMbuNüeCosvagGkuslkmµTaMg5y:ag nig)abkmµTaMg14Ebb. manTuK’tCnCaeRcInkat;BITI
q¶ay² mkTTYlTanBIRBHGgÁ. enHKWCakarvinicä½yGMBIGtßRbeyaCn_epSg²EdleKGaceqøótTaj
yk)anBIRBHGgÁ.
RBHGgÁsBVRBHT½ynwgpþl;dMbUnµan eyalbl;l¥²dl;namuWnm®nþI nigCMruj[BYkenaHeFVITan eCos
vag)abkmµ. RTg;eQVgyl;faRBHGgÁKWCaeBaFistVmYyGgÁEdlRtÚvcuHmkCYyse®gÁaHstVelak
éf¶NamYy RBHGgÁnwgnaMGñkTaMgGs;enaHCaeRcInryBan;eLIgCiHelIsMeBAmasmYyqøgkat;mhasmuRT
ebIeTaHCamanBüúHbk;e)aky:agNakþI.
enAqñaM1763 eBlEdlsPaBkarN_kñúgRbeTss¶b;s¶at;l¥ehIy RBH]T½y)anRbKl;kardwknaM
RbeTs[m®nþIFM²TTYl rYcehIyRTg;yagRKgs,g;BN’elOg sagRBHpñÜs3Ex eTIblacaksikçabT mk
Kg;elIraCblø½gávij.
enAkñúgqñaM1765 RBHraCa)anelIkRBHmehsIGñkmñagmalinÞbu)aövtI [eLIgCasemþcRBHPKvtI
rYcehIy)anEksRmÜlBiFIkareday[m®nþITaMgLayeqøIynwgRBHmhakSRtIfa RBHkruNaBiess cMENk
ÉPriyam®nþITaMgenaHvij RTg;[ehARBHmhakSRtIfa RBHEm:.
2qñaMeRkaymk esþcPUma50 EdleFVIs®gÁamCamYyesþcesomtaMgBIExmkra qñaM1765 eRkayBI
)andeNþImyktav:y EmrKuy ehIynigetNas;esrImrYcmk )andeNþImykGyuFüaeTot eRkayBI
h‘umB½T§Cab;Gs;ry³eBl2Ex rYcdutkemÞcexÞcxÞI ¬éf¶TI28 Exemsa qñaM1767¦. eBlenaHmanGñkGgÁ
m©as;esommYyGgÁ EdlraCBgSavtarExµrehAfaRBHecAeLsag )anrt;eKceTAeLIgeKakenAhaeTog
edayTTYlkarEfTaMBIRBHsgÇkatUlikeQµaH BIj:Ú rYcehIy)anmkesñIsuMRCkekanenAraCvaMg]tþúgÁ51.
eRkayBIraCFanIesomFøak;cUlkñúgédsRtÚvrYcmk manekItCMgWeb:sþ nigGasnñeraK RBmTaMgman
ecarlYcecarbøn;BaseBjRbeTs. eBlenaHmankUnkat;cinkñúgshKmn_éhhugmñak;eQµaHfa Püatak b¤
ecABjatak CaecAhVayExRtmYyenATisxageCIg EdlmanT½B1Ban;nak; )anvayBYkPUma[braC½yCa
eRcInelIkeRcInsa. edayraCFanIGyuFüa)anRtÚvbMpøajexÞcxÞIGs; ehIyRBHraCak¾RtÚv)aneKeFVIKut
eToteFVI[raCblø½gáenATMenr Püatakk¾RbkasxøÜneLIgCaRBHraCaesom enAÉ)agpøasy. Püatak Edl
eFVIdMeNIrmkdl;ry:g )anRtÚvRbCaCnGbGrTTYl cat;TukfaCaGñkrMedaHehIynaMKñacUlbeRmIkgT½B eFVI[
cMnYnekIneLIgdl; 2Ban;nak;. eBlenaHecAhVayExRtcnÞtab‘unminRBmcMNuH TTYlsÁal;GMNacrbs;
Püatak eT/ Püatak k¾vaylukdeNþImykExRtcnÞtab‘un rYcehIyk¾dwknaMT½BEdlmancMnYnkan;EteRcIn
eLIgeTAvayBYkPUmaeTot. PüatakvayQñHBYkPUmaenAsmrPUmiCaeRcIn ehIy)anrujRcanBYkenH[dk
50
enaHKWRBHraCaTI3énsnþtivgSGaeLagRpa Edl)aneLIgesayraCüelIraCblø½gáGv:aeRkayBIbdivtþn_qñaM1754.
51
GñkGgÁm©as;enH )ansuKtkm<úCakñúgqñaM1771. raCBgSavtarGaNÑamehARBHGgÁfaecAsuIsag. cMENkbBVCit BIj:Ú
vij eRkaymk)anTTYlzan³Ca eGEv:kGaRdg;.
fyecjBIRBHraCaNacRkeTA. C½yCmñHTaMgGs;enH )aneFVI[PüatakkøayeTACamnusSGs©arüCageK
enAkñúgRsukesom RbCara®sþTaMgGs;TTYlsÁal;kñúgzan³CaemdwknaM. Püatak )anmktaMgraCvaMgenA
)agkk bþÚreQµaHdak;fa caNaburI vij Rtg;kEnøgEdlRBHnrayN_)aneFVIsm,TanRbKl;[RbeTs
)araMgBImun EdlenACakmµsiT§irbs;BYk)araMgenAeLIy fVIebI)araMgmin)anmktaMgTIenAk¾eday.
Püatak cg;[RBHraCaExµrTTYlsÁal;GFiraCPaBrbs;esom ehIycat;Tukkm<úCaCanKrsamnþraC
mYy dUcEdlesþcesommun²EtgEtKitG‘ÍcwgEdr k¾cat;bBa¢ÚnraCTUt[naMsarmkfVay manGtßn½yfa
{sUm[RBHraCakm<úCarkSaTuknUvRbéBNIEdlFøab;mantaMgEtBImun kuMbIKitdl;karpøas;bþÚrEdlekItman
eLIgGaRs½yedayRBwtþikarN_FM²b:Bal;dl;RBHraCaNacRkesomenaH} ehIyfaRBHraCakm<úCaRtÚv
elIksYysarGakreTAfVay dUcEdlRBHraCamun²Føab;)anGnuvtþknøgmk. raCBgSavtark¾manniyay
pgEdrfa RBHGgÁ)anTamTar[ExµrbBa¢ÚnGñkGgÁm©as;esommYyGgÁ Edlrt;mkRCkekanenAkñúgraCvaMg
]tþúgÁeTAvijeTotpg.
eBlenaHRBHraCakm<úCaRBH]T½ysurieyaBN’ EdlFøab;EtCaesþcbHe)armYyGgÁ ehIyEdl)an
eLIgesayraCüedaysarEtkarcgsm<½n§emRtICamYyGaNÑam rYc)anRbKl;ExRt2[ nigFøab;)aneFVI
XatraCvgSCaeRcInGgÁedIm,IkuM[mkraraMgkareLIgRKgraCblø½gárbs;RBHGgÁ KWCasRtÚvnwgGtItRBHraCa
NacRkesomEdlEtgEtTMnukbRmúg CMruj[manesþcRbqaMgnwgRsukExµr\tdac; RTg;minTTYlsÁal;fa
ra®sþsamBaØmñak;GaceLIgesayraCüelIraCblø½gáesom)aneT eTaHbIfaCnenaH)anCYyse®gÁaHrMedaH
RbeTsBIkarRtÜtRtarbs;sRtÚvk¾eday. RTg;)ancat;TukPüatakfaminmanzan³esµI nwgRBHGgÁeT. RBH
GgÁ)antbRBHraCsareTAvijfa{RTg;minGaccrcaesµIPaBKñaCamYymnusSmñak; EdlekItecjBIBaNiC¢-
krcinmñak;CamYynwgRsIesomsamBaØmñak;)aneT ebIeTaHCafaCnenaHmansmtß PaBpÞal;xøÜndUcemþckþI}.
TTYl)anraCsarenH Püatak RceLatxwgy:agxøaMg ehIy)anebþCJafanwgTmøak;RBHraCakm<úCaenH
ecjBIraCblø½gá[)an. edIm,IseRmcbMNgenH RTg;)ancab;epþImbMpusbMpulrkesþcRbqaMgmYyGgÁ
ehIy)aneRCIserIsykGñkGgÁm©as;GgÁnn;rama Edl)anrt;ePosRBHkaymkKg;enARsukesom Ca
mYym®nþImñak;EdlFøab;kab;bM)ak;RTúgrMedaHRBHGgÁmk. Püatak)an[T½BesommYykgCUnRBHGgÁnn;
ramaeFVIdMeNIrmkkan;]tþúgÁkat;tampøÚvnKrvtþ edIm,IesñIRbKl;[namuWnsBVmuxm®nþIenAkñúgRBHraCaNacRk
EdlminsUvCaeBjcitþnwgRBH]T½yRsIsurieyaBN’b:unµanenaH seRmc. eBleFVIdMeNIrmkdl;GgÁrvtþ
kgT½BenHe)aHCMrMsRmak rg;caMkarRbyuT§. RBHraCakm<úCaeBlenaH )ancat;[ekNÐT½BmYykg dak;enA
eRkambBa¢akarrbs;elakRkLaeham ):ag. RkLaeham):ag)anRtÚveKRbhar)an enAkñúgkarRbyuT§
dMbUg k¾b:uEnþkgT½BExµrEdlminmankartk;søúteRBaH)at;bg;emekayenaH )anbnþkarRbyuT§rhUtTal;Et
TTYl)anC½yCmñHelIT½Besom eFVI[BYkenHEbk)ak;rt;x©at;x©ayeTARsukvijGs; enAkñúgqñaM176952.
enAeBlenaH m:ak;tugEdlExµreyIgehAfa RBHsuTtþ ecAhVayExRthaeTog EdlTTYldMNwgBIkar
vayRbharenHBIesþcGaNÑam )anseRmccitþeFVIGnþraKmn_CYyRBHraCakm<úCa. Kat;)anekNÐT½BExµr
mYykgecjBIExRtRTaMg nigbnÞaymasrYc)andwknaMTaMgtameCIgeKaknigtameCIgTwkeTAvayluk GaNa
ExRtmat;smuRTrbs;esom. enAeBlkdl;cnÞtab‘un T½Bm:ak;tug)anCYbRbyuT§CamYyT½BesommYykg
EdlkMBugenArg;caM T½BesomenaH)anvay[m:ak;tugbraC½y rt;ecalTUkkþar nigsmÖarmYycMnYn cUleTA
haeTogvij.
esþcesom)anyagRtlb;mk)agkkvij ehIy)anerobcMnavamYykg rYcnaMTB½ eLIgCiHsMeBACamYy
RBHGgÁm©as;GgÁnn;rama ecjdMeNIrsMedAmkhaeTog vaydeNþImykExRtenH)an nigcab;RkúmRKÜsar
m:ak;tug mYycMnYnCacMNab;xµaMg Ém:ak;tug)anrt;eKcxøÜn)at;eTA. kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH kgT½BeCIgeKak
esommYykg EdlenAeRkambBa¢akarrbs;ymraCesommñak; )anqøgkat;RBMEdnExµrPaKxageCIgeFVI
dMeNIrkat;nKrvtþ)at;dMbg nigeBaFisat;sMedAmkrkraCFanI]tþúgÁ. Püatak nigGñkGgÁnn;rama k¾)anmk
dl;PñMeBjEdr edayeFVIdMeNIrBIhaeTogmkmindl;6éf¶pg eRBaHKµanCYbT½BTb;Tl;bnþicNaesaH.
edayxøacesomcab;)an RBHraCakm<úCa)annaMRBHraCvgSanuvgS nigbriBareKcecjBI]tþúgÁmk
cuHnavaenAkMBg;høÜg ehIyeFVIdMeNIreTAkan;RtLúgxøúH)ak;GeBa©ón [elak ymraC dwknaMT½BnaMmux RbyuT§
y:agGg;GacCamYyT½Besom. BYkGñkRsukEdlxøacesomk¾rt;tamRBHraCaeTAEdr GñkxøHeTAdl;mat;
RksH nigGnøg;b£sSI xøHeToteTAdl;RtLúgxøúH)ak;GeBa©ónEdr.
enAeBlEdlRBHraCakMBugEtrt;eKceTAenaH T½BPüatak nigGñkGgÁnn;rama)aneFVIdMeNIrtammat;
TenøRcabQam cab;RsI² nigykrbs;rbrGñkRsukEdlrt;eTAmat;RksHGs;eTA.
enAeBlenaHehIyEdlBYkGaNÑamcab;epþImeFVIGnþraKmn_53 edayekNÐT½BmYykg mkCYbKñaCa
mYynwgT½Belak ymraC enABambBa©ÚsBas. T½BGaNÑam nigExµr )anTTYlC½yCmñHelIT½Besom rYc)an
52
tamraCBgSavtar)anniyayfa enAkñúgqñaMenaHmanpáayduHknÞúymYyl¥Nas; elceLIgenAkñúgedImExkBaØa ecjBITis
xagekIt ehIybnþsMedAeTATisnirtI.
53
raCBgSavtarExµrniyayfa esþcGaNÑameBlenaHmanRBHnamfa y:aLúg. tamBitesþcenaHmanRBHnamfa ehVevOg
GPiesknamKW egVógPukFn;. KWCabuRtarbs;RsIsñMmñak;. RBHGgÁesayraCü)an13qñaM BIqñaM1756 dl;1778.
mkedj Püatak nigGñkGgÁnn; ecjBIPñMeBj [eFVIdMeNIreTAhaeTogvij rYcT½Besom nigPüatak k¾cuHTUk
eTARsukesomvijGs;eTA. ÉGñkGgÁnn; RTg;Kg;enAnwghaeTogenHCamYyT½Besom5rynak; b:uEnþbnÞab;
mk )aneTAKg;enAÉkMBtvij edayminGackarBarhaeTogTb;Tl;nwgm:ak;tug)an. eTAdl;kMBt RTg;)an
bnþeRCIserIsT½BbEnßmeTotBIExRtCitxag.
enAPaKxageCIgT½Besomc,aMgecHEtcaj;Cajwkjy. dl;TTYldMNwgfa Püatak cuHTUkCamYy
kgT½BecjBIhaeTogeTAvij k¾yl;faxøÜnkMBugEtsßitenAkñúgeRKaHmhnþrayehIy )ane)aHbg;karRbyuT§
vilRtlb;eTARsukvijEdr edaynaMykeTACamYynUveQøIyswk1muWnnak; EdleK)anRbmUlpþú¿enAeBaFi-
sat;. eKniyayfa manGñkRsukCaeRcInRtÚvsøab;edayGt;GahartampøÚv.
enAeBlGs;T½BesomehIy T½Belak ymraC k¾EbkecjBIT½BGaNÑam ehIyeFVIdMeNIreTArkT½B
GñkGgÁnn;rama CYbKñaenAnwgBamrka k¾vay[braC½yeTA ¬1771¦.
enAcugqñaM1771 RBHraCa )anyagmkKg;CabeNþaHGasnñenAmat;kNþúr sßitenAelITenøsab
cm¶ay10KILÚEm:RtBIPñMeBj.RTg;)anTTYlyker:suIdg;GaNÑammñak; ehA)avhU mkenAnwgRBHraCvaMg.
eFVIy:agenH mann½yfa RBHGgÁ )andak;RBHraCaNacRkenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alrbs;GaNÑamehIy.
bnÞab;mkRBHraCa)anyagmkKg;enAnwgBak;RBR½t54 rYc)ancat;raCTUteTA)agkk crcasnþiPaBCamYy
Püatak edayElgcat;esþcesomfµIenHfara®sþsamBaØmkERCkraCsm,tþi dUckalBIb:unµanqñaMmun
eTotehIy. PüatakminRBmTTYlraCTUtTaMgGs;enaHeT k¾)an[eKcab;XuMTuk rYcepJIraCsarmYymkfVay
RBHraCakm<úCa niyayfakarccaGacnwgmaneTA)anluHNaEtRTg;bBa¢ÚnRBHmata nigraCvgSanuvgS TaMg
Gs; [eTAKg;enAÉRsukesomsin. cMENkÉm:ak;tugvij eKk¾cab;crcaCamYyesþcesom ehIyhak;dUc
Ca)ane)aHbg;karKaMRTesþcExµrEdr ehIy)anTTYlkarGnuBaØatBIPüatak [RkúmRKÜsarEdlesþcesom
cab;Tku CacMNab;xaµ gM enAÉ)agkkenaHvilRtlb;eTAhaeTogvij.edIm,ICafñrÚ m:ak;tgu )anyl;RBmRbKl;
GñkGgÁm©as;esommYyGgÁEdlePosxøÜnmkKg;enAraCvaMgkm<úCa ehIyEdlRBHraCakm<úCaRbEkkminRBm
RbKl;[eTA Püatak. Püatakk¾naMykGñkGgÁm©as;esomenaH eTA)agkkvijrYceFVIXatecaleTA.
enAkñúgqñaM1774 RBHraCakm<úCa)anyagecjBIraCdMNak;Bak;RBR½t mkKg;enAÉekaHcin CaekaH
54
PUmienHenACit]tþúgÁ Rtg;kEnøgmYymanenArhUtdl;sBVéf¶ sRmab;TukEs,keKaRkbIEdl)arKU vHTukeFVICaRB½Rt
enAkñúgRBHraCBiFIGuMTUk naéf¶eBjbUN’mI Extula.
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36- RBHGgeÁ Gg ¬1779-1796¦
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56
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edaymanTahanyamkarBary:aghµt;ct;.
57
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58
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fVay kalBI1qñaMmun.
59
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60
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61
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b:uEnþGVI²enAes¶óms¶at; KµannrNa)anKitdl;eT. enAeBleRkay²mk ecAh‘VaEbneKarBtamEtbBa¢a
mkBI)agkk minTTYlbBa¢aBI]tþúgÁeT nigeLIgcuHecjcUlraCvaMgTaMg2 k¾b:uEnþelIktgVayeTAfVayEtesþc
esom minEmnkñúgnamCaecAhVayExRteT KWkñúgnamCaemT½Besom. cMENkcMNUlepSg²enAkñúgExRt
Kat;rkSaTukedIm,IciBa©wmTahanEdlenACamYyKat; k¾b:uEnþ)anfVayCMnUneTAesþcesomdEdl EdlrwtEt
bBa¢ak;[eXIjGMBIPaBcMNuHrbs;Kat;. kUn²rbs;Kat;)anbnþdMENgBIKat; ehIyk¾)anbnþneya
)ayenHrhUtmk. karkat;ykTwkdIkm<úCadak;CacMNuHesom )anRbRBwtþeTAEbbenHbnþicmþg²eTAtam
kal³eTs³ edayKµanGñkNacab;GarmµN_Tal;EtesaH dMbUgeLIydwknaMedayGñkEdlmanbMNgc,as;
las; rYcbnþedaykUnecArbs;Kat;. ehtukarN_enH)ansßitesßrKg;vgSenArhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH eday
KµankarcuHGnusBaØaGVImYyCalayl½kçGkSr b¤CaBaküsmþIesaHeT manEtkarcgcaMt²Kñamkb:ueNÑaH.
tamBiteTA km<úCaenAkñúgstvtSr_TI19KµankmøaMgGVInwgeFVIkarTamTarykTwkdImkvijeLIy Etkarkat;
ykTwkdIeTAedayBYkesomenH)anRtÚveKTTYlsÁal;kñúgcitþKMniteTAehIy taMgEtBImuneBlEdlman
sn§isBaØa)araMgesomenAkñúgqñaM1867 eTAeTot. sn§isBaØaenHKµantémøGVIesaH eRBaHeKnaMKñacuHhtß
elxaedaymin)ansYreyabl;RBHraCakm<úCapgeT RBHGgÁk¾)anRbEkkminTTYlsÁal;EfmeTot. k¾
b:uEnþvaenAEtmantémørhUt edaymkBIRbeTs)araMgEdlKµanBt’manc,as;las; )ancuHhtßelxa.
enAqñaMbnÞab;mkeTot kñúgeBlEdleKkMBugEtrvl;ksagraCvaMgedIm,IRBHraCafµIenABIxagekItvtþ
vaMgkþar RBH)aTGgÁeGg)anbBa¢ÚnsMeNIeTAesñIsuMesþcesom sUm[bBa¢ÚnRBHmatucäamYyGgÁkñúgcMeNam
RBHmatucäaTaMg2GgÁ KWsemþcRBHPKvtI mehsITaMg3GgÁ nigraCbuRtTaMg4GgÁ RBmTaMgesnaPIelogpg
mkkm<úCavij. RBHraCaesom)anbBa¢ÚnGñkTaMgGs;enaHmk enAkñúgrvagEx]sPa qñaM1795.
RBH)aTGgÁeGg )anecjRBHraCbBa¢aCaeRcIn EdlKYrEtelIkykmkerobrab;. RBHraCbBa¢a
mYyenaHTak;TgeTAnwgBYkmhatlik mhaeTB nigmham®nþI EdlmanRtarMelceTAedayPJIpáamYyrgVg;
RtÚv)aMgkøs;2Can;eFVIGMBIsURtBN’Rkhm Bak;GavpayBN’páakUlab nigmankan;fg;rgpg62 eBlcUlmk
kñúgRBHraCvaMg. m®nþIEdlmanskþi 8-9h‘UBan;63 GacBak;GavpayBN’ébtg ehIy)aMgkøs;sURtmYy
Can;BN’ébtgEdr. GñkEdlmanskþi6-7h‘UBan;manGavpay nigkøs;BN’sVay. ÉGñkmanskþi4-5
h‘UBan; vij GacmanRtwmEtGavpayBN’exovb:ueNÑaH. RBHraCbBa¢aenaHk¾)an bBa¢ak;pgEdrfa Priya
rbs;m®nþImanskþi 9-10h‘UBan; RtÚvmanzan³Ca XunNag64.
enAqñaMbnÞab;mk RBHraCaGgÁeGgRTg;RbQYn rYcsuKteTA enAkñúgRBHCnµ26RBHvsSa. RTg;esay
raCüsrubTaMgGs;)an20qñaM EckecjCa2rC¢kal EdlcenøaHBIKña3qñaM. raCBgSavtark¾dUcCakarniTan
t²Kña min)ankt;smÁal;eXIjmanGVIEdlCasñaédBiessrbs;RBHraCaGgÁenHeT nigKµankarsagsg;GVI
62
RbGb;søaeFVIGMBIeQI eRsabedayRkNat;.
63
Bakü {h‘UBan;} enH smÁal;zannþrskþim®nþI mkBIBaküesom2m:at; KW ³ h‘U b¤hY=emekay/ Ban;=1Ban;. dUecñHBaküenH
mann½yfa emekaykan;Bl1Ban;nak;.
64
KW Xun=em/ nig Nag=nag.
CaplRbeyaCn_dl;sasnaEdr. RTg;min)aneFVIGVICaduMkMPYneT eRBaHeBjmYyCIvitrbs;RBHGgÁRtÚv
dwknaMedayCnbreTs b¤k¾m®nþIEdlRBHGgÁmin)anEtgtaMgeLIg EteK)andak;mk[RBHGgÁTTYlyk.
eKGacniyay)anfa RBHGgÁk,t;Cati eRBaHvahak;dUcCaRTg;)anedaHdUrraCsm,tþiCamYynwgTwkdI
)at;dMbg nigGgÁr.
39- ry³kalcenøaHraCü10qñaM ¬1796-1806¦
ecAh‘Vab:uk naykrdæm®nþI )andwknaMkic©karRBHraCaNacRkedaymin)anxitxMRbwgERbgeRCIserIs
RBHraCafµImYyGgÁNaeT. RBHraCvgSanuvgSeBlenaHesÞIrEtrlt;)at;putBUCGs;eTAehIyenAsl;Et
raCbuRtarbs;RBHGgÁeGg EdlenAtUc²enAeLIy. ecAh‘VaEbnEdlsuxRsYleTAehIy enAkñúgdIrbs;
Kat; k¾enAes¶ómmin)anxVl;xVaynwgGVIbnþicesaH. cMENkesþcesom EdlEtgEtRbkasxøÜnfa CaGñk
karBarrC¢TayaT nignamuWnsBVmuxm®nþI Edlhak;dUcCamankarP½yxøaccMeBaHkarTietonGMBIkarRKb;RKg
KYr[eGonxµasenH emø:aHehIyk¾enAes¶ómEdreTA. rIÉRbCaCneTotesat k¾hak;dUcCa)at;bg;Gs;nUv
esckþIkøahan mincg;eFVIs®gÁam cg;)ansnþiPaBvijmþg smnwgeBlEdleKTuk[rs;eTAtamEtsmµaGaCI
eva. BYkecAhVayExRtkan;EtÉkraCeLIg² edaymkBIKµankardwknaM ehIyeBjcitþNas;nwgsPaB
karN_EbbenHRbmUlBn§)anrkSaTukbg;mk[naykrdæm®nþIEtGVIEdlxøÜncg;bg; CYnkalminTaMgbg;[eTot
k¾man. niyayedayxøIKW RBHraCaNacRkeBlenaHkMBugEtrlYyBukpuy )at;bg;eTA²edayexSaHGs;
kmøaMgGñkNacg;eFVIy:agNak¾)an. RbsinebIkm<úCaminRtÚvGaNÑamcUlmkkan;kab;lukluyratt,at
vaydeNþImyk rYckat;ykdIkUsaMgsuIndak;Carbs;eKeT eBalKWfa ebIsinNaCaRsukExµrKµanBYkGñk
QøanBanmkBITisxagt,Úg manEtsRtÚvesomEtmYyKt;enaH RbEhlCaesomkat;ykRbeTsTaMgmUl
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mUlk¾RtÚvcb;)at;eTAehIyEdr. k¾b:uEnþ GacniyayfaeyIgmansMNagEdr EdlmansRtÚv2nak;enA
sgxagEdleRskXøans®gÁWtcg;)anTwkdIeyIgdUcKña emø:aHehIy k¾tamdanRtÜtBinitü KñaeTAvijeTAmk.
sRtÚvTaMg2enHxøacrGaKñaeTAvijeTAmk cMENkcMNIEdlsßitenAkNþalvij P½yj½rcMRbb; rg;caMEt[
GñkNaEdlmkmunehIyelb)at;. b:uEnþsRtÚvmñak;²sÞak;esÞIrminTan;h‘anlUkédmkb:HcMNIenaHeT
edayxøaceFVI[mçageTotPJak;dwgxøÜn. sßanPaBEbbenH)anrkSakm<úCa rhUtdl;eBlEdlBYk)araMgmk
dl; CYyRbeTsenHkuM[søab; minEtb:ueNÑaH )anCYydas;RbCaCn[PJak;eRkakeLIgvijFana)annUv
ÉkraCCati CYykarBarRBHraCa CYypþl;kmøaMg[RbeTsTaMgmUl pþl;suPmgÁl edaykarFana)annUvsux
snþiPaB BaNiC¢kmµ rYcbnÞab;mk pþl;[nUvraCrdæaPi)alGcié®nþy_mYy sucrit mannamuWnm®nþIeFVIkarTTYl
)annUvR)ak;ebovtSeTogTat; emø:aHehIymin)anTijmuxtMENgrbs;xøÜneT.
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rhUteTAdl;PñMdgErk TwkdITaMgenaHesomminEdl)ansnüafanwgRbKl;mk[ExµrvijmþgNaeT Et)an
yl;RBmRbKl;[)araMg. edayehtuenH GtItkm<úCaénstvtSr_TI17 Gacrs;ranmanCIviteLIgvij
manesþcesayraCü edaymanGñkcaMCYykarBarxøaMgkøaEdlminEdlnwkKitcg;lubbM)at;RBHraCaNa
cRkenHeT pÞúyeTAvij manEtcg;[RbCara®sþExµrrs;enAmanesrIPaB enAkñúgRsukmYyEdlmankarRKb;
RKgl¥ manGarüFm’ ehIyKµans®gÁammkrMxan.
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RBHsBmkdl;ExRtmgÁlburI Rsab;EtmanbBa¢amkfaRtÚvdwkRBHsBykeTA]tþúgÁvij65 ehIyqab;bBa¢Ún
T½BeTACYyvayBYkPUma EdlcUlmklukluyRsukesom. elakcRkIEkb )andwknaMT½B 5Ban;nak;ecj
eTAPøam ehIyeKniyayfa T½BExµrenHBUEkGs©arü )anvayBYkPUma[braC½y rYceTIbvilRtlb;mkkm<úCa
vij eBareBjeTAedayC½yCmñH.
T½BenHmkdl; minTan;rMsayecjeT Rsab;EtRBHraCaGyuFüaepJIbBa¢amkecAh‘Vab:uk [bBa¢ÚneTA
CYyesþcy:aLúg Edl)anERsksuMCMnYy. T½BenaHk¾ecjdMeNIreTA eRkambBa¢akarrbs;]kj:a vaMg
Lag. k¾b:uEnþ karEdlrdæaPi)almYyeKarBsþab;tambBa¢arbs;esþcbreTs eRbób)aneTAnwghVÚgTaskr
EbbenH )aneFVI[ekItkarekþARkhay nigGam:as;CaxøaMg kñúgcMeNamRbCaCn. emø:aHehIykgT½BenaHmin
)aneTANaq¶ay KW)aneFVIdMeNIrmkdl;RtwmrMdYl k¾EbkExJkKñaGs;eTA eRBaHTahanmñak;²vilRtlb;eTA
rkRKÜsarrbs;eK. ecAh‘Vab:uk)anecjbBa¢a[eKtamcab;TahanEdlrt;ecalCYrTaMgGs;enaHykmk
vij ehIyeFVIeTassmøab;ecal. manTahanCaeRcInEdlRtÚveKGarksmøab; esssl;b:unµaneKbBa¢Ún
eTAraCFanIev:. RbCaCnrwtEtmaneTamnsSxøaMgeLIg². enATIbBa©b; esþcy:aLúg TTYl)anC½yCmñH
elIBYkétsWn deNþImykGMNac)anmkvij rYcehIy)anbBa¢ÚnkaMePøIgFM 2edIm manrMelcedayrUbmkr
65
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EdleK)ansg;eLIgBIxagekItectiyFM enAelIxñgPñMRBHraCRTBüEk,r]tþúgÁ. BiFIbuNübUCaRBHsBenHmanry³kaleBj
mYyqñaM.
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kgT½BExµrEdleTAc,aMgenAGaNÑamenaHl,Il,ajxøaMgNas; rhUtTal;EtemT½B KW]kj:aRkLa
ehamRBhµ eTACaRkGWtRkTm KitfaxøÜn)anCYyesþcy:aLúg[eLIgRKgraCblø½gáev:vij)an ehIy
k¾cab;emIlgayemIlefakecAh‘Vab:uk minmkcUlrYmRbCuMKN³rdæm®nþIeT. ecAh‘Vab:uk)an[eKcab;xøÜn
RkLaehamRBhµ bBa¢ÚneTAfVayesþcesomedIm,Idak;eTasTNÐ. RBHraCa)agkkrkSaRBhµTuk rYc)an[
høÜgeBRCNaBiciRtemOgmkCMnYsvij ehIy)anTaMgbBa¢ÚnGñkGgÁm©as;GgÁc½nÞmkEdr edIm,IRKb;RKg
RbeTsCati.
enAqñaM1805 eRkayBIesþcGaNÑam)anbB¢ÚanRkNat;sURt68duMmkfVay RBHGgÁc½nÞ )anyag
naMykkMNat;TaMgGs;enaHmk)agkkCamYyecAh‘Vab:uk edIm,IcUlKal;esþcesom. ecAh‘Vab:uk k¾søab;enA
É)agkkenaHeTA kñúgGayu65qñaM. Kat;)anEfrkSaraCbuRtrbs;RBHGgÁeGg nigCaraCanusiT§ RBHraCa
NacRkkm<úCaGs;eBl11qñaM.
40- RBHGgcÁ n½ Þ ¬1806-1834¦
enAqñaM1806 RBHGgÁc½nÞCaraCbuRtac,grbs;RBHGgÁeGgmanRBHCnµ15RBHvsSaehIy.
esþcesom)anseRmcGPieskRBHGgÁ[eLIgRKgraCüedayfVayRBHnamfaRBH)aTsemþcRBHraC»gáar
RBH]T½yraCaFiraCramaFibtIRBHRsIsurieyaBN’. enHKWCaelIkTI2ehIy Edlesþcesombgðaj[
eXIjGMBIGFiraCPaBrbs;eKmkelIkm<úCa.
RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaeBlenaHrgnUvkar)ak;EbkeRbHRsaMxøaMgNas; minRbEkkRbNaMgGVIeT
yl;RBmTTYlRBHraCatamEtehtukarN_vivtþ. eBlenaHecAh‘VaEbn)aneFVIkic©karmYyEdlnaMKat;[
GacvilRtlb;mkkan;km<úCavij)an. KWKat;)annaMykbuRtIrbs;Kat;mñak;mkfVayRBHraCaGgÁc½nÞ.
RBHraCaRbEhlCaminh‘anRbEkkeT eTIbRTg;yl;RBmTTYlykeFVICamehsIeTA.
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hb£T½yxøaMgNas; k¾b:uEnþRTg;minEdl)aneRbIvamþgNaeLIy.
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eKk¾s¥b;GaNÑamNas;Edr.
82
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83
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manRBHnamfa neratþm rYceLIgRKgraCsm,tþieRkamRBHnamdEdlenH.
84
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BuT§sasnaxøaMg eKGaceFVI)anRtwmEtyksnøwkmastUc²mkeRsabBIelIRTÚgRBHBuT§rUb ehIydl;yUr²
eTAeTIbRBHBuT§rUbenaHGacRtÚv)aneRsabCuMCit edaymanGñkÉeTot² ecHEtyksnøwkmasmkeRsab
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dUcBImuneTotehIy. s®gÁamCamYybreTs CaBiess KWs®gÁamrvagKñaÉgnwgKñaÉg )aneFVI[RbeTs
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)an RTg;k¾seRmcRBHraChb£T½y ebIkRckmYyecjeTAxagQUgsmuRTesomvij edIm,IGacdwkplitpl
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85
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86
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karkUnRsI[ehIy. BYkGaNÑamminsUvCaGaRkk;eBkeT.
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smtßPaBecjBIkic©karraCkar ehIy)anbdiesFCMnUnepSg² EdlBYkecAhVayExRtEtgEtfVayRBH
raCaenAeBlEdlRTg;RbTanRta. RTg;mWugm:at;Nas;cMeBaHGñkNaEdlbMBanc,ab; ehIy)andak;eTas
F¶n;² dl;m®nþIFMNaEdlminRBmeKarBRBHraCbBa¢a. k¾b:uEnþRBHGgÁRbkbeTAedayyutþuiFm’ manRBHT½y
l¥cMeBaHGñkRkIRk RTg;manGMNt;Gt;Fn;cMeBaHGñkTaMgenaH elIkElgEtkarbþwgpþl;EdleFVIeLIgminRtwm
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m©as;CIvitelIt,Úg}vij. RBHraCmataTTYlRBHzan³faRBHvrraCCnnI ehIyRTg;manRtamYymanrUbkinñrI
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enaH RBmTaMgBaküeBcn_EdlRtÚveRbIpg KWeqøIyfaRBH)aTm©as;cMeBaHburs² nigRBHEm:cMeBaHnarI².
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karEkTRmg;enHemIleTAdUcCaerOgkMbuikkMb:ukeT k¾b:uEnþRtÚv)aneKGbGrsaTrNas; eRBaHva)an
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sIl nigsikçabT.
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ebItamsmþIm®nþIcas;mñak;EdlRBHraCa]sSah_BieRKaHeyabl; )anniyayR)ab;´fa emIlBIxag
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GaNÑam EdlRBHGgÁs¥b;xøaMgNas;G‘ÍcwgEdr. BYkGaNÑamenHmanTMenomTmøab; sasna semøókbMBak;
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\tQb;Qrpg. RBHGgÁCaGñkKaMRTsnþiPaB mincUlcitþs®gÁam eRBaHRTg;eQVgyl;fas®gÁamminGac
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NacRk RTg;)anbBa¢a[eKsg;bnÞaykarBarCaeRcIn. RBHGgÁ)anmanRBHbnÞÚlfa {minRtÚvKitBIerOg
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edIm,IepJIvasnaRsukExµr nigsnþtivgSRBHraCa vijmþg. KMnitsuMCMnYyrbs;RBHGgÁeBlenaH minEmnCa
karsuMGaNaBüa)alkñúgn½ydUcEdleyIgyl;sBVéf¶enHeT KWsuM[karBarRBHraCaNacRkkuM[nKrepSg
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87
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yagGñkGgÁm©as;vtßa[eTApÞHKat; edIm,IGb;rMENnaMRBHGgÁ eFVI[RBHGgÁmankarP½yxøac rYcenAes¶óm)an
1qñaMEdr. b:uEnþbnÞab;mk RTg;k¾cab;epþImeRbIkl])ayeLIgvij.
GñkGgÁm©as;vtßaeBlenaHCayuvCnsgðamñak; buinRbsb;kñúgkarniyaysþIeTAkan;mnusSmña ehIy
RtÚv)annarI² nigRbCara®sþRslaj;cUlcitþeRcIn. RTg;manR)aCJaQøasév mankarecHdwgx<s; niyay
Exµr)anl¥CagRBH)aTneratþm EdlcUlcitþeRbIEtPasaesom k¾b:uEnþRTg;mankarRcENneRcIn. RTg;buin
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[RBHraCaCaRBHerom elIkGMBITmøab;FUrrlugrbs;RBHGgÁ GMBIesckþIesñharbs;RBHGgÁCamYybgb¥Ún
RsI² nigCamYyCayarbs;RBHbita CaedIm. RTg;manmhicätax<s; ehIyminecHKitxøacrEGgGVIeLIy
GacnwgbMpøicbMpøajRBHraCaNacRk)an edayehtuEtcg;deNþImykGMNacenH.
kñúgcMeNambkSBYkrbs;GñkGgÁm©as;vtßamanjatixagRBHmatamñak; KWsñgsUr Edl)anedIrbMpus
bMpulRbCara®sþenAdI)aPñM sVHEsVgeRCIserIsKñIKña. RBHraCa)anecjbBa¢a[sñgsUrcUlxøÜnmk]tþúgÁ
edIm,IRbKl;[ecAh‘Vamaskat;eTas. sñgsUrminRBmcUlxøÜntamRBHraCbBa¢aeT ehIy)anrt;eTARCk
ekanenAkñúgdMNak;rbs;GñkGgÁm©as;vtßa EdlQb;cUlKal;RBHraCaEdr. mü:ageTot manelcB¤Bakü
ccamGar:amniyayfa esþcesom)anbBa¢ÚnGñkGgÁm©as;vtßamkkm<úCa edIm,IRtÜtBinitütamdanemIl
raCvgS nigm®nþIraCkarTaMgGs; etImanGñkNaminesµaHRtg;nwgBYkesom Edrb¤eT?
bnþiceRkaymk edayGñkGgÁm©as;vtßa nigRBHCayamin)aneTAcUlrYmRBHraCBiFImYy EdleKerob
cMfVaysBRBH)aTGgÁDYg RBH)aTneratþm )anbBa¢a[RBHGnuCenHyagecjBIRBHraCaNacRk eFVIdMeNIr
CamYymitþPkþiTaMgGs;eTA)agkk CamYyTUtEdlesþcesom[naMykekadæmasmYy mkfVayRBHraCa
edIm,Idak;FatuRBHbita. GñkGgÁm©as;vtßa nigRBHCaya)anRbEkkminRBmeKarBtameT eFVI[RBHraCaxJal;
CaxøaMg Gt;RTaMmin)ank¾bBa¢a[BYkm®nþIcab;xøÜnRBHGgÁ. BYkm®nþITaMgenaHTIeTI mindwgfaRtÚveKarBtamnrNa
mYyKWRBH)aTneratþmEdlCaRBHraCaKg;elIraCblø½gá mYyeTot KWGñkGgÁm©as;vtßa EdlRbCara®sþ
Rslaj;cUlcitþ. Tal;EteKbegáItkgkmøaMgmYy EdlmansuT§EtBYkGñkkan;sasnakatUlikCabcäajati
rbs;BYkB½rTuyehÁ eTIbBYkenHseRmccitþdac;xatcab;xøÜnRBHGgÁ. GñkGgÁm©as;vtßa)anttaMgtbvij
k¾b:uEnþRtÚveKeLamCuMCit RTg;k¾elateLIgelIesHbMe)alkat;ExSeRtóm ehIyrt;eKcxøÜnRBHGgÁecjeTA
CamYynwgRsIekµgmñak; EdlRBHGgÁ)ancab;BRgt;ecjBIRBHraCvaMg CaehtueFVI[eKkat;sµanfa enaH
ehIyCamUlehtuGaf’kM)aMgénTMnas;rvagbgb¥ÚnTaMg 2RBHGgÁ. eK)ancab;RBHmatarbs;GñkGgÁm©as;
vtßa XuMTukkñúgRBHraCvaMg edayecaTfa RBHnag)anXubXitCamYyRBHraCbuRta.
s®gÁam)anpÞúHeLIgrvagbgb¥ÚnTaMg2RBHGgÁ ehIyCafµImþgeTot karEbk)ak;Kña edIm,IdeNþIm
GMNacrvagsmaCik 2GgÁ rbs;RBHraCvgSanuvgSénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa )anekItmansaCafµI eday
KµanKitfa RBHraCaNacRkkMBugEtCYbRbTHeRKaHvinashinehacGVIeT. mundMbUgT½Brbs;ecAhVayExRt
)aPñxM agRBHraCaRtÚvT½Brbs;sgñ sUr nigramaeyaFa91 vay[braC½y EtbnÞab;mkk¾TTYlC½yCmñHtictYcmk
vij EdlminsUvCaFMdbuM nu: aµ neT eFV[I RBH)aTneratþmGs;sgÇwmCaxøagM NamYyRbCara®sþkQ ¾ remIlkareFVI
91
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GñkmñagCaRBHmatarbs;GñkGgÁm©as; k¾manedImkMeNItenA)aPñMenHEdr ehIy)anykGñkTaMg2eTAenAbeRmIbuRtaRBHnag.
s®gÁamenHedayminkan;eCIgxagNaCagxagNaEdr RTg;k¾cuHTUkecjdMeNIrtamTenø nigbwgTenøsab eTA
kan;ExRt)at;dbM g)at;eTAeday)annaMykektnPNÐRBHraCaNacRkeTACamYypg¬ExsIhaqña1M 861¦.
dMeNIryagcakecalraCFanIenH)aneFVI[sRtÚvrbs;RBHraCaTTYl)anC½yCmñH. ramaeyaFa
EdlCavIrbursEtmñak;Kt; enAkñúgs®gÁambgðÚrEtQamKñaÉgenH ehIyEdlbgðaj[eXIjnUvfamBl
nigl,icxøH² )anvaydeNþImyk]tþúgÁ)an k¾b:uEnþbnÞab;mkmindwgfaRtÚveFVIGVIteTAeTot edIm,Ibnþvat
GMNaceTAelIRBHnKrTaMgmUl cab;bgç¿[ecAhVayExRtTaMgGs;TTYlsÁal;eKarBxøÜnpgeT. Kat;CaGñk
BUEkxageFVIcm,aMg k¾b:uEnþmindwgminyl;GMBIkarRKb;RKgRbeTs nigGMBIneya)aybnþicTal;EtesaH.
eBlenaHRsab;EtBYkcam nigm:aeLenAt,ÚgXµúM EdlFøab;)anbHe)arrYcmkehIykalkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT
GgÁDYg dl;c,aMgcaj;)anrt;eKceTAenAÉcUvdukenaH )anRsuHRsYlRtÚvr:UvKñaCamYyBYkGñkkan;sasna
enAlEgVk nigkMBg;høÜg EdleTIbEtRbEkkminRBmpþl;karKaMRTdl;RBHraCa )ansMNUmBr[RBHmhakS
RtiyanI CaRBHGyüka EdlKg;enA]tþúgÁCamYynwgraCvgSanuvgSmYycMnYn nigRsIsñMRkmkarTaMgGs;CYy
KaMRTRBHraCa. eK)anbgVilRTBürbs;EdleK)anrwbGUsykzan³tYnaTI muxtMENgBImuneTA[BYkenaH
vij rYcehIyBYkeKk¾cab;ecjeFVIskmµPaB. RBHmhakSRtiyanI)anekaHehA ramaeyaFa[cUlKal;
rYc)ansþIbenÞascMeBaHGMeBIk,t;rbs;xøÜn ehIy)anbBa¢a[dkfyecjBI]tþúgÁCabnÞan;. ramaeyaFa k¾naM
T½Brbs;xøÜnecjmkkan;PñMeBjvij.
mkdl;PñMeBj ramaeyaFa)anCYbCamYynavacm,aMgtUcmYy EdleTIbEteLIgmkBIkUsaMgsuIn
edIm,Ipþl;kic©karBardl;ebskkmµkatUlikrbs;)araMg ehIyedayP½yxøaMgNas; Kat;)ansnüasuxcitþ
CYsCulkarxUcxatTaMgGs; EdlbNþalmkGMBIkardutBjaB¤kñúgeBlvayKñakalBIb:unµans)þah_mun.
ramaeyaFa )anRbKl;sMNgCaR)ak;4Ban;®hVg;CUneTA eGEv:kmIsð Pøam ehIy)ansnüafanwgCUn1muWn
2Ban; eTotenAExeRkay.tamBiteTAnavacm,aMgtUcenHRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[mkPñMeBjedIm,IRKan;EtkarBar
BYksasnTUt katUlikCati)araMgb:ueNÑaH k¾b:uEnþBYkbHe)aremIleXIjfa CaGnþraKmn_CYyRBH)aT
neratþmeTAvij. k¾b:uEnþenaHehIyCaGVIEdleKcg;)an NamYyBYkkatUlikk¾TTYlbBa¢aBI eGEv:k rbs;eK
[eFVIkarRbyuT§CYyRBHraCapgEdr enAeBlEdlRBHraCa)anecjRBHraCbBa¢a[cab;xøÜnGñkGgÁm©as;vtßa
nigRBHCayasirIvgS.
enAeBlenaH s®gÁam)ancab;epþImeLIgenAPaKxagt,Úg tambeNþayRBMEdn ehIy)anbnþeTAy:ag
yUr edayKµan)anplGVIb:unµaneT. ecAhVayExRtdI)aPñM)anecjeFVIkarRbyuT§y:agGg;Gackøahan CYnk¾
RtÚvramaeyaFavay[braC½y CYnk¾TTYl)annUvC½yCmñHxøHvij.eBlenaHmanTahan)araMg 5nak; )an
TTYlc,ab;[Qb;sRmakenAkUsaMgsuIn mundMbUgGñkTaMg5)ancUlbeRmIBYkbHe)ar. k¾b:uEnþluHdl;)an
TTYlBt’manc,as;las;BIsPaBkarN_BitBI eGEv:kmIsð k¾Rtlb;mkCYyxag]tþúgÁvij. eBlenaHRbCa
CnExµrrIkrayeRtkGrxøaMgNas; vahak;dUcCafaeKnwgGacKas;rMelIgGVI²TaMgGs;)an enAeBlEdl
manBYkTahan)araMg5nak;enaHbBa¢a. RBHGgÁs CaRBHGnuCbnÞab;rbs;RBHraCasBVéf¶enH EdleBl
enaHRTg;CaRBHEkvh‘Va ehIyk¾CaRBHraCanusiT§ipgEdreBlGvtþmanRBHraCaEdlkMBugEtKg;enAÉ)agkk
)anRbKl;navamYykg[BYkenaHeTAvaydeNþImykbnÞayrbs; ramaeyaFa enAmat;Rksar. enAeBl
TTYl)andMNwgfaBYk)araMgCaGñkbBa¢adwknaMT½BnavaenaH ramaeyaFa min)anenAtTl;eT Et)annaMT½Brt;
eKcGs;eTA.
eBlenaH RBH)aTneratþm)ancab;KiteXIjfa RBHGgÁminKYrnwgyagecjBIRBHnKresaH dl;
eXIjRBHGnuCRBHEkvh‘Va cat;Ecgkic©karRBHraCaNacRkehIydwknaMs®gÁamRbqaMgnwgGñkGgÁm©as;vtßa
pg RBHGgÁBiPal;faRBHGnuCmanbMNgRbqaMgnwgRBHGgÁ ehIy[eKeRCIstaMgCaRBHmhakSRt CMnYs
RBHGgÁvij. karEdlRBHraCaRTg;KitdUecñHxusRsLH k¾b:uEnþebIeTaHCay:agNakþIGñkGgÁm©as;suIsuvtßi
)anRtÚvrgeRKaHedaysarRBHraCaCaRBHeromrhUt.
eBlenaHBYkm®nþI²enA]tþúgÁ)anCMruj[ eGEv:kmIsð sresrlixitmYyeTAkugs‘ul)araMgRbcaM
raCFanI)agkk [eTACYbesþcesom sMNUmBrsMuRBHGgÁcat;[k):al;mYydwkRBH)aTneratþmmkcuHct
enAkMBt ehIynigsuM[bBa¢ÚnT½BmYykgmktam)at;dMbg sRmab;CYykarBarRBHraCaenA]tþúgÁpg. esþc
esomrIkrayNas;nwg)anlUkédcUlmkkñúgkm<úCaCafµImþgeTot ehIysgÇwmfanwgGacsþar\T§iBlcas;
rbs;esommkelIkm<úCaeLIgvij)an. RTg;)ancat;[eKCUndMeNIrRBH)aTneratþmmkkMBt. RBHraCa
yagcUlmk]tþúgÁvijenAkñúgExmIna qñaM1862 ehIyk¾cab;TTYlGMNacTaMgGs;BImunmkPøamEdr.
karEdl eGEv:kmIsð eFVIdUecñH KWpÞúynwgneya)ayrbs;)araMg fVIebI)aneFVI[RBHraCayagRtlb;mkkan;
RBHnKrvijk¾eday eRBaHva)aneFVI[manGnþraKmn_rbs;esomeLIgvij EdlenAeBlenaH )araMgman
vtþmanenAkUsaMgsuInrYceTAehIy ehIyCitCag)agkkpg. emø:aHehIyeK)ansþIbenÞas eGEv:kmIsð
bnþicbnþÜc ehIyesþcesomk¾min)anbBa¢ÚnT½BmkEdr.
eRkaymk eKsmøab;ramaeyaFa)an92 ehIysñgsUrk¾RtÚvcab;xøÜn dak;kñúgRTúgEdr b:uEnþ)anrt;rYc
92
eK)ankat;k,alykmkfVayRBHraCa rYc[Cnk,t;mñak;eTotTUledIrkat;pSar rYcykeTAedatcugb£sSIEdle)aHenABI
xagmuxRBHraCvaMg.
eTAvij ehIyeKcxøÜneTAkUsaMgsuIn)at;eTA. GñkGgÁmas;vtßak¾eKcRBHGgÁ)at; bkSBYkmYycMnYn)anRtÚv
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Rtlb;mkvijenH RBHraCakm<úCahak;dUcCakan;EtcMNuHesþcesomxøaMgeLIg² rhUtdl;emIleTAeXIjfa
er:suIdg;esomeT EdlmansiT§iGMNacEmnETn.
enAkñúgqñaMdEdlenaH manCnkMbuteCIgRtwmePøAmñak;eQµaHfa )a )anbMbHbMe)aryuvCnekµg²enAkñúg
ExRtsMeragTg [EsgxøÜneTAraCFanI]tþúgÁ ehIyebIkkarvayRbhareTAelIRBHraCvaMg. k¾b:uEnþT½Brbs;
)a RtÚvbraC½y EbkExJkKñaGs; É)a )anrt;eKcxøÜnrYcrhUteTAdl;ExRteBaFisat;. eKtamcab;em
bHe)arenH)an rYcdwktamreTHmkraCFanIvij b:uEnþ )a )ansøab;tampøÚveTAehIy. eK)anykexµacCn
k,t;enHdak;taMgCasaFarN³Gs;eBl3éf¶ rYcykmkBüÜrenAxagekItpSarEdk dak;k,alsMyugcuH
eRkam RTÚgRtÚveKvHcMhFøúg.
enAsm½yenaHeK)anerobcMBiFIbUCaRBHsBrbs;RBH)aTGgÁDYg ehIyerIsGdæiFatudak;kñúgekadi
masmYy Edlesþcesom)anepJImk[kalBIqñaMmun.
kalBImun KWkñúgExmIna qñaM1861 elak]tþmnavI sðaken EdlCaembBa¢akarenAsayhÁn )an
bBa¢ÚnnayTahaneCIgTwkmñak;[mkfVaydMNwgdl;RBH)aTneratþmfa rdæaPi)al)araMg)anseRmcmktaMg
enAkUsaMgsuInyUrGEgVg ehIymanectnacg;rkSaTMnak;TMngl¥CamYykm<úCa. enAkñúgkarsnÞna eBlcUl
Kal;RBHraCa nayTahaeCIgTwkenaH)anTUlRBHGgÁfaelak]tþmnavI cg;[RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaman
cMNgemRtIPaBesrICamYybreTs mincMNuHGñkNamYyeT ehIyenAeBlenaH )araMg nwgeTACamitþrbs;
RbCaCnkm<úCavij. RBHraCa)aneqøIytbeTAvijfa km<úCamanesrIPaBeBjeljCamYyesom ehIy
Kµan)ancuHsn§isBaØaGVIEdlcgkm<úCaEdr k¾b:uEnþRBHGgÁ )anmanbnÞÚleday\tlak;elomR)ab;eTAnay
TahaneCIgTwkenaHEdrfa esomenAmanKuNelIkm<úCaeRcIn kñúgkarEdleK)anCYydeNþImykeyIgecj
BIédBYkGaNÑammkvij enAeBlEdlBYkGaNÑamenH )anRKb;RKgkm<úCatamrebobrbbRsukeKeTAehIy
edayeRbIR)as;m®nþIrbs;eKeTot. tamBiteTA eKsegáteXIjfa RBH)aTneratþm hak;dUcCacMNuHbBa¢a
rbs;esþcesomkan;EtxøaMgeLIg² cab;taMgEtBIeBlEdlRBHGgÁ)anyagRtlb;cUlmkkñúgraCFanI]tþúgÁ
vij GacRbEhlCaesþcesom )ancat;m®nþIrbs;eKNamñak;[mkenAEGbnwgRBHGgÁCab; EdleyIgmin
TaMgsÁal;pgk¾mindwg.
RbeTs)araMgminGacKaMRT[RbCaCnmYyEdlenACitbegáIynwgkUsaMgsuIn køayeTACacMNuH
GFiraCmYyEdlenAq¶ayCagehIyEdlEtgEt nigkMBugmanbMNgcg;deNþImyknKreTAdak;bBa©ÚlCa
TwkdIrbs;eK)aneT. edayesþcesombBa¢Úner:suIdg;esommñak;KWBjaraCCasm¶at;[mkenA]tþúgÁ EGbnwg
RBHraCa elak]tþmnavIk¾seRmcbBa¢Úner:suIdg;)araMgmñak;mkEdr edayecjmuxEtmþg. enAkñúgExemsa
qñaM1862 elakGnunavIÉk DUdadWLaeRK )anecjk):al;BIy:aDijmkcuHenAkMBg;høÜg CamYyebskkmµ
RtÚvbgðajxøÜnenARKb;TIkEnøg eFVIdMeNIreTAsBVTisTIkñúgRbeTs eFVIdMeNIreLIgcuHtamTenø nigcUlKal;
RBHraCa[)anjwkjab; edaymincaM)ac;manGnþrkarIenAcenøaHkNþalrvagRBHraCanigKat;eT.
minyUrb:unµanelakGnunavIÉkk¾kþab;)anerOgr:avTaMgGs;EdleKxitxMlak;nwgKat; ehIyBinitü
eXIjfa enA]tþúgÁ esþcesommanGMNacxøaMgCagRBH)aTneratþmeTAeTot. Kat;)anraykarN_GMBI
sßanPaBenH eTAeTsaPi)alkUsaMgsuIn. elak]tþmnavI La®hÁg;DIEyr EdlCMnYselak]tþmnavI bUNa
)anseRmcfaRtÚvbBa©b;sßanPaBenH eRBaHfaebIbeNþayTukyUr²eTA \T§iBlrbs;esomnwgkan;Et
rwgmaMeLIg² ehIybNþal[maneRKaHfñak;cMeBaHkm<úCa k¾dUcCacMeBaH)araMg.
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eFVIdMeNIreTAdl;]tþúgÁmYyem:ageRkaymk. Kat;)ancUlKal;RBHraCa TUlR)ab;RBHGgÁGMBIsßanPaB
RsukeTs ehIyeRkayBI)ansþab;karRbkasrbs;RBHraCafaRBHGgÁenAÉkraCBIRbeTsesom Kat;
)anesñIRBHGgÁ[dak;km<úCaenAkñúgGaNaBüa)al)araMg EdlenACitxagCag ehIyEdlnwgkarBarkm<úCa
[rYcputBIsRtÚvKWGaNÑam nigesom Fana[RBHraCaNacRksßitesßrteTAsRmab;kUnecACMnan;eRkay.
RBHraCa)anyl;RBmTTYlykGaNaBüa)alrbs;)araMg k¾b:uEnþRTg;enAmankarjejItjejImxøH
edayRTg;)armÖxøacdl;eBlmYy)araMge)aHbg;kUsaMgsuInecal ehIyTuk[km<úCaenATTYlrgkMhwgrbs;
GaNÑam nigesom saCafµIeTot. GVIEdlbNþardæenA\NÐÚcin)andwg KW)araMgminEdlrkSaTwkdIEdlxøÜn
deNþImyk)aneT ehIyerOgenH er:suIdg;esom)anelIkykmkTUlR)ab;RBHraCamþg ehIymþgeTot
eRkamRKb;rUbPaB.
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karcrcaCamYy)araMg RBH)aTneratþm)anseRmcRbKl;ExRteBaFisat; nigkMBg;sVayeTA[esom
enAkñúgéf¶TI2 ExmIna qñaM1863. esom)anyl;RBmTTYlykExRtTaMg2 Et)anRbkasfaTuk[
km<úCaeRbIR)as;CaRbeyaCn_teTAeTotsin. tamBitesþcesomcg;)anExRtTaMg2Nas;eTAehIy
k¾b:uEnþminh‘anTTYlykedayxøacGnþraKmn_rbs;)araMg NamYyeFVIy:agenHedIm,IGacrkSa\T§iBlrbs;
xøÜn elIraCvaMg]tþúgÁteTAeTotpg.
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RBHnKr)any:agl¥enAeBlGvtþmanrbs;RBHGgÁ ehIy)armÖxøacRBHGnuCenHTTYl)anRbCaRbiyPaB
xøaMgCag)anesñIsuM[esþcesomekaHehARBHGnuCykeTA)agkk.esþcesom)ancat;[m®nþIesommñak;
mkraCFanI]tþúgÁenAkñúgExvicäika qñaM1863 edIm,InaMGñkGgÁm©as;seTA ebIeTaHCaRBHGgÁRbEkkmincg;yag
eTAk¾eday. esþcesomKitfaxønÜ GaceRbIR)as;Gkñ GgÁma© s;senH edIm,IeFVCI a]bkrN_sRmab;kkUrkkay
km<úCa)anenAeBleRkay²eTot.
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GMBIerOgr:avEdlTak;TinCamYykm<úCa nigRBHraCa]tþúgÁ EdlRBHGgÁ)ancat;TukfaRKan;EtCaRBHraCarg
bnÞab;BIRBHGgÁb:ueNÑaH. enAeBlEdl)anRCabBIehtukarN_enH RBH)aTneratþm )anRbEkkeday
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elak eTsaPi)alenAkñúgvimanGaNaBüa)al.
98
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RBHraCaLayRBHhsþelxa.
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b:unµanéf¶ rhUtdl;man»sanvaT ³ RBHraCa)anRbEkkminRBmTTYlelakeTsaPi)al edayykelsfa
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n½y2y:ag. elak ):avI Gñkrukrk)araMgsRmab;RbeTslav )anEktRmÚvelIkarbkERbenaH CaehtueFVI
[eKXat;xøÜnelak kuldWm:ugetr:U ehIy[Tahan 2nak; EdlQrsgxag)anvayeFVI)abKat;bnþicbnþÜc.
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elakmin)anKitfaGs;elakKµan)aneFVIGVIesaHkñúgry³eBl7qñaMknøgeTAenH edIm,IeFVI[karEkTRmg;Edl
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eBlEdl)anCYbTahan)araMg.
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18Ex. minmankarRbyuT§GVIFMdMb:unµaneT k¾b:uEnþva)aneFVI[RbeTshinehacy:agqab;rh½s. tamBit
)araMgCaGñkxøaMgCag ehIyRBHraCaEdlKg;enAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj RTg;sßitenAkñúgkNþab;édrbs;)araMg.
)araMgGaccab;xøÜnRBHraCa RbkaselIkRBH]braC[eLIgkan;karCMnYs nigGacbBa©b;s®gÁam)anedaynaM
ykRBHraCaeTARbeTs)araMg b¤eTAkan;TwkdIenAGaRhVik. k¾b:uEnþ)araMg mineFVIdUecñHeT KWeBjcitþnwgcat;
kareTAelIRBHraCa BYknamuWnm®nþI enAkñúgRbeTsEtmþg eFVI[TaMgGs;Kñayl;Rsbtam ehIycab;eFVIkarEk
TRmg;EdlcaM)ac;vij.
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edIm,Isgswknwgesþcevogc½nÞ Edl)ancgsm<½n§emRtIPaBCamYyBYkPUma mkvayhøÜgR)a)ag
kalBIqñaM1753 ecAsuriyavgS)anekNÐT½B rYcyageTAe)aHCMrMenABImuxevogc½nÞ. esþcevogc½nÞ)an
ERsksuMCMnYyBIesþcGv³mþgeTot esþcGv³)andwknaMT½BmkCYyPøam deNþImykhøÜgR)a)ag)an ehIy
dutbMpøajexÞcxÞI rYceTIbEbrT½BsMedAmkevogc½nÞ. suriyavgS )andkT½BecjBIevogc½nÞ EdlRTg;eLamB½T§
Gs;eBl2ExrYcmkehIy edIm,IEbrk,aleTArkT½BPUmavij. k¾b:uEnþT½Bxagevogc½nÞ)anecjvayBIxag
eRkaymkEdr T½BecAsuriyavgSRtÚvsßitenAeRkamkarvayRbharTaMg2xag k¾RtÚvbraC½y ehIy
bgç¿suMcrcasnþiPaBeTA ¬1771¦.
R)aMqñaMeRkaymk ecAsuriyavgS )ancgsm<½n§emRtIPaBCamYynwgesþcesom EdlkMBugrgkarKab
sgát;BIBYkPUma¬1776¦eFVI[RbeTsmansnþiPaBrhUtdl;eBlEdlRTg;cUlTIvgÁt enAkñúgqñaM1791.
eBlenaHRBHGnuCbnÞab; KWecAGnurutþ )aneLIgesayraCübnþmk RBHGnuCTI2 RBHnam nkç³ )an
eLIgCaRBH]braC ehIyRBHGnuCTI3 RBHnam mnß³ )aneLIgCaRBHraCvgSa eBalKW CaRbFanénRBH
raCvgSanuvgS nignamuWnsBVmuxm®nþITaMgLay.
ecAGnurutþesayraCü)anRbEhlCa1qñaM nnÞGaEsn Ca]braCenAevogc½nÞ)anelIkT½BmkeLam
B½T§høÜgR)a)ag rYcdeNþImyk)an enAkñúgqñaM1791enaH20. eBlenaH RBHGnurutþ )anePosRBHkayeTA
Kg;enAÉ)agkk rhUtdl;eBlEdlmanm®nþIFM2nak; Gt;RTaMnwgPaBGnaFibetyüenAkñúgRBHraCaNacRk
20
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eRkaymk.
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Gnurutþ vilRtlb;mkRKb;RKgRbeTsvij. esþcRsukesom)anÉkPaBtamsMNUmBr ehIyecAGnurutþ
k¾vilmkKg;elIraCblø½gáhøÜgR)a)agCafµIenAkñúgqñaM1796 erobcMRsuk[manc,ab; nigsNþab;Fñab; eLIg
vij. eRkayBIGvtþmanBIRBHnKrGs;eBlRbEhl5qñaM RTg;)anesayraCümþgeTot)an 22qñaM srub
TaMgGs;)an 25qñaM ehIyRTg;suKteTAenAkñúgqñaM1818 kñúgRBHCnµayu 82RBHvsSa.
Gs;BIecAGnurutþeTA ecAmnß³ EdlCabuRtamYyGgÁrbs;RBHsuriyavgS EdlsuKtenAkñúgqñaM1791
ehIyEdlRtÚvEtgtaMgCaRBHraCvgSa )aneLIgesayraCübnþenAhøÜgR)a)ag.
raCBgSavtar)anerobrab;fa enAkñúgrC¢kalrbs;ecAmnß³enH RbeTsCatirIkceRmIn GñkRsukrs;
enAsb,ayrIkray mansuxsnþiPaBCamYyRbeTsCitxag )anRbEhlCa10qñaM rhUtdl;qñaM1827
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kmøaMgedIm,IeFVIs®gÁamkemÞcGtItraCFanIlavTaMgRsugEtmþg.
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kardæan mineBjcitþnwgBYklav nigRBHraCbuRta )an[eKcab;RBHraCbuRtamkeFVITNÐkmµvaynwgkþeKa.
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Rbkass®gÁameLIg ehIysRtÚvTaMg2 )anERsksuMCMnYyBIesþchøÜgR)a)agdUcKña.
eBlenaHesþchøÜgR)a)ag minkan;eCIgxagNaeT eRBaHminGackat;sµandwgfa PaKIxagNa
nwgTTYlC½yCmñH emø:aHehIy RBHGgÁmincg;[CMBak;vak;vineLIy.
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vaydeNþImykraCFanI)aneRkayBIkarRbyuT§d¾sahavmYy EdleFVI[T½Bsøab;rgÁalTaMgsgxag.
esom)andutbMpøajexÞcxÞI rhUtTal;Etfa enAeBlEdlesomdkfyecjeTA KµanGKarNamYy
Edlesommin)anbMpøajenaHeT sUm,IEtedImeQImYyedIm b¤edImetñatmYyedImk¾Kµanesssl;Edr
eRBaHesommanectnamincg;raCFanIenH egIbeLIgvij)an teTAeToteLIy. tamkarniTant²Kña eK
niyayrhUtdl;eTAfa esomhammin[GñkNamkrs;enATIenHeT ebIBuMenaHnwgRtÚvTTYleTasRbharCIvit
ebIedIrqøgkat;k¾GacQb;sMct)anRtwmEt1éf¶b:ueNÑaH. esovePAk,ÜnxñatepSg² sa®sþaBgSavtar
erOgeRBgniTan c,ab; )anRtÚvesomdutbMpøajexÞcxÞI b¤naMykeTACamYyTaMgGs; eRBaHesomcg;[
evogc½nÞrlt;rlay)at;eTARtwmeBlenaHEtmþg.
esþcevogc½nÞRBHnam DYg )anrt;ePosRBHkayeTAKg;enARsukGaNÑam rYceTAKg;enAesoghYg
tameyabl;esþcGaNÑam. RBHGgÁ)anRtÚvecAny CaecAhVayExRtesoghYgcab;RbKl;eTA[esom
edaydak;kñúgRTúgEdk beNþIr[GñkRsukeCrtµHtiHedolenAtamTIsaFarN³. eKniyayfa ecADYg
)ansuKtenAkñúgRTúgEdkenaHb:unµanExeRkaymk edaykMhwgQWcab; nigkarxµaseGon.
enAkñúgeBlEdlesomB½T§raCFanICab; esþcenAevogc½nÞKitfaesomBitCaQñHminxan RTg;k¾bBa¢Ún
T½B1kgtUc cMnYn3Ban;nak;eTATb;Tl;. enAeBlEdlT½BesomRtlb;eTAvijGs; T½BEdlbraC½yenaH
)anrt;eTAsuMRCkekannwgesþchøÜgR)a)ag EdlKitfa RtÚvEtpþl;CRmk[BYkGñkEdlbraC½y mü:ageTot
RTg;Gaceqøótyk»kasEdlesomQñHs®gÁamenH edIm,IRbmUlRbCaCnykmkdak;kñúgraCFanIrbs;
RBHGgÁ[)ankan;EteRcIneLIgEfmeTot eTIbRTg;RBmTTYlBYkenaHeTA.
esþcesomdwgerOgenHxwgNas; k¾sYrfaehtuGVIk¾RTg;eFVIdUecñH. edIm,IrMgab;kMhwgrbs;esþcesom
esþclav )anbBa¢ÚnbuRta4GgÁ[eTAenAnwgesþcesomedIm,ICakarFana.
muneBlEdlT½Besommkdl; edayesþchøÜgR)a)ag RbEkkminRBmCYy esþcevogc½nÞ )anesñIsuM
CMnYyBIesþcGaNÑamvij. esþcGaNÑam)anbBa¢ÚnT½B1kgmkCYy EtT½BenaHmkdl;yWt eRkayeBl
EdlesomdeNþImyk)anrYceTAehIy ehIyesom)anTaMgdkfyecjeTAvijeTotpg. b:uEnþesþc
GaNÑam minyl;RBmTTYlsÁal;C½yCmñHrbs;esomeT ehIy)anRbkass®gÁamCamYyesomEtmþg.
esom)anbBa¢ÚnecAh‘VabDin [eTAeFVIs®gÁammþgeTot. eBlenaH T½BGaNÑam)ancUllukluyraCFanI
høÜgR)a)ag dutbMpøajexÞcxÞI edayecaTfaesþchøÜgR)a)agcUlédcUleCIgCamYyesom enAkñúgqñaM
1833. ecAm:agCaesþcenAhøÜgR)a)ag )ansuKteTA3qñaMeRkaymk enAkñúgqñaM1836.
GaNÑam k¾cab; ecAny ecAhVayExRtesoghYg Edl)ancab;esþcrbs;xøÜnRbKl;[ bDin Ca
cMNab;xµaMgpgEdr ehIynaMykeTAraCFanIev:CamYy nigkUnRbúsTaMg6nak; rYceFVIeTas[GñkRsukemIl
eXIjkuM[yktRmab;tam. ecAsan Cabgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYynwgecAny )aneLIgkan;GMNacbnþ eRkaymk
)ank,t;GaNÑam EdlelIkxøÜn[eFVICaecAhVayExRt ehIyrt;eTARCkekanenAÉ)agkk)at;eTA.
kUnTaMg6nak;rbs; ecAny )anRtÚvesþcTUDwk edaHElg[manesrIPaBmkvij enAkñúgqñaM1848
ehIykUnc,geQµaH b:U )anRtÚvesomelIk[eLIgesayraCüCaesþcenAevogc½nÞ. esþcEdleLIgesay
raCübnþBIecAb:U KWb¥ÚnTI3 eQµaH ecAGgÁ. esþcenH)ansuKteTAenAkñúgs®gÁamCamYyBYkhU EdlcUl
lukluyTwkdI ehIydutbMpøajTIRkúgPYnesÞIrexÞcxÞIGs;.
enAsm½yEdlevogc½nÞRtÚvesomvayyk)anenaH manraCvgSanuvgSmYyGgÁeFVICaecAenAcM):a
sak; EdlCanKrsamnþraCmYyrbs;esomEdr. karEdlevogc½nÞRtÚvrgkarbMpøicbMpøaj)aneFVI[kSRt
RbeTsmYyenHTTYl)annUvRbCaCnCaeRcIn ehIyGtItraCFanIcM):asak;EdlsßitenABIxageRkam
)asak;sBVéf¶bnþic )ankøayeTACamCÄmNÐlmYyd¾sMxan;. vahak;dUcCafaRBHraCaNacRktUcenH
)ankekIteLIgedIm,IsñgbnþBIevogc½nÞ EdlRtÚvrlt;rlay)at;eTA. tamBiteTA eKGacniyayfa
høÜgR)a)ag nigcM):asak;)anTajykplRbeyaCn_BIkarFøak;cuHénraCFanIevogc½nÞd¾l¥ nigsm,Úr
sb,ay. mundMbUg nwmRtÜtRtarbs;esommkelIBYklavenAcM):asak; hak;dUcCaminsUvF¶n;F¶rb:unµaneT
ecArbs;eKenArkSa)annUvÉkraCümYycMENkFM. nwmRtÜtRtarbs;esom)anrwtbnþwgbnþicmþg² enA
eRkayebskkmµrbs; DUdadWLaeRK ¬1866-1868¦ rhUtdl;faBYkecAlavRtÚveLIgeTAKal;esþc
esom[)anerOy² bnÞab;mkRtÚvepJICMnUneTAfVay ehIyenATIbBa©b;bg;Bn§[ nigdak;RBHqayal½kçN_
esþcesomenAkñúgsalsvnakarCasaFarN³.
esþcenAhøÜgR)a)ag k¾RtÚvesomrMxanEdr k¾b:uEnþhak;dUcCamansiT§iCaGFiraCenAelITwkdIrbs;xøÜn
Cag ehIyrkSaÉkraCü)anl¥bgÁÜr eRBaHeKenACitxagnwgrdæsan EdlCasRtÚvnwgesom. k¾b:uEnþ eKk¾
RtÚvEtepJIbeBaØIeTAfVayesþcGaNÑam nigesþcesomEdr beBaØIenaHeKcat;Tukfa CaPsþútagénemRtIPaB
Etb:ueNÑaH minEmnCasYysarGakr edIm,IbBa¢ak;BIPaBcMNuHGVIeT.
RBHraCacM):asak;RBHnam m:ag manbuRta7RBHGgÁ nigbuRtI3RBHGgÁ. buRtarbs;RBHGgÁ 3GgÁ
)anesayraCübnþBIRBHGgÁmk KWbuRtaTI1 RBHnam esOm esayraCüBIqñaM1836 dl;qñaM1851/
buRtaTI2 RBHnam c½nÞ esayraCüBIqñaM1851 dl;qñaM1872 esþcenH)ansVaKmn_TTYlTsSnkic©rbs;
elak mUhUt EdlTTYlmrNPaBenAÉhøÜgR)a)agkñúgExkumÖ³ qñaM1861 rYc)anTTYlelak DUdadWLaeRK
nigebskCnrbs;Kat;kñúgExemsa qñaM1867/ buRtaTI3 RBHnam G‘unkam suKtenAkñúgqñaM1896 kñúg
RBHCnµayu 60RBHvsSa. KWesþceRkayenHÉg Edl)anyl;RBmTTYlykGaNaBüa)alrbs;)araMg
eRkayBI)araMg)anRKb;RKgelIeRtIyxageqVgTenøemKgÁ ehIyTTYl[maner:suIdg;)araMgmñak; edIm,ICYy
RBHGgÁenAkñúgkargarrdæ)al nigCYyenAkñúgkareFVIkMENTRmg;epSg². buRtarbs;RBHGgÁRBHnam
suIsavgS Føab;)anyageTAKg;enATIRkúg):arIsGs;eBlCaeRcInqñaM GacniyayPasa)araMg)anl¥ RTg;
manRBHCnµ 21RBHvsSaenAeBlEdlRtÚveKRbkas[eLIgesayraCü ehIyGPieskedayBYk)araMg
enAcMeBaHmuxmhaCnd¾eRcInkuHkrEdlrIkrayGbGrsVaKmn_. RBHGgÁenAesayraCürhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶
enH ¬1911¦ eRkamRBHnamfa semþcRBHecAsuIsavgS.
BYkesom)ancat;TukxøÜneKCaecAhVaynayelIRsuklav taMgEtBIeBlEdleK)andutbMpøaj
evogc½nÞexÞcxÞImk ehIy)anGHGagfa eKmansiT§iGFiraCPaBmkelIBYkecATaMgGs;EdlEbgEckTwkdI
GtItRBHraCaNacRkenHEckKñaRKb;RKg. enAeBlEdl)araMgbgðajEpnTIrbs;eKsþIGMBIbNþakSRt
RbeTslav esom)anbeBa©jEpnTIRBHraCaNacRkesommYymkbgðajvij. k¾b:uEnþebskkmµ
DUdadWLaeRK Edl)aneFVIdMeNIrecjBIPñMeBj eLIgtamTenøemKgÁrhUteTAdl;TugQYnenARsukcinBIqñaM
1866 dl;qñaM186521 )anbBa¢ak;faGFiraCPaBrbs;esomenaH RKan;EtCakarRsemIRsém ehIyfa
manEtGnutþrPaBrbs;RbeTsesomb:ueNÑaHEdlsßitenA eRBaHBYkecAlavTaMgGs; minEdlbg;Bn§dar
b¤sYysarGakrGVI[eTAesomeT )anRtwmEtCUnkareKarBCamYynwg)ac;páaeFVIGMBImas [eTAecAenA
)agkkb:ueNÑaH ehIymankSRtRbeTslavCaeRcIn)aneKcrYcputBIGnutþrPaBrbs;esomeTotpg eday
GHGagfa eKsßitenAeRkamGnutþrPaBrbs;PUmaeTAvij.
cab;BIRtwmqñaM1886mk esom)andak;xahøÜg b¤Pñak;garbs;esþc enAkñúgExRtesomrab nigsÞwg-
ERtg ehIybnþiceRkaymk)anerobcMb:usþ×eyaFaenAelITwkdIEdleKminEdldeNþImyk)an minEdl
)ankan;kab; ehIyminEdlTaMg)anedIrqøgkat;pg TwkdITaMgenaHk¾RtÚvBYkGaNÑam GHGagedayKµanmUl
ehtufa eKmanGFiraCPaBmkelIpgEdr. tamBitesom nigGaNÑammanbMNgcg;deNþImykTwkdIlav
TaMgGs;EdlenABIxagekItTenøemKgÁrhUteTAdl;CYrPñMGaNÑam. k¾b:uEnþrdæaPi)al)araMgminmanbEg¥bg¥g;
eT eK)anbBa¢ÚnkmøaMgeTAkan;kab;TwkdITaMgGs;enaH ehIy)anbBa¢a[beNþjBYkesomecjBIb:us×þ
EdlesombegáIteLIgenAelIeRtIyxageqVgrbs;TenøemKgÁ. BYkesom)anRbEkkminRBmdkfyecj
ehIyEfmTaMg)ansmøab;GFikarmñak;énkgl,atmUldæanrbs;)araMgeTotpg.
s®gÁam)anpÞúHeLIgenAkñúgExmIna qñaM1893. )araMg)anbBa¢ÚnT½BBIsayhÁn nigedIrkat;km<úCa
sMedAeTAkan;cMNucsMxan;² enAelIeRtIyxageqVgTenøemKgÁPaKxagt,Úg cMENkenAxageCIgÉeNaH
21
elak DUdadWLaeRK )ansøab;enATugQYnenH enAéf¶TI12 ExmIna qñaM1868.
edaymankarÉkPaBBIesþcenAhøÜgR)a)agpg Pñak;garbs;)araMg)anBRgIkGaNaBüa)alrbs;xøÜn elI
TUTaMgRbeTs. )araMg)ancUlkan;kab;sÞwgERtgedayKµanxUcxatGVITaMgGs;rYcQaneTAkan;kab;ekaHexan
ekaHxug emOgemOn enAcMBImux)asak; suvNÑExRt evogc½nÞ nigcMNuc2eTot enAcenøaHevogc½nÞ nig
høÜgR)a)ag edayKµan)aneXIjmuxsRtÚvbnþicNaesaH.
kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH edIm,IKaMRTdl;Rbtibtþikar[)anseRmctambMNg )araMg)anbBa¢Únnava
cm,aMgeLIgtamTenøemNam Tmøayr)aMgEdlesomerobcMraraMgmin[k):al;eLIgeTAelIrYc eRkamRKab;
kaMePøIg)aj;eRsacecjBIbnÞaykarBarrbs;esom rYceLIgeTAkMejIj)aj;RKab;epøagdak;raCvaMg
)agkk ¬éf¶TI14 Exkkáda qñaM1893¦. eBlenaHesom)anyl;RBmcrca ehIyyl;RBmRbKl;TwkdI
enAeRtIyxageqVgTenøemKgÁTaMgGs;22[)araMg RBmTaMgTwkdImYycMENkrbs;høÜgR)a)agenAeRtIyxag
sþaMeTotpg.
sn§isBaØaenaHeKcuHhtßelxaenAéf¶TI13 Extula qñaM1893 ehIycab;BIeBlenaHmkeK)an
esIerIEkERb2dg dUcEdl´)anCRmabBIxagelIrYcmkehIy eday)ankat;ExRtmøÚéRB nigTenøreBAenA
BIxagt,ÚgraCaNacRk)asak; nigExRt2eTotenAmat;QUgsmuRTesom KWxug nigRtat [)araMg. sn§i-
sBaØamYyeTotRtÚv)ancuHhtßelxaenAéf¶TI13 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1904 EdlRbKl;ExRtrbs;raCaNacRk
)asak;TaMgGs;elIkElgEtExRt3ecjEdlenACitG‘Ub‘un rYmTaMg)asak;pg eTA[)araMgehIy. dl;mk
éf¶TI23 ExmIna qñaM1907 mansn§isBaØcugeRkaymYy )anRbKl;ExRt)at;dMbg mgÁlburI sirIesaP½N
nigGgÁr b¤esomrab [)araMgEfmeTot.
´)anCRmabCUnrYcmkehIy enAkñúgkMNt;RtaTak;TgCamYynwgRsukesom GMBIplb:HBal;rbs;
sn§isBaØaTaMgGs;eTAelIRBHraCaNacRkBYkéf. cMeBaHRsuklavvij sn§isBaØaTaMgGs;enaHmanpl
vi)akFMeFg CaBiessKW)anGnuBaØat[mhaNacRklavPaKxagt,ÚgkekIteLIgvijsaCafµIenACuMvij
22
kñúgenaHrYmmanTaMgbNþaExRtrbs;RBHraCaNacRk)asak; EdlsßitenAelIeRtIyxageqVgenaHpg. GVIEdlenA
esssl;enAelIeRtIyxagsþaMTenøemKgÁsRmab;RBHraCalavenaH KµanGVICasMxan;eT. enaHKWCakMhusmYyrbs;)araMg
cMeBaHRBHraCamYyGgÁEdlmansMNUmBrEtmYy KW[)araMgykTwkdIlavTaMgmUl dak;cUlCarbs;)araMg ehIyRTg;
yl;RBmTTYlGaNaBüa)alrbs;)araMgedayesamnsS eRBaHfa )araMg)ankat;ykTwkdIGs;2PaK3eTAehIy Et)araMg
Tuk[RBHGgÁ sßitenAkñúgkNþab;édrbs;esom eTAvij. dl;mkéf¶eRkaymk eBlEdl)araMg)anCYsCulkMhusqÁgenH
tamry³sn§isBaØaExkumÖ³ qñaM1904 RBHraCa)ancUlTivgÁt)at;eTAehIy.
GtItraCFanIevogc½nÞ [raCaNacRklavPaKxageCIgrs;ranrwgbuwgeLIgCuMvijraCFanIhøÜgR)a)ag
nig[bNþaGaNaExRtrbs;lavTaMgGs;emIlmk)araMgeXIjfaCaGaNaBüa)almYy Edl)anCYy
karBarxøÜneKRbqaMgnwgsRtÚvCitxag minEtb:ueNÑaH)araMg)anTaMgnaMmk[eKnUvBaNiC¢kmµ ]sSahkmµ
nigsnþisuxEdlGac[BYkeKeFVIdMeNIreTAmux eq<aHeTArkGarüFm’rIkceRmInmYy EdleKminGac nigeQag
cab;edayxøÜnÉg)an.
6- ebh: ÚÁ b¤ RbeTsPmU a
´)anCRmabBIxagelIrYcmkehIy faBYkmn taligÁ b¤eb:háan manedImkMeNIthiNÐÚ EdleFVIdMeNIr
mkBITisxagt,Úg )anmkCYbCamYyBYkm:ar:am:a mamm:a b¤PUma manedImkMeNItecjmkBItMbn;TIeb Edlmk
BITisxageCIg enAelITwkdIsuvNÑPUmi ehIyenAbnþeQøaHKñadeNþImTwkdIPUmasBVéf¶enAeLIy enAkñúgst-
vtSr_TI16. ´k¾)anCRmabpgEdrfa BYkeb:háan)anERskehArkCMnYyBIBYkéf b¤esom Edl)anmk
taMgTIlMenA enAxagekIt begáIt)anCardæsanepSg² nig)anmktaMgTIenAxagt,ÚgRtg;RBHraCaNacRk
esomsBVéf¶ edaydeNþImykrdæmnExµrTaMgLay. ´sUmniyaybEnßmbnþiceTotfa BYkeb:háanenaH
minEdl)anERskrkCMnYyBIBYkcin EdlCaGñkCitxagenAxageCIg b¤k¾ERskrkCMnYy BIBYkGar:akan23
EdlmanQamC½rRbhak;RbEhlnwgBYkPUmaEdr ehIyCaGñkCitxagenAxagTisBay½BümþgNaeT.
k¾b:uEnþBYkenHmintwgruwgCamYyBYkGWr:ubeT nig)anehArkBYkenHCajwkjy.
enAkñúgstvtSr_TI16 edaymanCMnYyBIBYkB½rTuyehÁ BYkPUmaEdlmanraCFanIenAGv³24 )anc,aMg
QñHBYkeb:háan deNþImykraCFanIeb:hÁÚ)an ehIycab;taMgBIenaHmkk¾KitfaKµanGVInwgmkeQøaHdeNþIm
23
BYkGar:akanenH)andak;eQµaHxøÜnÉgfa ey:EKn k¾b:uEnþeQµaHtamPasasM®sáwtKW eDnüaDI. enAelIEpnTIEdlKUreday
elak pþÚelem RsukBYkenHmaneQµaHfa RsukBYkGñksuIsac;mnusS pays des anthropophages ehIyeKKitfaeQµaH Gar:akan
enH RbEhlCakøayecjmkBIsM®sáwtfa ykS EdlsuIsac;mnusSEdr.
ebIeTaHCay:agNakþI rdæGar:akan CardæsuIvil½ymYy sm,Úrsb,ay ehIyvaMgBYkenHl¥RtcHRtcg; enAeBlEdlelak
RKÚeBTü ehÁaFIey:s‘Utin )anmkdl;enAkñúgqñaM1662 nigenAeBlEdlBYkPUma eRkamraCüesþcmigdar:aehSRbÚ deNþImyk
)an ehIydutbMpøajenAkñúgqñaM1783.
24
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enAkñúgstvtSr_TI1 nigTI2 rYc):akan kñúgry³kal12stvtSr_ nig):anIy:U enAstvtSr_TI16.
ykeToteT enAPaKxagt,Úg.
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nwmRtÜtRtarbs;PUmamkelIsµarbs;BYkeKrwtEtF¶n;eLIg²b:ueNÑaH. eTaHCay:agNakþI eKenAEtsnSMcitþ
sgÇwmfa nwgGacdeNþImykÉkraCümkvij)anenAéf¶NamYyCaminxan.
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RBHraCvgSanuvgS. mUlehtuEdleFVI[manC½yCmñHenHKWedaysarBYkGWr:ubmanvin½yl¥Cag Gg;Gac
køahanCag ecHCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmkenAeBlRbyuT§ manHrkSaTItaMg minrt;ecalKñIKña. kalNaeKRtÚv
kareFVIskmµPaBxøaMgkøaNamYy EdlmaneRKaHfñak;GacRtÚvTamTar[eFVIBlikmµkmøaMgxøH b¤ebIsinCaeK
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BYkGWr:ubenH)anrab;ry CYnkaldl;rab;Ban;nak; ehIyCYnkaleKRbTHeXIjBYkenaHsøab;enAkñúgsmrPUmi
edaymanGavuFCab;kñúgédrhUtdl;eTA1-2rynak;. BYkT½BGWr:ubTaMgenaH eRcInEtkan;kaMePøIgFM Etk¾man
Gñkkan;kaMePøIgédpgEdr ehIyeBlNacb;karRbyuT§ enAcenøaHs®gÁam eKeXIjBYkenaHerobcMsøEdkeFVI
kaMePøIg nigRKab;. CaTUeTA vtþmanrbs;BYkGWr:ubenACamYykgT½BNamYyKWCamUlehtu EdleFVI[kgT½B
enaHTTYl)annUvC½yCmñHCadrab.
enAeBlEdlTTYl)anC½yCmñHelIBYkPUmarYc esþcEb‘ghÁaEdLarbs;eb:háank¾erobcMdeNþIm
ykTwkdIPøam. RBHGgÁ)anpøas;ecAhVayExRtPUmaecj dak;ecAhVayExRteb:háanCMnYs RbKl;T½B[BI
2ryeTA 3rynak; ehIyerobcM[eyaFPUmimanKñadl;eTA 5rynak; enAkan;kab;cMNucyuT§sa®sþ
epSg². eBlerobcMRsukeTsrYcehIy RTg;)anRbKl;karRKb;RKgelITwkdIEdldeNþIm)anenH ¬KWPUma
PaKxagelI¦ [eTARBHGnuCRBHnamGab:Ur:asaTTYlxusRtÚv eTIbRTg;yagRtlb;mkkan;raCFanIeb:hÁÚ vij
edaynaMykesþcCaeQøIyswkeTACamYypg.
k¾b:uEnþRBHGgÁqab;vilRtlb;eTAvijelOneBk. enAqñaMbnÞab;enaH GaeLagRpa EdlCaemPUmirbs;
PUmamYy sßitenAeRtIyxageqVgTenø\ravtI maneQµaHfa m:an;cabU )anegIbbHe)areLIg lYcsmøab;T½B
Edlkan;kab;b:usþ×mYyenAEk,renaH Et)anniyayBnül;[BYkeb:háanenAesom ehIy)ancab;epþIm
eRCIserIsT½Bedaysm¶at; rYcelIkKñaeTAvayykraCFanIGv³)an s®gÁamk¾pÞúHeLIg. eBlenaHBYk
BaNiC¢kr)araMg)anRbkasKaMRTesþceb:hÁÚ cMENkBYkBaNiC¢krGg;eKøsenAelIekaHeNe®hÁ KaMRTBYk
PUma. T½BTaMgsgxagk¾cab;taMgerobcMbMBak;kaMePøIg[kmøaMgerog²xøÜn ehIys®gÁamenAPUma Edlman
RTg;RTayFMmYyminEdlmanBImunmkk¾cab;epþImeLIg.
BYkeb:háanRtÚvbraC½y PUmadeNþImykraCFanI)an ehIy)ancab;esþceb:háan GarkeFVIKutecal
eTA. PUma)anerobcMRBHraCaNacRkeLIgvij edaymanraCFanIenAm:an;cabU ¬1757¦.
eK)anelIkGaeLagRpa Edl)anrMedaHRbeTsBIBYkeb:háan [eLIgesayraCü. edIm,IkuM[BYk
raCbuRtrbs;esþcPUmaBImun Edlrt;eKcxøÜneTAenAÉRsukesomvilRtlb;mkTamTarykraCsm,tþivij
GaeLagRpa )anerobcMGnÞak; cab;buRtaTaMgGs;enaH)an ehIysmøab;ecaleTA. enAeBlEdlerobcM
BRgwgGMNacrbs;xøÜn)anRsYlbYlrYcehIy GaeLagRpa k¾cab;epþImvatGMNac edayeFVIs®gÁamCamYy
esþctav:yEdlmanCatisasn_dUcKñamuneK eRBaHesþcenHminRBmTTYlsÁal;GMNacrbs;xøÜn rYc)anvay
yk r:g;hÁÚn suIrIyuaM nigdaLa Edl)annaMKñabHe)arRbqaMg. GaeLagRpa )anbBa¢a[eKsmøab;BYkGg;eKøs
enAelIekaHeNe®hÁ EdlRTg;)ancat;TukCamitþ b¤ebIehacNas;k¾Casm<½n§miRtEdr enAkñúgExvicäika qñaM
1757 edayBYkenH)anlk;GavuFeTA[BYkeb:háan. RBHGgÁ)anvaydeNþImykkMBg;Ep EmrKuy rbs;
esomenAelIeqñrsmuRTbwgháal; edayecaTRbkan;fa)anTTYlBYkk,t;EdlePosxøÜnmk[sñak;enA
eFVI[RTg;Gt;»nmin)an tammkvaydl;TIenH. enAeBlenaHRBHGgÁ)anqøgkat;RBMEdn eFVIdMeNIrrhUtmk
dl;GyuFüa EdlBYkPUma nigeb:háannaMKñaehAfaTVarvtI. b:uEnþGaeLagRpaFøak;xøÜnQW 2éf¶eRkayeBl
EdlerobcMelNdæankarBarrYc RBHGgÁk¾ecjbBa¢a[eFVIdMeNIrvilRtlb;mkPUmavijtammat;smuRT.
RTg;)ansuKteTAenAéf¶TI15 Ex]sPa qñaM1760 kñúgRBHCnµayu 50RBHvsSa BIréf¶ munnwgmkdl;
m:ata)an.
RBHraCbuRtac,gRBHnam NaMdUehSRbÚv )aneLIgesayraCübnþBIRBHGaeLagRpa k¾b:uEnþRTg;eLIg
esayraCüminTan;TaMg)anb:unµanpg k¾RtÚveFVIkarRbyuT§Tb;Tl;nwgemT½Bmñak;eQµaH nutTUm Edlman
ekrþ×eQµaHl,Il,aj ehIy)andeNþImykTIRkúgmYycMnYn kñúgenaHmanTaMgGv³pgEdr. s®gÁamsuIvil
)anbnþGs;eBl2qñaM rhUtdl;eBlEdlcab;emT½B nutTUm smøab;ecal ehIydeNþImGv³)anmkvij enA
kñúgqñaM1762.esþcNaMdUehSRbÚv suKteTAenAkñúgExmInaqñaM1764.RBHGnuCrbs;RBHGgÁRBHnamfa
es‘mh‘UGan EdlFøab;bHe)arRbqaMgnwgRBHGgÁmþgenAkñúgqñaM1760 )ansñgraCübnþmk. es‘mh‘UGan
enHCaemT½BmYyGgÁrbs; GaeLagRpa enAeBlEdlvayykGyuFüa RTg;k¾cab;bnþKeRmagkarrbs;
RBHbitaRbqaMgnwgesomeLIgvij. enAeBlEdlRTg;ecjdMeNIreTAb®gáabBYkkaés enAPaKBay½BüPUma
kab;smøab; dutbMpøicbMpøajBYkenH EdlRbEkkminRBmcMNuHRBHGgÁ RTg;)anbBa¢a[T½B2kg ecjdMeNIr
eTAesom mYykgeTAtamTisxageCIg mYykgeToteTABIxaglictamtav:y. T½BTaMg2kg)aneTACYbKña
vayesom rYce)aHCMrMenABImuxGyuFüa EdlkaleNaHKWCaraCFanI mYymanrbgeFVIBI\dæ manKUTwkFMmYy
B½T§CuMvij nigmanb:mkarBarBImYykEnøgeTAmYykEnøgeTot. PUma B½T§GyuFüaGs;eBl3Ex esþcesom
)anlYcrt;ecjrYc GyuFüak¾Føak;kñúgkNþab;édPUma enAkñúgqñaM1767 EdlrgkardutbMpøajxUcxat
Gs;CaeRcIn.
T½BPUmavilRtlb;mkBIGyuFüavijtamm:ata)an eday)annaMykC½yPNÐCaeRcInmkCamYypg
Rsab;EtelcB¤dMNwgfamanT½Bcin5muWnnak; eFVIdMeNIrecjBItalIh‘VÚ EdlCaRsukedImrbs;BYkéf cUlmk
lukluyPUmaPaKxagelI. esþces‘mh‘UGan)anbBa¢ÚnT½BmYykg[eTATb;Tl;CamYyBYkcin. T½BenH RtÚv
braC½yenAkñúgkarRbyuT§dMbUg k¾b:uEnþ)ankab;smøab;BYkcinsøab;esÞIrKµansl;mñak;Rtlb;eTA yunNanvij
enAkñúgkarRbyuT§elIkTI2. T½BcinxøHsøab;enAkñúgeBlRbyuT§ xøHeTotRtÚvcab;)an ehIysmøab;ecal
eRkayeBlRbyuT§ sl;BIenaHRtÚvcab;)anCaeQøIyehIynaMykmkeFVICa´. enAeBlenaH PUma)an
elIkraCFanIBIGv³ mktaMgenAÉ Gmrbur25 vij ehIy)annaMKñaCYsCul b¤ksagvtþeLIgvij.
yuKsm½ysnþiPaBmYy)anebIkTMB½rehIy Rsab;EtBYkPUma cg;dak;TNÐkmµBYkesomEdlenA
eRkamkardwknaMrbs;esþcPüatak CakUnesomkat;cin eRBaHmineKarBsn§isBaØaEdl)ancuHhtßelxa
CamYyKñakalBIqñaM1767. PUmacab;epþImcUllukluyGaNaExRtPaKxaglicrbs;esom EtRtÚvbra-
C½y k¾dkfymkm:ata)anvijedIm,Irg;caMCMnYy ehIycg;eRCIserIsT½BbEnßmenAnwgeb:hÁÚ. BYkeb:háan
25
Gmrbur³enH sßitenARbEhlCa30KILÚEm:RtBIxageCIgGv³ raCFanITaMg2sßitenAelIeRtIyxageqVgTenø\r:avtIdUcKña.
)anbHe)arRbqaMg ¬1771¦ ehIys®gÁamk¾pÞúHeLIg Gs;eBlCaeRcInqñaM. s®gÁam)anbBa©b;eTAenAkñúg
qñaM1775 CamYynwgbraC½yrbs;BYkeb:háan kareFVIXatesþceb:háan ehIynigkarecjc,ab;d¾twgruwg
mYyedayPUma.
enAkñúgqñaM1781 namuWnsBVmuxm®nþI)annaMKñaXubXitbHe)arRbqaMgnwgesþcPUmaRBHnam ecg-
KUsa Edlkacsahav pþac;karehIyeqVghYsehtu EdleTIbEt)ansmøab;RBHGnuC nigRBHGKÁmehsI.
esþcenH )anRtÚv«Bukrbs;RBHGKÁmehsIeFVIKut)anenAkñúgRBHraCdMNak;. eKk¾elIkbuRtaTI4rbs;
GaeLagRpa [eLIgesayraCübnþ.
enAeBlenaH BYk)araMg nigGg;eKøsEdlmanGKarBaNiC¢kmµenAnwgr:g;hÁÚn ekItkarRcENnKña k¾
xitxMEGbGbRBHraCaEterogxøÜn. TMnas;enH)ankøayeTACakan;EtRsYcRsal;eLIg enAeBlEdlman
bdivtþn_enARsuk)araMg26 eRBaHfaGg;eKøseBlenaHmanGMNacxøaMgNas;enA\NÐa cMENkÉ)araMgvij
)ane)aHbg;dIEdldeNþIm)anTaMgb:unµan[eTAGg;eKøsGs; edayminGacrkSaTuk)an ehIymanbMNg
cg;mkykPUmaenHCaCMnYsbwgháal;vij. mundMbUg)araMg)anTTYlkarGnuBaØat[manGKÁraCTUtbeNþaH
GasnñmYyenAr:g;hÁÚn rYc[maner:suIdg;mñak; bnÞab;mk[mankmøaMgkarBarer:suIdg;enaH ehIynigbuBVsiT§ixøH
cMeBaHBYkBaNiC¢kr.
eBlenaH )araMgCab;rvl;nwgerOgr:avenAÉGWr:ubxøaMgNas; KµanplRbeyaCn_GVIxøaMgkøa enAÉcugbUB’a
RbeTs nigminGacmkKaMRTkarxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;BYkBaNiC¢kr)araMg enAPUmaenH)aneT. eBlenaH
eKminTan;sÁal;)araMgeRcInb:unµaneTenAPUma eKsÁal;)araMgEttamry³BYkBaNiC¢krmYycMnYnb:ueNÑaH.
b:uEnþeKsÁal;Gg;eKøsc,as; ehIyeKxøacBYkenH )armÖxøacEtGg;eKøsykPUmaeFVIdUcCa\NÐa G‘ÍcwgEdr.
CemøaHtUcmYy)anpÞúHeLIg EteK)ansRmúHsRmÜlKña edayRbKl;PUmaEdnTwk[eTAGg;eKøs Edlrg;caMEt
»kasenHedayGnÞHsaedIm,Idak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgGaNacRkGg;eKøsenA\NÐa enAkñúgqñaM1824. r:g;hÁÚn
)ankøayeTACaTIRkúgd¾FMmYy nigCardæFanIrbs;GVIEdleK)anehAfaCaPUmaGg;eKøs kñúgenaHmanTaMgTwkdI
GtIteb:hÁÚpgEdr ehIynigeqñrsmuRTTaMgGs;enAcenøaHCYrPñM nigsmuRTbwgháal; cab;taMgBIRBMEdn rdæGa-
sSamrhUtdl;bYrRka enAkñúgeTobekaHm:aLaka 1826-1828. KYrkt;smÁal;fa BYkeb:háan Edl
s¥b;PUmaxøaMgNas;enaH minmanyl;Tas;GVInwgeXIjBYkGg;eKøsmkkan;kab;TwkdIrbs;eK CMnYsBYkPUma
26
BYkGg;eKøsePøcehIyfa BYkeKk¾)ansmøab;esþceKEdrkalBIqñaM1648 EtEbrCaecaT)araMgenAcMeBaHmuxraCvaMgPUma
fa)araMgCaBYkGñksmøab;esþcxøÜnÉg ehIy)anbenÞas)araMgBIerOgeFVIKutesþclVITI16.
enaHeT.
cab;BIeBlenaHmkRbeTsPUmaEdlminEmnCaGg;eKøs KµanpøÚvcuHeTAkan;smuRTeT ehIy)an
cuHexSay ElgCardæmYysMxan;eTotehIyenA\NÐÚcin xusBIPUmaGg;eKøsEdlmankarRKb;RKgl¥ man
snþisuxCag ehIysßitenAq¶ayputBIkMhwgrbs;BYkGñkkan;GMNac nigcitþsavarbs;raCvaMg. manBYk
eb:háanCaeRcInnak;Edlrs;enAkñúgPUmaminEmnGg;eKøs rYmTaMgBYkPUmaxøÜnÉgpgEdrEdlRslaj;
rbbRKb;RKgrbs;Gg;eKøs )annaMKñart;mkrs;enAkñúgTwkdIPUmaGg;eKøs. BaNiC¢kmµesÞIrEtTaMgGs;
rbs;RsukGaeLagRpa )anRbRBwtþeTAedayqøgkat;PUmaGg;eKøsenH.
eBlenaH kic©xitxMRbwgERbgrbs;BYkBaNiC¢kr)araMg edIm,ITTYl)annUvTMnukcitþrbs;esþcPUma )an
TTYllT§pll¥ehIy k¾b:uEnþ)araMgKµanRckÉNanwgcUleTAdl;xagt,ÚgeT NamYy)araMgk¾minTan;kan;kab;
Rsuklav)anenAeLIypg. mü:ageTot )araMgeBlenaHCab;rvl;kñúgkarerobcMRsukxøÜnÉgEdr minGac
gakmklUkédkñúgerOgr:avenAcugbUB’aRbeTs)aneT ebIminTan;edaHRsayerOgenAkñúgRsukrYcenaH. k¾b:uEnþ
)araMg)ancuHhtßelxaelIGnusBaØaBaNiC¢kmµmYyCamYyPUma enAkñúgéf¶TI24 Exmkra qñaM1873 Gnu-
sBaØaenaH GnuBaØat[)araMgdak;Pñak;garmñak;enAkñúgraCFanIPUma. eRkayenaHbnþic mansn§isBaØamYy
eTotEdlcuHhtßelxaéf¶TI15ExmkraqñaM1885)anmkbMeBjbEnßmBIelIGnusBaØamunpþl;edayesrI
PaBeRcInCag[)araMg k¾b:uEnþRtÚvBYkGg;eKøstamdanRtÜtBinitüCab;. rdæaPi)alr:g;hÁÚn nigrdæaPi)alkal;
KUta )anTTYldMNwgGMBIsn§isBaØaenHtamry³kugs‘ulGuItalI EdlPñak;gar)araMg)anRbEhsniyay
R)ab;edayminsµanfa GacnwgmaneRKaHfñak;esaHeT k¾cab;eFVIskmµPaBPøam minGac[rdæaPi)al):arIs
eFVIkareqøIytbTan;eBl)aneLIy eRBaHenAq¶ayeBk. mü:ageTotBYkGg;eKøsEdl)armÖxøacEt)araMg
eqøótyk»kasEdlkan;kab;Rsuklav edIm,IQaneTAdeNþImykbNþardæsan rYcQanmkvatGaNaBüa
)alelIPUmaEfmeTotenaH k¾eqøótyk»kasEdlmanRBwtþikarN_sahaveXareXA ekItmaneLIgenAkñúg
raCvaMg m:an;daéL edayecaTfa enaHCaGMeBIéRBépSKYr[s¥b;ex<ImcMeBaH]Rkidækmµrbs;esþceFbU Edlmin
GacTTYlyk)anrYc)andeNþmI ykPUmaPaKxageCIgenAcugqña1M 88627 kñgú namsIlFm’EdlbM)ak;mxu .
TIbMput GVI²)anknøghYseTA ehIyraCblø½gárbs;esþccugeRkayénraCvgS GaeLagRpa Edl)an
27
KWeGEv:k )araMgenAPUma elak b‘ÍhÁg;ed EdleFVICaGñkbkERbPasa[enAkñúgkic©crca rvagBYkGg;eKøs nigBYkPUma ehIy
)anbeRmI[plRbeyaCn_Gg;eKøs.
RKb;RKgTwkdIPUmaGs;kalCag130qñaM k¾dYlrlM)at;eTA enAkñúgQam nigkarGam:as;. ehIyGaNacRk
Gg;eKøsenA\NÐa EdleTIbEtdeNþImykGasSam nigGar:akan k¾)anBRgIkcUlmkkñúg\NÐÚcin rhUtdl;
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TaMgGs;.
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1498mk cab;taMgBIQUgsmuRTEBkSrhUteTAdl;RbeTsCb:un. eyIg)aneXIjkmøaMgrbs;BYkB½rTuy
ehÁ ehIynigkarGg;Gacrbs;eK rYceXIj»nPaBrbs;BYkenHenAeRkamkarvayRbharrbs;BYkhuløg;
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eTAkñúgRBHraCaNacRkeGs:,ajenAkñúgqñaM1580 nigkarhamR)amrbs;esþchVIlIBTI2min[k):al;
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BYkhuløg;)aneFVIdMeNIrtammkrhUtdl;cugbUB’aRbeTsenH enAkñúgqñaM1599 ehIyBinitüeXIjfa RtÚvEt
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28
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edaybg;Bn§Ky[cincMnYnCaR)ak;500ENn ¬RtÚvCa4Ban;®hVg;¦ kñúg1qñaM²29 ¬B½rTuyehÁ)anmktaMg
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eBlenaHehIy EdleK)annaMKñabegáItRkúmh‘un\NÐaPaKxagekIteLIg enAkñúgRbeTsnImYy² manGñksuM
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eXIjc,as;fa enAeBlEdlRbeTsB½rTuyhÁal;)anRtÚvdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgRbeTseGs:,aj edayeBl
enaH rdæaPi)aleGs:,ajykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHEtGaNaniKmEdleKmanenAÉGaemrikxagt,Úg nig
GaemrikkNþalxøaMgCag eKminsUvCaKaMRTskmµPaBrbs;BYkB½rTuyehÁ EdleTIbEt)ankøaymkCa
RbCaCneGs:,ajEdr enAÉcugbUB’aRbeTsb:unµaneT.
29
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saFarNrdæ)ataveLIg huløg;esÞIrEtKµans®gÁamGVICamYyCatisasn_Es,ks dUcKñaeToteT KitEtxitxM
BRgIkTwkdIedaydeNþImykbNþaekaHEdlBImunCacMENkrbs; m:ahSa):ahIut.
RKb;RKgekaHCVa)anehIy BYkhuløg;)andeNþImykcMENkmYyénekaHs‘Um:aRta ekaHesELb nig
ekaHtUc²rab;ryEdlenAkñúgRbCuMekaHGU®sþaLasuI. enAqñaM1795 kñúgs®gÁammYyCamYy)araMg Gg;-
eKøs)andeNþImykTItaMgrbs;huløg; Edl)anbegáIteLIgenAcugxagt,ÚgTVIbGa®hVikkalBIqñaM1652
nigTwkdIEdlhuløg;kan;kab;TaMgGs;enA\NÐa enAm:aLaka nigenAGU®sþaLasuI. Gg;eKøs )anRbKl;TwkdI
TaMgGs;enaHeTA[huløg;vijenAkñúgqñaM1815 TukEtm:aLaka nigeRCaycugGa®hVik EdleKKitfa
enAmansarsMxan;cMeBaHeK.
\LÚvenHGaMgs‘uyLaMgb¤GU®sþaLasuITaMgmUl )anFøak;cUleTAkñúgGMNacrbs;huløg;ehIy eKKµanGVI
nwgRBÜy)armÖBIBYkCatisasn_Es,kseToteT eRBaHBYkenaHsuT§EtmandIrYceTAehIyenAcugbUB’aRbeTs
enH ehIymincg;BRgIkvateTAeToteT. huløg;)anerobcMGaNacRkrbs;eK)any:agl¥ eFVI[ERbkøayeTA
CaTwkdImYyd¾mantémø. cMnYnRbCaCn)anekIneLIg4dgkñúgeBlEt1stvtSr_ ehIyGaNaniKmhuløg;
)anR)akdxøÜneLIgCaTwkdImYyEdlmankarRKb;RKgl¥CageK nigsm,Úrsb,ayCageK.
kñúgbNþaRbeTsEdlCam©as;RsukedImTaMgGs;enA\NÐÚcin manEtRsukesommYyb:ueNÑaH Edl
rkSa)annUvÉkraCürbs;xøÜn enHk¾edaysarEtkarRbkYtRbECgrvag)araMg nigGg;eKøs Edl)anÉkPaB
KñaTukRsukesomenHmYyCaRTnab;enAcenøaHTwkdITaMgsgxag. eb:hÁÚ PUma bNþardætUc²EmrKuy nigetNa
esrIm mundMbUgCarbs;BYkeb:háan rYcCarbs;esom ehIyeTACarbs;eb:háaneTot enATIbBa©b;PUma nig
bNþardæsanTaMgGs; )anRtÚvkøayeTACaTwkdIrbs;Gg;eKøs.
niyayBInKrcam:,avij RsukenH)anRtÚvGaNÑamelbyk)at;eTAehIy.
k¾b:uEnþGaNÑam Edl)anelbykTwkdIcam:,a deNþImykbNþaExRtPaKxagt,Úgrbs;km<úCa
ehIydeNþImyktugkwg)anenaH k¾RtÚv)an)araMgdeNþImkat;ykTwkdIPaKxagt,ÚgGs;eTAvijEdr rYc
ehIyTaMgGaNÑamTaMgtugkwgk¾RtÚvdak;enAeRkamGaNaBüa)alrbs;)araMg EfmeTot.
RsuklavEdlGaNÑam nigesomdeNþImKña )ankøayeTACaGaNaniKm)araMgEdr elIkElgEt
høÜgR)a)agmYyecj Edl)araMgykdak;eRkamGaNaBüa)al.
km<úCak¾RtÚvdak;eRkamGaNaBüa)alrbs;)araMg ehIy)araMg)anTamTarykbNþaExRtmYycMnYn
Edlesom)anykeTAGs;kalCag1stvtSr_mk[km<úCavij eFVI[visalPaBTwkdIkm<úCaekIneLIgBak;
kNþal elIsBIkalEdl)araMgeTIbEtmkdl;.
eGs:,ajenAbnþmanTwkdIenAebnday PaKxageCIgekaHb‘½reNGUenAeLIy ehIykalBIb:unµan
qñaMmunBYkenHkan;kab;RbCuMekaHhVIlIBInTaMgmUl manraCFanIenAm:anIl. EteRkayBIs®gÁamCamYy
Gaemrik eGs:,aj)an)at;bg;hVIlIBInGs;eTA enAsl;EtebndaymYyb:ueNÑaH EdlKµansarsMxan;GVI
bnþicesaH enAcenøaHsar:av:ak; nigsa)a EdlCaTwkdIrbs;Gg;eKøs.
KWtamry³RBwtþikarN_dUc)anerobrab;BIxagelITaMgGs;enHÉg EdlRbCaCnEs,ks manGarüFm’
eCOnelOnCagRbCaCnGasuIEdlmanGarüFm’nwgfál; )anmkdeNþImykTwkdIFMCagGWr:ub 3dg Etkñúg
eBlmindl;2stvtSr_pg ehIy)anmkCYydas;BYkGñkRsukEdlkMBuglg;lk;[PJak;rlwk sÞúHsÞaeLIg
vijeRkakBIkars<wkRsBn;. mundMbUgBYkenHmkrebobCaBaNiC¢kr rYcCaGñkmkpSBVpSay CMenOsasna
bnÞab;mk)ankøayxøÜny:agqab;rh½seTACaBYkGñkdeNþImTwkdI ehIyenAcugbB©ab; k¾Cab;citþ Cab;eføImnwg
TwkdIenaH køayxøÜneTACaGñkkarBar[eTAvij. \LÚvenH sßitenAeRkamkmøaMgCMrujmYyd¾rwgmaM BYkeK)an
yl;c,as;fa eKmankatBVkic©mYyRtÚvbMeBjcMeBaHBYkGñkRsuk EdleKRKb;RKg BYkGñkRsukTaMgGs;
enaHmansiT§iRtÚvTTYl)annUvesrIPaB nigÉkraCPaB. emø:aHehIyBYkeKk¾cab;epþImCYyerobcMGñkRsuk[
TTYl)annUvGarüFm’ ¬ksagsalaeron[¦ CYyerobcMGPivDÆn_FnFandUcCaebIkkMBg;EpCaedIm ¬BaNiC¢
kmµGnþrCati¦ Eklm¥TwkdI CIkERBk sg;pøÚv s<an ¬pøÚvEdk¦ ehIyenATIbBa©b;erobcM[ecHeRbIkmøaMg Edl
mankñúgFmµCatitamEdlBYkeKecHeRbI)an nUvGVIEdlminEdldwgBImunmk ehIyecHmansNþab;Fñab;
nigecHRKb;RKgedaymincaM)ac;manvtþmanBYkEs,ks dUcCa[ecHeRbIm:asuIneRbIcMhay ecHeRbIrfePøIg
maneragCag manGKÁisnI mankmøaMgclkr manKmnaKmn_ nigmanKMnit.
eyIgsgÇwmfaRbCaCnenA\NÐa \NÐÚcin nigcugbUB’aRbeTsTaMgGs; nwgecHeRbIR)as;GVIEdl
BYkGWr:ub)anbgðat;beRgón TTYl)annUvkmøaMgéqñRbDitrbs;xøÜnmkvij ehIyeFVIdMeNIrQaneTAmuxtam
pøÚvEdlBYkGWr:ub)anRtÜsRtay[rYcmkehIyenH BImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan;eTotedaynaMmknUvkarrk
eXIjfµI karGnuvtþn_ nigkarGPivDÆn_fµI² bBa¢ak;[eXIjc,as;nUvtémørbs;xøÜnkñúgnamCaCatisasn_mYy.
sUmGñkTaMgGs;RbkbeTAedayesckþIkøahan karRbwgERbg nigyutþiFm’.

History of Cambodia

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History of Cambodia

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Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa

niBn§eday elak Gaedm:ar LWEkør

RkahVik nigkMuBüÚT½rkarIeday Kwm suvNÑ danI rcnaRkb nigtYesovePAeday qaMg yu e)aHBum<enAkm<úCa

Translation Series No.4  Documentation Center of Cambodia

Adhémard Leclère: History of Cambodia

k,alTI2 ³ RbeTskm<úCatamraCBgSavtar nigÉksarRbvtþisa®sþepSgeTot

)andwgBIRbeTskm<úCatamry³BYkcin GaNÑam nigesom/ rYcmansa®sþasøwkrwt/ manesovePAsþIGMBI

)araMgRbcaMRbeTskm<úCa RtÚv)ane)aHBum<pSayenAqñaM1914 KWenAmuneBlRbeTskm<úCaTTYl)an

BakükligÁ³ b¤køwgenH sBVéf¶RbCaCnkm<úCaeRbIsRmab;ehABYkhiNÐÚ rIÉRsukkøwgKWsMedAyk\NÐaCaTUeTA. TaMgGs;enH

KWCaCRmk ¬s’m½n¦ nigCaGñkkarBar ¬vrµ½n¦ rbs;BYkevsü³ Edlmanzan³ Kubþ³ mann½yfaGñkEdleKkarBar.

rveyRDbur³=TIRkúgBYkRBahµN_/ TVIrTbur³=TIRkúgdMrI KWlEgVk/ TVnvIrbur³=TIRkúgRsUv/ TVvbur³=TIRkúgecar RbEhlEtmYy

\LÚvenH eyIgcUlmkdl;edImstvtSr_TI7 enAeBlEdlGaNacRkkm<úCa)ankekIteLIg ehIy

RbeTsÉeTot². silacarwkeBaFiekøagkar:ay EdleKrkeXIjenAqñaM1908 nigmankalbriecäTenAmhaskraC972

eyIgmin)ansÁal;RBHnamrbs;RBHraCaTaMg18GgÁGs;eT eTaHCaRBHnamtamPasasamBaØ b¤k¾tamPasasM®sáwtkþI.

skraC331 eBlEdlRBHGgÁmanRBHCnµ 16RBHvsSa ehIysuKteTAeRkayBIesayraCü)an 40qñaM. buRtrbs;

\LÚvenHGaNacRkkm<úCa)anRtÚvksageLIgvijehIy edaymanraCFanId¾FMmYy EdlCa{bnÞay

´)anerobrab;rMlgedayectnanUvRBwtþikarN_mYy EdlmansarsMxan;Nas;Edr. \LÚv´sUm

yaTénraCblø½gásuexaT½y e)aHbg;ecal EtRtÚv)anRBHbitaTTYlsÁal; ehIyykmkciBa©wm dak;RBHnamfa GaruNkumar

)a: sI ³ enAedImstvtSr_TI12 TIRkúgmYyenAcugxageCIgekaHs‘Um:aRtamaneQµaHfa sam:aLg;.

sþaMTenøsab. eKakesHminEmn CaExRteT CacMENkmYyénExRteCIgéRB.

mYynwglEgVkEdr. enHKWCacMNucxagt,ÚgbMput énTwkdIEdleyIgehABImunfa mFüeTs³ mann½yfa RsukkNþalRbeTs.

mkdl;eBlEdlesomvayykbnÞaylEgVk)anenH eBalKWenAcugstvtSr_TI16 eyIgKYrBinitü

CaeRcInelIkeRcInsa enAkñúgqñaM1380 rYc1383 bnÞab;mk1384/ 1428 deNþIm kan;kab;raCFanIenH)an enAkñúgqñaM

bEnßmeTotfaesþc«BukesayraCü)an17qñaM esþckUnesayraCü)an10qñaM. eXIjfakalbriecäT Edlpþl;[eday

v:g;ed Em:n b¤TIkEnøgepSgeTotrbs;)araMg b¤enAeGs,:aj GuItalI enAkñúgstvtSr_TI19enH BYkenHk¾RbEhlCaRtÚv

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Translation Series No.4 Documentation Center of Cambodia

Adhémard Leclère: History of Cambodia