Preliminary Chemistry Metals Dot Point Summary

8.3 Metals
1) Outline and examine some uses of different metals through history, including contemporary uses, as uncombined metals or as alloys. Age Dates Name of Uses of metal Properties of Metal Metal Coppe 5000Copper Ornaments Easy to work r Age 3000BC Tools Good conductor of electricity Weapons Nice and shiny Cooking implements Corrosion resistant Electrical Wires Water pipes Bronz 3000Bronze Cutting tools Lower melting point yet e Age 1000BC an alloy of harder than Copper shields & copper armour quite malleable and ductile statues church bells bearings Iron From Iron Weapons and Very malleable and Age 1000BC tools ductile Magnetic reasonably hard application abundant in the crust Converted into quite heavy carbon steels very magnetic (iron-carbon alloys) used in building construction framework cars machinery household appliances

1. Metals have been extracted and used for many thousands of years.

Preliminary Chemistry Metals Dot Point Summary Moder Present n Era day o Alumini um o Titaniu m o Gold - Aluminium: saucepans, drink cans, cooking foil - Titanium: alloys used in spacecrafts and aircrafts - Gold: jewellery, electrical connections - Aluminium:
Low density high thermal conductivity very high corrosion resistance very malleable and ductile Quite strong Quite malleable/ductile Very malleable/ductile Good electrical conductor Shiny and lustrous Corrosion resistant

- Titanium:

- Gold:

2) Describe the use of common alloys including steel, brass and solder and explain how these relate to their properties. Alloy Composition Properties Use(s) Steel 99.8% Fe, 0.2% C Hard but easily Nails worked Cables & chains Brass 65% Cu, 35% Zn & lustrous gold Plumbing fittings, small amounts of appearance, musical instruments, other elements eg. hard but easily decorations. Pb, Sn & Al machined, polishes well Solder 33% Sn, 67% Pb Low melting Joining metals together point (plumbing and Adheres firmly electrical) to other metals when molten Stainles 74% Fe, 18% Cr, Resists Sinks, cutlery s steel 8% Ni corrosion 3) Explain why energy input is necessary ti extract a metal from its ore
1. 2. 3. 4. Energy required to: Mine the ore Purify/concentrate the ore Maintain the high temperatures needed to make the reactions go Purify the raw metal/form it into useful alloys

Energy required for production of 1kg of metal: Metal Ores Aluminium 200MJ Copper 70MJ Steel (mild) 40MJ

Recycling 7MJ 4MJ 8MJ

4) Identify why there are more metals available for people to use now than there were 200 years ago.
- How early/late in history a metal was extracted depends on reactivity (hence ease of extraction from ore) and its ability to be found uncombined - As technology becomes more sophisticated, more metals are discovered and extracted

Preliminary Chemistry Metals Dot Point Summary

- Improved technology = ability top extract more reactive metals (e.g. Al and NA only discovered with invention of electrolysis)

2. Metals differ in their reactivity with other chemicals and this 5) Describe observable changes when metals react with dilute acid, water and oxygen. Dilute acid:
Metal + acid salt + hydrogen Zn(s) + 2HCL(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) Bubbles evolve, heat released. All react except Cu, Ag, Au & Pt (Sn and Pb react slowly unless acid is heated). Water: Active metal + water hydrogen + base 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) H2(g) + 2NaOH (aq) Sn, Pb, Cu, Au, Pt do not react. Oxygen: Metal + oxygen metal oxide 2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s) Crystalline solid forms, can adhere tightly impeding further reactions, glow/flare. All except Au/Pt react. Also, generally: Metals that react vigorously with dilute acid also react vigorously with water and oxygen (active metals) e.g. sodium o Metals that react less vigorously with dilute acid also react less vigorously with water and oxygen (less active metals) e.g. zinc o Metals that dont react with dilute acid also dont react with water or oxygen (inactive metals) e.g. gold - In all reactions atoms of the metal lose electrons to become positive ions (ionisation) When metals undergo ionisation, it is called oxidation REDOX: - Oxidation comes first, is about the element other than acid, water or O2. - Reduction is when electron is gained, is about acid, water or O2. - Eg, Mg(s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 + H2 In this, o Mg is ionised in product while Cl was an ion and remains so (ie, doesnt change) o Hydrogen was an ion but turns into atom in product. o Therefore, change only in Mg and H (others are spectator ions) - Half-Equation: Mg (s) Mg2+(aq) + 2e- (Oxidisation) 2H+ + 2e- H2 (Reduction) Therefore, transfer of electrons from Mg to H2 - Therefore, Net Ionic Equation is, Mg (s) + 2H+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + H2 (g)

influences their uses.

6) Describe and justify the criteria used to place metals into an order of activity based on their ease of reaction with oxygen, water and dilute acids.

Preliminary Chemistry Metals Dot Point Summary

-The more reactive the metal, the more vigorously it reacts with water, dilute acid and oxygen - More reactive metals lose electrons more easily From reaction with oxygen: {Na, K, Ca} > {Mg, Al, Fe, Zn} > {Sn, Pb, Cu} > {Au, Ag, Pt} From reaction with water: {Na, K, Ca} > {Mg, Al, Fe, Zn} > {Sn, Pb, Cu, Au, Ag, Pt} From reaction with dilute acid: {Mg, Al, Fe, Zn} > {Sn, Pb} > {Cu, Au, Ag, Pt} METAL ACTIVIY SERIES: - As we go down list, ease of losing electrons decreases, ease of oxidation decreases, reactivity decreases, and ease of reduction increases - List order determined by displacement reactions + reactions with oxygen, water and acid RULE: A more reactive solid metal will displace a less reactive metal in a solution e.g. Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + Cu(s) - Copper will appear around reaction site (magnesium = reaction site) - If copper put into MgSO4, opposite will not happen, as copper is less reactive Reacts with: METAL ACTIVITY SERIES
Most reactive

Potassium

Sodium Lithium Barium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Tin Lead Copper Silver Platinum Least reactive Gold - More active metals more recently discovered as their compounds are stable and the metals are harder to extract (electrolysis- a relatively new discoveryused to extract theses metals) - Least active metals (e.g. gold) occur free in nature, and their compounds are unstable - Order of metals discovered and extracted is around the same as least to most active in series N.B. more reactive metals have more stable salts, less reactive metals have less stable salts Salts are a combined form of the metal, in less reactive metals they wont exist for long breaks down to form pure metal

7) Identify the reaction of metals with acids as requiring the transfer of electrons.
- Acids: substances which in solution produce hydrogen ions - The hydrogen ion in acid reacts with the metal (metal lose electrons to become positive, hydrogen gains electrons to become negative) REDOX REACTIONS (reduction oxidation) - Redox reactions involve transfer of electrons from one species to another. - Reduction & oxidation occur simultaneously in complete chemical reactions, as there can be no overall gain/loss of electrons

Preliminary Chemistry Metals Dot Point Summary

- Oxidation is losing electrons (becomes positive), reduction is gaining electrons (becomes negative) O.I.L R.I.G o Loss of hydrogen (oxidation), gain of hydrogen (reduction) o Gain of oxygen (oxidation), loss of oxygen (reduction) - Oxidation agent (oxidant) causes oxidation of another species - Reduction agent (reductant) causes reduction of another species Metals are always reductants, oxygen/hydrogen is always oxidant

8) Outline examples of the selection of metals for different purposes based on their reactivity, with a particular emphasis on current developments in the use of metals.
- As we go down the activity series, metal ions become easier to reduce to metal atoms (to turn ions back to atoms, electrons must be added) - Therefore the further down the activity series the metal is, the easier it is to extract Some situations where choice of metal is based on reactivity: Roof guttering for houses non-reactive but expensive aluminium or cheaper galvanised iron (eventually corrodes)? Water pipes expensive but non-reactive copper or cheaper corrodible iron? Electrical equipment cheap copper (forms oxide coating) or expensive gold (does not react) Body implants Expensive extremely inert titanium alloys or less expensive, but over the long term corrosion-susceptible stainless steel?

9) Outline the relationship between the relative activities of metals and their positions on the Periodic Table

- Metals generally decrease in reactivity going across from left to right of the periodic table. - Metals generally increase in reactivity going down the periodic table - Left-right rule is more dominant than up-down rule (e.g. Na more reactive than Mg, even though they are in the same row, but different columns) - No trends/patterns for reactivity of transitional metals hence the rule is only GENERAL - Hence most reactive metals are located on the bottom left hand side, least reactive top right (excluding noble gases)

More reactive

10) Identify the importance of first ionisation energy in determining the relative reactivity of metals
First ionisation energy the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom of the element. The lower the ionisation energy, the easier it is to remove an electron the more reactive it is. Reactivity of metals increases as their ionisation energy decreases Metals with high ionisation energies are less reactive, and vice versa
Ionisation Energy
Increase

More reactive-

Decrease

Reactivity

Increase

Decrease

Preliminary Chemistry Metals Dot Point Summary Elements with low ionisation energies readily form positive ions, hence these elements form ionic compounds (e.g. Na, Ca, Al)

11) Identify an appropriate model that has been developed to describe atomic structure.

3. As metals and other elements were discovered, scientists recognised that patterns in their physical and chemical properties could be used to organise the elements into a Periodic Table.
- The periodic table shows electron, proton and neutron numbers, atomic mass, as well as other trends such as relative reactivity and ionization energies - This atom model shows atomic structure:

+ + + + + -

12) Outline the history of the development of the Periodic Table including its origins, the original data used to construct it and the predictions made after its construction. Dobereiner (1829) Drew attention to triads which had very similar properties (Li, Na, K), (Ca, Sr, Ba). Newlands (1864) Law of octaves: When elements arrange in order of increasing atomic weight, the eighth element starting from a given one is a kind of repetition of the first like the eighth note in an octave of music. Mendeleev (1869) Produced table of elements arranging elements in order of increasing atomic weight, and placed elements with similar properties under one another to obtain a table which illustrated what they called the periodic law: Properties of the elements vary periodically with their atomic weights. Mendeleev recognised that there were probably elements in existence that had not been discovered at the time. He left gaps in his table for these elements and predicted their properties. Moseley (1914) Determined atomic number of elements and arranged periodic table by atomic number. Put forward modified periodic law: Properties of the elements vary periodically with their atomic numbers. 13) Explain the relationship between the position of the elements in the Periodic Table, and : Electrical conductivity Decrease Increase Ionisation energy Increase Decrease Atomic radius
- Atomic radius is size of the atom, half the diameter of the atom (measured in nanometers)

Decrease Increase Melting point

Preliminary Chemistry Metals Dot Point Summary solid changes to a liquid or liquid to gas

Metals

Cov. net

Gase s

Boiling point

SAME AS MELTING POINT - Valency equals group number (except transitional metals), so its constant for a group - Valency increases across a period (note some elements have variable valencies) - Numerical measure of the ability of an atom of an element to attract bonding electrons towards itself when forming compounds

Combining power (valency) Electronegativity

Increase
Metals

Decrease

Reactivity

Decrease Increase

Non-metals (exceptions)

Increase Decrease

4. For efficient resource use, industrial chemical reactions must use measured amounts of each reactant
14) Define the mole as the number of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12 (Avogadros number).
A mole of a substance is that quantity which contains as many elementary units (e.g. atoms, ions or molecules) as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. o 1 mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 1023 particles o 1 mole of any element equals its atomic mass o 1 mole of any compound equals the sum of its elements atomic masses for each atom of the element (called formula mass) o Therefore: a mole is simply the atomic or formula mass in grams Grams (g) Molar mass: mass of 1 mole of the substance (either an element or compound) E.g. 1 mole of hydrogen atoms = 1g 1 mole of hydrogen gas (hydrogen molecules) = 2g (H2 has two moles) 1 mole of carbon dioxide gas = 12.01 + (2 x 16) = 44.01g
x formula mass formula mass

To convert mass to moles:

volume(L) n is number of moles no. m x Avogadros Where: n= Concentration Moles M(mol/L) m is mass of the substance x volume(L) M is mass of one mole ofthe substance Avogadros no. Number of particles

e.g. how many moles are in 0.35g of magnesium? n= 0.35/24.31 = 0.0144 moles x 24.79 24.79 The Mole Calculator:
Volume of gas (L) at 25oC and 101.3kPa (standard lab conditions)

Works with GASES ONLY

Preliminary Chemistry Metals Dot Point Summary

Avogadro constant (NA) is number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. NA= 6.02 x 1023 particles per mole Avogadros constant is the number of atoms or molecules in a mole of any substance To calculate percent composition: %A =
Mass of A in one mole of the compound Mass of one mole of the compound X 100

For compound with formula AwByCz %A =

W x (atomic mass of A) Formula mass of AwByCz X 100

- Percent composition tells us the ration of elements present in a compound Used to determine yield in mining To calculate formula from experimental data: Problem: When 5.12g of lithium metal was reacted with excess oxygen, it was completely converted to 11.05g of lithium oxide. Determine the compounds formula. Solution Oxygen used: 11.05 5.12 = 5.93g Moles of oxygen: 5.93 16 = 0.37 moles of oxygen Moles of lithium: 5.12 6.9 = 0.74 0.74 moles of lithium combines with 0.37 moles of oxygen Divide by the smallest number to get whole numbers: 0.74 0.37 with 0.37 0.37 2 moles with 1 mole Therefore the formula of the compound is Li2O The Mole and Chemical Equations: Coefficients of a chemical equation determine mole ratios of the products and reactants

Preliminary Chemistry Metals Dot Point Summary

- Allows us to calculate masses of reactants and products e.g. 2H2 + O2 2H2O Coefficients are 2 : 1 2 So 2 hydrogen molecules reacts with 1 oxygen molecule to produce 2 water molecules So 2 moles of hydrogen react with 1 mole of oxygen to produce 2 moles of water Mass Calculations from Chemical Equations: - Chemical equations can be used to: 1) Calculate mass of reactants needed to react completely with a given mass of a reactant OR 2) Mass of a product formed from a given mass of a reactant - Called mass-mass calculations To calculate mass-mass calculations:

1) Write a balanced chemical equation 2) Calculate the number of moles of the given substance (where mass has been given) Divide given mass by formula mass 3) Use the equation to find ratio for the required substance : given substance This is equal to the ratio of the coefficients in the equation written in step 1 (write as fraction) 4) Use ratio to calculate no. moles of required substance (ratio x no. moles given substance) 5) Calculate mass of required substance Mass = number of moles x mass of one mole

15) Compare mass changes in samples of metals when they combine with oxygen.
E.g. 1) 5.00g of aluminium is combusted to form aluminium oxide, the percentage increase of mass was 89%. Calculate the mass of oxygen reacted. 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s) Moles aluminium = 5.00/26.98 = 0.185 Moles oxygen = 0.185 x = 0.319 Mass oxygen = 0.319 x 32 = 4.45g 2) Calculate empirical formula of aluminium oxide. Al O 5.00/26.98 4.45/16 = 0.185 = 0.278 (x 0.185) (x 0.185) Ratio =1 : 1.50 (x 2) (x 2) =2 : 3 Empirical formula = Al2O3 3) Experiment 10 Determining empirical formula of magnesium oxide.

16) Describe the contribution of Gay-Lussac to the understanding of gaseous reactions and apply this to an understanding of the mole concept.

Gay-Lussac formed law of combining volumes in 1808: When measured at constant temperature and pressure, the volumes of gases taking part in a chemical reaction show simple whole number ratios to one another.

Preliminary Chemistry Metals Dot Point Summary

E.g. One volume of hydrogen + one volume of chlorine 2 volumes of hydrogen chloride. Initiated concept of the mole

17) Recount Avogadros law and its importance in developing the mole concept.
Avogadros law: When measured at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules. All gases: 1 mole at 100kPa + OoC 22.41 L 1 mole at 100kPa + 25oC 24.47 L From Avogadros hypothesis; one molecule of hydrogen combines with one molecule of chlorine to form two molecules two molecules of hydrogen chloride. Therefore a molecule of hydrogen must contain at least two atoms of hydrogen as well as chlorine. Likewise, two molecules of hydrogen combine with one molecule of oxygen to form two molecules of gaseous water. Because one molecule of oxygen contributes to two molecules of water, it must contain at least two atoms of oxygen. Two molecules of hydrogen (which cannot be monatomic as seen above) reacting with one molecule of oxygen meant that water could not be HO, and so was most likely H2O. No reactions could be found that required hydrogen, oxygen or chlorine to split into more than two atoms so it was therefore concluded that they are all diatomic, and water was therefore H2O. These hypotheses allowed chemists to use results from quantitative analysis to determine formulae for compounds and hence relative atomic mass of elements. Because the existence of formula and atomic weights, and hence the ability to write chemical equations are essential for talking about the mole, their work can be said to be critical in the development of the mole concept.

18) Distinguish between empirical formulae and molecular formulae.

Empirical formula: the ratio in which the atoms are present in the compound. Molecular formula: shows how many of each type of atom are present in a molecule of the compound. Calculating Empirical Formulas (similar to calculating formula from experimental data): 1. Write down masses of all elements present in a given sample of the compound Call percentages masses in 100g of the compound 2. Convert masses to moles by dividing by atomic mass 3. Divide through by the smallest number of moles to get simple ratio 4. If numbers arent whole numbers, multiply throughout by a suitable factor 5. Round off numbers in steps 3 or 4 to get whole numbers & use these to write the formula

5. The relative abundance and ease of extraction of metals influences their value and breadth of use in the community.

19) Define the terms mineral and ore with reference to economic and non-economic deposits of natural resources.
- Mineral: a natural substance occurring in the Earths crust, which is a compound (hence pure) with a definite composition and crystalline structure e.g. Al2O3. Minerals

Preliminary Chemistry Metals Dot Point Summary

may or may not be ores; depending on how economic it is to extract a substance from them. - Ore: a compound or mixture of compounds (or minerals) from which it is economic to extract a substance such as a metal e.g. bauxite (contains mineral Al2O3)

20) Describe the relationship between the commercial prices of common metals and their actual abundances and relative costs of production. (NOT DONE YET)
Factors affecting price of metals: o Abundance and location of ores (less abundant ores attract higher royalties, hence more expensive) o Cost of extracting metal from ore (more reactive metals cost more to extract) o Cost of transporting metal/ores to required location (rarity influences this) - Greater demand, less abundance and/or expensive production costs = more expensive to buy

21) Explain why ores are non-renewable resources.

- Ores unrenewable as they were formed when the earth was formed, and theres no way of forming any more. They are part of the earth, and we cannot produce more earth - While we are unlikely to use up all sources of metal ores in the short term, we should still use them as sparingly as possible so as to make them last for as long as possible.

22) Describe the separation processes, chemical reactions and energy considerations involved in the extraction of copper from one of its ores. (NOT DONE YET) 23) Recount the steps taken to recycle aluminium. (NOT DONE YET) Alumina recovered from recycling and sorted into its alloy type Sent to a smelter where it is melted in specially designed furnaces Molten aluminium then analysed and composition adjusted Cast into ingots and sent to manufacturers for use