Sheikh Technical Veterinary School (STVS)

TRADITIONAL MEDICAL PLANTS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF CAMEL HELMENTHIASIS IN BUROA DISTRICT

By:Mustafe Hashi Ibrahim June 2012 Supervisor: Dr. Nuh Hajji Abdi

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Acknowledgements
My first thanks goes to almighty Allah who give me health and also to all those who have guided me through this life, with their support and instruction, helping me accomplish one or more stage of this journey. I am overwhelmed with pleasure and proud to express my depsense of graduate to my supervisor Dr. Nuh Hajji Abdi, for this guidance, editorial skills constructive, critism, valuable suggestion, support and continuous encouragement during my research work and preparation of thesis manuscript Lastly sincere appreciation is absolutely to my friendly classmate friends and other student in stvs for the encouragement and inspiration for higher ideas and prayers for my achievement.

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DECLARATION
I Mustafe Hashi Ibrahim here to declare that this work is my original work, and Has not appeared anywhere else in any other form. These have been acknowledged

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Date:

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements..................................................................................................... 2 DECLARATION ............................................................................................................ 3 Table of Contents........................................................................................................ 4 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................4 CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY......................................................19 CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS AND FIDINGS:.................................................................22 CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSIONS..................................................................................26 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...............................................28

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction
Livestock industry provides a major source of livelihood for many people worldwide, particularly the rural poor in developing countries. Livestock health problems that affect animals camel Helminthiasis is among the major constraint to livestock production and development in rural and peri-urban communities where a half of the world's livestock population is found (Wanzala et al. 2005). Helmenthaisis is one of the most important animal diseases worldwide that can cause heavy production losses in grazing animals. The disease is prevalent all over the world especially in developing countries (Dhar et al., 1982) and is always associated with poor management practices and inadequate and inappropriate control strategies. Despite the use of an integrated approach required for the effective control of helminthes, which includes strategic and tactical use of anthelmintics which remains the corner stone to this , careful management of grazing lands including control of stocking rates and appropriate rotation strategies as well as vaccinations program is the vital for the control of various parasitic diseases . However
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as in the case of lungworms, various problems have emerged with the use of anthelmintics. Among them; resistance against various species of helminthes is of utmost importance to different anthelmintics compounds and classes, as well as chemical residue and toxicity problems (Kaemmerer and Butenkotter, 1973). In the Somali ecosystem livestock is kept in traditional pastoral production systems with poor infrastructure and vast annual migration and movements, where by diseases are the major constraint to livestock production and the delivery of health services and the network supplies of veterinary drugs and veterinary inputs are either not accessible or not at affordable cost. The government and the private sector failed to provide a sustainable effective and efficient animal health services and to meet and respond to community demands and needs on effective, permanent and timely bases at all events whenever there is need and demand for services. In Somali context and for the Somali livestock producers: A sick animal is a problem, since the curative treatments with the modern drugs is very expensive due to huge overhead costs and profit margins inputs and the stock owners are shortage of money and cash income, since in most occasions their stocks are either in poor conditions, not at the standards condition required for sales, imposed livestock export bands and their no market and demand for sales. In this regard the livestock pastoralists became more interested to avoid relying and depending on expensive distance outside professional services and thus developed a local therapeutics as an alternative local initiation medical intervention to maintain their animals healthy. Basically the pastoralists then generated a substantial local knowledge of animal health care and production, rich and efficient ethno-veterinary traditions exist in the villages and developed practices of skills pertaining to health care and management of livestock. Thus many livestock producers, herders and farmers managed and treated their animals by utilizing the traditional knowledge and uses on a whole range of indigenous in practices. The indigenous ethno veterinary medicine practiced by the stock keepers includes, treatment and control measure of internal and external parasites by use of medical plants, prevention and control of contagious infectious diseases (CBPP, CCPP) by use of traditional prophylactic measures,wound treatment by use of medical plants, cauterization, and castration intervention .

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In Burco District the major and largest camel populations are kept and present in these target areas. Camel Helminthtics or internal parasites infestations are among the major disease that affects the camels and causes a serious negative economical impact to house hold incomes and livelihood of the target camel herders and owner. The disease cause anemia, emaciation, decrease the milk production and weight gain , poor condition of the animal, resulting an overall decrease or reduction of livelihood income of the target groups and house hold income generations as result of reduction of milk and animal sales. To ensure and to maintain the camel health, the camel owners producers and owners in Burco district traditionally practices to deworm the camels against internal parasitic infestations by the use a medical plants widely spread and available in the target area which has an anthelmintics therapeutic activities, effective control measures against internal parasites and is routinely uses by the camel herders and owners whenever the camels are infected Traditional Medicine is used globally and has a rapidly growing economic importance. In developing countries, it is often the only accessible and affordable treatment available. In Africa up to 80% of the population uses traditional Medicine as the primary healthcare system. (Bussmann & Sharon, 2006). This paper reviews and assesses to find the traditional medical plants used for the treatment of camel Helminthiasis in Burao District. It will play important role in communication and hence survival of knowledge on medicinal plants. Furthermore, it will contribute to biodiversity conservation.

1.2 Literature review

1.2.1 Introduction to ethno veterinary medicine Ethno-veterinary medicine (EVM) is a system that is based on folk beliefs, Traditional knowledge, skills, methods and practices used for curing diseases and maintaining health of animals Basis of the healing art of that time. Veterinarians delivering services as early as 1800B.C. during the reign of King Hammurabi of Babylon. The famous Code of Hammurabi in that era laid out laws concerning the fees veterinarians could charge for treatment of cattle and donkeys (Schwabe, 1984). Creation of animal hospitals during the reign of King Ashoka between 269 and 232 B.C. in the Rock Edict II suggests the first known veterinary hospitals of the world (Somvanshi, 2006).
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The Edicts of Ashoka show his keen interest in animal welfare. He arranged the cultivation of herbal medicines for animals in his empire and adjacent kingdom wikipedia. Org /wiki /Edicts _ of _Ashoka). Considerable knowledge available about different animal species, grazing lands, rules of meat science, livestock products like skin and fur, and veterinary jurisprudence flourished during the great Hindu kings of the Gupta period up to 800 A.D. before Islamic followers invaded India. It can be concluded that the Indus Valley civilization is one of the foremost contributors in the history of development of veterinary science and animal husbandry (Somvanshi, 2006). Later on, China, Egypt and Arabia developed into the centers of veterinary practices. Veterinary schools of those times tried to differentiate between Quackery and rational explanations of diseases and their treatment (Schillhorn vanVeen,1997). In the 20th century, especially after World War II, chemotherapeutic control of Diseases attained attention. Diseases were explained and treated on understanding of Path physiology and immunology. Non-Western world remained deprived of the rational Western-beliefs but colonialism and later development aid helped to spread quality wise shallow modern veterinary facilities including mass vaccination, insecticides, out dated Antibiotics and anthelmintics even into remote rural areas in developing countries (Schillhorn van Veen, 1997; Mathias, 2004). Western animal health care system is considered to be expensive, not embedded in local beliefs and concerns, and not always in5tune with animal welfare. These prohibitive factors made traditional animal health care affordable alternative and old-age methods are still in use. The choice of animal keepers is not one (conventional) or another (non-conventional) but combination of both technologies and services (McCorkle, 1995). Traditional practices are used in many parts of the world, but rarely recorded in main-stream literature. Executive Director of ANSC, Dr. PatriciaA.L. Cochran was quoted saying, When an elder dies, is just like a library burning down.Ancient ethno-veterinary practices discovered by a series of trial and error and transmitted from generation to generation by word of mouth are endangered due to number of reasons. Lack of interest to learn about this valuable asset from parents and grand-parents because of change in lifestyle and exposure to non-native values, belief that these practices are devilish, traditional taboos and officially unrecognized role of ethnopractitioners made the younger generation underestimate the traditional values. Furthermore, environmental degradation and natives views that the extraction of their

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Traditional knowledge is kinds of theft are the main factors hindering the dissemination Process (Nfi et al., 2001; Wanzala et al., 2005). Recent revival of Western interest in Traditional veterinary medicine followed a revived interest in traditional practices in human health. The importance of traditional medicine as a source of primary health care was first officially recognized by WHO in the Primary Health Care Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978) and has been globally addressed since 1978 by the Traditional Programme of the WHO (Kim, 2005). Ethnoveterinary medicine the equivalent body of knowledge for livestock, still lacks such high level institutional backing from the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) or from FAO (Mathias, 2004). Long tradition based ethno-veterinary practices got recognition and appreciation during its revolutionary period that started in the mid-1970s and climaxed in early 1980s. The descriptive reports published by anthropologists, sociologists and veterinarians dating back to 1910 written by observations and experiences of traditional animal health Knowledge had never defined clearly the terminology ethno-veterinary. Term Ethnoveterinary is the result of efforts made by Dr. Constance M. McCorkle. It was first used in her article, An introduction to ethno-veterinary research and development (McCorkle, 1986). Ethno-veterinary not only includes treatments like herbal preparations, surgical interventions, indigenous vaccination but peoples ideas about disease causation, 6 transmission including zoonosis, religious and cultural attitudes, beliefs and rituals, Husbandry operations for overall good health, peoples perception of relationship between environment and animal healthcare and social organizations having know-how about Animal health care. Ethno-veterinary medicine is relatively young discipline, got Recognition in last two to three decades. It can be said that the early 1980s witness the Appreciation of the Western researchers and developers in this regard in Africa (Sollod and Knight, 1983), in Asia (FAO, 1980) and in Latin America (McCorkle, 1982). Mathias- Mundy accompanied McCorkle (1989) and compiled an annonatated bibliography comprising 261
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references in that 237 were annotated where more emphasis is on work done in African continent, Latin America and less in Asia. These efforts focused on blending the orthodox/contemporary (allopathic medicine) and EVM in developed and developing countries together to focus research on EVM and achieve sustainable animal health care in rural and peri-urban communities of the world. Other new advocates focused on the same issue and resulted in publication of voluminous bibliography of community animal health care consisting of 1240 publications that deal with sociocultural, politico economic, environmental and biomedical aspects of EVM all over the world (Martin et al., 2001). A compendium of ethno-veterinary practices in parts of Africa has been published as International Technology Development Group and International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (ITDG and IIRR, 1996) as stated by (Alawa et al., 2002). All these efforts were to conserve this vital information. McCorkle et al. (1996) stated, In theory all systems may work; in practice, all have successes and failures with some systems scoring much higher in particular areas of Medicine depending on the social, cultural and economic context in that they are applied. Infact, it would be naive to think that either ethno or Western science alone is likely to provide a sufficient solution for all development problems present today. So more research on alternative methods of disease prevention and control is recommended (Gueye, 2002). McCorkle et al. (1996) cited twelve studies demonstrating that developing world governments relying solely on Western-style medicine and delivery systems have proved incapable of meeting the majority of their citizens needs for veterinary services. Institutions, ethno-veterinary scientists and development workers from each and every corner of the world are engaged in research. These institutions/organizations include Tufts7 University (USA), Addis Ababa University (Ethiopia), Ahmadu Bello University (Nigeria), Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Chiapas (Mexico), University Centre for Research on Traditional Pharmacology and Medicine (Rwanda), The Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program or SR-CRSP (US funded multinational livestock development programme), Food and Agriculture Organization (UN organization working in nine countries in Asia and Prelude (Sante Productions Animales et Environment). International NGOs, e.g. Heifer Project International (US), International Institute for Rural Reconstruction (Philippines). Government livestock research and extension organizations in various countries working with
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national NGOs i.e. addition of a section of Traditional Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine to the National Livestock Directorate of the West African nation of Guinea-Conakry, BAIFs work in India in association with National Dairy Development Board and local NGOs (McCorkle et al., 1997). These efforts focus on blending the orthodox/contemporary (allopathic medicine) and EVM in developed and developing countries together to focus research on EVM and achieve sustainable animal health care in rural and peri-urban communities of the world (Wanzala et al., 2005).

1.1.2 Ethno-veterinary Medicine: Users and Practitioners Rural communities developed mixed systems of production of crops and the rearing Of animals are combined with income generating off-farm activities. In family level Livestock-keeping diversification is the key point. Specialized keeping of one species is Often combined with diversified keeping of other species. Our livestock research should Aim to benefit the marginilised communities. Short-term funding from the donor agencies for supporting modern veterinary services plus fluctuating economies of tropics keep the livestock owners bound to their traditional veterinary practices (Fielding, 1998). Rural populations, living in permanent contact with domestic animals, have compiled substantial knowledge of animal health care and production. Rich and efficient ethno-veterinary traditions exist in the villages and comprise of beliefs, knowledge, practices and skills pertaining to health care and management of livestock. Many herders and farmers manage and treat their animals including poultry species and companion animals without any inputs that cost money (Hooft, 1997), especially if the illness is common and can be diagnosed easily. Most communities have one or more specialists whom people can turn to 8 if they need help. Livestock healers often attend to both people and animals. A lot of information we have on EVM was collected from them in the first place (Mathias, 2004). n Third World all rural communities health care is based on local medicines and practices.
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Pproximately 80% farmers make regular use of EVM to control serious epizootic Diseases including New Castle Disease in different poultry species like pigeons (Gueye, 2002). People turn to modern, formal-sector services only after exhausting traditional ones because of financial problems or difficult access to cost-intensive conventional medicines (Gueye, 2002). Villagers that could draw on the services of nearby veterinary hospital use the facility of vaccination, surgical treatment and few complicated cases afflicting their animals and prefer to use EVM for routine cases (Anthra team, 1997). People living in the same location may use different traditional preparations to treat a specific disease and sometimes same treatment is used by people living in geographically different regions. It means that local therapies are working effectively (Gueye, 2002). Religious priests of Eupharates and Nile valley were found to be skilled in veterinary art (Schwabe, 1984). Since the ancient times, civilizations all over the world had their herbal experts or doctors, local equivalents of university-trained doctors (Wanzala et al., 2005). In Third. Same is the case in livestock sector for veterinary doctors. In one study in Sub-Saharan Africa, ratio is one traditional healer for 250 people compared to physician: population ratio of 1:25,000 or 1:5000 in Uganda and Mozambique, respectively. Traditional healers are also far more evenly dispersed and accessible to rural and small town populations. Moreover, 85% of all doctors and 100% of all pharmacists serve and are found in cities. Same kind of observations and figures also apply to veterinary services (McCorkle and Green, 1998). Since ancient times, traditional village veterinarians have provided ethno-veterinary services to livestock and pet animals. In developing world, both government and private veterinary services have often failed to provide modern veterinary services to the people. In the developed world, people have become more interested in alternative medicine for their animals. Traditional healers are people whose profession is treating others and animals for the purpose of restoring health. Livestock healers are usually farmers themselves. Healers learn their craft from a parent or other relative. The relevant information and skills are mostly transferred by word9 of-mouth and hands-on-experience, apprenticeships, deliberate experimentation, trial-and error, personal observations and travel (Mathias-Mundy and
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McCorkle, 2004). Some healers are remarkably professional. They had their own ready-made drug preparations such as herbal tablets, decoctions and ointments for treating different types of diseases (Padmakumar, 1997). Some healers may be generalists offering treatments for many ailments of most animal species or specialized offering certain types of treatment as herbal medicines, prepare a single drug from several plants the combination of that is specific for each disease, firing (cauterisation), massage, castration or spiritual/religious interventions. Villages having professional healers are at 10-15 km from the veterinary hospital and in emergencies healers and their treatments are often more easily available and sometimes the farmers are saved from adulterated costly drugs (Padmakumar, 1997; Mathias-Mundy and McCorkle, 2004). Modern sector has failed to recognize the importance of healers as health care providers, despite the fact that stock raisers consult such healers many times and that some kind of professional advice is required even when conventional veterinary choices are available (Mathias, 2004). In Pakistan, in order to increase income farmers keep a variety of other stocks along with dairy animals like small ruminants etc. More than 70% livestock owners themselves treat their livestock by utilizing their traditional knowledge or consult the healers village veterinarian well recognized in our society due to lack of veterinary Services or technical staff shortage. Traditional healers are consulted even in those areas Where the modern veterinary services are available not so far from their residential areas (Anthra team, 1997A lot of information we have on EVM was collected from the farmers and healers in the first place (Mathias, 2004). Typical behaviour of a Punjabi farmer is described by Egenolf (1990) that first farmer becomes angry when his animal gets ill. Because cure will need money and he is already short of that. So trust in God and trust in self-curing ability of the animal is the very first step, because he is reluctant to move in search of veterinary hospital with the sick animal. If the illness persists he searches for advice from elders or the village quack and help from the village holyman. The remedies prescribed by them are most of the time available at home for example brown sugar, butterfat, milk, black pepper. After 2-3 days if the illness still persists he tries some antibiotic available for a few rupees everywhere.10 Additionally magical powers of
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village holyman are utilized in the form of amulet as a necklace for the animal. Veterinary hospital is the last resort when the condition becomes worse due to illness or complications created due to the treatment given by the farmer for example drenching pneumonia. In developing countries like Pakistan small-scale farmers have a limited access to the conventional drugs and veterinary services either due to their non-availability or high costs. So most of them rely on EVM (Jabbar et al., 2006a). In India, 75% of farmers using traditional health care methods and trying EVM as firstaid.Moreover, 70% of them institute the treatment themselves (Padmakumar, 1997). In Pakistan if the government veterinary services are delivered at subsidized rates much of the subsidies do not reach the veterinary users and users are compelled to pay prices that are higher than the prices prescribed by the government (Umrani, 2001). A very similar situation has been reported by Ahuja et al. (2000) in India. So the general perception is that it is safe to use EVM because farmers have limited access and quality wise poor facilities of modern veterinary medicine. 1.2.3 Ethno-veterinary practices Phytotherapy In ancient cultures people developed their own herbal pharmacopoeias based on Information gained through experience and in our todays scientific pharmacopoeia much of the information on scientific medicine is derived from those herbal pharmacopoeias (Kim, 2005). Prior to the discovery of organic chemistry in the 19th century, 80% of all medicines were obtained from plant materials. Modern pharmacopoeias contain at least 25% of drugs derived from plants that are synthetic analogues built on prototype Compounds isolated from plants (Kim, 2005). Medicinal plants are integral component of EVM. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers are mostly found to be effective (McCorkle and Green, 1998). Governments are taking interest to increase investment in complementary and alternative medicine for achieving the goal of cost reduction in health services and the medicinal plants are cost-saving replacements of commercial drugs (Mathias, 2004; 11 Kim, 2005). Farmers and pastoralists have a long history of the use of traditional medicine. The
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make up the bulk of the population and have a deep knowledge of their environment. (Nfi et al., 2001) so medicinal plants for several centuries have been widely used as a primary source of prevention and control of livestock diseases. Even today in African countries, 95% of traditional medical preparations are of plant origin (Hoareau and Dasilva, 1999; Ole-Miaron, 2003; Giday et al., 2003). Scientists are now documenting various ethno-veterinary practices based on plant drugs (Takhar, 2004). Most of ethnobotanical veterinary practices have been substituted by current veterinary treatments for contagious diseases in many countries but still for certain gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin, internal/external parasites, reproductive problems, wounds and inflammation, medicinal plants are used and efforts for making the basis for the first national databank for ethnoveterinary botany are in progress in Europe. Information collected is based on folk botanical literature since 1950 upto now, earlier publications are cited and addition of preliminary unpublished data obtained by interviews in field from different regions in Italy (Viegi et al., 2003). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) in its annual convention in 1996, recognized botanicals as well among other veterinary practices (Schillhorn van Veen, 1997). Herbal therapies are natural products, environmentally friendly and cheap. Development organizations including Heifer Project International have given high priority and consideration to medicinal plants because it promotes biodiversity and conservation. Numerous medicinal plants found in Africa in general have been found with amazing medicinal properties. Scientists are now documenting various ethnoveterinary practices based on plant drugs (Fajmi and Taiwo, 2005). Curative properties of herbs for human and animal ailments have long been known and are documented in ancient manuscripts in India (Takhar, 2004). Medicinal plants are cost-saving replacements of commercial drugs (Mathias, 2004). Not only the resource poor farmers but the intensive production units use the medicinal plants (Mathias, 2004). Market and public demand of medicinal plants has been increased and there is great risk that many medicinal plants today, face either extinction or loss of genetic diversity (Kudi, 2003). In European Union and other countries where the use of antibiotics and other chemical drugs is increasingly restricted in food animals, plant medicines are gaining importance (Mathias, 2004). In developing countries as well interest in botanicals is reviving and different development 12 organizations are supporting commercial or backyard cultivation. Thriving medicinal

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industry in India has total annual volume of trade in medicinal plants of over one billion rupees (Anjaria, 1996; Schillhorn van Veen, 1997). This is an established fact that not only in the developing countries but in the industrialized countries as well medicinal plants were and will remain an integral part of veterinary therapeutics (Waller, 2006). So many countries have documented ethno-veterinary practices with special emphasis on use of medicinal plants as shown in tables (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) and developed databases on botanical resources and using them in their research studies and development.

1.2.4 Plant parts used and mode of preparation

Mode of preparation of EVM varies according to the active ingredient to be Extracted, the route of administration, and the medical intent i.e. whether the use is for prophylaxis or therapy (McCorkle and Mathias-Mundy, 1992). For preparation of drugs, parts of the plants that are mostly utilized are roots, barks, wood, leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, juices, resins, latex, grains, buds, bulbs and seeds (Nfi et al., 2001; Abbas et al., 2002; Giday et al., 2003; Ole-Miaron, 2003;Viegi et al., 2003; Jabbar et al., 2006a; Dilshad et al., 2008).Common method of extraction of drug is through grinding or crushing in wooden or stone-made mortar and pestle, and soaking or boiling different parts of plants. Arbitrary quantities of carrier are added to dilute or reduce relative potency of the drug. Mostly water is added to dilute the juice. Butter or petroleum jelly is added as base in certain ointments. Sometimes ashed leaves for topical application are used (Abbas et al., 2002; Tabuti et al.2003). Healers in Africa and in other parts of the world prepare infusions, decoctions, powder, drops, fumes, pastes and ointments from plants, animals, minerals and other substances .Sometimes, they administer fresh leaves down the throat of animal (McCorkle and MathiasMundy, 1992; Abbas et al., 2002). Phases of moon to pick 28 the plant or treat the animals are a common practice in some areas (Lans and Brown, 1998b).

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1.2.5 Dosage and administration A general perception of respondents is that what works for some does not work for others, and each individual has to work out their own dose (Lans et al., 2000). Dose of the drug depends on size of animal or availability of plants used for treatment. In Trinidad and Tobago (West Indies) in the dosing regimen, the number of plant leaves to be used and number of days typically odd numbers are considered. Moreover, waning phases of moon are also considered important when medicinal plants are administered to the animals (Lans and Brown, 1998b).Lack of precision in dose determination has been noted in many studies.The doses are often measured as a handful (50-60g), a bottleful (250ml) and sometimes using conventional weighing balances (Bakhiet and Adam, 1995; Longuefosse and Nossin, 1996 cited by Farooq et al., 2008). Imprecise and non-standardized dosages are subjected to criticism by the veterinarians (Niwa et al., 1991 cited by Farooq et al., 2008). A study conducted by Lans et al., (2000) concluded that the unit e.g. leaves described by the respondents is not leaves of a tree all the times, it might be used for the whole above ground herb, leafy stems or branch tips. The majority of EVM specialists use ingredients alone or with a vehicle for administration (Kudi,2003).Use of carrier in EVM practices involves arbitrary quantities of the carrier that might dilute the drug or reduce its relative potency (Alawa et al., 2002; Jabbar et al., 2006a). Use of wood ash, kaolin and potassium as a lick, that has no medicinal value but improves performance through their effect on feed efficiency as stated by Alawa et al.( 2002). Medicine is mostly administered to the animals orally as decoctions, liquid in that the plants have been steeped, vaccination, suppositories, through smoke, vapours, massage, intranasally or applied topically on the skin or as a bathe in skin problems (McCorkle and MathiasMundy, 1992; Lans et al., 2000; Tabuti et al., 2003; Muhammad et al., 2005; dilshad et al., 2008). 1.2.6 Medico-religious Practices In Africa supernatural reinforcements such as uttering prayers and incantations amulets and fetishes are used to help ward against disease, injury, straying,

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Predation, rustling, witchcraft, the evil eye and other threats (McCorkle and MathiasMundy, 1992). Medico-religious practices still exist like farmers ask the priests or other curers to say prayers over sick animals, usually for valuable animals like cows i.e. a very common practice in Punjab ( Pakistan ) is that peer (saint) perform rituals locally called Dum especially to cure FMD in cattle and buffaloes.In Trinidad and Tobago red string is tied around the neck of sheep and goats to protect them from the evil-eye or a blue spot is painted on the animal with indigo blue or wound spray (Lanss and Brown, 1998b; Muhammad and Naureen, 2008). 1.2.7 Helmenthaisis Parasitism has been introduced as one of the major problems affecting the Productivity and performance of camels (Anwar & Khan, 1994). Although gastrointestinal helminths cause injury to their hosts through a wide variety of mechanisms, mainly reduction in voluntary food intake, loss of productivity and diarrhoea, subclinical and asymptomatic helminthiasis causes a decrease in the performance of animals without notable clinical manifestation (Borji et al., 2010). It has been suggested that regular anthelmintic treatment increases the productivity of camels (Ballweber, 2009). The study of the parasite species occurring in a host is of paramount importance for planning an efficient control programme and to prevent economic loss due to parasitic infection.

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1.3 Aim and Objectives

The main aim of this study was to investigate and determine the antihelmithic medical plants practices to control and treat camel Helmenthaisis by the camel owners in Buroa District. Specific objectives

To identify and assess the presence of camel Helmenthaisis and the knowledge of camel owners present in Burao District about the diseases.

To determine and document the existing traditional medicinal plants used to treat camel Helmenthaisis by the camel owners in Burao District.

To investigate and assess the preparation techniques and methods to prepare the medical plants and their administration procedure by camel herders in Burao District.

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CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Study area
Burao It is the capital city of the Togdheer region in Somaliland it is the second largest city in Somaliland after Hargeisa. Burao's population has greatly increased over the past years. Today the city has a population more than 400,000 inhabitants. It has warm and dry year round. The average daytime temperatures during the summer months of June and August can rise to 35C (95F), with low of 25C (77F) at night. The weather is cooler the rest of the year, averaging 27C (80F) during the day and 14C (57F) at night time. The city's limited rainfall usually comes in December and May.Burao's landscape is semi-deserted land, which is fairly flat. Due to its climatic conditions prominent animals found in the area are camels, sheep and goats.the burao has the largest livestock market of Somaliland.

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Figure 1: Map of the study area

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2.2: Sampling strategy and collection

In this study a total of six villages were selected randomly for accessibility and presence of camel populations. Purposively and cross sectional survey was conducted in these villages. The villages selected were Qudhacdheer, Qoyta, Kabadheere, Aroori and Kalabaydh. 2.3 Focus group discussions At each site a group of focus discussions was conducted of 10-15 community members who include the camel herders, camel owners, traditional healers and women representatives. The group was asked to discuss to identify the most common medical plant they use for camel Helmenthaisis and the method they use to prepare the plant extract.

2.4 Individual interview

Data was collected by conducting individual interview and asking a prepared questionnaire to each community representative members at each village as attached in Annex 11. The interviewers were camel herders, camel owners, and traditional healers and women representatives as gender balance. In each selected village five people were interviewed and a total of 30 representive members were interviewed during the period of this study. Was asked them to identify the diseases that affect the camels, and identify the traditional treatment of camel helmenthaisis, and Identifcation of different traditional diiferen medical treatment of Camel Helmenthaisis in burao district.

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CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS AND FIDINGS:

3.1 :Identification the presence of camel helmenthices and their realtion to other diseases:
21 respondents out of 30 members (70 %), mentioned camel helmenthaisis is the most diseases that affect their camels while 9 respondent out of 30 (30%) mentioned other infectious diseases, the overall prevelence of diseases as shown in below chart 1 Chart 1 : shows the presence of camel helmenthaisis in relation other diseases

3.2 Identification the use of traditional treatment and their knowledge to control camel Helmenthaisis:
In this study an individual Interview was taken from the 30 community representive members from camel herds, owners, traditional healers, elders and women community members. 18 respondent out of 30 members (60 %), mentioned and pointed out that they apply traditional treatmnet to control camel helmenthiasis, while 9 respondent ouy of 30 (30%) indicated the use of modern treatment and the remain 3 repondent out of 30 (10%) mentioned they use both traditional and modern treatment as shown in below chart 2.

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Chart 2 : identificarion of tradional treatment used for the camel helmenthasis in burao district

3.3 Determination the most traditional medical plants used for camel helmenthaisis
Table 1: Determination of the most traditional medical plants used for the camel helminthes Medical plants Gulaan Gob Assal Gallool Daran Qudhac dheer 2 0 3 1 0 Qoyta Kabadheere Aroori 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 0 1 2 4 0 0 Tuulo cadho 3 3 1 1 1 Kalabaydh Total 2 2 3 1 0 13 12 14 6 3 % 43% 40% 47% 20% 10%

Chart 3: shows the determination the medical plamts for camel worms treatment.

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3.4: Identifcation of different traditional diferent medical treatment of Camel Helmenthaisis in burao district
21 respondent out of 30 members (70 %), mentioned and pointed out that they apply traditional medical plants to control camel helmenthiasis, while 3 respondent out of 30 (10%) indicated the use of soup , 3 repondent out of 30 (10%) mentioned they use oil, 2 respodent out 30 memebrs (6%) indicate use of salts,and 1 respodent out of 30 members( 4%) mention use of mineral salts/or carro. The below pie charts describes the results.

This pie charts 4: shows the various traditional medicines in burao district

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3.5 Existing traditional medical plants used for camel helmenthaisis and their botanic names
Table 2 : Local names, parts used for treatment Local name Gulan daran Assal Gallol Botanic names Salsola foetida Daran dinaas Acacia bussei Acacia spirocarpa Parts of plants used Leaves stem Woof of Disease Camel helmenthaisis Camel helmenthaisis acacia Camel helmenthaisis Camel helmenthaisis

spirocarpa tree Stem

3.6 Preparation techniques and the route of administration

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There are different techniques and methods used by traditional healers to prepare and administer the traditional anthelmintics. Table 3 below shows these preparation technique and methods. Table 3: Methods of preparation and route of administration Medical plants Gulan Gob Asal Daran Galllol Preparation Route of

administration Leaves cutting into small pieces and mix with Drenching water over a day Roots are crashed, mix with water and wait for Drenching up to 12 hours The bark of acacia mixed with water over an Drenching 24hours Taken the animal where having daran The stem be broke down stir with water Grazing Drenching

CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSIONS

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This study reveals, in the absence of the animal health and care services the people initiated and promoted the use of traditional knowledge and the practices of the traditional medical plants to maintain the health of their animals that are sustainably available in their area either at no cost or at affordable costs. The traditional healers of the study area were found to play great roles in the primary healthcare systems of the local people and maintain in the treatment of animal as they were treating animals of pastoralists who had little access and couldn't afford the cost for modern medications. The results of this study confirmed that the most common health problems that affect camel present in Burco district is camel Helminthiasis or gastrointestinal parasites in camel. 70% of the respondents indicated that camel are infected by the internal parasite worms and has an ability to recognize when camels are sick , since they have a good basic knowledge and skills to determine the clinical manifestation and the clinical signs of the disease , while the remaining 30% e of the respondents has more experience and knowledge to other infectious diseases as shown chart1. This findings result is the same results that were reported earlier by Liban (2011). Camel Helminthiasis as it is known as locally Caal is a disease known mostly to pastoralist because an internal parasitic infestation affects their camel routinely and/or mostly during the whole year, while the other infectious diseases such as trypanasomiasis, mange and pneumonia occurs irregularly and occationally. During this study the indidividual interviewed members were able to identify that 60 % of respodents apply and use traditional management to treat and control camel helmenthiasis, while 30% of respondents use only modern treatment and the remaining 10% of the repondents use both traditional and modern treatment as shown in chart 2 . This finding complement with that of Liban (2011). One of the reasons could be due to lack of accessibily of veterinary services in the study area and the delivery of the animal heath services is cost effective due to huge allocation of cost of transport and travelling input that are at unafforable costs and sustainabily not avalialble permently on routne regular bases, since camels are kept under nomadic and transhumance pastorlasim sytems, where by accessibilty is occational and some times limited. For these reasons the target community have chosen and adapted to use traditional

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Medical plants. The most common medical plants practiced for the treatment against camel worms according to local names is Asal the most medical plant. Burco district the most effective and widely used is Asal and is practiced by 47 %, while Gulaan 43% of the target community use, Gob, 40% use, while Gallol practiced by 20% and Daran used by 10%.as shown chart4, Asal was the most common medical plants against parasitic worms used in Burao District. This is because it is effective anti-helminthes and has broad range of activities against different types of endo-parasites and also improves the body condition of the animal and increases milk production. Remark: this research refer the different findings: the two past researches; most plant Gagabood and in this research in Burco district and during this study the camel pastoralist identified the main medical plants they used are Asal and Gulaan. This not corresponding with (Mohamed osman 2011) in sheikh ditrict the camel pastrolist use mostly Gagabood because of climatically condition. Burao is dry semi desert while sheikh is high land with high humidity. There are different techniques and methods used by traditional healers to prepare and administer the traditional anthelmintics. The Asal solution is prepared by taking the bark of acacia mixed with water over an 24hours and then drench to sick animal, gob was prepared by taking the root portions, crashed, mix with water, wait for up to 12 hours then drenched to the patient, gulaan solutions is prepared by cutting leaves into small pieces, mix with water over a day and drench to animal, while daran the animals are taken and admit to graze.

CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
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This research is about ethno veterinary medicine of camel helmenthaisis in buroa district It was done to find out what traditional treatment are perfomed against camel helmenthaisis. As the research indicated in burao district that camels are affected with helmenthaisis , as a major health problem that affects camel rourely and frequently and has a significant economic loss and impact camel producers as disease cause reduction of weight and milk production, poor animal condition ,anemic and retarded young animal growth rate. The current study concluded that the uses of traditional medical Antihelmenthces plants of treatment of camel helmenthaisis was practiced and applied by community of burao district for long time from generation to generation and adapted the uses of medical plants for treatment of different antihelmithic. The indigenous medical plants Assal and Gulan are the most medical plants they use for the treatment of camel Helminthiasis, because these plants are widely spread in the target area and routinely used by the camel owners, as a traditional treatment and remedy for control and treatment of endoparasites on bases of their effectiveness and availability in their local area and was adapted since long. The community rely the Antihelmithic effect and spectrum activities of the respective medical plants, based on skills and experience gained on field trials and was proven at field levels, which is evident and observed by the events an animal are given a preparation solution of Asal and Gulan, where by the animal appeared in better and in good condition, increase weight and milk production parameters of the animal become. In Burco district the best ways of camel pastoralist to manage and remedy of camel helminthes are taken animals where having treatable plants are abundant after the recognition of infestations and some are given by plant extracts by drenching. This traditional animal health care practices, also called "ethno veterinary medicine", provide a readily available, low cost alternative. But lack of information on data records and knowledge of this indigenous practices in terms clinical application procedures and /or determination of the planning regime that includes (Dosage-active ingredient, frequency, appropriate route of administration), efficiency and to place in practice in a form which is relevant to, and can be understood by farmers and extension workers is the major problem that needs to be addressed.

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5.2 Recommendation
During this research had carried out it was noticed that most of the camel pastrolist prefer how to get the right type of traditional medical treatment used camels. I recommended the following: The camel pastoralists (community animal health workers) should be trained in Oder to be used in the preparation of pharmacological properties of medical plants for the treatment of camel helmenthaisis.

To gather data similar research study at broad scope to be used as further study to be documented and preserved. To certificate customary medical plants in the whole country for the use is urgently needed Oriented the camel herders, camel owners and traditional healers about the importance of the traditional methods in buroa district and at large to all pastoral community in country. Understanding of the pastoralist with researchers. To make good relationship between pastoralist, veteneran and government. Conducting scientific research and laboratory tests to determine the effectiveness of traditional treatments and field trials and study as well. Provide feedback results to the target community.

REFERENCES

Wanzala, W., K.H. Zessin, N.M. Kyule, M.P.O. Baumann, E. Mathias and A. Hassan Ali, 2005. Ethno veterinary medicine: a critical review of its evolution, perception, understanding and the way forward. Livestock Res. Rural Dev., 17(11):1-31. Martin, M., E. Mathias and C.M. McCorkle, 2001. Ethno veterinary medicine: an
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annotated bibliography. Bibliographies in Technology and Social Change, No.6.p.6.Technology and Social Change Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011.USA. Abbas, B., A. A. Al-Qarawi and A.Al-Hawas, 2002. The ethno-veterinary knowledge and Practice of traditional healers in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. J. Arid Environ., 50:367-379. Gueye, E.F., 2002. Newcastle disease in family poultry: prospects for its control through Duke, J.A., 1989. Handbook of medicinal herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. p. 677. Duke, J.A., 1992. Tropical Botanical Extractives. In: Sustainable Harvest and Marketing of Rain Forest Products. M. Plotkin and L. Famolare (eds.), Covelo, CA and Washington, DC, Island press for conservation international. pp.53-62. Ethno veterinary medicine. Paper presented at the 27th World Veterinary Congress, 25-29 September 2002, Tunis, Tunisia. (Date last accessed 11/8/08 http//www.cipav.org.co/Irrd/Irrd 14/5/guey 145.htm) Matekaire, T. and T. M. Bwakura, 2004. Ethno veterinary medicine: A potential alternative To orthodox animal health delivery in Zimbabwe. Intern J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med., 2(4):269-273. Mathias, E. and C.M. McCorkle, 2004. Traditional livestock healers. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz., 23(1):277-284. Mathias-Mundy, E., D. V.Rangnekar and C.M. McCorkle, 1999. In: Proc. Intl.Conference Ethno veterinary Medicine: Alternatives for Livestock Development. Organized by BAIF Development Res.Foundation.4-6 Nov.1997, Pune, India, Vol.1. Selected Papers. Tabuti, J.R.S., S.S. Dhillion and K.A. Lye, 2003. Ethno veterinary medicine for cattle (Bos Indicus) in Bulamogi county Uganda: plant species and mode of use. J. Ethnopharmacol., 88:279-286.
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Sollod, A.E. and J.A. Knight. 1983. Veterinary anthropology: A herd health study in Central Nigeria. In: Third Intl. Symposium Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics. 6-10 Sept.1982, Arlington, Virginia. Veterinary medicine publishing Company, Edwardsville, Kansas, USA. pp. 482-486 Schillhorn van Veen, T.W., 1997. Sense or nonsense? Traditional methods of animal Parasitic disease control. Vet. Parasitol., 71: 177-194. Mohamed, H.A. and A.N. Hussein, 1996.Pastoralists: Their knowledge untapped. J. Camel Prac. Res., 3:143-145. McCorkle, C.M., D.V. Rangnekar and E. Mathias, 1997. Whence and whither ER & D? In: Proc. Intl. Conference Ethno veterinary Medicine: Alternatives for Livestock Development. Organized by BAIF Development Res.Foundation.4-6 Nov.1997, Pune, India, Vol.1. (Selected papers).

McCorkle, C.M. and E. Mathias-Mundy, 1992. Ethno veterinary medicine in Africa. Africa J. Int. Afr. Inst., 62(1): 59-93. McCorkle, C.M. and E.C. Green, 1998. Intersectoral health care delivery. Agr. Human Values, 15: 105-114. McCorkle, C.M., 1986. An introduction to ethno veterinary research and development. J. Ethnobiol, 6 (1): 129-149.

McCrindle, C.M.E., 1998. Veterinary needs Appraisal: Zuurbekom area, Gauteng. Veterinary Faculty, Medunsa.

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Annex one: graphic section

Indivitual intrerview

Camel graring Gulaan

Gallol tree ( Acacia spirocarpa)

Gulan (Salsola foetida)

Camel browsing

Camel gazing

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Annex 2: field questionnaire NAME: DATE:

PLACE:

DISTRICT

REGION: 1. What animal species do you rare? A. Camel B. Cattle C. Sheep D. Goat

2.

What

is

your

Camel

herd

size

3. In Camel which disease mostly affects? A. Helmenthaisis B. Other diseases 4. Does helminthiasis affects? A. All ag B. Certain age 5. Which type of treatment did you use for the treatment of camel helmenthaisis? A. Traditional

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B. Modern C. Both 6. Which type of the plants you use mostly to treatment camel helminthiasis? 7. Which part of plant did you use for treatment? A. Leaves B.Roots C. Stem 8. How did you use it? Indicate the application methods?

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