Sir Patrick Allen (right) and Tamara Waul-Douglas, manager, Business Priority Unit at PanCaribbean Bank, listen keenly

to first-form student Kimani Lindo as he describes some of the components to his robot at the Pan Caribbean Bank-sponsored Lego Yuh Mind robotic workshop day, held at Kingston College on Friday, May 4. Lego Yuh Mind is a part of the Halls of Learning programme dedicated to stimulating learning through the innovative use of technology.
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 22-28, 2012 15

This is it...
Contributor

yl:geography

yl:chemistry

Revision
Contributor

FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL
ATTEMPT THE following questions as part of your revision programme. 1. How many electrons, protons and neutrons are present in one atom of the chlorine isotope 37Cl? b) When concentrated aqueous sodium chloride is electrolysed using graphite electrodes, hydrogen is collected at the cathode and chlorine at the anode. i) Give the equations for the electrode reactions by which hydrogen and chlorine are formed. ii) Name the product other than hydrogen and chlorine which is manufactured by the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride. Give a major use of this product. iii) Why is concentrated hydrochloric acid not electrolysed for the manufacture of chlorine? c) Household bleaches containing sodium chlorate (I), NaOCl can be made by reacting chlorine with sodium hydroxide. 2NaOH + Cl2 ===== NaCl + NaOCl + H2O Explain why this is a redox reaction. ii) Give three uses of chlorine. 2. To investigate the reaction of metals and metallic oxides, a mixture of the two were heated in a crucible using a magnesium fuse. The results are given in the table. Y shows that a reaction took place and N - no reaction.

MARJORIE HENRY

N THE previous lesson I started to discuss Paper 01, the multiple-choice paper. I also started to share with you on the structure of the multiple-choice item by highlighting the stem, which is the opening statement or question; the options, which are the alternatives or a set of suggested answers feature the key or one correct answer and three incorrect options known as distractors. In the last lesson, I had also given examples of how the stem can be presented, namely, as a statement and as a question. Below is another way that the multiple-choice item can be presented. It consists of several statements, a question related to the statements, followed by the options. I. It has trading agreements with the USA and Europe. II. It is close to the USA market. III. It has more expensive electricity and rentals than Mexico. IV. It is part of the NAFTA. Why is Jamaica a good location for international garment factories? A) I and II B) II and III C) III and IV D) I and IV There are four statements numbered I to IV. You are to read them through carefully and select those that are correct in answering the question given. The statements are grouped in the options so you must select the right one for the answer to the question. This item is an example of a multiple-completion type and is testing your use of knowledge. When I discussed practical skills earlier in the series of lessons, I had informed you that these are also tested on Paper 01. You can, therefore, expect a map extract from which you are tested on such skills as grid references, compass bearings, compass direction, gradients, measurement of distances and land use. You can also be given different graphs to deduce certain information as well as photographs and sketches to identify features. Be prepared for all of these and more. Many students find multiple-choice items to be difficult because they lack preparation. They have not read their textbooks and other resource materials in order to acquire the necessary information which would allow them to zero in on the KEY - the correct option. May I encourage you to work quickly and accurately in this paper. Remember that you have 60 items to answer in one and a half hours and all questions must be attempted. The key to success in obtaining the highest grade on Paper 01 is to pay attention to details. You will write your geography examinations soon. I wish for you the highest and the best results. Follow the guidelines your teacher has given you and those I have shared with you throughout the series. Continue to prepare well for the examinations for, by so doing, you will reduce fear and anxiety and you can approach the test with confidence and in a relaxed mood. Remain focused at all times.

i) Place the four metals in order of decreasing reactivity. ii) Construct the equation for the reaction between calcium and iron III oxide. b) Describe how the action of heat on the carbonate of a metal depends on the position of the metal in the reactivity series. c) Transition metals and their compounds can be used as catalysts. i) What is meant by a catalyst? ii) Give an example of a reaction which uses a catalyst. d) Describe the bonding in metals. How does this bonding explain the ability of metals to conduct an electric current? 3. Cerussite is an ore containing lead as lead II carbonate, PbCO3. The percentage of lead in the ore was measured as follows. A weighed sample of the ore was crushed and then dissolved in dilute nitric acid. An excess of aqueous potassium iodide was added to the solution obtained from the reaction with nitric acid and the precipitate of lead II iodide collected, washed and dried. i) Explain why the ore was crushed before adding the nitric acid. ii) Name the gas evolved as the cerussite reacts with nitric acid and give a test for this gas. iii) State what you would see and give the ionic equation for the reaction between the solution and potassium iodide. The lead II iodide, PbI2 was weighed. Mass of ore sample = 6.60g Mass of lead II iodide = 1.47g i) Calculate the relative molecular mass Mr of lead II iodide, PbI2 ii) Calculate the mass of lead in 1.47g of lead II iodide iii) Calculate the percentage by mass of lead in the ore. 4. Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to produce hydrogen chloride. This reaction is exothermic. During the reaction covalent bonds are broken and new covalent bonds are formed. H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ==== 2HCl (g) H = - 184kJ/mol a) What type of energy change occurs when i) bonds are broken ii) bonds are formed b) Which is the larger of the energy changes taking place in the reaction, bond breaking or bond forming? Explain your answer. c) When one mole of chlorine reacts the energy change, H is - 184kJ. Calculate the energy change when 14.2g of chlorine reacts completely with hydrogen.
Francine Taylor-Campbell teaches at Jamaica College. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

Thirteen of the 16 finalists in this years Miss Teen Jamaica Contest were thrilled to be photographed with the Mayor of Kingston and Saint Andrew, Senator Angela Brown-Burke (centre) and Deputy Mayor Councillor Andrew Swaby during a courtesy call paid by the contestants on Tuesday, May 8. Contestants from left are Darieux Kelly Miss Beauty Warehouse;Tia Maragh Miss Alrem Services; Renna Davis Miss Emes Enterprise (May Pen); Raven-Symone Lindsay Miss Dark & Lovely; Tyijah Dillon Miss Konnexx Servies; Shai-Ann Thompson Miss Clean & Clear; Cassandra Nemhard Miss Delapenhas Funeral Home Parlour (Browns Town);Alecia Green Miss Optical Solutions; Lindsay Walker Miss Synergy Engineering; Janielle Lyn Miss Value Spares; Fiona Nembhard Miss jSin Promotions;Taneka Smith Miss She Has It and Jody-Ann Henry Miss Listerine.The contestants, who were warmly received, were treated to refreshments and gifts from the mayor and also witnessed the swearing in of Jamaica Labour Party councillors.

study tips

EVERYONE IS different. Different methods work for different people; the following are only suggestions on improving upon your current studying techniques.  Don't try to do all your studying the night before the test. Instead space out your studying, review class materials at least several times a week, focusing on one topic at a time.  Have all of your study material in front of

you: lecture notes, course textbooks, study guides and any other relevant material.  Find a comfortable and quiet place to study with good lighting and little distractions (try avoiding your own bed; it is very tempting to just lie down and take a nap).  Start out by studying the most important information first.  Learn the general concepts first, don't worry about learning the details until you have learned the main ideas.  Take notes and write down a summary of the important ideas as you read through your study material.  Take short breaks. Your memory retains the information that you study at the beginning and the end better than what you study in the middle.
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 22-28, 2012

 Make sure that you understand the material well, don't just read through the material and try to memorise everything. Test yourself or have someone test you on the material to find out what your weak and strong areas are. You can use the review questions and practice tests that the teacher may give out or other pertinent materials.  Listening to relaxing music such as classical or jazz on a low volume can relieve some of the boredom of studying.  Don't study later than the time you usually go to sleep, you may fall asleep or be tempted to go to sleep, instead try studying in the afternoon or early evening. If you are a morning person, try studying in the morning. Source: www.testtakingtips.com

Marjorie Henry is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

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Tips on answering your essay questions

Contributor

yl:social studies

MAUREEN CAMPBELL

level of the females in a country will cut down on the high birthrate. State: Write out in the form of a sentence the information for which you are asked. Example: State two factors that may contribute to a decrease in the birth rate in a country. Answer: Two factors which may contribute to the decrease in the birthrate in a country are the number of females within childbearing age and the culture of the population regarding family size. List: Write down without making a sentence, putting the items one after the other. Example: List three types of families found in the Caribbean. Answer: Three types of families found in the Caribbean: nuclear; single-parent; extended. Name: Write down carefully the item asked for; make sure you use a complete sentence to make your meaning clear. Example: Name two types of family unions found in the Caribbean. Answer: Two types of unions found in the Caribbean are the visiting union, where one spouse lives by him/herself and the other spouse visits occasionally, and the common-law union, where both spouses decide to live together without being legally married. Suggest: Identify relating circumstances, shortcomings, weaknesses, disadvantages, as well as strengths, advantages, benefits and other elements pertaining to a topic.

HEN WRITING your social studies essays you need to take note of certain key terms that are always used. Below is a list of these terms that are commonly used to test your writing skills. Study them carefully and see what you are being asked to do so that you will be able to earn the best marks possible and the marks that you deserve. Identify: Write your information in such a way that you will enable someone who is ignorant of the topic/information to recognise the person, place or thing. Example: Identify one problem that most cities face in disposing solid waste. Answer: The disposal of solid waste is one of the major problems facing cities due to the high population density to be found in cities. One such problem arises because the city becomes overpopulated when people from the rural areas come to the city in large numbers in search of opportunities and the existing infrastructure is unable to maintain these extra persons; there are not enough waste disposal sites, therefore, citizens who have no civic pride dispose of their waste anywhere. Outline: Write in a complete sentence which clearly sets out the main points. Example: Outline one aim that parents have for socialising their children. Answer: Parents socialise their children so they will be exposed to the different norms and values of society so they can fit in without major issues occurring. Define: Write out in a complete sentence the exact meaning of the word /phrase. Example: Define the term brain drain. Answer: Brain drain is also known as The human capital flight. It can be simply defined as the mass emigration of technically skilled people from one country to another country. Explain: Write as fully as you can about the subject as if addressing someone who knows nothing about it. Example: Explain why you believe this action is likely to be successful in reducing pregnancy (educating females). Answer: This action is likely to be successful because if the females in the population are educated, there is strong possibility that they will support the use of contraceptives and this will prevent them from becoming victims of unwanted or accidental pregnancies. In this way the educational

response to the same question. No change has been made to the answers. Please look at them carefully and note the shortcomings.

QUESTION
a. Define the term population density. b. Identify two conditions in your country which would contribute to high population density. c. Outline two reasons some persons prefer to live in urban areas. d. Suggest to the government in your country three strategies that may be implemented to get citizens to populate low-density areas. e. Explain why each strategy you suggest will be effective.

 Infrastructures, - persons would prefer good housing, roads and light for having a good living and ability of basic needs.  Mineral resources - farmers will prefer this, because they will occupied by this ability of mineral resources.

ANSWER # 2
a. Population density is the average number of persons living on every square kilometre of a country. b. Two conditions which will contribute greatly to population density are job opportunities and good infrastructure. c. Persons prefer to live in urban areas because of job opportunities in the urban areas. There also tends to be better living conditions in the urban areas. Educational opportunities for individuals seem to be more pronounced at all levels and offers more institutional choices for individuals. d. Three strategies that may be implemented to get citizens to populate low density areas are to get better housing conditions, with flush toilets and running water in those areas. There is also the need to build more schools for all academic levels especially tertiary so they will stay in the area. Create more job opportunities so individuals will not leave and others will want to move there. e. If there are more schools in the less populated areas parents would want to move into this area and make use of these educational opportunities for their children. If there are better housing conditions persons will move here so they can live comfortably. If there are more job opportunities in this area unemployed citizens would move here with the aim to get a job. Read, criticise and add your point of view/answers. Please remember to write complete sentences, explain fully, write as if you are writing for someone who knows nothing about the subject, and be fluent. Remember, you have two hours to write the answer to five questions and ten minutes to read the questions and decide what you plan to do.

ANSWER # 1
a. The average number of persons living a unit area of land on a country. b. Two conditions which contribute is:  Soil  Industrial structure c. Reasons because there are more jobs opportunity available on those urban areas, where shops willing to accept person to employ persons and also there are also infrastructure available like houses. d. Three strategies are:  Job opportunity  Infrastructures  Mineral resources e. Job opportunity - this may help, because there are most unemployed persons in area so having jobs may be concerning.

SAMPLE ESSAYS
These are actual samples of students work in

Tania Christie (centre), marketing manager, Grace Foods and Services, make a point to Glen Mills (right), coach of Racers Track Club, and Yohan Blake at a recent Nutrition Boot Camp hosted by Grace Foods for athletes from Racers Track Club and the University of the West Indies. Christie presented Racers Track Club with $1.2 million in cash and products to prepare athletes for the upcoming Olympics.
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | MAY 22-28, 2012

Study, study, believe in yourself and you will do well.

Maureen Campbell teaches at St Hughs High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

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