CHAPTER-II PROFILE OF THE STUDY

During the 19th and 20th centuries, water filters for domestic water production were generally divided into and (also called mechanical filters and American filters). While there were many small-scale water filtration systems prior to 1800, Paisley, Scotland is generally acknowledged as the first city to receive filtered water for an entire town. The Paisley filter began operation in 1804 and was an early type of slow sand filter. Throughout the 1800s, hundreds of slow sand filters were constructed in the UK and on the European continent. An intermittent slow sand filter was constructed and operated at in 1893 due to continuing typhoid fever epidemics caused by sewage contamination of the water supply.[1] The first continuously operating slow sand filter was designed by Allen Hazen for the city of Albany, New York in 1897.[2] In the 1800s, mechanical filtration was an industrial process that depended on the addition of prior to the filtration process. The filtration rate for mechanical filtration was typically more than 60 times faster than slow sand filters, thus requiring significantly less land area. The first modern mechanical filtration plant in the U.S. was built at Little Falls, New Jersey for the East Jersey Water Company. designed and supervised the construction of the plant which went into operation in 1902. [3] Methods of FIltration Filters use sieving and other processes. Unlike a filter can remove particles much smaller than the holes through which the water passes.

Point-of-use filters

Filters for home use include filters (GAC) used for carbon block

(CBR)

and membranes. Some filters use more than one filtration method. An example of this is a multi-barrier system. Jug filters can be used for small quantities of drinking water. Some kettles have built-in filters, primarily to reduce buildup.

Portable water filters

Water filters are used by hikers, by aid organizations during humanitarian emergencies, and by the military. These filters are usually small, portable and light (1-2 pounds/0.5-1.0 kg or less), and usually filter water by working a mechanical hand pump, although some use a siphon drip system to force water through while others are built into water bottles. Dirty water is pumped via a screen-filtered flexible silicon tube through a specialized filter, ending up in a container. These filters work to remove bacteria, protozoa and microbial cysts that can cause disease. Filters may have fine meshes that must be replaced or cleaned, and ceramic water filters must have their outside abraded when they have become clogged with impurities. These water filters should not be confused with devices or tablets that are water purifiers, some of which remove or kill viruses such as hepatitis A and rotavirus. Water Polishing The term water polishing can refer to any process that removes small (usually microscopic) particulate material, or removed very low concentrations of dissolved material from water. The process and its meaning vary from setting to setting: a manufacturer of aquariumfilters may claim that its filters perform water polishing by capturing "micro particles" withinnylon or polyester pads just as a chemical engineer can use the term to refer to the removal of magnetic resins from a solution by passing the solution over a bed of magnetic particulate. [5] In this sense, water polishing is simply another term for whole house water filtration systems. Water Purification :

Sources of water Further information: Water supply 1. The water emerging from some deep ground water may have fallen

as rain many tens, hundreds, or thousands of years ago. and rock layers naturally filter the ground water to a high degree of clarity and often it does not require additional treatment other than adding or as secondary disinfectants. Such water may emerge as springs, , or may be extracted from boreholes or wells. Deep ground water is generally of very high quality (i.e., pathogenic bacteria or the pathogenic protozoa are typically absent), but the water may be rich in dissolved solids, and of . Depending on the which the water has flowed, other ions may also be present, and There may be a requirement to reduce the content of this water to make it acceptable for drinking, cooking, and laundry use. Primary may also be required. Where groundwater recharge is practiced (a process in which river water is injected into an aquifer to store the water in times of plenty so that it is available in times of drought), the groundwater may require additional treatment depending on applicable state and federal regulations. 2. Upland and Typically located in the headwaters of river systems, upland reservoirs are usually sited above any human habitation and may be surrounded by a protective zone to restrict the opportunities for contamination. Bacteria and pathogen levels are usually low, but some bacteria be present. Where uplands are forested or peaty, can the water. Many upland sources have low adjustment. 3. And low land reservoirs: Low land surface waters will have a significant bacterial load and may also contain algae, suspended solids and a variety of dissolved constituents. 4. vapor. Is a new technology that can provide high quality drinking water by extracting water from the air by cooling the air and thus condensing water

5.

Which collects water from the atmosphere can be used especially

in areas with significant dry seasons and in areas which experience fog even when there is little rain. 6. Freshwater bodies that are open to the atmosphere and are not designated as groundwater are classified in the USA for regulatory and water purification purposes as surface water. Treatment The processes below are the ones commonly used in water purification plants. Some or most may not be used depending on the scale of the plant and quality of the raw (source) water. Pre-treatment 1. Pumping and containment The majority of water must be pumped

from its source or directed into pipes or holding tanks. To avoid adding contaminants to the water, this physical infrastructure must be made from appropriate materials and constructed so that accidental contamination does not occur. 2. Screening The first step in purifying surface water is to remove large debris such as sticks, leaves, rubbish and other large particles which may interfere with subsequent purification steps. Most deep groundwater does not need screening before other purification steps. 3. Storage Water from rivers may also be stored in for periods between a few days and many months to allow natural biological purification to take place. This is especially important if treatment is by Storage reservoirs also provide a buffer against short periods of drought or to allow water supply to be maintained during transitory incidents in the source river. 4. Pre-chlorination In many plants the incoming water was chlorinated to minimize the growth of fouling organisms on the pipe-work

and tanks. Because of the potential adverse quality effects (see chlorine below), this has largely been discontinued.[3] Widely varied techniques are available to remove the fine solids, microorganisms and some dissolved inorganic and organic materials. The choice of method will depend on the quality of the water being treated, the cost of the treatment process and the quality standards expected of the processed water. pH adjustment Pure water has a pH close to 7 (neither alkaline nor acidic). Sea water can have pH values that range from 7.5 to 8.4 (moderately alkaline). Fresh water can have widely ranging pH values depending on the geology of the drainage basin or aquifer and the influence of contaminant inputs (acid rain). If the water is acidic (lower than 7), can be added to raise the pH during water purification processes. Lime addition increases the calcium ion concentration, thus raising the water hardness. For highly acidic waters, forced draft can be an effective way to raise the pH, by stripping dissolved carbon dioxide from the water. [4][5]
[6]

Making the water alkaline.

Processes work effectively and also helps to minimize the risk of being dissolved from lead pipes and from lead in pipe fittings. Sufficient alkalinity also reduces the corrosiveness of water to iron pipes. Acid may be added to alkaline waters in some circumstances to lower the pH. Alkaline water (above pH 7.0) does not necessarily mean that lead or copper from the plumbing system will not be dissolved into the water. The ability of water to precipitate calcium carbonate to protect metal surfaces and reduce the likelihood of toxic metals being dissolved in water is a function of pH, mineral content, temperature, alkalinity and calcium concentration. [7]

AQUAQUARD PURIFIER

Use polymer membranes with chemically formed microscopic pores that can be used to filter out dissolved substances avoiding the use of coagulants. The type of membrane media determines how much pressure is needed to drive the water through and what sizes of micro-organisms can be filtered out. Ion exchange systems use or packed columns to replace unwanted ions. The most common case is consisting of removal of and replacing them with begin (soap friendly) ions. Ion exchange resins are also used to remove toxic ions such as nitrate and many others. Water rich is treated with lime and/or soda-ash to precipitate out of solution utilizing Water is passed between a positive and a negative electrode. Ion exchange allow only positive ions to migrate from the treated water toward the negative electrode and only negative ions toward the positive electrode. High purity deionized water is produced with a little worse degree of purification in comparison with ion exchange treatment. Complete removal of ions fromwater is regarded as the water is often pre-treatd with a unit to remove non-ionic

AQUA QUARD Disinfection Disinfection is accomplished both by filtering out harmful micro-organisms and also by adding disinfectant chemicals. Water is disingected to kill any which pass through the filters and to provide a residual dose of disinfectant to kill or inactivate potenitially harmful micro-organisms in the storage distribution

systems. Possible pathogens include. Following the introduction of any chemical disinfecting agent, the water is usually held in temporary storage-often called a contact tank or clear well to allow the disinfecting action to complete. Chlorine disinfection The most common disinfection method involves some form or its compounds such as chlorine is a strong that rapidly kills many harmful microorganisms. Because chlorine is a toxic gas. There is a danger of release associated with its use. This problem is avoided by the use of which is a relatively inexpensive solution that releases free chlorine when dissolved in water. Chlorine solution can be generated on site by electrolying common salt solutions. A solid from releases chlorine on contact with water. Handling the solid, however, requires greater routine human contact through opening bags and pouring than the use of gas cylinders or bleach which are more easily automated. The genenration of liquid sodium hypochlorite is both inexpensive and safer then the use of gas or solid chlorine. All forms of chlorine are widely used, despite their respective drawbacks. One drawback is that chlorine form any source reacts with natural organic compounds in the water to form potentially harmful chemical by-products. These by-products and in large quantites and are regulated by the UK. The formation of THMs and haloacetic acids may be minimized by effective removal of as many organics from the water as possible prior to chlorine addition. Althrough chlorine is effective in killing bacteria, it has limited effectiveness against protozoa that form cysts inwater.

Chlorine dioxide disinfection Is a faster-acting disinfectant than elemental chlorine. However it is relatively rarely used, because in some circumstances it may create excessive amounts of which is a by-product regulated to low allowable levels in the united states. Chlorine dioxide is supplied as an aqueous solution and added to water to

avoid gas handling problems; chlorine dioxide gasd accumulations may spanteously detonate. Chloramine disinfection The use of chloramines in becoming more common as a disinfectants. ALthrough chloramines is not as strong an oxidant. It does provide a longerlasting residual that free chlorine and it wont from THMs or haloacetic acids. It is possible to convert chlorine to chloromine by adding to the water after addition of chlorine. The chlorine and ammonia react to form chloramines. Water distribution systems disinfected with chloramines may experience as ammonia is a nutrient for bacterial growth with nitrates being generated as a by-product.

Pureit water Purification Pureit consists of four parts that purify the water in four stages: a 'microfibre mesh', a 'compact carbon trap', a 'germkill processor' and a 'polisher', as branded by Hindustan Unilever. For the Pureit Marvella model, the microfibre mesh has been rebranded as a 'pleated filter', while the compact carbon trap has been rebranded as an 'activated carbon filter', along with a prefix of 'unique'. The microfibre mesh functions as a sieve, filtering out visible dirt. The carbon trap removesparasites and pesticides. The processor is a tablet consisting of chlorine. This stage removes bacteria and viruses. The polisher improves taste and clarity of water and removes the residual form of chlorine from the water. These four parts are collectively branded the germkill kit or the battery. This battery needs continual replacing, as indicated by a germkill battery indicator visible on the front of the device. Pureit also features an 'auto switch off' mechanism whereby the filter prevents the flow of water following the consumption of the germkill kit. This kit itself comes in various models. The model of the germkill kit determines how much water it can purify before the kit

needs replacing. There are currently four germkill kits available, ranging from 2250 litres for Rs. 550 to a 1500 litre kit available for Rs. 400.[2] The germkill kit is designed to work at 25 C in moderately humid conditions. The volume specified by the germkill battery assumes these conditions. The germkill kit has an expiry date of three years from the date of packaging.

PUREIT WATER

Models Pureit is available in six models: Classic, Compact, Autofill, Intella, Marvella and Marvella RO. Pureit Classic is the base model, and the first model introduced. It is available for Rs. 2200. It has a capacity of 9 litres in the top chamber, and another 9 litres in the bottom, transparent chamber.Total volume of this purifier is 23 litres. Pureit Autofill is identical to Pureit Classic, but has the ability to refill itself automatically if connected to a water supply using what is branded as a 'hydrosensor'. Pureit Autofill is available for Rs. 3200.

Pureit Compact is available for Rs. 1000. It has a capacity of 10 litres: 5 in the top chamber, and a further 5 litres in the bottom. These three models are available in a choice of two colours, branded by Hindustan Unilever as burgundy and royal blue. Pureit Marvella has been branded as 'India's first fully automatic water purifier'.[3] Pureit Marvella is capable of automatically filling itself. Marvella also has an 'Insta-serve' jug: a jug that can be plugged into the purifier, and automatically filled. Pureit Marvella also has a capacity of 4.5 litres. It is available for Rs. 6900. All six Pureit models claim to provide water that meets the germkill criteria of E.P.A. in regards to bacteria, viruses and pesticides without the use of electricity.

Whirlpool Of India Ltd

Whirlpool of India Ltd. is a manufacturer of home appliances. The Company is primarily engaged in the manufacture and trading of refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, microwave ovens and small appliances, and caters to both domestic and international markets. It also provides services in the area of product development, information technology and procurement to Whirlpool Corporation, United States and other group companies. The Companys product portfolio includes foodstream solutions, fabric care, air treatment, food preparation, water purification and home uninterruptible power supply (UPS).

Philips Water Purifier Price list in India Water Filter

Philips Water Purifier Price list in India Philips WP3890 Water Purifier Rs.6,900 Philips WP3891 Water Purifier Rs.8,000 Philips WP3892 Water Purifier Rs.8,500 Philips WP3893 Water Purifier Rs.10,100

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