ART 2.

0
Seismic Analysis and Research Tool

User guide
Part No. MAN-SWA-0005

Designed and manufactured by Gralp Systems Limited 3 Midas House, Calleva Park Aldermaston RG7 8EA England
Proprietary Notice: The information in this manual is proprietary to Gralp Systems Limited and may not be copied or distributed outside the approved recipient's organisation without the approval of Gralp Systems Limited. Gralp Systems Limited shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions made herein, nor for incidental or consequential damages resulting from the furnishing, performance, or usage of this material.

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Table of Contents
1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Installing ART..................................................................................................... 4 2 Using ART.................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Setting up sensor information............................................................................ 5 2.2 Importing data from Scream!............................................................................. 9 2.3 Running ART as an independent program........................................................ 9 3 The main window................................................................................................... 12 3.1 Importing files.................................................................................................. 13 3.2 Program options................................................................................................ 14 3.3 Filtering data..................................................................................................... 19 3.4 Exporting data................................................................................................... 19 3.5 Viewing analysis plots...................................................................................... 21 4 Output types............................................................................................................ 23 4.1 Strong motion parameters................................................................................ 23 4.2 Time histories................................................................................................... 26 4.3 Elastic response spectra.................................................................................... 26 4.4 Fourier amplitude spectrum............................................................................. 28 4.5 Husid (Arias intensity) plots............................................................................ 29 4.6 Energy density plots......................................................................................... 30 4.7 Particle motion plots (hodograms)................................................................... 32 5 References................................................................................................................ 34 6 Changes from ART 1............................................................................................... 35 7 Revision history...................................................................................................... 37

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1 Introduction
ART, Gralp Systems' strong motion analysis and research tool, is a Windows program for processing and analyzing strong motion records from Gralp Systems' CMG 5-series instruments. Using ART, you can

automatically correct recorded time histories for instrument response, and plot corrected acceleration, velocity and displacement graphs; filter data with configurable low-pass and high-pass filters, and plot the filtered time histories; export time histories and spectra in a number of currently-used strong-motion record formats, including ISESD, SMC, CSMIP, KNet, PEER and SAC; calculate and plot Fourier amplitude spectra of time histories, and compare them with the pre-event portions of the records; calculate and plot Arias intensity and energy density; calculate and plot response spectra on both linear and tripartite graphs; calculate response and acceleration spectral intensity with userdefined limits; calculate RMS acceleration and cumulative absolute velocity; calculate absolute and relative bracketed, significant and uniform strong-motion durations using user-defined limits; and plot particle motions in 2 or 3 dimensions.

ART works closely with Scream! to make analysing seismic data easy. Scream!'s visualization and filtering capabilities allow you to view time series and quickly identify events. Records can then be imported into ART with a simple selection operation. ART 2.0 is supplied in the standard distribution of Scream! versions 4.3 and later. It is also compatible with older versions of Scream!.

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1.1 Installing ART

ART is included in the standard Scream! distribution for Windows, which is available for free download. ART uses the Matlab runtime library for its mathematical routines. This is supplied as part of the installer and may be freely distributed. To download Scream!, send us an e-mail at scream@guralp.com, including information about your institution and the type(s) of equipment you are using. To install the package, double-click on its icon and follow the instructions in the installer. Choose the Typical installation option to ensure that ART and its supporting libraries are all installed.

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2 Using ART
2.1 Setting up sensor information
Before it can analyse data from your instruments, ART needs to know detailed calibration information for each one. This is provided in a file, calvals.txt, which should be kept in the ART/Scream! program directory. The file is divided into sections, each beginning with a title in square brackets. The title gives the System ID and serial number (as given by the first four characters of the Stream ID) for the digitizer which produces the data stream. For example, to add calibration information for a digitizer with System ID GURALP outputting streams DEMOZ2, DEMON2, DEMOE2, etc., you would add a section beginning with the line
[GURALP-DEMO]

If you move an instrument from one digitizer to another, you will need to update the calvals.txt file to reflect the change.

To set the serial number of the instrument, include the line

Serial-Nos=serial-number

Scream! cannot tell what instrument is connected to the digitizer. This line is provided to help you remember which set of calibration values you have used, and to provide a title for calibration graphs. If you attach a different instrument to the same digitizer, you will need to enter new calibration values to reflect the new instrument.

To set the sensitivity of the digitizer, include the line

VPC=sensitivity

VPC stands for voltage per count, measured in units of V/count. This is sometimes given as V/Bit on the digitizer calibration sheet.

To set the sensitivity of the calibration channel, include the line

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CALVPC=sensitivity

as for the other digitizer channels.

To set the value of the calibration resistor, include the line

CALRES=resistance

Gralp Systems digitizers normally use a 51 k resistor (CALRES=51000).

To set the sensor type, include the line

TYPE=model-number

e.g. 3T, 5T, etc..

To set the response of the sensor, include the line

RESPONSE=response-type unit

The values you can use are given in the table below. Sensor CMG-5T or 5TD, DC 100 Hz response CMG-40T-1 or 6T-1, 1 s 100 Hz response CMG-40T-1 or 6T-1, 2 s 100 Hz response Sensor type code CMG-5_100HZ CMG-40_1HZ_50HZ CMG-40_1S_100HZ CMG-40_2S_100HZ Units (V/A) A V V V V V V V V V V

CMG-40T-1 or 6T-1, 10 s 100 Hz CMG-40_10S_100HZ response CMG-40, 20 s 50 Hz response CMG-40, 30 s 50 Hz response CMG-3T or 3ESP, 30 s 50 Hz response CMG-40, 60 s 50 Hz response CMG-3T or 3ESP, 60 s 50 Hz response CMG-3T or 3ESP, 100 s 50 Hz response CMG-40_20S_50HZ CMG-40_30S_50HZ CMG-3_30S_50HZ CMG-40_60S_50HZ CMG-3_60S_50HZ CMG-3_100S_50HZ

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User guide Sensor CMG-3T or 3ESP, 120 s 50 Hz response CMG-3T, 360 s 50 Hz response CMG-3TB or 3V / 3ESP borehole, 30 s 50 Hz response CMG-3TB or 3V / 3ESP borehole, 100 s 50 Hz response CMG-3TB or 3V / 3ESP borehole, 120 s 50 Hz response CMG-3TB or 3V / 3ESP borehole, 360 s 50 Hz response CMG-3TB or 3V / 3ESP borehole, 360 s 50 Hz response Sensor type code CMG-3_120S_50HZ CMG-3_360S_50HZ CMG-3B_30S_50HZ CMG-3B_100S_50HZ CMG-3B_120S_50HZ CMG-3B_360S_50HZ CMG-3B_360S_100HZ Units (V/A) V V V V V V V

Some English descriptions are also accepted, e.g. 120s velocity, 100Hz acceleration.

To set the sensitivity (or gain) of the sensor components, include the line
G=vertical-sensitivity,N/S-sensitivity,E/W-sensitivity

These values are given on the sensor calibration sheet. For velocity sensors, they are given in units of V m1 s (V/m/s). The gain of an accelerometer is expressed in V m1 s2 (V/m/s2). Because Gralp Systems sensors and digitizers use differential inputs and outputs, the sensitivity is quoted as 2 (singleended sensitivity) on the calibration sheet.

To set the coil constants of the sensor components, include the line
COILCONST=vertical-coil-constant,N/S-coil-constant,E/W-coilconstant

These values are given on the sensor calibration sheet.

To set the local acceleration due to gravity, include the line

GRAVITY=acceleration

You should give this value in m s2, if you know it. If you miss September 2006 7

ART out this line, Scream! will use a standard average g value of 9.80665 m s2. You can create and edit calvals entries for digitizers from inside Scream! by right-clicking on the digitizer's icon in the main window and selecting Calvals....

Examples
The calibration information for a CMG-3T weak-motion velocity sensor might look like the following:
[GURALP-CMG3] Serial-Nos=T3X99 VPC=3.153,3.147,3.159 G=1010,1007,1002 COILCONST=0.02575,0.01778,0.01774 CALVPC=3.161 CALRES=51000 TYPE=CMG-3T RESPONSE=CMG-3_30S_50HZ V GRAVITY=9.80122

CMG-5TD accelerometers use 1 calibration resistors, and their coil constant is set to unity. Older CMG-5TD instruments, based on Mk2 digitizer hardware, do not have calibration input facilities, and thus the CALVPC entry is omitted. For example:
[GURALP-CMG5] Serial-Nos=T5585 VPC=2.013,2.028,2.036 G=0.256,0.255,0.255 COILCONST=1,1,1 CALRES=1 TYPE=CMG-5T

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RESPONSE=CMG-5_100HZ A GRAVITY=9.81089

2.2 Importing data from Scream!

The most common way to get data into ART is to import it directly from Scream!. 1. Open a WaveView window on the event you are interested in. 2. Click on the Pause icon to stop the traces moving.

3. Hold down the SHIFT key, and click and drag across the window to include the region of interest. 4. Release the mouse button, keeping the SHIFT key held down. A menu will appear:

5. Release the SHIFT key and select ART Analysis Package from the menu. The selected streams will be automatically imported into ART.

2.3 Running ART as an independent program

You can also run ART without Scream! running, and import GCF files directly.

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ART When you import data from Scream!, Scream! adds an entry to the system path which ART uses to find the Matlab components. If you want to run ART independently, you must configure the system path yourself. The libraries are contained in a directory matlab_libs\bin\win32 in Scream!'s root directory. Thus, if Scream! is located in C:\Program Files\Guralp Systems\Scream4.3\, you will need to add the entry C:\Program Files\Guralp Systems\matlab_libs\bin\ win32 to your system path. To do this: 1. Open the Windows Control Panel, and select System. (In category view, this is in the category Performance and Maintenance.) Switch to the Advanced tab.

2. Click on the Environment Variables button. In the window that opens, scroll down in the System Variables panel until you see the entry PATH.

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Click on this entry, and then on Edit. 3. A window will appear allowing you to edit the value.

4. Add the matlab_libs\bin\win32 directory to the value. Click OK. 5. Click OK in the Environment Variables window, then OK in the System window. You should now be able to double-click on ART's program icon to run it.

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3 The main window

When you run ART from Scream!, Scream! saves the data you have selected in temporary files which are automatically loaded. If you have run ART independently, it will look for these temporary files, and if it finds them, it will import them immediately. Otherwise, it will open ART's main window and wait for you to import data. When a time-history is loaded into ART, either directly or through Scream!, ART will automatically

correct the data for the response of the instrument; convert the data to acceleration, if required; and apply a low-pass filter, which can be configured in the Options window (see Section 3.2, page 15.)

This process may take a little time to complete. The algorithm used to correct for the instrument response is the same as that used in BAP v1.0 (Converse & Brady, 1992), using a transfer function derived from the calibration information you have supplied for the instrument (see Section 2.1, page 5.) If the program cannot find response information for a stream, it will produce an error. The ART main window has three sections:

On the left side is the PROCESS menu, which allows you to import and export files, set options, and apply filters. In the centre is the list of streams you are currently working on. If you 12 Issue B

User guide have opened data directly from Scream!, the System and Stream IDs of the data streams are shown; otherwise, the name of each file is displayed. Files are listed in the order you imported them into ART. To select several streams at once, hold down the CTRL key and click on each stream, or hold down the SHIFT key and drag across several adjacent streams. You may select up to three streams simultaneously. On the right side is the VIEW menu, which performs the actual analysis and plots graphs of various kinds. If you have started ART as a stand-alone program, only Import data and Options will be available. The other options will become active when you have imported some data.

3.1 Importing files

To import data from a GCF file, click on Import Data. A window will appear allowing you to select the file you want to import. Clicking OK will import the data into ART.

You can only import one GCF file at a time using this window, but you can open the window several times to load in more data. ART does not support GCF files containing multiple streams. If you attempt to import a file with several streams, only the first one will be analysed. To split a GCF file into streams, you can replay it in Scream! and save the result, or simply select the desired streams to import them directly into ART. To clear the current list of files, click Clear time-histories.

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3.2 Program options

ART has a number of options which change the way it analyses your data. Clickin on Options opens a window where you can alter these.

The top three boxes allow you to change the units ART uses for acceleration, velocity and displacement. A range of SI units are available, together with g for acceleration. ART uses a fixed value for g of 9.80665 ms-2. The next box, Fourier amplitude variable, determines whether Fourier amplitude spectra are calculated in units of acceleration, velocity, or displacement. The value in the Displayed damping level box determines the damping level that is used when two or more elastic response spectra are compared. You can choose any of 0%, 2%, 5%, 10% or 20%. If you save elastic response data in ISESD, SMC, or CSMIP formats, this value is also used as the damping level for the file

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User guide generated. If you save elastic response data in PEER format, damping levels of 0%, 2%, 5%, 10%, and 20% are automatically selected.

The Line style for multiple plots may be set to Colour or Monochrome. If you choose Colour, figures comparing two or more parameters will use lines of different colours to distinguish them; if you choose Monochrome, different styles of dotted or dashed black line are used. This affects both displayed and printed spectra.

The Display absolute time? box sets whether to show the true time when plotting time histories. If you set Display absolute time? to No, times will be reported relative to the beginning of the time series. This affects both displayed and printed spectra. The Length of pre-event time box sets the amount of data which ART should treat as ambient noise, before the event occurs. This is used for comparison purposes in some of the calculations. The default is 20 seconds. If you set this value to zero, noise spectra will not be calculated. You can also set this time interactively using the Select button: see page 17 for details.

The next two boxes change the parameters of the bi-directional Butterworth filter which is used when data is filtered (see Section 3.3, page 19):

fl : the corner frequency of the filter, in Hz. For records from CMG-5T instruments, this should be about 0.05 Hz. The frequency cannot be below 0 Hz. You can also set this frequency interactively using the Select button: see page 17 for details. order : The order of the filter. The default value for the order is 2. A higher order filter has a steeper transition band, but requires more zero padding and takes longer to calculate. You can also set the order interactively using the Select button: see page 17 for details.

Below these are two boxes which set the parameters of the low pass filter which is automatically applied after correcting for instrument response.

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fh1 : The frequency where the cosine taper of the low pass filter starts, in Hz. For records from CMG-5T instruments, this should be about 50Hz. fh2 : The frequency where the cosine taper of the low pass filter ends, in Hz. For records from CMG-5T instruments, this should be about 100Hz.

The eight boxes in the middle of the window set limits for various duration calculations:

Bracketed Absolute : The acceleration used as the limit in the calculation of bracketed absolute duration, in m s2. A commonly used limit acceleration is 0.05g (0.49 m s2). Bracketed Relative : The proportion of peak ground acceleration used as the limit acceleration in the calculation of bracketed relative duration. This must be between 0 and 1. Significant Absolute Start : The value of Arias intensity used as the lower limit in the calculation of significant absolute duration, in the selected velocity units. A commonly used limit acceleration is 0.01 m s1. (See Bommer & Martinez-Pereira, 1999) Significant Absolute End : The value of Arias intensity used as the lower limit in the calculation of significant absolute duration, in the selected velocity units. A commonly used limit acceleration is 0.125 m s1. (See Bommer & Martinez-Pereira, 1999) Significant Relative Start : The proportion of Arias intensity used as the lower limit in the calculation of significant relative duration. A commonly used lower limit is 0.05; it must be between 0 and 1. Significant Relative End : The proportion of Arias intensity used as the upper limit in the calculation of significant relative duration. A commonly used upper limit is 0.95; it must be between 0 and 1. Uniform Absolute : The acceleration used as the limit acceleration in the calculation of uniform absolute duration, in the selected acceleration units. A commonly used limit acceleration is 0.05g (0.49 m s2). Uniform Relative : The proportion of peak ground Issue B

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User guide acceleration used as the limit acceleration in the calculation of uniform relative duration. This must be between 0 and 1. The last four boxes determine parameters used in spectral intensity (SI) calculations.

SI limits Lower : The period used as the lower limit in calculations of spectral intensity, in seconds. A commonly used lower limit is 0.1 s. SI limits Upper : The period used as the upper limit in calculations of spectral intensity, in seconds. A commonly used upper limit is 2.5 s. ASI limits Lower : The period used as the lower limit in calculations of acceleration spectral intensity, in seconds. A commonly used lower limit is 0.1 s. ASI limits Upper : The period used as the upper limit in calculations of acceleration spectral intensity, in seconds. A commonly used upper limit is 0.5 s.

When you are happy with the program options, click Save. ART will save the options in a file called art_default.dat in the program directory. They will be restored the next time you use ART. If you change the options and close the window without clicking Save, ART will use the new values for this session only.

Selecting parameters using a data stream

The Order and corner frequency fl of the Butterworth filter, as well as the Length of pre-event time, can be set interactively. 1. Select a single stream in the centre panel of the main window. Click Options. 2. In the Options window, beneath the legend Length of pre-event time, click the Select button. A window will pop up displaying the stream you have selected.

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3. The top two graphs show the acceleration and displacement time histories for the selected stream, with the current low-pass filter applied. 4. The red line shows the current Length of pre-event time setting. Data before the line is used to calculate spectra of ambient ground motion; data after it is treated as part of the event. Click in either graph to move the line. The spectra below are updated automatically. 5. The plot at bottom left shows the Fourier amplitude spectrum of ambient ground motion (in blue) and of the event (in black), using the current filter settings. The plot at bottom right shows the ratio between the two spectra (i.e. the signal-to-noise ratio). The horizontal red lines represent signal-to-noise ratios of 2:1 and 1:2; the blue lines represent ratios of 3:1 and 1:3. The vertical red line in each graph shows the corner frequency currently being used for the low-pass filter. Click in the graph to move it. The time histories above are updated automatically. 6. To change the order of the applied filter, choose an option from 18 Issue B

User guide the Order drop-down menu. Filters of first to sixth order can be applied.

3.3 Filtering data

To filter data, select one or several streams and click on the Filter button in the main window. The filter will use the parameters you have specified in the Options window to produce filtered data which can be used as input to any of the analysis routines provided by ART. The algorithm used to do the filtering is the same as that used in BAP v1.0 (Converse & Brady, 1992), which zero pads the time-history. ART 2.0 has an optimized filter algorithm which takes significantly less time to filter data than previous versions. When ART has finished calculating the filtered data, it will automatically uncheck the Unfiltered? box in the centre of the main window, ready for you to select an analysis type to use on the filtered data. You can now switch between the filtered and unfiltered data by clicking on the Unfiltered? box. If you attempt to switch to filtered data before you have calculated it for every stream you have selected, the box will not uncheck. The filtered data for that stream will remain available until you close ART, or until you replace it by selecting the stream and clicking Filter again. If you change the parameters of the filter in the Options window, the new parameters will only be used when you recalculate the filtered data. ART will not prevent you from analysing several streams with different filters applied. You should make sure that the parameters you choose make scientific sense. The algorithm used to do the filtering is the same as that used in BAP v1.0 (Converse, 1992), which zero pads the time-history.

3.4 Exporting data

The next button allows you to save time histories and the results of ART's analysis. Clicking on Export Data opens a panel with four buttons: Uncorrected Time Histories, Corrected Time Histories, Elastic Response Spectra and Fourier Amplitude Spectra. Before you can export corrected time histories, you must apply the filter correction to all the selected streams as described above. If the September 2006 19

ART streams you select have not been filtered, uncorrected time histories will be exported instead. When you click on a button, a dialogue box will open allowing you to choose a file name and format. ART will suggest a file name for you, based on the name(s) in the list box. Data can be exported in a number of file formats:

ISESD (available for time histories, elastic response spectra and Fourier amplitude spectra) is used by the Internet Site for European Strong Motion Data and its associated CD-ROM collections. ISESD files have the extensions .raw for uncorrected time histories, .cor for corrected time histories, .spc for elastic response spectra and .fas for Fourier amplitude spectra.

SMC (available for time histories and elastic response spectra) is used by the US National Strong Motion Program. All SMC files have the extension .smc. For uncorrected time histories and response specra, a single file is produced with the name you specify. For corrected time histories, three files are generated. One contains the corrected acceleration time history, and is given the name you specify with _a inserted, so that the name ends in _a.smc. Likewise, the corrected velocity time history is saved to a file ending _v.smc, whilst the corrected displacement time history is saved to a file ending _d.smc.

CSMIP (available for time histories and elastic response spectra) is used by the California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program. CSMIP files have the extensions .v1 for uncorrected time histories, .v2 for corrected time histories, and .v3 for elastic response spectra.

K-NET (available for uncorrected time histories only) is used by the K-NET project in Japan. When saving a K-NET file, you must choose the correct extension to use. K-NET files have the extensions .ud for vertical components, .ns for North/South components, and .ew

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User guide for East/West components.

PEER (available for corrected time histories and response spectra) is used by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Centre. For corrected time histories, three files are generated. One contains the corrected acceleration time history, and is given the name you specify with the extension .at2. Likewise, the corrected velocity time history is saved to a file ending .vt2, whilst the corrected displacement time history is saved to a file ending .dt2. For elastic response spectra, five files are generated, representing the spectra at damping levels of 0%, 2%, 5%, 10% and 20%. These files are given the extensions .000, .020, .050, .100 and .200 respectively.

SAC (available for time histories only) is the Seismic Analysis Code data format. These files have the extension .sac.

After the results have been exported, ART will re-open the save box to allow you to save in another format if desired. When you have finished, click Cancel.

3.5 Viewing analysis plots

To view an analysis plot, select up to three streams from the list in the centre of the window and click on one of the VIEW buttons on the right. Plots appear in new windows, generated by the Matlab libraries. To zoom in on any of the graphs, draw a bounding box or click on the graph. The graphs are linked together so that zooming into one retains the correct time relation between the three graphs. To zoom out again, right-click on one of the graphs. Each plot window also has a File menu.

Selecting File Save figure allows you to save the plot as a Windows bitmap (BMP), JPEG, PNG, or TIFF image, or as an encapsulated PostScript file (EPS). Selecting File Print figure opens the dialogue box for your 21

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ART default printer to print the figure using the current zoom settings.

For Strong motion parameters, there is an additional option, File Export values, which saves the values in the displayed table as a plain text file.

Some of the VIEW buttons have a different effect if you select only one stream, than if you select two or more streams. The Particle Motions button is only available if you select exactly 2 or 3 streams.

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4 Output types
4.1 Strong motion parameters

This window provides statistics of a particular event and stream. If you have selected two or three streams, several windows will appear, one on top of the other.

Time history : the stream name or file name for the time history. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) in the acceleration units you specified in the Options window, with the time at which this occurs. Peak ground velocity (PGV) in the current velocity units, with the time at which this occurs. Peak ground displacement (PGD) in the current displacement units, with the time at which this occurs. Arias intensity (AI) in the current velocity units, calculated from AI = / ( 2 g a(t)2 dt )

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ART where g is the acceleration due to gravity (set to 9.80665 m s-2) and a(t) is the ground acceleration.

Normalised energy density: the energy density, in m2 s-1, cm2 s-1 or mm2 s-1, calculated from ED = v(t)2 dt where v(t) is the ground velocity (see Sarma, 1971.) True energy density can be derived from this quantity by multiplying by V / 4 , where V is the wave velocity and the mass density at the recording site.

RMS acceleration : the acceleration, in the current acceleration units, calculated from RMS = 1 / ( T a(t)2 dt )1/2 where T is the length of one record and a(t) is ground acceleration.

Cumulative absolute velocity : the velocity, in the current velocity units, calculated from CAV = |a(t)| dt where a(t) is ground acceleration (see Kramer, 1996, p. 83.)

Response spectrum intensity (SI) : the spectral intensity, in the current displacement units, calculated from SI = PSV(5% , T) dT using the data calculated in the last Elastic response spectra calculation, where PSV(5% , T) is the pseudo-spectral velocity for 5% damping and T is the natural period (see Kramer, 1996, p. 83.) This parameter is only shown if the Elastic response spectra have already been calculated. If you calculate the Elastic response spectra and subsequently change the parameters or the limits in the Options window, you will need to recalculate the spectra before your changes will be reflected in the SI value.

Acceleration spectrum intensity (ASI) : the acceleration

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User guide spectrum intensity, in the current velocity units, calculated from ASI = SA(5% , T) dT using the data calculated in the last Elastic response spectra calculation, where SA(5%, T) is spectral acceleration for 5% damping and T is the natural period (see Kramer, 1996, p. 83.) This parameter is only shown if the Elastic response spectra have already been calculated. If you calculate the Elastic response spectra and subsequently change the parameters or the limits in the Options window, you will need to recalculate the spectra before your changes will be reflected in the ASI value.

Absolute uniform duration : the total time, in seconds, that the magnitude of the ground acceleration is above that specified in the Options window. Relative uniform duration : the total time, in seconds, that the square of the ground acceleration is above the proportion of the squared peak ground acceleration specified in the Options window. Absolute bracketed duration : the interval, in seconds, between the first time the magnitude of the ground acceleration exceeded that specified in the Options window, and the last such time. Relative bracketed duration : the interval, in seconds, between the first time the square of the ground acceleration exceeded the proportion of the squared peak ground acceleration specified in the Options window, and the last such time. Absolute significant duration : the interval, in seconds, between the first time the Arias intensity of the ground acceleration exceeded that specified as Significant Absolute (Begin) in the Options window, and the first time it exceeded that specified as Significant Absolute (End). Relative significant duration : the interval, in seconds, between the first time the Arias intensity of the ground acceleration exceeded the proportion of that specified as Significant Relative (Begin) in the Options window, and the first time it exceeded the proportion specified as Significant Relative (End).

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4.2 Time histories

This option displays the acceleration, velocity and displacement timehistories of the record that is currently selected. If the Unfiltered? check box is ticked, uncorrected time histories are displayed; otherwise, corrected time histories are plotted. If the Display absolute time? option in the Options window is set to Yes, absolute times are displayed in red on the figure.

4.3 Elastic response spectra

This function behaves differently depending on whether one or several time-histories have been selected. The figures are either displayed in colour or in monochrome, depending on the Line style for multiple plots setting in the Options window.

Single time history

Clicking on this button when only a single time-history has been selected plots the elastic response spectra of the currently selected time-history for 2, 5, 10 and 20% damping and periods between 0.04 and 15 s. The spectra are plotted on tripartite and linear plots for spectral acceleration, spectral velocity and spectral displacement, in the units currently selected in the Options window. The undamped spectra are also computed, but are not displayed due to their limited applicability in engineering seismology/earthquake engineering. 26 Issue B

User guide The method given in Beaudet & Wolfson (1970) is used to calculate the spectra., which takes a few seconds for a time-history of average length.

Multiple time histories

Clicking on this button when multiple time histories have been selected plots the elastic response spectra of the currently selected time-histories for the damping level specified in the Options window and displays them on the same graph, so that they can be easily compared.

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4.4 Fourier amplitude spectrum

This function behaves differently depending on whether one or several time-histories have been selected. The figures are either displayed in colour or in monochrome, depending on the Line style for multiple plots setting in the Options window.

Single time history

Clicking on this button when a single time-history has been selected will plots the Fourier amplitude spectrum of the currently selected time-history. No smoothing of the Fourier amplitude spectrum is applied. Two Fourier amplitude spectra are calculated: one using the pre-event portion of the record and one using the remainder of the record. Comparing these two spectra enables you to choose a suitable highpass cut-off frequency. In the figure below, a cut-off frequency of about 1.5Hz is suggested, because for lower frequencies the signal-to-noise ratio is low.

Multiple time-histories selected

Clicking on this button when multiple time-histories have been selected plots the Fourier amplitude spectra of the currently selected time-histories for the period after the pre-event portion of the record. 28 Issue B

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4.5 Husid (Arias intensity) plots

This function behaves differently depending on whether one or several time-histories have been selected.

Single time history

Clicking on this button will display the Husid plot (i.e. Arias intensity against time) of the currently selected time-history.

The axis up the left hand side of the graph gives the Arias intensity, whilst the right hand side gives the percentage of Arias intensity. September 2006 29

ART The two dashed lines show the times the final Arias intensity first exceeded the proportions given as Significant Relative (Start) and Significant Relative (End). These times are used to calculate the Relative Significant Duration in the Strong Motion Parameters window.

Multiple time histories

Clicking on this button when two or more time histories are selected calculates and displays the Husid plots for all the selected timehistories on the same graph so that they can be easily compared. The figures are either displayed in colour or in monochrome, depending on the Line style for multiple plots setting in the Options window.

4.6 Energy density plots

This function behaves differently depending on whether one or several time-histories have been selected.

Single time-history selected

Clicking on this button will calculate and display the normalized energy density plot of the currently selected time history (i.e. energy density against time: see Sarma, 1971.) The axis up the left hand side gives the normalized energy density, whilst the right hand axis gives the percentage of normalized energy 30 Issue B

User guide The two dashed lines show the times the final normalized energy density first exceeded the proportions given as Significant Relative (Start) and Significant Relative (End) in the Options window.

Multiple time-histories selected

Clicking on this button when two or more time-histories are selected displays the energy density plots for all the selected time-histories on the same graph so that they can be easily compared.

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4.7 Particle motion plots (hodograms)

When two or three time-histories are selected, the particle motions button becomes active. Clicking on this button produces a plot of the motion of an imaginary particle at the location of the instrument using the acceleration, velocity and displacement given in the selected time histories. If two time-histories are selected a 2D plot is created with three graphs:

The left-hand graph shows the acceleration of the first component (on the X axis) against the acceleration of the second component (on the Y axis), the middle graph shows the velocity of the first component (on the X axis) against the velocity of the second component (on the Y axis) and the right-hand graph shows the displacement of the first component (on the X axis) against the displacement of the second component (on the Y axis).

If three time-histories are selected, a 3D plot is created with three graphs, which plot the acceleration, velocity and displacement of all three components in a similar fashion. The order of the components is always the same as that given in the list of time-histories currently in memory, so the X axis always represents the first selected component in the list, the Y axis the second, and (for a 3D plot) the Z axis the third.

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5 References
Beaudet, P. R. & Wolfson, S. J. (1970). Digital filters for response spectra, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 60(3), 10011013. Bommer, J. J. & Martinez-Pereira (1999). The effective duration of earthquake strong motion, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 3(2), 127-172. Consortium of Organizations for Strong-Motion Observation Systems (2001). COSMOS Strong Motion Data Format, Version 1.20, August 15. Converse, A. M. & Brady, A.G. (1992). BAP: Basic Strong-Motion Accelerogram Processing Software Version 1.0, Open-File Report 92296A, U.S. Geological Survey. Internet Site for European http://www.isesd.cv.ic.ac.uk Strong-Motion format. Data (2002).

K-NET (2002). About K-NET data net.bosai.go.jp/k-net/man/knetform_en.html

http://www.k-

Kramer, S. L. (1996). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall. National Strong-Motion Program (2002), SMC-format Data files. http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/smcfmt.html PEER Strong Motion http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat/data.html. Sarma, S. K. (1971). Energy Tectonophysics, 11, 159-173. flux Database of strong (2002). earthquakes,

Shakal, A. F. & Huang, M. J. (1985). Standard tape format for CSMIP strong-motion data tapes, California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program Report OSMS 85-03.

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6 Changes from ART 1

Adjusted absolute time of record to account for zero-padding added before instrument correction and filtering in display and when exporting. Added ability to export all derived strong-motion parameters (e.g. Arias intensity and Fourier amplitudes). Correction for instrument response is automatically when a time-history is loaded. now performed

Added ability to process and view many records at once. Comparisons between derived parameters (e.g. response spectral ordinates) from different records can by made. Added zoom in and out functionality to time-history windows. Graphs can now be exported in a variety of graphical formats (formats supported are: .bmp, .eps, .jpg, .png and .tif). Graphs can now be printed. Time-histories and derived strong-motion parameters can be displayed using different units. Data from instruments with a velocity response can be imported, converted to acceleration and processed appropriately. A filename is automatically suggested for the export of timehistories and derived parameters. Some minor bugs were corrected. The appearance of some windows was improved. Options have been add to allow the user to customize the appearance and functioning of some features. The code was made more efficient leading to slightly better performance. The polarity of the peak ground motion parameters is now 35

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ART displayed. The absolute significant (effective) duration is now computed. The cut-off frequency and order of the high-pass Butterworth filter can be chosen interactively using Fourier amplitude spectra of the signal and the noise (estimated from the pre-event portion of the time-history). The units used to display accelerations, velocities and displacements can be chosen.

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7 Revision history
2006-09-25 B 2006-04-28 A Rewritten for ART 2.0 Added revision history

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